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<span>Toggle Early modern period (c. 1500 – c. 1750) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period_(c._1500_–_c._1750)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orthodoxy_under_Ottoman_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthodoxy_under_Ottoman_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Orthodoxy under Ottoman rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthodoxy_under_Ottoman_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Corruption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devshirmeh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devshirmeh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Devshirmeh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devshirmeh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Reformation_(1520–1641)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Reformation_(1520–1641)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The Reformation (1520–1641)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Reformation_(1520–1641)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_of_Enlightenment_(1640–1740)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_Enlightenment_(1640–1740)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Age of Enlightenment (1640–1740)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_of_Enlightenment_(1640–1740)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Puritan_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puritan_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Puritan movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puritan_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Catholic_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Catholic_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Roman Catholic missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Catholic_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_modern_period_(c._1750_–_c._1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_modern_period_(c._1750_–_c._1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Late modern period (c. 1750 – c. 1945)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Late_modern_period_(c._1750_–_c._1945)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Late modern period (c. 1750 – c. 1945) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Late_modern_period_(c._1750_–_c._1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revivalism_(1720–1906)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revivalism_(1720–1906)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Revivalism (1720–1906)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revivalism_(1720–1906)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Great_Awakenings_(18th–19th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Awakenings_(18th–19th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Great Awakenings (18th–19th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Awakenings_(18th–19th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Revolution_and_worship_of_Reason" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Revolution_and_worship_of_Reason"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>French Revolution and worship of Reason</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Revolution_and_worship_of_Reason-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restorationism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restorationism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Restorationism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restorationism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latter_Day_Saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latter_Day_Saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3.1</span> <span>Latter Day Saints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latter_Day_Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Orthodoxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Orthodoxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Russian Orthodoxy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Orthodoxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian_Orthodox_Church_in_the_Russian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Orthodox_Church_in_the_Russian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Russian Orthodox Church in the Russian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Orthodox_Church_in_the_Russian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Orthodox_Church_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Orthodox_Church_in_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Russian Orthodox Church in the Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Orthodox_Church_in_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora_emigration_to_the_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora_emigration_to_the_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Diaspora emigration to the West</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora_emigration_to_the_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Christianity_in_the_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Christianity_in_the_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Western Christianity in the 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Christianity_in_the_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fascism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fascism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Fascism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fascism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Nazism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecumenism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecumenism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Ecumenism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecumenism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholic_ecumenism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_ecumenism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3.1</span> <span>Catholic ecumenism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_ecumenism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecumenism_within_Protestantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecumenism_within_Protestantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3.2</span> <span>Ecumenism within Protestantism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecumenism_within_Protestantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trends_in_western_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trends_in_western_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Trends in western theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trends_in_western_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modernism_and_liberal_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernism_and_liberal_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Modernism and liberal Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernism_and_liberal_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fundamentalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fundamentalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Fundamentalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fundamentalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Christianity_(1946_–_present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Christianity_(1946_–_present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Contemporary