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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Debates within Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debates_within_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Late antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-End_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>End of the Western Roman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patriarchates_in_the_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patriarchates_in_the_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Patriarchates in the Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patriarchates_in_the_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Rise of Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_of_Christianity_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_of_Christianity_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Expansion of Christianity in Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_of_Christianity_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East–West_Schism_(1054)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East–West_Schism_(1054)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>East–West Schism (1054)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East–West_Schism_(1054)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Christianity as the Roman state religion</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كنيسة الدولة للإمبراطورية الرومانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كنيسة الدولة للإمبراطورية الرومانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizans_imperiyas%C4%B1nda_din" title="Bizans imperiyasında din – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bizans imperiyasında din" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esgl%C3%A9sia_estatal_de_l%27Imperi_Rom%C3%A0" title="Església estatal de l'Imperi Romà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Església estatal de l'Imperi Romà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6mische_Reichskirche" title="Römische Reichskirche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Römische Reichskirche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%B3n_estatal_del_Imperio_romano" title="Religión estatal del Imperio romano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Religión estatal del Imperio romano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="مسیحیت به عنوان دین دولتی روم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مسیحیت به عنوان دین دولتی روم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_et_%C3%89tat_dans_l%27Empire_byzantin" title="Église et État dans l'Empire byzantin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Église et État dans l'Empire byzantin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_negara_Kekaisaran_Romawi" title="Gereja negara Kekaisaran Romawi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gereja negara Kekaisaran Romawi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%94%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AD" title="റോമാ സാമ്രാജ്യത്തിന്റെ ഔദ്യോഗിക സഭ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റോമാ സാമ്രാജ്യത്തിന്റെ ഔദ്യോഗിക സഭ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igreja_estatal_do_Imp%C3%A9rio_Romano" title="Igreja estatal do Império Romano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Igreja estatal do Império Romano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Државна црква Римског царства – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Државна црква Римског царства" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romerska_rikets_statskyrka" title="Romerska rikets statskyrka – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Romerska rikets statskyrka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Державна церква Римської імперії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Державна церква Римської імперії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7603670#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/50px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/75px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/100px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li><li>Foundations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Free Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian [Hussite]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational Christianity</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unitarian,_Universalist,_and_Unitarian_Universalist_churches" title="List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churches">Unitarians and Universalists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian cross"><img alt="Christian cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the year before the Council of Constantinople in 381, Christianity became the official religion of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> when Emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Thessalonica" title="Edict of Thessalonica">Edict of Thessalonica</a> in 380,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which recognized the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_(term)" title="Catholic (term)">catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy#Christianity" title="Orthodoxy">orthodoxy</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicene Christians">Nicene Christians</a> as the Roman Empire's <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians refer to the Nicene church associated with emperors in a variety of ways: as the <b>catholic church</b>, the <b>orthodox church</b>, the <b>imperial church</b>, the <b>Roman church</b>, or the <b>Byzantine church</b>, although some of those terms are also used for wider communions extending outside the Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> all claim to stand in continuity from the Nicene church to which Theodosius granted recognition. </p><p>Earlier in the 4th century, following the <a href="/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution" title="Diocletianic Persecution">Diocletianic Persecution</a> of 303–313 and the <a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatist</a> controversy that arose in consequence, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> had convened councils of bishops to define the <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodoxy</a> of the Christian faith and to expand on earlier Christian councils. A series of <a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">ecumenical councils</a> convened by successive Roman emperors met during the 4th and the 5th centuries, but Christianity continued to suffer rifts and schisms surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">theological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">christological</a> doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dyophysitism" title="Dyophysitism">Dyophysitism</a>. In the 5th century, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> decayed as a <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a>; invaders sacked <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">410</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(455)" title="Sack of Rome (455)">455</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a>, an Arian barbarian warlord, forced <a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Romulus Augustus">Romulus Augustus</a>, the last nominal Western Emperor, <a href="/wiki/Deposition_of_Romulus_Augustulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposition of Romulus Augustulus">to abdicate in 476</a>. However, apart from the aforementioned schisms, the church as an institution persisted in <a href="/wiki/Communion_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion (Christian)">communion</a>, if not without tension, between the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">West</a>. In the 6th century, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Byzantine armies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor">Byzantine Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> recovered Italy and other regions of the Western Mediterranean shore. The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> soon lost most of these gains, but it held Rome, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a>, until 751, a period known in <a href="/wiki/Church_history" title="Church history">church history</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Papacy" title="Byzantine Papacy">Byzantine Papacy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">early Muslim conquests</a> of the 7th–9th centuries would begin <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">a process of converting</a> most of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">then-Christian world</a> in <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">the Levant</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East#Medieval_Middle_East" title="History of the Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Africa#Arrival_of_Islam" title="History of North Africa">North Africa</a>, regions of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Southern Italy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Iberian Peninsula</a> to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, severely restricting the reach both of the Byzantine Empire and of its church. <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Christian missionary activity</a> directed from the capital of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> did not lead to a lasting expansion of the formal link between the church and the Byzantine emperor, since areas outside the Byzantine Empire's political and military control set up their own distinct churches, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church#Autocephaly_(Patriarchate)" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgaria</a> in 919.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>, who became emperor in 527, recognized the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarchs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch of Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Antioch" title="Patriarch of Antioch">Antioch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Early_bishops_of_Jerusalem#Bishops_of_Jerusalem" title="Early bishops of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> as the supreme authorities in the state-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcedonian">Chalcedonian</a> church apparatus (see the <a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a>). However, Justinian claimed "<a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">the right and duty</a> of regulating by his laws the minutest details of worship and discipline, and also of dictating the theological opinions to be held in the Church".<sup id="cite_ref-Ayer_1913,_p._553_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayer_1913,_p._553-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Justinian's day, the Christian church was not entirely under the emperor's control even in the East: the Oriental Orthodox Churches had seceded, having rejected the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> in 451, and called the adherents of the imperially-recognized church "<a href="/wiki/Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkites</a>", from Syriac <i>malkâniya</i> ("imperial").<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, Christianity was mostly subject to the laws and customs of nations that owed no allegiance to the emperor in Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-Ayer_1913,_pp._538-539_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayer_1913,_pp._538-539-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Papacy" title="Byzantine Papacy">Eastern-born popes</a> appointed or at least confirmed by the emperor continued to be loyal to him as their political lord, they refused to accept his authority in religious matters,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the authority of such a council as the imperially convoked <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Hieria" title="Council of Hieria">Council of Hieria</a> of 754. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Pope Gregory III</a> (731–741) was the last Bishop of Rome to ask the Byzantine ruler to ratify his election.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the crowning of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a> on <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">25 December</a> 800 as <i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Imperator Romanorum</a></i>, the political split between East and West became irrevocable. Spiritually, <a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian Christianity</a> persisted, at least in theory, as a unified entity until the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a> and its formal division with the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century#Mutual_excommunication_of_1054" title="Christianity in the 11th century">mutual excommunication in 1054</a> of Rome and Constantinople. The empire finally collapsed with the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a> to the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a> in 1453.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The obliteration of the empire's boundaries by <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> and an outburst of missionary activity among these peoples, who had no direct links with the empire, and among <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Pictic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celtic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic peoples">Celtic peoples</a> who had never been part of the Roman Empire, fostered the idea of a universal church free from association with a particular state.<sup id="cite_ref-newadvent.org_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newadvent.org-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the contrary, "in the East Roman or Byzantine view, when the Roman Empire became Christian, the perfect world order willed by God had been achieved: one universal empire was sovereign, and coterminous with it was the one universal church";<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the church came, by the time of the demise of the Byzantine Empire in 1453, to merge psychologically with it to the extent that its bishops had difficulty in thinking of Nicene Christianity without an emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schadé_2006_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schadé_2006-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legacy of the idea of a universal church carries on in today's Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>. Many other churches, such as the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, claim <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">succession</a> to this universal church.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Christianity_in_relation_to_the_state">Early Christianity in relation to the state</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early Christianity in relation to the state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chrisme_Colosseum_Rome_Italy_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Chrisme_Colosseum_Rome_Italy_crop.jpg/220px-Chrisme_Colosseum_Rome_Italy_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Chrisme_Colosseum_Rome_Italy_crop.jpg/330px-Chrisme_Colosseum_Rome_Italy_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Chrisme_Colosseum_Rome_Italy_crop.jpg/440px-Chrisme_Colosseum_Rome_Italy_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2533" data-file-height="2543" /></a><figcaption>Monogramme of Christ (the <a href="/wiki/Chi_Rho" title="Chi Rho">Chi Rho</a>) on a plaque of a <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a>, 4th-century AD, marble, Musei Vaticani, on display in a temporary exhibition at the Colosseum in Rome, Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the end of the 1st century, the Roman authorities recognized Christianity as a <a href="/wiki/Split_of_early_Christianity_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Split of early Christianity and Judaism">separate religion from Judaism</a>. The distinction, perhaps already made in practice at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome" title="Great Fire of Rome">Great Fire of Rome</a> in the year 64, was given official status by the emperor <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a> around the year 98 by granting Christians exemption from paying the <i><a href="/wiki/Fiscus_Iudaicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiscus Iudaicus">Fiscus Iudaicus</a></i>, the annual tax upon the Jews. <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">propraetor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a> in 103, assumes in his letters to <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> that because Christians do not pay the tax, they are not Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-Wylen_1995._Pp_190-192_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wylen_1995._Pp_190-192-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dunn_1999._Pp_33-34_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunn_1999._Pp_33-34-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boatwright_2004._Pg_426_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boatwright_2004._Pg_426-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since paying taxes had been one of the ways that Jews demonstrated their goodwill and loyalty toward the empire, Christians had to negotiate their own alternatives to participating in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">imperial cult</a>. Their refusal to worship the <a href="/wiki/Roman_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman gods">Roman gods</a> or to pay homage to the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">emperor as divine</a> resulted at times in persecution and martyrdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Wylen_1995._Pp_190-192_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wylen_1995._Pp_190-192-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dunn_1999._Pp_33-34_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunn_1999._Pp_33-34-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boatwright_2004._Pg_426_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boatwright_2004._Pg_426-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Church_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Father">Church Father</a> <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, for instance, attempted to argue that Christianity was not inherently treasonous, and that Christians could offer their own form of prayer for the well-being of the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Christianity spread</a> especially in the eastern parts of the empire and beyond its border; in the west it was at first relatively limited, but significant Christian communities emerged in <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Carthage" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Carthage</a>, and other urban centers, becoming by the end of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_3rd_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the 3rd century">3rd century</a>, the dominant faith in some of them. Christians accounted for approximately 10% of the Roman population by 300, according to some estimates.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christianity then rapidly grew in the 4th century - <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Stark" title="Rodney Stark">Rodney Stark</a> estimated that Christians accounted for 56.5% of the Roman population by 350.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Will Durant</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a> prevailed over <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">paganism</a> because it offered a much more attractive doctrine and because the church leaders addressed human needs better than their rivals.<sup id="cite_ref-CC_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 301, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a>, nominally a Roman client kingdom but ruled by a <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> dynasty,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became the first nation to adopt Christianity as its <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>, with the possible exception of <a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a> in 201.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_and_early_controversies">Establishment and early controversies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Establishment and early controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/First_seven_Ecumenical_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="First seven Ecumenical Councils">First seven Ecumenical Councils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I and Christianity">Constantine I and Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_church_under_Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman church under Constantine I">Roman church under Constantine I</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Major communions of the 4th, 5th, and 6th centuries </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Communion</th> <th>Major churches</th> <th>Primary centers </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian<br />Christianity</a><br />(after 451)</td> <td>Catholic/Orthodox Church<br /><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgian Church</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Carthage" title="Archdiocese of Carthage">Church of Carthage</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus" title="Church of Cyprus">Church of Cyprus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople, <br /><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgian</a> Kingdoms (<a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Iberia">Iberia</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Roman_Carthage" title="Roman Carthage">Carthage</a><br />Province of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Cyprus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia_under_Roman_rule" title="Phoenicia under Roman rule">Phoenicia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a><br />(after 431)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Persian church</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism_and_the_church_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorianism and the church in India">India</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">China</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a> (Persia)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a><br />(after 451)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Church</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Church</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Church</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Church</a><br /></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Egypt</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a><br />(largely ended after 411)</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="North Africa during Antiquity">North Africa</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></td> <td></td> <td>parts of Eastern Roman Empire until 380<br /><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic tribes</a><sup id="cite_ref-Arian_Churches_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arian_Churches-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table><p>In 311, with the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Serdica" title="Edict of Serdica">Edict of Serdica</a> the dying Emperor <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a> ended the <a href="/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution" title="Diocletianic Persecution">Diocletianic Persecution</a> that he is reputed to have instigated, and in 313, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a>, granting to Christians and others "the right of open and free observance of their worship".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Constantine began to utilize Christian symbols such as the <a href="/wiki/Chi_Rho" title="Chi Rho">Chi Rho</a> early in his reign but still encouraged traditional Roman religious practices including <a href="/wiki/Sol_invictus#Constantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sol invictus">sun worship</a>. In 330, Constantine established the city of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> as the new capital of the Roman Empire. The city would gradually come to be seen as the intellectual and cultural center of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian world">Christian world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the course of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th century the Christian body</a> became consumed by debates surrounding <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodoxy</a>, i.e. which religious doctrines are the correct ones. In the early 4th century, a group in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="North Africa during Antiquity">North Africa</a>, later called <a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatists</a>, who believed in a very rigid interpretation of Christianity that excluded many <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">who had abandoned</a> the faith during the Diocletianic Persecution, created a crisis in the <a href="/wiki/Western_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Western empire">western empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a> was held in <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Rome_(313)" class="mw-redirect" title="Synod of Rome (313)">Rome in 313</a>, followed by another in <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Arles_(314)" class="mw-redirect" title="Synod of Arles (314)">Arles in 314</a>. These synods ruled that the Donatist faith was heresy and, when the Donatists refused to recant, Constantine launched the first campaign of persecution by Christians against Christians, and began imperial involvement in Christian theology. However, during the reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian the Apostate</a>, the Donatists, who formed the majority party in the Roman province of Africa for 30 years,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were given official approval.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicaea_icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nicaea_icon.jpg/220px-Nicaea_icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nicaea_icon.jpg/330px-Nicaea_icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nicaea_icon.jpg/440px-Nicaea_icon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1388" /></a><figcaption>Icon depicting <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine</a> and the bishops of the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Council of Nicaea</a> (325). The centrally placed and haloed Emperor holds the Creed of the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a> (381).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Debates_within_Christianity">Debates within Christianity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Debates within Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Christian scholars and populace within the empire were increasingly embroiled in debates regarding <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">christology</a> (i.e., regarding the nature of the <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>). Opinions ranged from belief that Jesus was <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christianity" title="Jewish Christianity">entirely human</a> to belief that he was <a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">entirely divine</a>. The most persistent debate was that between the <a href="/wiki/Homoousios" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoousios">homoousian</a> view (the Father and the Son are of one substance), defined at the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Council at Nicaea</a> in 325 and later championed by <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> view (the Father and the Son are similar, but the Father is greater than the Son). Emperors thereby became ever more involved with the increasingly divided early Church.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Constantine backed the Nicene Creed of Nicaea, but was baptized on his deathbed by the <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Nicomedia" title="Eusebius of Nicomedia">Eusebius of Nicomedia</a>, a bishop with Arian sympathies. His successor <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> supported Arian positions: under his rule, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constantinople_(360)" title="Council of Constantinople (360)">Council of Constantinople in 360</a> supported the Arian view. After the interlude of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian</a>, who wanted to return to the pagan Roman/Greek religion, the west stuck to the Nicene Creed, while Arianism or <a href="/wiki/Semi-Arianism" title="Semi-Arianism">Semi-Arianism</a> was dominant in the east (under Emperor Valens), until Emperor Theodosius I called the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Council of Constantinople in 381</a>, which reasserted the Nicene view and rejected the Arian view. This council further refined the definition of orthodoxy, issuing the <a href="/wiki/Nicene-Constantinopolitan_Creed" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed">Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Disco_de_Teodosio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Disco_de_Teodosio.jpg/222px-Disco_de_Teodosio.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Disco_de_Teodosio.jpg/333px-Disco_de_Teodosio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Disco_de_Teodosio.jpg/444px-Disco_de_Teodosio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2655" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Missorium_of_Theodosius_I" title="Missorium of Theodosius I">Missorium of Emperor Theodosius I</a>, who declared <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene Christianity</a> to be the State religion of the Roman Empire. This piece was found in <a href="/wiki/Almendralejo" title="Almendralejo">Almendralejo</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>On 27 February of the previous year, Theodosius I established, with the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Thessalonica" title="Edict of Thessalonica">Edict of Thessalonica</a>, the Christianity of the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> as the official <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>, reserving for its followers the title of Catholic Christians and declaring that those who did not follow the religion taught by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Pope Damasus I</a> of Rome and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_II_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Peter II of Alexandria">Pope Peter of Alexandria</a> were to be called <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretics</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is our desire that all the various nations which are subject to our Clemency and Moderation, should continue to profess that religion which was delivered to the Romans by the divine Apostle Peter, as it has been preserved by faithful tradition, and which is now professed by the Pontiff Damasus and by Peter, Bishop of Alexandria, a man of apostolic holiness. According to the apostolic teaching and the doctrine of the Gospel, let us believe in the one deity of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, in equal majesty and in a holy Trinity. We authorize the followers of this law to assume the title of Catholic Christians; but as for the others, since, in our judgment they are foolish madmen, we decree that they shall be branded with the ignominious name of heretics, and shall not presume to give to their conventicles the name of churches. They will suffer in the first place the chastisement of the divine condemnation and in the second the punishment of our authority which in accordance with the will of Heaven we shall decide to inflict.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Edict of Thessalonica</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In 391, Theodosius closed all the "pagan" (non-Christian and non-Jewish) temples and formally forbade pagan worship.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_antiquity">Late antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Late antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_Empire_animated.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Byzantine_Empire_animated.gif/450px-Byzantine_Empire_animated.gif" decoding="async" width="450" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Byzantine_Empire_animated.gif/675px-Byzantine_Empire_animated.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Byzantine_Empire_animated.gif 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Changes in extent of the Empire ruled from Constantinople.<br />476 End of the Western Empire; 550 Conquests of Justinian I; 717 Accession of Leo the Isaurian; 867 Accession of Basil I; 1025 Death of Basil II; 1095 Eve of the First Crusade; 1170 Under Manuel I; 1270 Under Michael VIII Palaiologos; 1400 Before the fall of Constantinople</figcaption></figure> <p>At the end of the 4th century the Roman Empire had effectively split into two parts although their economies and the imperial-recognized church were still strongly tied. The two halves of the empire had always had cultural differences, exemplified in particular by the widespread use of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> in the Eastern Empire and its more limited use in the West (Greek, as well as <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, was used in the West, but Latin was the spoken <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By the time Christianity became the state religion of the empire at the end of the 4th century, scholars in the West had largely abandoned Greek in favor of Latin. Even the Church in Rome, where Greek continued to be used in the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> longer than in the provinces, abandoned Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> had begun to replace the <a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">older Latin translations</a> of the Bible. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Sophia_exterior_2007_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hagia_Sophia_exterior_2007_002.jpg/220px-Hagia_Sophia_exterior_2007_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hagia_Sophia_exterior_2007_002.jpg/330px-Hagia_Sophia_exterior_2007_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hagia_Sophia_exterior_2007_002.jpg/440px-Hagia_Sophia_exterior_2007_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> basilica in Constantinople, for centuries the largest church building in the world.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th century</a> would see the further fracturing of Christendom. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a> called two synods in <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, one in 431 and one in 449, the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Ephesus">first of which</a> condemned the teachings of Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Nestorius" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a> of Constantinople, while the second supported the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Eutyches" title="Eutyches">Eutyches</a> against <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_Flavian_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop Flavian of Constantinople">Archbishop Flavian of Constantinople</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Price_2005,_p._52_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Price_2005,_p._52-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nestorius taught that Christ's divine and human nature were distinct persons, and hence <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Mary</a> was the mother of Christ but not the mother of God. Eutyches taught on the contrary that there was in Christ only a single nature, different from that of human beings in general. The <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Ephesus">First Council of Ephesus</a> rejected Nestorius' view, causing churches centered around the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Edessa" title="School of Edessa">School of Edessa</a>, a city at the edge of the empire, to break with the imperial church (see <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_schism" title="Nestorian schism">Nestorian schism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Price_2005,_p._52_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Price_2005,_p._52-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Persecuted within the Roman Empire, many Nestorians fled to <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> and joined the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid">Sassanid</a> Church (the future <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Ephesus" title="Second Council of Ephesus">Second Council of Ephesus</a> upheld the view of Eutyches, but was overturned two years later by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a>, called by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a>. Rejection of the Council of Chalcedon led to the exodus from the state church of the majority of Christians in Egypt and many in the Levant, who preferred <a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysite</a> theology.