Christianity (1946 – present)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_Christianity_(1946_–_present)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary Christianity (1946 – present) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Christianity_(1946_–_present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Second_Vatican_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Vatican_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Second Vatican Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Vatican_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/50px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/75px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/100px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: 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theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Free Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian [Hussite]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational Christianity</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unitarian,_Universalist,_and_Unitarian_Universalist_churches" title="List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churches">Unitarians and Universalists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian cross"><img alt="Christian cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AFM_on_azusa_street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/AFM_on_azusa_street.jpg/300px-AFM_on_azusa_street.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/AFM_on_azusa_street.jpg/450px-AFM_on_azusa_street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/AFM_on_azusa_street.jpg/600px-AFM_on_azusa_street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption>The mission at <a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">312 Azusa Street</a> in 1907, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, considered to be the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>history of modern Christianity</b> concerns the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian religion</a> from the beginning of the 15th century to the end of World War II. It can be divided into the early modern period and the <a href="/wiki/Late_modern_period" title="Late modern period">late modern period</a>. The history of Christianity in the early modern period coincides with the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Exploration">Age of Exploration</a>, and is usually taken to begin with the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1517–1525</span> (usually rounded down to 1500) and ending in the late 18th century with the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> and the events leading up to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> of 1789. It includes the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery</a>. Christianity expanded throughout the world during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Exploration">Age of Exploration</a>. Christianity has thus become the <a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">world's largest religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_modern_period_(c._1500_–_c._1750)"><span id="Early_modern_period_.28c._1500_.E2.80.93_c._1750.29"></span>Early modern period (c. 1500 – c. 1750)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_modern_era&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early modern period (c. 1500 – c. 1750)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthodoxy_under_Ottoman_rule">Orthodoxy under Ottoman rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_modern_era&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Orthodoxy under Ottoman rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire</a></div> <p>In 1453, Constantinople fell to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Under Ottoman rule, the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Church of Constantinople">Greek Orthodox Church</a> acquired substantial power as an autonomous <i><a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">millet</a></i>. The ecumenical patriarch was the religious and administrative ruler of the entire "Greek Orthodox nation" (Ottoman administrative unit), which encompassed all the Eastern Orthodox subjects of the Empire. As a result of the Ottoman conquest and the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a>, the entire Orthodox communion of the Balkans and the Near East became suddenly isolated from the West. </p><p>For the next four hundred years, it would be confined within a hostile Islamic world, with which it had little in common religiously or culturally. This geographical and intellectual confinement partially explains why the voice of Eastern Orthodoxy was not heard during the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a> in sixteenth-century Europe. As a result, the theological debates surrounding the reformation are largely alien to the Orthodox church. Neither Reformation nor <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>, in the Western sense, are present in the Orthodox Church's historical theology. </p><p>The new <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman government</a> that arose from the ashes of Byzantine civilisation was neither primitive nor barbaric. <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> not only recognised Jesus as a great prophet, but tolerated Christians as another <a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>. As such, the Church was not extinguished nor was its canonical and hierarchical organisation significantly disrupted. Its administration continued to function. One of the first things that <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmet the Conqueror</a> did was to allow the Church to elect a new patriarch, <a href="/wiki/Gennadius_Scholarius" title="Gennadius Scholarius">Gennadius Scholarius</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a>, which had been Christian churches for nearly a millennium were, admittedly, converted into mosques, yet countless other churches, both in Constantinople and elsewhere, remained in Christian hands. Moreover, it is striking that the patriarch's and the hierarchy's position was considerably strengthened and their power increased. They were endowed with civil as well as ecclesiastical power over all Christians in Ottoman territories. Because <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a> makes no distinction between nationality and religion, all Christians, regardless of their language or nationality, were considered a single <a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">millet</a>, or nation. The patriarch, as the highest ranking hierarch, was thus invested with civil and religious authority and made <a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">ethnarch</a>, head of the entire Christian Orthodox population. Practically, this meant that all Orthodox Churches within Ottoman territory were under the control of Constantinople. Thus, the authority and jurisdictional frontiers of the patriarch were enormously enlarged. </p><p>However, these rights and privileges (see <a href="/wiki/Dhimmitude" title="Dhimmitude">Dhimmitude</a>), including freedom of worship and religious organisation, were often established in principle but seldom