<sup id="cite_ref-Price_2005,_p._52_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Price_2005,_p._52-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus, within a century of the link established by Theodosius between the emperor and the church in his empire, it suffered a significant diminishment. Those who upheld the Council of Chalcedon became known in <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> as <a href="/wiki/Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkites</a>, the <i>imperial</i> group, followers of the <i>emperor</i> (in Syriac, <i>malka</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This schism resulted in an independent communion of churches, including the Egyptian, Syrian, Ethiopian and Armenian churches, that is today known as <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of these schisms, however, the Chalcedonian Nicene church still represented the majority of Christians within the by now already diminished Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="End_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire">End of the Western Roman Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: End of the Western Roman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odoacer_480ad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Odoacer_480ad.jpg/334px-Odoacer_480ad.jpg" decoding="async" width="334" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Odoacer_480ad.jpg/501px-Odoacer_480ad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Odoacer_480ad.jpg/668px-Odoacer_480ad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>Odoacer's kingdom in 480, after annexing Dalmatia and most of Sicily.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 5th century, the Western Empire rapidly <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of the Roman Empire">decayed</a> and by the end of the century was no more. Within a few decades, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic tribes">Germanic tribes</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, conquered the western provinces. Rome was sacked in <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">410</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(455)" title="Sack of Rome (455)">455</a>, and was to be sacked again in the following century in <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(546)" title="Sack of Rome (546)">546</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arian_Churches_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arian_Churches-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 476, the Germanic chieftain <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a> had conquered <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and deposed the last western emperor, <a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Romulus Augustus">Romulus Augustus</a>, though he nominally submitted to the authority of Constantinople. The Arian Germanic tribes established their own systems of churches and bishops in the western provinces but were generally tolerant of the population who chose to remain in communion with the imperial church.<sup id="cite_ref-Arian_Churches_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arian_Churches-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 533, Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian</a> in Constantinople launched a military campaign to reclaim the western provinces from the Arian Germans, starting with <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and proceeding to Italy. His success in recapturing much of the western Mediterranean was temporary. The empire soon lost most of these gains, but held Rome, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a>, until 751. </p><p>Justinian definitively established <a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ayer_1913,_p._538_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayer_1913,_p._538-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> believing "he had the right and duty of regulating by his laws the minutest details of worship and discipline, and also of dictating the theological opinions to be held in the Church".<sup id="cite_ref-Ayer_1913,_p._553_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayer_1913,_p._553-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the entry in <a href="/wiki/Liddell_%26_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Liddell & Scott">Liddell & Scott</a>, the term <i><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodox</a></i> first occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Justinianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Justinianus">Codex Justinianus</a>: "We direct that all Catholic churches, throughout the entire world, shall be placed under the control of the orthodox bishops who have embraced the Nicene Creed."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the 6th century the church within the Empire had become firmly tied with the imperial government,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in the west Christianity was mostly subject to the laws and customs of nations that owed no allegiance to the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-Ayer_1913,_pp._538-539_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayer_1913,_pp._538-539-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patriarchates_in_the_Empire">Patriarchates in the Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Patriarchates in the Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1800_Wilkinson_Map_of_the_4_Eastern_Churches_rectified.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/1800_Wilkinson_Map_of_the_4_Eastern_Churches_rectified.jpg/334px-1800_Wilkinson_Map_of_the_4_Eastern_Churches_rectified.jpg" decoding="async" width="334" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/1800_Wilkinson_Map_of_the_4_Eastern_Churches_rectified.jpg/501px-1800_Wilkinson_Map_of_the_4_Eastern_Churches_rectified.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/1800_Wilkinson_Map_of_the_4_Eastern_Churches_rectified.jpg/668px-1800_Wilkinson_Map_of_the_4_Eastern_Churches_rectified.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1678" data-file-height="1308" /></a><figcaption>A map of the five patriarchates in the Eastern Mediterranean as constituted by <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>. Rome is coloured in pink, Constantinople in green, Antioch in blue, Jerusalem in pink and Alexandria in yellow. <a href="/wiki/Leo_the_Isaurian" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo the Isaurian">Leo III</a> extended the jurisdiction of Constantinople to the territories bordered in pink.</figcaption></figure> <p>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> assigned to five sees, those of <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Antioch">Antioch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Jerusalem</a>, a superior ecclesial authority that covered the whole of his empire. The <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> in 325 reaffirmed that the bishop of a provincial capital, the metropolitan bishop, had a certain authority over the bishops of the province.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But it also recognized the existing supra-metropolitan authority of the sees of Rome, Alexandria and Antioch,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and granted special recognition to Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Constantinople was added at the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a> (381)<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and given authority initially only over <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>. By a canon of contested validity,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> (451) placed <a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pontus" title="Diocese of Pontus">Pontus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which together made up <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, under Constantinople, although their autonomy had been recognized at the council of 381.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rome never recognized this <a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">pentarchy</a> of five sees as constituting the leadership of the church. It maintained that, in accordance with the First Council of Nicaea, only the three "<a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Petrine</a>" sees of Rome, Alexandria and Antioch had a real patriarchal function.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The canons of the <a href="/wiki/Quinisext_Council" title="Quinisext Council">Quinisext Council</a> of 692, which gave ecclesiastical sanction to Justinian's decree, were also never fully accepted by the Western Church.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early Muslim conquests</a> of the territories of the patriarchates of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem, most of whose Christians were in any case lost to the orthodox church since the aftermath of the Council of Chalcedon, left in effect only two patriarchates, those of Rome and Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 732, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leo_the_Isaurian" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo the Isaurian">Leo III</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_iconoclasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine iconoclasm">iconoclast</a> policies were resisted by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Pope Gregory III</a>. The Emperor reacted by transferring to the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of Constantinople in 740 the territories in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> that had been under Rome (see map), leaving the bishop of Rome with only a minute part of the lands over which the empire still had control.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Patriarch of Constantinople had already adopted the title of "ecumenical patriarch", indicating what he saw as his position in the <i>oikoumene</i>, the Christian world ideally headed by the emperor and the patriarch of the emperor's capital.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">imperial model</a> of governance of the state church, in which "the emperor becomes the actual executive organ of the universal Church",<sup id="cite_ref-Ratzinger_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ratzinger-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the pentarchy model of governance of the state church regressed to a monarchy of the Patriarch of Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-Ratzinger_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ratzinger-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_Islam">Rise of Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rise of Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Age_of_Caliphs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Age_of_Caliphs.png/334px-Age_of_Caliphs.png" decoding="async" width="334" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Age_of_Caliphs.png/501px-Age_of_Caliphs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Age_of_Caliphs.png/668px-Age_of_Caliphs.png 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption>A map of Muslim expansion in the 7th and 8th centuries.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_conquests" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashidun conquests">Rashidun conquests</a> began to expand the sway of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> beyond <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> in the 7th century, first <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Arab_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Arab Wars">clashing with the Roman Empire</a> in 634. That empire and the Sassanid Persian Empire were at that time crippled by <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sassanid_War_of_602%E2%80%93628" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628">decades of war</a> between them. By the late 8th century the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad caliphate">Umayyad caliphate</a> had conquered all of <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Persia</a> and much of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> territory including <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Palestine" title="Roman Palestine">Palestine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a>. </p><p>Suddenly, much of the Christian world was under Muslim rule. Over the coming centuries the successive Muslim states became some of the most powerful in the Mediterranean world. </p><p>Though the Byzantine church claimed religious authority over Christians in Egypt and the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, in reality the majority of Christians in these regions were by then <a href="/wiki/Miaphysite" class="mw-redirect" title="Miaphysite">miaphysites</a> and members of other sects. The new Muslim rulers, in contrast, offered religious tolerance to Christians of all sects. Additionally subjects of the Muslim Empire could be accepted as Muslims simply by declaring a belief in a single deity and reverence for Muhammad (see <a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">shahada</a>). As a result, the peoples of Egypt, Palestine and Syria largely accepted their new rulers and many declared themselves Muslims within a few generations. Muslim incursions later found success in parts of Europe, particularly Spain (see <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_of_Christianity_in_Europe">Expansion of Christianity in Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Expansion of Christianity in Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spread_of_Christianity_to_AD_600_-_Atlas_of_World_History.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Spread_of_Christianity_to_AD_600_-_Atlas_of_World_History.png/222px-Spread_of_Christianity_to_AD_600_-_Atlas_of_World_History.png" decoding="async" width="222" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Spread_of_Christianity_to_AD_600_-_Atlas_of_World_History.png/333px-Spread_of_Christianity_to_AD_600_-_Atlas_of_World_History.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Spread_of_Christianity_to_AD_600_-_Atlas_of_World_History.png/444px-Spread_of_Christianity_to_AD_600_-_Atlas_of_World_History.png 2x" data-file-width="2187" data-file-height="1619" /></a><figcaption>The spread of Christianity in Europe by 325 AD (dark blue) and 600 AD (light blue).</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th century</a>, the Emperor in Constantinople encouraged missionary expeditions to nearby nations including the Muslim caliphate, and the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 862 he sent Saints <a href="/wiki/Cyril_and_Methodius" title="Cyril and Methodius">Cyril and Methodius</a> to <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic</a> <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a>. By then most of the Slavic population of <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a> was Christian and Tsar <a href="/wiki/Boris_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Boris I of Bulgaria">Boris I</a> himself was baptized in 864. <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> was accounted Christian by about 870.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 867 Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios I of Constantinople</a> wrote that Christianity was accepted by the <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>, which however was definitively Christianized only at the close of the following century. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Droysens-23a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Droysens-23a.jpg/330px-Droysens-23a.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Droysens-23a.jpg/495px-Droysens-23a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Droysens-23a.jpg/660px-Droysens-23a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3184" data-file-height="2487" /></a><figcaption>The spread of Christianity in Europe by 1000.</figcaption></figure> <p>Of these, the Church in Great Moravia chose immediately to link with Rome, not Constantinople: the missionaries sent there sided with the Pope during the <a href="/wiki/Photian_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="Photian Schism">Photian Schism</a> (863–867).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After decisive victories over the Byzantines at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Acheloos" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Acheloos">Acheloos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Katasyrtai" title="Battle of Katasyrtai">Katasyrtai</a>, Bulgaria declared its church autocephalous and elevated it to the rank of patriarchate, an autonomy recognized in 927 by Constantinople,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but abolished by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a> Bulgaroktonos (the Bulgar-Slayer) after his 1018 conquest of Bulgaria. </p><p>In Serbia, which became an independent kingdom in the early 13th century, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Uro%C5%A1_IV_Du%C5%A1an_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia">Stephen Uroš IV Dušan</a>, after conquering a large part of Byzantine territory in Europe and assuming the title of Tsar, raised the Serbian archbishop to the rank of patriarch in 1346, a rank maintained until after the fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Turks. No Byzantine emperor ever ruled Russian Christendom. </p><p>Expansion of the church in western and northern Europe began much earlier, with the conversion of the Irish in the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th century</a>, the Franks at the end of the same century, the Arian Visigoths in Spain soon afterwards, and the English at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th century</a>. By <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">the time</a> the Byzantine missions to central and eastern Europe began, Christian western Europe, in spite of losing most of Spain to Islam, encompassed Germany and part of Scandinavia, and, apart from the south of Italy, was independent of the Byzantine Empire and had been almost entirely so for centuries. </p><p>This situation fostered the idea of a universal church linked to no one particular state.