corresponded to reality. The legal privileges of the patriarch and the Church depended, in fact, on the whim and mercy of the <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a>, while all Christians were viewed as little more than second-class citizens. Moreover, Turkish corruption and brutality were not a myth. That it was the "infidel" Christian who experienced this more than anyone else is not in doubt. Nor were pogroms of Christians in these centuries unknown (see <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Turkish relations">Greco-Turkish relations</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-AIHG-NYT_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIHG-NYT-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Devastating, too, for the Church was the fact that it could not bear witness to Christ. Missionary work among Moslems was dangerous and indeed impossible, whereas conversion to Islam was entirely legal and permissible. Converts to Islam who returned to Orthodoxy were put to death as apostates. No new churches could be built and even the ringing of church bells was prohibited. Education of the clergy and the Christian population either ceased altogether or was reduced to the most rudimentary elements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Corruption">Corruption</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_modern_era&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Corruption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Orthodox Church found itself subject to the Turkish system of corruption. The patriarchal throne was frequently sold to the highest bidder, while new patriarchal investiture was accompanied by heavy payment to the government. In order to recoup their losses, patriarchs and bishops taxed the local parishes and their clergy. Nor was the patriarchal throne ever secure. Few patriarchs between the fifteenth and the nineteenth centuries died a natural death while in office. The forced abdications, exiles, hangings, drownings, and poisonings of patriarchs are well documented. But if the patriarch's position was precarious so was the hierarchy's. The hanging of patriarch <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Gregory_V_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople">Gregory V</a> from the gate of the patriarchate on Easter Sunday 1821 was accompanied by the execution of two metropolitans and twelve bishops. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Devshirmeh">Devshirmeh</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_modern_era&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Devshirmeh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Devshirmeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Devshirmeh">Devshirmeh</a> was the system of the collection of young boys from conquered <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> lands by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultans</a> as a form of regular taxation in order to build a loyal army (formerly largely composed of war captives) and the class of (military) administrators called the "<a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">Janissaries</a>", or other servants such as tellak in hamams. The word <i>devşirme</i> means "collecting, gathering" in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>. Boys delivered to the Ottomans in this way were called <i><a href="/wiki/Ghilm%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghilmán">ghilmán</a></i> or <i>acemi oglanlar</i> ("novice boys"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Reformation_(1520–1641)"><span id="The_Reformation_.281520.E2.80.931641.29"></span>The Reformation (1520–1641)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_modern_era&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Reformation (1520–1641)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">Christianity in the 16th century</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_of_Enlightenment_(1640–1740)"><span id="Age_of_Enlightenment_.281640.E2.80.931740.29"></span>Age of Enlightenment (1640–1740)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_modern_era&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Age of Enlightenment (1640–1740)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English_civil_war_map_1642_to_1645.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/English_civil_war_map_1642_to_1645.JPG/150px-English_civil_war_map_1642_to_1645.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/English_civil_war_map_1642_to_1645.JPG/225px-English_civil_war_map_1642_to_1645.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/English_civil_war_map_1642_to_1645.JPG/300px-English_civil_war_map_1642_to_1645.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>Maps of territory held by Royalists (red) and Parliamentarians (green), 1642–1645</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">Christianity in the 17th century</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">Christianity in the 18th century</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> constituted a new challenge of the Church. Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, which questioned certain Christian doctrines, the Enlightenment questioned Christianity as a whole. Generally, it elevated human <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> above divine <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a> and down-graded religious authorities such as the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">papacy</a> based on it<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Puritan_movement">Puritan movement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_modern_era&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Puritan movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_from_1649" title="History of the Puritans from 1649">History of the Puritans from 1649</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> on the Continent and the growth of a <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> party dedicated to further Protestant reform polarized the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan Age">Elizabethan Age</a>, although it was not until the 1640s that England underwent religious strife comparable to that which its neighbours had suffered some generations before. </p><p>The early <i>Puritan movement</i> (late 16th century-17th century) was <a href="/wiki/Reformed_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed church">Reformed</a> or <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> and was a movement for reform in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. Its origins lay in the discontent with the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan Religious Settlement</a>. The desire was for the Church of England to resemble more closely the Protestant churches of Europe, especially <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>. The Puritans objected to ornaments and ritual in the churches as <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatrous</a> (vestments, surplices, organs, genuflection), which they castigated as "<a href="/wiki/Popish" class="mw-redirect" title="Popish">popish</a> pomp and rags". (See <a href="/wiki/Vestments_controversy" title="Vestments controversy">Vestments controversy</a>.) They also objected to ecclesiastical courts. They refused to endorse completely all of the ritual directions and