<sup id="cite_ref-newadvent.org_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newadvent.org-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long before the Byzantine Empire came to an end, <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a> also, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Hungary" title="History of Christianity in Hungary">Hungary</a> and other central European peoples were part of a church that in no way saw itself as the empire's church and that, with the <a href="/wiki/East-West_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="East-West Schism">East-West Schism</a>, had even ceased to be in communion with it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East–West_Schism_(1054)"><span id="East.E2.80.93West_Schism_.281054.29"></span>East–West Schism (1054)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: East–West Schism (1054)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karelbig_leo3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Karelbig_leo3.jpg/330px-Karelbig_leo3.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Karelbig_leo3.jpg/495px-Karelbig_leo3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Karelbig_leo3.jpg/660px-Karelbig_leo3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>The coronation of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> as emperor.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the defeat and death in 751 of the last <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarch of Ravenna</a> and the end of the Exarchate, Rome ceased to be part of the Byzantine Empire. Forced to seek protection elsewhere,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the popes turned to the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> and, with the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a> on 25 December 800, transferred their political allegiance to a rival Roman emperor. Disputes between the see of Rome, which claimed authority over all other sees, and that of Constantinople, which was now without rival in the empire, culminated perhaps inevitably<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in mutual excommunications in 1054. </p><p>Communion with Constantinople was broken off by European Christians with the exception of those ruled by the empire (including the Bulgarians and Serbs) and of the fledgling <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan</a> or Russian Church, then a <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitanate</a> of the patriarchate of Constantinople. This church <a href="/wiki/Jonah_of_Moscow" title="Jonah of Moscow">became independent</a> only in 1448, just five years before the extinction of the empire,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Turkish</a> authorities included all their Orthodox Christian subjects of whatever ethnicity in a single <i><a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)#Orthodox_Christians" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">millet</a></i> headed by the Patriarch of Constantinople. </p><p>The Westerners who set up <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a> in Greece and the Middle East appointed <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a> (Western) patriarchs and other hierarchs, thus giving concrete reality and permanence to the schism.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efforts were made in 1274 (<a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a>) and 1439 (<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a>) to restore communion between East and West, but the agreements reached by the participating eastern delegations and by the emperor were rejected by the vast majority of Byzantine Christians. </p><p>In the East, the idea that the Byzantine emperor was the head of Christians everywhere persisted among churchmen as long as the empire existed, even when its actual territory was reduced to very little. In 1393, only 60 years before the fall of the capital, <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Antony_IV_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Antony IV of Constantinople">Patriarch Antony IV of Constantinople</a> wrote to <a href="/wiki/Basil_I_of_Muscovy" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil I of Muscovy">Basil I of Muscovy</a> defending the liturgical commemoration in Russian churches of the Byzantine emperor on the grounds that he was "emperor (βασιλεύς) and autokrator of the Romans, that is <i>of all Christians</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff199689_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff199689-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Patriarch Antony, "it is not possible among Christians to have a Church and not to have an emperor. For the empire and the Church have great unity and commonality, and it is not possible to separate them",<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Obolensky_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obolensky-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "the holy emperor is not like the rulers and governors of other regions".<sup id="cite_ref-Obolensky_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obolensky-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the schism between the Eastern and Western churches, various emperors sought at times but without success to reunite <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>, invoking the notion of Christian unity between East and West in an attempt to obtain assistance from the pope and Western Europe against the Muslims who were gradually conquering the empire's territory. But the period of the Western <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> against the Muslims had passed before even the first of the two reunion councils was held. </p><p>Even when persecuted by the emperor, the Eastern Church, <a href="/wiki/George_Pachymeres" title="George Pachymeres">George Pachymeres</a> said, "counted the days until they should be rid not of their emperor (for they could no more live without an emperor than a body without a heart), but of their current misfortunes".<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church had come to merge psychologically in the minds of the Eastern bishops with the empire to such an extent that they had difficulty in thinking of Christianity without an emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-Schadé_2006_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schadé_2006-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Western Europe, on the other hand, the idea of a universal church linked to the Emperor of Constantinople was replaced by that in which the Roman see was supreme.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Membership in a universal church replaced citizenship in a universal empire. Across Europe, from Italy to Ireland, a new society centered on Christianity was forming."<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Western Church</a> came to emphasize the term <i>Catholic</i> in its identity, an assertion of universality, while the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Church</a> came to emphasize the term <i>Orthodox</i> in its identity, an assertion of holding to the true teachings of Jesus. Both churches claim to be the unique continuation of the previously united state-sanctioned Chalcedonian and Nicene Church, whose core doctrinal formulations have been retained also by many of the churches that emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_state" title="Christian state">Christian state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">History of the Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">History of Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Roman Catholic Church">History of Roman Catholicism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Edict is the first which definitely introduces catholic orthodoxy as the established religion of the Roman world. It marks the end of the fourth-century religious controversy on the Trinity, occasioned by the Arian heresy and calling forth definitions of orthodox dogma by the Councils of Nicaea (325) and Constantinople (381). Acknowledgment of the true doctrine of the Trinity is made the test of State recognition. The citation of the Roman See as the yardstick of correct belief is significant; bracketing of the name of the Patriarch of Alexandria with that of the Pope was due to the Egyptian See's stalwart defence of the Trinitarian position, particularly under St. Athanasius. The last sentence of the Edict indicates that the Emperors contemplate the use of physical force in the service of orthodoxy; this is the first recorded instance of such a departure.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1393, <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Antony_IV_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Antony IV of Constantinople">Patriarch Antony IV of Constantinople</a> declared the Byzantine emperor to be "emperor (βασιλεύς) and autokrator of the Romans, that is <i>of all Christians</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff199689_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff199689-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "it is not possible among Christians to have a Church and not to have an emperor. For the empire and the Church have great unity and commonality, and it is not possible to separate them".<sup id="cite_ref-Obolensky_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obolensky-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the Maronite Church was created by <a href="/wiki/Maron" title="Maron">Maron</a> in 410, and in 685 AD <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Pope Sergius I</a> made <a href="/wiki/John_Maron" title="John Maron">John Maron</a> the first <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Patriarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Patriarch">Maronite Patriarch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The first Christians in Rome were chiefly people who came from the East and spoke Greek. The founding of Constantinople naturally drew such people thither rather than to Rome, and then Christianity at Rome began to spread among the Roman population, so that at last the bulk of the Christian population in Rome spoke Latin. Hence the change in the language of the liturgy. … The liturgy was said (in Latin) first in one church and then in more, until the Greek liturgy was driven out, and the clergy ceased to know Greek. About 415 or 420 we find a Pope saying that he is unable to answer a letter from some Eastern bishops, because he has no one who could write Greek".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"It was the papacy also which kept alive in western Europe the ideal of a universal imperial Church, for the whole of western Christendom came to acknowledge the supremacy of the Roman see".<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/history/people/rulers/theodosius-i.html">"Theodosius I"</a>. <i>Christian History | Learn the History of Christianity & the Church</i>. 8 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christian+History+%7C+Learn+the+History+of+Christianity+%26+the+Church&rft.atitle=Theodosius+I&rft.date=2008-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fhistory%2Fpeople%2Frulers%2Ftheodosius-i.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Church and the State Through the Centuries Ed. Ehler, Sidney Z. and Morrall, John B.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>World Encyclopaedia of Interfaith Studies: World religions</i>. Jnanada Prakashan. 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7139-280-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7139-280-3">978-81-7139-280-3</a>. <q>In the most common sense, "mainstream" refers to Nicene Christianity, or rather the traditions which continue to claim adherence to the Nicene Creed.</q></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeitz2001" class="citation book cs1">Seitz, Christopher R. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X9pVAAAAYAAJ&q=Nicene+Christianity"><i>Nicene Christianity: The Future for a New Ecumenism</i></a>. Brazos Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84227-154-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84227-154-4"><bdi>978-1-84227-154-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nicene+Christianity%3A+The+Future+for+a+New+Ecumenism&rft.pub=Brazos+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84227-154-4&rft.aulast=Seitz&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX9pVAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DNicene%2BChristianity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forster (2008), p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Honor%C3%A9" title="Tony Honoré">Tony Honoré</a> (1998), p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Latourette (1983), p. 175.<br />Schaff (1883), p. 179.<br />Irvin (2002), p. 160.<br />O'Hare (1997), p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ayer_1913,_p._553-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ayer_1913,_p._553_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ayer_1913,_p._553_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayer (1913), p. 553</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Talbott2014" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Talbott (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L6WPBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18"><i>The Inescapable Love of God: Second Edition</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-690-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-690-3"><bdi>978-1-62564-690-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Inescapable+Love+of+God%3A+Second+Edition&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62564-690-3&rft.au=Thomas+Talbott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL6WPBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAloys_Grillmeier1996" class="citation book cs1">Aloys Grillmeier (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Hw28f8aCnoC&pg=PA63"><i>Christ in Christian Tradition</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22300-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22300-7"><bdi>978-0-664-22300-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christ+in+Christian+Tradition&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22300-7&rft.au=Aloys+Grillmeier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Hw28f8aCnoC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Hitchcock2012" class="citation book cs1">James Hitchcock (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8nt_n7wuugAC&pg=PA209"><i>History of the Catholic Church: From the Apostolic Age to the Third Millennium</i></a>. Ignatius Press. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58617-664-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58617-664-8"><bdi>978-1-58617-664-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Catholic+Church%3A+From+the+Apostolic+Age+to+the+Third+Millennium&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-58617-664-8&rft.au=James+Hitchcock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8nt_n7wuugAC%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ayer_1913,_pp._538-539-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ayer_1913,_pp._538-539_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ayer_1913,_pp._538-539_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayer (1913), pp. 538–539</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekonomou (2007), p. 218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Granfield (2000), p. 325</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noble (1984), p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGCT2020" class="citation web cs1">GCT (29 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://greekcitytimes.com/2020/05/29/on-this-day-may-29-1453-the-fall-of-constantinople/">"On This Day May 29, 1453: The Fall Of Constantinople"</a>. <i>Greek City Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greek+City+Times&rft.atitle=On+This+Day+May+29%2C+1453%3A+The+Fall+Of+Constantinople&rft.date=2020-05-29&rft.au=GCT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgreekcitytimes.com%2F2020%2F05%2F29%2Fon-this-day-may-29-1453-the-fall-of-constantinople%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newadvent.org-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newadvent.org_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newadvent.org_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03096a.htm">Gerland, Ernst. "The Byzantine Empire"</a> in The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. Retrieved 19 July 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XRkfKdho-5cC">Encyclopedia of World Religions</a></i>. Foreign Media Group; 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60136-000-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60136-000-7">978-1-60136-000-7</a>. Byzantine Church.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff199689-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff199689_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff199689_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyendorff1996">Meyendorff 1996</a>, pp. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Obolensky-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Obolensky_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Obolensky_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Obolensky_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimitri_Obolensky1969" class="citation book cs1">Dimitri Obolensky (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L0EbAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Byzantine Inheritance of Eastern Europe</i></a>. Variorum Reprints. p. 339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86078-102-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86078-102-8"><bdi>978-0-86078-102-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Inheritance+of+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=339&rft.pub=Variorum+Reprints&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-86078-102-8&rft.au=Dimitri+Obolensky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL0EbAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schadé_2006-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schadé_2006_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schadé_2006_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schadé (2006), art. "Byzantine Church"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wylen_1995._Pp_190-192-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wylen_1995._Pp_190-192_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wylen_1995._Pp_190-192_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wylen (1995). pp. 190–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunn_1999._Pp_33-34-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dunn_1999._Pp_33-34_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dunn_1999._Pp_33-34_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunn (1999). pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boatwright_2004._Pg_426-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boatwright_2004._Pg_426_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boatwright_2004._Pg_426_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Boatwright (2004). p. 426.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tertullian, <i><a href="/wiki/Apologeticus" title="Apologeticus">Apologeticus</a></i> 30.1, as discussed by Cecilia Ames, "Roman Religion in the Vision of Tertullian", in <i>A Companion to Roman Religion</i> (Blackwell, 2007), pp. 467–468 <i>et passim</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hopkins(1998), p. 191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStark1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Stark" title="Rodney Stark">Stark, Rodney</a> (13 May 1996). <i>The Rise of Christianity: A Sociologist Reconsiders History</i>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691027494" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691027494"><bdi>978-0691027494</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Christianity%3A+A+Sociologist+Reconsiders+History&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1996-05-13&rft.isbn=978-0691027494&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CC-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CC_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Durant, Will. Caesar and Christ. New York: Simon and Schuster. 1972</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Redgate, Anne Elizabeth (2000). The Armenians (First ed.). Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers, p. 88–91. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22037-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-22037-2">0-631-22037-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankfurter1998" class="citation book cs1">Frankfurter, David (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3yENB_dXAtwC"><i>Pilgrimage and Holy Space in Late Antique Egypt</i></a>. BRILL. p. 383. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11127-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11127-1"><bdi>978-90-04-11127-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilgrimage+and+Holy+Space+in+Late+Antique+Egypt&rft.pages=383&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11127-1&rft.aulast=Frankfurter&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3yENB_dXAtwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straymond-mc.org/media/1/6%20MAR%20ST%20JOHN%20MARON%20FINAL.pdf">Saint John Maron</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNo'man1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">No'man, Paul (1996). <i>The Yesterday of the Maronite Church and it's Tomorrow</i> (in Arabic). Ghosta: Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yesterday+of+the+Maronite+Church+and+it%27s+Tomorrow&rft.place=Ghosta&rft.pub=Books&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=No%27man&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maronite-heritage.com/History.php">History of the Maronites</a>, Maronite Heritage.com, 13 April 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrykenberg2008" class="citation book cs1">Frykenberg, Robert Eric (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mXgSDAAAQBAJ"><i>Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826377-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826377-7"><bdi>978-0-19-826377-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+India%3A+From+Beginnings+to+the+Present&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-826377-7&rft.aulast=Frykenberg&rft.aufirst=Robert+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmXgSDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart1928" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, John (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CqoNAQAAMAAJ"><i>Nestorian Missionary Enterprise: A Church on Fire</i></a>. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nestorian+Missionary+Enterprise%3A+A+Church+on+Fire&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=T.+%26+T.+Clark&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCqoNAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Leary (2000), pp. 131–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price (2005), pp. 52–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dwyer (1998), pp. 109–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arian_Churches-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arian_Churches_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arian_Churches_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arian_Churches_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson (2010), p. 604.<br />Amory (), pp. 259–262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lactantius, <i>De Mortibus Persecutorum</i> 45.1, 48.2, qtd. and tr. in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2005" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Graeme (2005). "Third-Century Christianity". In <a href="/wiki/Alan_K._Bowman" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan K. Bowman">Bowman, Alan K.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Averil_Cameron" title="Averil Cameron">Cameron, Averil</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Garnsey" title="Peter Garnsey">Garnsey, Peter</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MNSyT_PuYVMC"><i>The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193-337</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 589–671. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5213-0199-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5213-0199-2"><bdi>978-0-5213-0199-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Third-Century+Christianity&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History%2C+Volume+XII%3A+The+Crisis+of+Empire%2C+A.D.+193-337&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=589-671&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-5213-0199-2&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMNSyT_PuYVMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span>, pp. 662–663</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Payton (2007), p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irvin (2002), p. 164, ch. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/facts/5/26375/Julian-as-discussed-in-Donatist-religion">"Encyclopædia Britannica, <i>Facts about Julian: Donatists</i>"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Facts+about+Julian%3A+Donatists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ffacts%2F5%2F26375%2FJulian-as-discussed-in-Donatist-religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191227014831/http://evangelica.de/articles/the-donatists-and-their-relation-to-church-and-state/">"The Donatists and Their Relation to Church and State « Biographia Evangelica"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evangelica.de/articles/the-donatists-and-their-relation-to-church-and-state/">the original</a> on 27 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Donatists+and+Their+Relation+to+Church+and+State+%C2%AB+Biographia+Evangelica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fevangelica.de%2Farticles%2Fthe-donatists-and-their-relation-to-church-and-state%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irvin (2002), p. 164, ch. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Scowcroft_Bettenson1967" class="citation book cs1">Henry Scowcroft Bettenson (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k9L2UaDJLGkC&pg=PA22"><i>Documents of the Christian Church</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-501293-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-501293-4"><bdi>978-0-19-501293-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-19-501293-4&rft.au=Henry+Scowcroft+Bettenson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk9L2UaDJLGkC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fFwi7qRRgosC&q=Nicene"><i>World Encyclopaedia of Interfaith Studies: World religions</i></a>. Jnanada Prakashan. 2009. p. 729. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7139-280-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7139-280-3"><bdi>978-81-7139-280-3</bdi></a>. <q>In 391 Theodosius I established Nicene Christianity as the official…</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Encyclopaedia+of+Interfaith+Studies%3A+World+religions&rft.pages=729&rft.pub=Jnanada+Prakashan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-7139-280-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfFwi7qRRgosC%26q%3DNicene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfred Plummer, Conversations with Dr. Döllinger 1870–1890, ed. Robrecht Boudens (Leuven University Press, 1985), p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Price_2005,_p._52-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Price_2005,_p._52_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Price_2005,_p._52_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Price_2005,_p._52_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Price (2005), p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price (2005), p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bussell (1910), p. 346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Latourette (1975), p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ayer_1913,_p._538-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ayer_1913,_p._538_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayer (1913), p. 538</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130727022718/http://www.freewebs.com/vitaphone1/history/justinianc.html">"Code of Justinian I.5.21"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freewebs.com/vitaphone1/history/justinianc.html">the original</a> on 27 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Code+of+Justinian+I.5.21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freewebs.com%2Fvitaphone1%2Fhistory%2Fjustinianc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cairns (1996), p. 124. "By 590 the church had not only been freed from persecution by the Roman state but had become closely linked with that state."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.vii.vi.v.html">"NPNF2-14. The Seven Ecumenical Councils – Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <i>www.ccel.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org&rft.atitle=NPNF2-14.+The+Seven+Ecumenical+Councils+%E2%80%93+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf214.vii.vi.v.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.vii.vi.viii.html">"NPNF2-14. The Seven Ecumenical Councils – Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <i>www.ccel.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org&rft.atitle=NPNF2-14.+The+Seven+Ecumenical+Councils+%E2%80%93+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf214.vii.vi.viii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.vii.vi.x.html">"NPNF2-14. The Seven Ecumenical Councils – Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <i>www.ccel.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org&rft.atitle=NPNF2-14.+The+Seven+Ecumenical+Councils+%E2%80%93+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf214.vii.vi.x.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Valliere2012" class="citation book cs1">Paul Valliere (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qrt3Z7fyzlUC&pg=PA91"><i>Conciliarism: A History of Decision-Making in the Church</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 91–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01574-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01574-6"><bdi>978-1-107-01574-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conciliarism%3A+A+History+of+Decision-Making+in+the+Church&rft.pages=91-92&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01574-6&rft.au=Paul+Valliere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQrt3Z7fyzlUC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Puglisi2010" class="citation book cs1">James Puglisi, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SZ2vkWM8IpwC&pg=PA40"><i>How Can the Petrine Ministry Be a Service to the Unity of the Universal Church?</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4862-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4862-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-4862-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Can+the+Petrine+Ministry+Be+a+Service+to+the+Unity+of+the+Universal+Church%3F&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4862-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSZ2vkWM8IpwC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.ix.viii.iv.html">"NPNF2-14. The Seven Ecumenical Councils - Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <i>www.ccel.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org&rft.atitle=NPNF2-14.+The+Seven+Ecumenical+Councils+-+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf214.ix.viii.iv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130110112941/http://www.aoiusa.org/canon-28-and-eastern-papalism-cause-or-effect/">"George C. Michalopulos, "Canon 28 and Eastern Papalism: Cause or Effect?"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aoiusa.org/canon-28-and-eastern-papalism-cause-or-effect/">the original</a> on 10 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+C.+Michalopulos%2C+%22Canon+28+and+Eastern+Papalism%3A+Cause+or+Effect%3F%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aoiusa.org%2Fcanon-28-and-eastern-papalism-cause-or-effect%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.xi.xviii.xxviii.html">"NPNF2-14. The Seven Ecumenical Councils – Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <i>www.ccel.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org&rft.atitle=NPNF2-14.+The+Seven+Ecumenical+Councils+%E2%80%93+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf214.xi.xviii.xxviii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.ix.viii.iii.html">"NPNF2-14. The Seven Ecumenical Councils – Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <i>www.ccel.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org&rft.atitle=NPNF2-14.+The+Seven+Ecumenical+Councils+%E2%80%93+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf214.ix.viii.iii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.homolaicus.com/storia/medioevo/pentarchia/pentarchia.htm">L'idea di pentarchia nella cristianità</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaillardetzWilson2003" class="citation book cs1">Gaillardetz, Richard; Wilson, Kenneth (26 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aezGH7vcWMEC&pg=RA1-PA211"><i>Readings in Church Authority: Gifts and Challenges for Contemporary Catholicism</i></a>. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0530-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0530-0"><bdi>978-0-7546-0530-0</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+in+Church+Authority%3A+Gifts+and+Challenges+for+Contemporary+Catholicism&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2003-08-26&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-0530-0&rft.aulast=Gaillardetz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaezGH7vcWMEC%26pg%3DRA1-PA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Quinisext-Council">"Quinisext Council | Christianity"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Quinisext+Council+%26%23124%3B+Christianity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FQuinisext-Council&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qAlcKDsubMgC&pg=PA73">Robert Browning, <i>The Byzantine Empire</i></a> (Revised Edition, CUA Press 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-0754-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-0754-4">978-0-8132-0754-4</a>), p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Treadgold. <i>History of the Byzantine State</i>, pp. 354–355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9HQ3YU9SAG8C&pg=PA20">John Meyendorff, <i>The Byzantine Legacy in the Orthodox Church</i></a> (St Vladimir's Seminary Press 1982 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-913836-90-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-913836-90-3">978-0-913836-90-3</a>), p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PXizk1RZ88wC&pg=PA44">Jonathan Harris, <i>Byzantium and the Crusades</i></a> (Continuum International 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-501-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-501-7">978-1-85285-501-7</a>), p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ratzinger-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ratzinger_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ratzinger_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXVI._(Papst)Ratzinger2008" class="citation book cs1">XVI. (Papst), Benedikt; Ratzinger, Joseph Cardinal (1 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mctH97b6wRoC&pg=PA95"><i>Church, Ecumenism, and Politics: New Endeavors in Ecclesiology</i></a>. Ignatius Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58617-217-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58617-217-6"><bdi>978-1-58617-217-6</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church%2C+Ecumenism%2C+and+Politics%3A+New+Endeavors+in+Ecclesiology&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-58617-217-6&rft.aulast=XVI.+%28Papst%29&rft.aufirst=Benedikt&rft.au=Ratzinger%2C+Joseph+Cardinal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmctH97b6wRoC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myriobiblos.gr/texts/english/milton1_21.html">"Milton V. Anastos – 21. The theory of the pentarchy and Byzantine arguments against the Roman primacy"</a>. <i>www.myriobiblos.gr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.myriobiblos.gr&rft.atitle=Milton+V.+Anastos+%E2%80%93+21.+The+theory+of+the+pentarchy+and+Byzantine+arguments+against+the+Roman+primacy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myriobiblos.gr%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fmilton1_21.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cardini (2001), p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The entry of the Slavs into Christendom</i>, p. 208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren_T._Treadgold1997" class="citation book cs1">Warren T. Treadgold (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC&pg=PA453"><i>A History of the Byzantine State and Society</i></a>. Stanford University Press. pp. 453, 558. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2630-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2630-6"><bdi>978-0-8047-2630-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Byzantine+State+and+Society&rft.pages=453%2C+558&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-2630-6&rft.au=Warren+T.+Treadgold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnYbnr5XVbzUC%26pg%3DPA453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiminas2009" class="citation book cs1">Kiminas, Demetrius (1 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QLWqXrW2X-8C&pg=PA15"><i>The Ecumenical Patriarchate</i></a>. Wildside Press LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4344-5876-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4344-5876-6"><bdi>978-1-4344-5876-6</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecumenical+Patriarchate&rft.pub=Wildside+Press+LLC&rft.date=2009-03-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4344-5876-6&rft.aulast=Kiminas&rft.aufirst=Demetrius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQLWqXrW2X-8C%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarvalho2007" class="citation book cs1">Carvalho, Joaquim (26 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jR98-Ata0CkC&pg=PT274"><i>Religion and Power in Europe: Conflict and Convergence</i></a>. Edizioni Plus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8492-464-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8492-464-3"><bdi>978-88-8492-464-3</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Power+in+Europe%3A+Conflict+and+Convergence&rft.pub=Edizioni+Plus&rft.date=2007-08-26&rft.isbn=978-88-8492-464-3&rft.aulast=Carvalho&rft.aufirst=Joaquim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjR98-Ata0CkC%26pg%3DPT274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_Richards1979" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey Richards (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tsE9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA230"><i>The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages, 476-752</i></a>. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-0098-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-0098-9"><bdi>978-0-7100-0098-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Popes+and+the+Papacy+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages%2C+476-752&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-7100-0098-9&rft.au=Jeffrey+Richards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtsE9AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Johnson, <i>History of Christianity</i> (Simon & Schuster 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-8203-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-8203-1">978-0-7432-8203-1</a>), p. 186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.E. Golubinskii, Istoriia russkoi tserkvi (Moscow: Universitetskaia tipografiia, 1900), vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 469</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAidan_Nichols2010" class="citation book cs1">Aidan Nichols (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hje62q52XNsC&pg=PA281"><i>Rome and the Eastern Churches: A Study in Schism</i></a>. Ignatius Press. p. 281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58617-282-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58617-282-4"><bdi>978-1-58617-282-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+the+Eastern+Churches%3A+A+Study+in+Schism&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-58617-282-4&rft.au=Aidan+Nichols&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHje62q52XNsC%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stcletusparish.com/adultfaith/credo/epic/docs/2SCHISMpart1.pdf">"St Cletus Parish Adult Education, "Nails in the Coffin of Reunification"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St+Cletus+Parish+Adult+Education%2C+%22Nails+in+the+Coffin+of+Reunification%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstcletusparish.com%2Fadultfaith%2Fcredo%2Fepic%2Fdocs%2F2SCHISMpart1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://melkite.org/faith/faith-worship/the-melkites">"» The Melkites"</a>. <i>melkite.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=melkite.org&rft.atitle=%C2%BB+The+Melkites&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmelkite.org%2Ffaith%2Ffaith-worship%2Fthe-melkites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorys_Andrij_Gudziak1992" class="citation book cs1">Borys Andrij Gudziak (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=up3ZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Crisis and Reform: The Kievan Metropolitanate, the Patriarchate of Constantinople, and the Genesis of the Union of Brest</i></a>. Harvard University. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-916458-92-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-916458-92-8"><bdi>978-0-916458-92-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+and+Reform%3A+The+Kievan+Metropolitanate%2C+the+Patriarchate+of+Constantinople%2C+and+the+Genesis+of+the+Union+of+Brest&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-916458-92-8&rft.au=Borys+Andrij+Gudziak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dup3ZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_AngoldFrances_Margaret_YoungK._Scott_BowieMargaret_Mary_Mitchell2006" class="citation book cs1">Michael Angold; Frances Margaret Young; K. Scott Bowie; Margaret Mary Mitchell; Augustine Casiday; Frederick W. Norris; Thomas F. X. Noble; Stewart J. Brown; Julia M. H. Smith; Miri Rubin; Roberta A. Baranowski; R. Po-chia Hsia; Timothy Tackett; Sheridan Gilley; Walter Simons; Hugh McLeod; Brian Stanley (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1xUV-nMxNGsC&pg=PA31"><i>The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 5, Eastern Christianity</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81113-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81113-2"><bdi>978-0-521-81113-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Christianity%3A+Volume+5%2C+Eastern+Christianity&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81113-2&rft.au=Michael+Angold&rft.au=Frances+Margaret+Young&rft.au=K.+Scott+Bowie&rft.au=Margaret+Mary+Mitchell&rft.au=Augustine+Casiday&rft.au=Frederick+W.+Norris&rft.au=Thomas+F.+X.+Noble&rft.au=Stewart+J.+Brown&rft.au=Julia+M.+H.+Smith&rft.au=Miri+Rubin&rft.au=Roberta+A.+Baranowski&rft.au=R.+Po-chia+Hsia&rft.au=Timothy+Tackett&rft.au=Sheridan+Gilley&rft.au=Walter+Simons&rft.au=Hugh+McLeod&rft.au=Brian+Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1xUV-nMxNGsC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoan_Mervyn_HusseyJean_Chrysostome1988" class="citation book cs1">Joan Mervyn Hussey; Jean Chrysostome (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dGIbAAAAYAAJ"><i>Kathēgētria</i></a>. Porphyrogenitus. p. 516. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-871328-00-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-871328-00-4"><bdi>978-1-871328-00-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kath%C4%93g%C4%93tria&rft.pages=516&rft.pub=Porphyrogenitus&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-1-871328-00-4&rft.au=Joan+Mervyn+Hussey&rft.au=Jean+Chrysostome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdGIbAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_M._Nicol1993" class="citation book cs1">Donald M. Nicol (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y2d6OHLqwEsC&pg=PA78"><i>The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43991-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43991-6"><bdi>978-0-521-43991-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Centuries+of+Byzantium%2C+1261-1453&rft.pages=78-79&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43991-6&rft.au=Donald+M.+Nicol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy2d6OHLqwEsC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur Edward Romilly Boak, <i>A History of Rome to 565 A.D.</i>, p. 4030.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarvin_PerryMyrna_ChaseJames_JacobMargaret_Jacob2012" class="citation book cs1">Marvin Perry; Myrna Chase; James Jacob; Margaret Jacob; Theodore H. Von Laue (1 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eRC_I31ZaZEC&pg=PA213"><i>Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-83168-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-111-83168-4"><bdi>978-1-111-83168-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization%3A+Ideas%2C+Politics%2C+and+Society&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-111-83168-4&rft.au=Marvin+Perry&rft.au=Myrna+Chase&rft.au=James+Jacob&rft.au=Margaret+Jacob&rft.au=Theodore+H.+Von+Laue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeRC_I31ZaZEC%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmory,_Patrick2003" class="citation book cs1">Amory, Patrick (16 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ndeDi_fwq0C"><i>People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489–554</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52635-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52635-7"><bdi>978-0-521-52635-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+and+Identity+in+Ostrogothic+Italy%2C+489%E2%80%93554&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003-10-16&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52635-7&rft.au=Amory%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ndeDi_fwq0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson,_Lara2010" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Lara; et al. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KetpijSSLv8C"><i>World and Its Peoples</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7883-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7883-6"><bdi>978-0-7614-7883-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7883-6&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Lara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKetpijSSLv8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyer,_John_Cullen1913" class="citation book cs1">Ayer, John Cullen, ed. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fM9y0Db-88wC"><i>A Source Book for Ancient Church History</i></a>. Mundus Publishing (2008 reprint).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Source+Book+for+Ancient+Church+History&rft.pub=Mundus+Publishing+%282008+reprint%29&rft.date=1913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfM9y0Db-88wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBettenson,_Henry_Scowcroft1967" class="citation book cs1">Bettenson, Henry Scowcroft, ed. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k9L2UaDJLGkC"><i>Documents of the Christian Church</i></a> (2nd ed.). London: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-501293-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-501293-4"><bdi>978-0-19-501293-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-19-501293-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk9L2UaDJLGkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoak,_Arthur_Edward_Romilly1921" class="citation book cs1">Boak, Arthur Edward Romilly (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5bsoAAAAYAAJ"><i>A history of Rome to 565 A. 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BiblioLife. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-113-20104-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-113-20104-1"><bdi>978-1-113-20104-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire%3A+From+the+Death+of+Theodosius+I&rft.pub=BiblioLife&rft.date=1923&rft.isbn=978-1-113-20104-1&rft.au=Bury%2C+J+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DswAg9A3KCzUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCairns,_Earle_E.1996" class="citation book cs1">Cairns, Earle E. 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Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-20812-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-20812-9"><bdi>978-0-310-20812-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+through+the+centuries%3A+a+history+of+the+Christian+church&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-310-20812-9&rft.au=Cairns%2C+Earle+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG3Kb3rPreUgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBussell,_Frederick_William1910" class="citation book cs1">Bussell, Frederick William (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ofh4ZgCIyXEC"><i>The Roman Empire: Essays on the constitutional history from the accession of Domitian to the retirement of Niceophorus III</i></a>. New York: Longmans, Green, and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire%3A+Essays+on+the+constitutional+history+from+the+accession+of+Domitian+to+the+retirement+of+Niceophorus+III&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1910&rft.au=Bussell%2C+Frederick+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dofh4ZgCIyXEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardini,_Franco2001" class="citation book cs1">Cardini, Franco (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pePPvGkGZDQC"><i>Europe and Islam</i></a>. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22637-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22637-6"><bdi>978-0-631-22637-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+and+Islam&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22637-6&rft.au=Cardini%2C+Franco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpePPvGkGZDQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll,_Warren_H.1987" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Warren H. (1987). <i>The Building of Christendom</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-931888-24-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-931888-24-3"><bdi>978-0-931888-24-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Building+of+Christendom&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-931888-24-3&rft.au=Carroll%2C+Warren+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaurasia,_Radhey_Shyam2001" class="citation book cs1">Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v41j8aP5vz4C"><i>History of Western Political Thought</i></a>. New Delhi, India: Atlantic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0033-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0033-6"><bdi>978-81-269-0033-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Western+Political+Thought&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0033-6&rft.au=Chaurasia%2C+Radhey+Shyam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv41j8aP5vz4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrobner,_Hubertus_R.Schatzmann,_Siegfried_S.2007" class="citation book cs1">Drobner, Hubertus R.; Schatzmann, Siegfried S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yeU8IDASBqoC"><i>The fathers of the church: a comprehensive introduction</i></a>. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56563-331-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56563-331-5"><bdi>978-1-56563-331-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+fathers+of+the+church%3A+a+comprehensive+introduction&rft.place=Peabody%2C+MA&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-56563-331-5&rft.au=Drobner%2C+Hubertus+R.&rft.au=Schatzmann%2C+Siegfried+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyeU8IDASBqoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwyer,_John_C.1998" class="citation book cs1">Dwyer, John C. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FKvo3szVq_sC"><i>Church History: Twenty Centuries of Catholic Christianity</i></a>. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3830-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3830-2"><bdi>978-0-8091-3830-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+History%3A+Twenty+Centuries+of+Catholic+Christianity&rft.place=Mahwah%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-3830-2&rft.au=Dwyer%2C+John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFKvo3szVq_sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkonomou,_Andrew_J.2007" class="citation book cs1">Ekonomou, Andrew J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zomZk6DbFTIC"><i>Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes</i></a>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1977-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1977-8"><bdi>978-0-7391-1977-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Rome+and+the+Greek+Popes&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-1977-8&rft.au=Ekonomou%2C+Andrew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzomZk6DbFTIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahlbusch,_Erwin2008" class="citation book cs1">Fahlbusch, Erwin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lZUBZlth2qgC"><i>The Encyclopedia of Christianity (volume 5)</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2417-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2417-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-2417-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christianity+%28volume+5%29&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2417-2&rft.au=Fahlbusch%2C+Erwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlZUBZlth2qgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForster,_Greg2008" class="citation book cs1">Forster, Greg (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TkZ75PTmTycC"><i>The Contested Public Square: The Crisis of Christianity and Politics</i></a>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2880-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2880-7"><bdi>978-0-8308-2880-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Contested+Public+Square%3A+The+Crisis+of+Christianity+and+Politics&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-2880-7&rft.au=Forster%2C+Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTkZ75PTmTycC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortescue,_Adrian1908" class="citation book cs1">Fortescue, Adrian (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UPr1ZCxPW6QC"><i>The Orthodox Eastern Church</i></a> (2nd ed.). Catholic Truth Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Eastern+Church&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Catholic+Truth+Society&rft.date=1908&rft.au=Fortescue%2C+Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUPr1ZCxPW6QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodenough,_Erwin_Ramsdell1970" class="citation book cs1">Goodenough, Erwin Ramsdell (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kFMXAAAAIAAJ"><i>The church in the Roman Empire</i></a>. New York: H. Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8154-0337-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8154-0337-1"><bdi>978-0-8154-0337-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+church+in+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=H.+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-8154-0337-1&rft.au=Goodenough%2C+Erwin+Ramsdell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkFMXAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranfield,_Patrick2000" class="citation book cs1">Granfield, Patrick (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2knW3bIxIYgC"><i>The Gift of the Church: A Textbook Ecclesiology</i></a>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5931-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5931-1"><bdi>978-0-8146-5931-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gift+of+the+Church%3A+A+Textbook+Ecclesiology&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-5931-1&rft.au=Granfield%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2knW3bIxIYgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreer,_Rowan_A.1989" class="citation book cs1">Greer, Rowan A. 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Pennsylvania State University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-00648-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-00648-2"><bdi>978-0-271-00648-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+fear+of+freedom%3A+a+study+of+miracles+in+the+Roman+imperial+church&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-271-00648-2&rft.au=Greer%2C+Rowan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtdTtb2BbYSAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonoré,_Tony1998" class="citation book cs1">Honoré, Tony (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=74tdTwRTKi8C"><i>Law in the Crisis of Empire 379-455 AD</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826078-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826078-3"><bdi>978-0-19-826078-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+in+the+Crisis+of+Empire+379-455+AD&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-826078-3&rft.au=Honor%C3%A9%2C+Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D74tdTwRTKi8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins,_Keith1998" class="citation journal cs1">Hopkins, Keith (1998). "Christian Number and Its Implications". <i>Journal of Early Christian Studies</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 185–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fearl.1998.0035">10.1353/earl.1998.0035</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170769034">170769034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Early+Christian+Studies&rft.atitle=Christian+Number+and+Its+Implications&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=185-226&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fearl.1998.0035&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170769034%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Hopkins%2C+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrvin,_Dale_T.,_Sunquist,_Scott2002" class="citation book cs1">Irvin, Dale T., Sunquist, Scott (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C2akvQfa-QMC"><i>History of the World Christian Movement</i></a>. Vol. 1. Edinburgh, Scotland: T & T Clark Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08866-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08866-6"><bdi>978-0-567-08866-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+World+Christian+Movement&rft.place=Edinburgh%2C+Scotland&rft.pub=T+%26+T+Clark+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-567-08866-6&rft.au=Irvin%2C+Dale+T.%2C+Sunquist%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC2akvQfa-QMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJedin,_HubertDolan,_John1980" class="citation book cs1">Jedin, Hubert; Dolan, John (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hp3YAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Imperial Church from Constantine to the Early Middle Ages</i></a>. Burns & Oates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86012-084-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86012-084-1"><bdi>978-0-86012-084-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Church+from+Constantine+to+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Burns+%26+Oates&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-86012-084-1&rft.au=Jedin%2C+Hubert&rft.au=Dolan%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhp3YAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatourette,_Kenneth_Scott1975" class="citation book cs1">Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4pzuXCiDdYC"><i>A history of Christianity</i></a>. Vol. 1. New York: Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-064952-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-064952-4"><bdi>978-0-06-064952-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Christianity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-06-064952-4&rft.au=Latourette%2C+Kenneth+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ4pzuXCiDdYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcManners,_John2001" class="citation book cs1">McManners, John (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DhpKxQT8n74C"><i>The Oxford illustrated history of Christianity</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285439-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285439-1"><bdi>978-0-19-285439-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+illustrated+history+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285439-1&rft.au=McManners%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDhpKxQT8n74C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedlycott,_A._E.1905" class="citation book cs1">Medlycott, A. E. (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YdxJAAAAMAAJ"><i>India and the Apostle Thomas: an inquiry with a critical analysis of the Acta Thomae</i></a>. London: David Nutt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+the+Apostle+Thomas%3A+an+inquiry+with+a+critical+analysis+of+the+Acta+Thomae&rft.place=London&rft.pub=David+Nutt&rft.date=1905&rft.au=Medlycott%2C+A.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYdxJAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoble,_Thomas_F.X.1984" class="citation book cs1">Noble, Thomas F.X. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UpUi7DAWSX0C"><i>The Republic of St Peter</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1239-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1239-6"><bdi>978-0-8122-1239-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+St+Peter&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1239-6&rft.au=Noble%2C+Thomas+F.X.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUpUi7DAWSX0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Meyendorff" title="John Meyendorff">Meyendorff, John</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-PxVklqRBgUC"><i>Rome, Constantinople, Moscow: Historical and Theological Studies</i></a>. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-134-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-134-8"><bdi>978-0-88141-134-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome%2C+Constantinople%2C+Moscow%3A+Historical+and+Theological+Studies&rft.place=Crestwood%2C+NY&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-88141-134-8&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-PxVklqRBgUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hare,_Padraic1997" class="citation book cs1">O'Hare, Padraic (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BInCfz0g0UEC"><i>The enduring covenant: the education of Christians and the end of antisemitism</i></a>. Valley Forge, PA: Trinity Press International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56338-186-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56338-186-7"><bdi>978-1-56338-186-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+enduring+covenant%3A+the+education+of+Christians+and+the+end+of+antisemitism&rft.place=Valley+Forge%2C+PA&rft.pub=Trinity+Press+International&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-56338-186-7&rft.au=O%27Hare%2C+Padraic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBInCfz0g0UEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Leary,_De_Lacy2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/De_Lacy_O%27Leary" title="De Lacy O'Leary">O'Leary, De Lacy</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y3M7lHusi4UC"><i>Arabia Before Muhammad</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24466-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24466-4"><bdi>978-0-415-24466-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabia+Before+Muhammad&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-24466-4&rft.au=O%27Leary%2C+De+Lacy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy3M7lHusi4UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayton,_James_R.2007" class="citation book cs1">Payton, James R. (26 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j8va_NYvQrwC"><i>Light from the Christian East: An Introduction to the Orthodox Tradition</i></a>. Downers Grove, IL: Invervarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2594-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2594-3"><bdi>978-0-8308-2594-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+from+the+Christian+East%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Orthodox+Tradition&rft.place=Downers+Grove%2C+IL&rft.pub=Invervarsity+Press&rft.date=2007-07-26&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-2594-3&rft.au=Payton%2C+James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj8va_NYvQrwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelikan,_Jaroslav_Jan2005" class="citation book cs1">Pelikan, Jaroslav Jan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QqrdwBEB0SsC"><i>Creeds and confessions of faith in the Christian tradition</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10974-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10974-0"><bdi>978-0-300-10974-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creeds+and+confessions+of+faith+in+the+Christian+tradition&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10974-0&rft.au=Pelikan%2C+Jaroslav+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQqrdwBEB0SsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice,_RichardGaddis,_Michael2005" class="citation book cs1">Price, Richard; Gaddis, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6IUaOOT1G3UC"><i>The acts of the Council of Chalcedon</i></a>. Vol. 3. Liverpool, England: Liverpool University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-039-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-039-7"><bdi>978-0-85323-039-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+acts+of+the+Council+of+Chalcedon&rft.place=Liverpool%2C+England&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-85323-039-7&rft.au=Price%2C+Richard&rft.au=Gaddis%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6IUaOOT1G3UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuether,_Rosemary_Radford2008" class="citation book cs1">Ruether, Rosemary Radford (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zMHJd2j1WtUC"><i>Christianity and Social Systems: Historical Constructions and Ethical Challenges</i></a>. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4643-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4643-1"><bdi>978-0-7425-4643-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+and+Social+Systems%3A+Historical+Constructions+and+Ethical+Challenges&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-4643-1&rft.au=Ruether%2C+Rosemary+Radford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzMHJd2j1WtUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchadé,_Johannes_P.2006" class="citation book cs1">Schadé, Johannes P. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XRkfKdho-5cC"><i>Encyclopedia of World Religions</i></a>. Foreign Media Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60136-000-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60136-000-7"><bdi>978-1-60136-000-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pub=Foreign+Media+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-60136-000-7&rft.au=Schad%C3%A9%2C+Johannes+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXRkfKdho-5cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff,_PhilipSchaff,_David_Schley1910" class="citation book cs1">Schaff, Philip; Schaff, David Schley (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=norYAAAAMAAJ"><i>History of the Christian church</i></a>. Vol. 2 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Christian+church&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1910&rft.au=Schaff%2C+Philip&rft.au=Schaff%2C+David+Schley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnorYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeja,_Ramon2006" class="citation journal cs1">Teja, Ramon (15 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://campus.usal.es/~revistas_trabajo/index.php/0213-2052/article/viewFile/5949/5977">"El poder de la iglesia imperial : El mito de constantino y el papado romano"</a>. <i>Stud, Hist., Ha Antig</i>. <b>24</b>: 63–81. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0213-2052">0213-2052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stud%2C+Hist.%2C+Ha+Antig.&rft.atitle=El+poder+de+la+iglesia+imperial+%3A+El+mito+de+constantino+y+el+papado+romano&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=63-81&rft.date=2006-09-15&rft.issn=0213-2052&rft.au=Teja%2C+Ramon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcampus.usal.es%2F~revistas_trabajo%2Findex.php%2F0213-2052%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F5949%2F5977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasiliev,_A.A.1964" class="citation book cs1">Vasiliev, A.A. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sUVRLwEACAAJ"><i>History of the Byzantine Empire</i></a>. University of Wisconsin Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Byzantine+Empire&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Vasiliev%2C+A.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsUVRLwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWordsworth,_Christopher1887" class="citation book cs1">Wordsworth, Christopher (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-frXbxA9l-YC"><i>A church history</i></a>. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). New York: James Pott and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+church+history&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=James+Pott+and+Co.&rft.date=1887&rft.au=Wordsworth%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-frXbxA9l-YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+as+the+Roman+state+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Orthodox_Church_footer" title="Template:Eastern Orthodox Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Orthodox_Church_footer" title="Template talk:Eastern Orthodox Church footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Orthodox_Church_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Orthodox Church footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Autocephalous and autonomous churches</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">Autocephalous churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Four ancient patriarchates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomew I of Constantinople">Bartholomew I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria">Alexandria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Theodore_II_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Theodore II of Alexandria">Theodore II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch">Antioch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_X_of_Antioch" title="John X of Antioch">John X</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Theophilos_III_of_Jerusalem" title="Patriarch Theophilos III of Jerusalem">Theophilos III</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Junior <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">patriarchates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n0_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n0-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Kirill of Moscow">Kirill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porfirije,_Serbian_Patriarch" title="Porfirije, Serbian Patriarch">Porfirije</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniil_of_Bulgaria" title="Daniil of Bulgaria">Daniil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Daniel_of_Romania" title="Patriarch Daniel of Romania">Daniel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilia_II_of_Georgia" title="Ilia II of Georgia">Ilia II</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autocephalous<br /><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archdioceses</a>/<a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(religious_jurisdiction)" title="Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)">metropolises</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus" title="Church of Cyprus">Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_III_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of Cyprus">George III</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ieronymos_II_of_Athens" title="Ieronymos II of Athens">Ieronymos II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Albanian Orthodox Church">Albania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anastasios_of_Albania" title="Anastasios of Albania">Anastasios</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church" title="Polish Orthodox Church">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sawa_(Hrycuniak)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawa (Hrycuniak)">Sawa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_the_Czech_Lands_and_Slovakia" title="Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia">Czech Lands and Slovakia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rastislav_(Gont)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastislav (Gont)">Rastislav</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">America</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n1_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tikhon_(Mollard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tikhon (Mollard)">Tikhon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Ukraine</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n1_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_I_of_Ukraine" title="Epiphanius I of Ukraine">Epiphanius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Archdiocese_of_Ohrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Orthodox Church – Archdiocese of Ohrid">North Macedonia</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n1_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stefan,_Archbishop_of_Ohrid_and_Macedonia" title="Stefan, Archbishop of Ohrid and Macedonia">Stefan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ByzantineCross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/ByzantineCross.svg/60px-ByzantineCross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/ByzantineCross.svg/90px-ByzantineCross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/ByzantineCross.svg/120px-ByzantineCross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="581" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)" title="Autonomy (Eastern Orthodoxy)">Autonomous churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sinai" title="Church of Sinai">Sinai</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Finland" title="Orthodox Church of Finland">Finland (Ecumenical Patriarchate)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Apostolic_Orthodox_Church" title="Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church">Estonia (Ecumenical Patriarchate)</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n1_97-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_Japan" title="Orthodox Church in Japan">Japan (Moscow Patriarchate)</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n1_97-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Orthodox_Church" title="Chinese Orthodox Church">China (Moscow Patriarchate)</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n1_97-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukraine (Moscow Patriarchate)</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n3_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n3-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Metropolis_of_the_Americas" title="Romanian Orthodox Metropolis of the Americas">Americas (Romanian Patriarchate)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Bessarabia" title="Metropolis of Bessarabia">Bessarabia (Romanian Patriarchate)</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n1_97-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_and_All_Moldova" title="Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova">Moldova (Moscow Patriarchate)</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n1_97-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span style="background:#ddddff">Semi-autonomous churches</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Crete" title="Church of Crete">Crete (Ecumenical Patriarchate)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Moscow_Patriarchate" title="Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate">Estonia (Moscow Patriarchate)</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n2_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n2-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia">Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n2_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n2-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Orthodox_episcopal_assemblies" title="Category:Eastern Orthodox episcopal assemblies">Diaspora<br />Assemblies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Australia,_New_Zealand,_and_Oceania" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania">Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Austria" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Austria">Austria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Belgium,_Holland,_and_Luxembourg" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg">Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Canada" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Canada">Canada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_France" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of France">France</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Germany" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Germany">Germany</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain and Ireland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Italy_and_Malta" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Italy and Malta">Italy and Malta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Latin_America" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Latin America">Latin America</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Scandinavia" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Spain_and_Portugal" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Spain and Portugal">Spain and Portugal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Switzerland_and_Liechtenstein" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Switzerland and Liechtenstein">Switzerland and Liechtenstein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the United States of America">United States of America</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">State church of the Roman Empire</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Schism_of_the_Russian_Church" title="Schism of the Russian Church">Raskol</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_Church" title="Catacomb Church">Catacomb Church</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Old_Calendarists" title="Old Calendarists">Old Calendarists</a></dd> <dd>Moscow–Constantinople schisms <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism">15th–16th c.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1996_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism">1996</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_John_Chrysostom" title="Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom">Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_Basil" title="Liturgy of Saint Basil">Liturgy of Saint Basil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_James" title="Liturgy of Saint James">Liturgy of Saint James</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_Cyril" title="Liturgy of Saint Cyril">Liturgy of Saint Mark</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church#Unrecognized_churches" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Unrecognized Eastern Orthodox churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_by_country" title="Eastern Orthodoxy by country">Eastern Orthodoxy by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-note_n0-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note_n0_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The ROC <a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">severed full communion</a> with the Ecumenical Patriarchate in 2018, and later severed full communion with the <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">primates</a> of the Church of Greece, the Patriarchate of Alexandria, and the Church of Cyprus in 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-note_n1-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_97-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_97-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_97-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_97-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_97-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_97-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Autocephaly or autonomy is not universally recognized.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-note_n3-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note_n3_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UOC-MP was moved to formally cut ties with the ROC as of May 27th 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-note_n2-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-note_n2_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n2_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Semi-autonomous part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> whose autonomy is not universally recognized.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="reflist"> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Category:History of the Catholic Church by country">By country or region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="History of the Roman Curia">History of the Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a><br />(30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (30–100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split with Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a> (100–325)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Church(180–451)Romanstate_church(380–451)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a><br />(180–451)<br /><a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman<br />state church</a><br />(380–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_clash_between_the_Church_and_the_Empire" title="The clash between the Church and the Empire">Clash against the empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to the<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">1995</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2000" title="World Youth Day 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2002" title="World Youth Day 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008" title="World Youth Day 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2011" title="World Youth Day 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2013" title="World Youth Day 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2016" title="World Youth Day 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2019" title="World Youth Day 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2023" title="World Youth Day 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template talk:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Catholic_Church_articles" title="Index of Catholic Church articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Glossary of the Catholic Church">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholics" title="Lists of Catholics">Lists of Catholics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_music" title="Category:Catholic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Blue nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations<br />of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_lay_organisations" title="Catholic lay organisations">Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_youth_work" title="Catholic youth work">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Movement_of_Christian_Workers" title="World Movement of Christian Workers">Workers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Lay Carmelites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Discalced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Saint Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)#International" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimcap" title="Fimcap">Fimcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Charismatic Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focolare_Movement" title="Focolare Movement">Focolare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Catholic_Knights" title="International Alliance of Catholic Knights">International Alliance of Catholic Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Catholic_Conference_of_Scouting" title="International Catholic Conference of Scouting">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Charities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charities_USA" title="Catholic Charities USA">Catholic Charities USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Home_Missions" title="Catholic Home Missions">Home Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Relief Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIDSE" title="CIDSE">CIDSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Christi" title="Pax Christi">Pax Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of Saint Vincent de Paul</a><br /></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" title="Category:Catholic Church">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ecumenical_councils" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ecumenical_councils" title="Template:Ecumenical councils"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ecumenical_councils" title="Template talk:Ecumenical councils"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ecumenical_councils" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ecumenical councils"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ecumenical_councils" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> (325)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a> (381)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus</a> (431)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> (451)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Constantinople II</a> (553)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Constantinople III</a> (680–681)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Nicaea II</a> (787)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Recognized by the<br />Catholic Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Constantinople IV</a> (869–870)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">Lateran I</a> (1123)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Lateran II</a> (1139)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Lateran III</a> (1179)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a> (1215)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">Lyon I</a> (1245)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Lyon II</a> (1274)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Vienne</a> (1311–1312)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constance" title="Council of Constance">Constance</a> (1414–1418)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Basel-Florence</a> (Basel/Lausanne: 1431–1449;<sup id="cite_ref-note_n0_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n0-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferrara/Florence: 1438–1445)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fifth Council of the Lateran">Lateran V</a> (1512–1517)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a> (1545–1563)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> (1869–1870)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> (1962–1965)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognized by the<br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Eastern_Orthodox)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)"><i>Constantinople IV</i> (879–880)</a>*</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Fifth Council of Constantinople">Constantinople V</a></i> (1341–1351)*</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognized by the<br /><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> (325)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a> (381)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus</a> (431)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Ephesus" title="Second Council of Ephesus">Ephesus II</a> (449)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Ephesus" title="Third Council of Ephesus">Ephesus III</a> (475)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognized by the<br /><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> (325)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a> (381)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a> (410)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Beth_Lapat" title="Synod of Beth Lapat">Synod of Beth Lapat</a> (484)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_church_councils_(pre-ecumenical)" title="Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical)">Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">50</a>/155–<a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Arles#Council_of_Arles_in_314" title="Synod of Arles">314</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a> (180–<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">451</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">State church of the Roman Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Thessalonica" title="Edict of Thessalonica">380</a>–<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">451</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Quinisext_Council" title="Quinisext Council">Quinisext Council</a> (692)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Jassy" title="Synod of Jassy">Synod of Jassy</a> (1642)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Jerusalem_(1672)" title="Synod of Jerusalem (1672)">Synod of Jerusalem</a> (1672)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phyletism" title="Phyletism">Synod of Constantinople</a> (1872)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Addis_Ababa" title="Conference of Addis Ababa">Conference of Addis Ababa</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Orthodox_Council" title="Pan-Orthodox Council">Pan-Orthodox Council</a> (2016)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* Ecumenical status disputed within the Eastern Orthodox Church. <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-note_n0-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note_n0_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Even though the Council was moved to Ferrara in 1438 and later to Florence, some bishops refused to move and remained in a parallel Council at Basel.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="reflist"> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and<br />Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene<br />period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Relations with other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> 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