formulas of the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i>; the imposition of its liturgical order by legal force and inspection sharpened Puritanism into a definite opposition movement. </p><p>The later Puritan movement were often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Dissenters" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissenters">Dissenters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformists</a> and eventually led to the formation of various <a href="/wiki/Reformed_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed church">Reformed</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">denominations</a>. </p><p>The most famous and well-known emigration to <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">America</a> was the migration of the Puritans, or <a href="/wiki/Pilgrims" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrims">pilgrims</a>, left England so that they could live in an area with Puritanism established as the exclusive civic religion. Though they had left England because of the suppression of their religious practice, most Puritans had thereafter originally settled in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> but found the licentiousness there, where the state hesitated from enforcing religious practice, as unacceptable, so with hopes of a Puritan utopia, they set out to establish the English colonies of <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, which later became the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. </p><p>These Puritan separatists were also known as "<a href="/wiki/Pilgrims" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrims">the pilgrims</a>". After establishing a colony at Plymouth (in what would become later Massachusetts) in 1620, the Puritan pilgrims received a charter from the <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> which legitimized their colony, allowing them to do trade and commerce with merchants in England, in accordance with the principles of <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilism</a>. This successful, though initially quite difficult, colony marked the beginning of the Protestant presence in America (the earlier French, Spanish and Portuguese settlements had been Catholic), and became a kind of oasis of spiritual and <a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">economic freedom</a>, to which persecuted Protestants and other minorities from the British Isles and Europe (and later, from all over the world) fled to for peace, freedom and opportunity. </p><p>The original intent of the colonists was to establish spiritual Puritanism, which had been denied to them in England and the rest of Europe to engage in peaceful commerce with England and the Native American Indians and to Christianize the peoples of the Americas. </p><p>The most famous colonisation by Protestants in the New World was that of English <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritans</a> in North America. Unlike the Spanish or French, the English colonists made surprisingly little effort to evangelise the native peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roman_Catholic_missions">Roman Catholic missions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_modern_era&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Roman Catholic missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> established a number of <a href="/wiki/Mission_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission (Christian)">Missions</a> to convert the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples</a>. At the same time, missionaries such those from <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a> were moving into Asia and the Far East. The Portuguese sent missions into Africa. <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> mission to China was relatively peaceful and focused on adopted the Catholic faith to Chinese thinking, permitting among others the <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">veneration of the dead</a>. The Vatican disagreed and forbade any adaptation in the so-called <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Rites_controversy" title="Chinese Rites controversy">Chinese Rites controversy</a> in 1692 and 1742. The expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> with a significant roled played by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> led to the Christianization of the indigenous populations of the Americas such as the <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztecs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Incas</a>, but, until the 19th century, missions had to work under the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> governments and military.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_modern_period_(c._1750_–_c._1945)"><span id="Late_modern_period_.28c._1750_.E2.80.93_c._1945.29"></span>Late modern period (c. 1750 – c. 1945)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_modern_era&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Late modern period (c. 1750 – c. 1945)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">Christianity in the 18th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">Christianity in the 19th century</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">Christianity in the 20th century</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revivalism_(1720–1906)"><span id="Revivalism_.281720.E2.80.931906.29"></span>Revivalism (1720–1906)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_modern_era&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Revivalism (1720–1906)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Christian revival</a></div> <p>Revivalism refers to the <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> and Wesleyan revival, called the <a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakening</a>, in North America which saw the development of evangelical <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a>, and new <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> churches. When the movement eventually waned, it gave rise to new <a href="/wiki/Restorationism_(Christian_primitivism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restorationism (Christian primitivism)">Restorationist</a> movements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Great_Awakenings_(18th–19th_century)"><span id="Great_Awakenings_.2818th.E2.80.9319th_century.29"></span>Great Awakenings (18th–19th century)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_modern_era&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Great Awakenings (18th–19th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a> was a wave of religious enthusiasm among Protestants in the American colonies c. 1730–1740, emphasising the traditional Reformed virtues of Godly preaching, rudimentary liturgy, and a deep sense of personal guilt and redemption by Christ Jesus. Historian Sydney E. Ahlstrom saw it as part of a "great international Protestant upheaval" that also created <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical Revival</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It centred on reviving the spirituality of established congregations, and mostly affected <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed</a>, German Reformed, <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> churches, while also spreading within the slave population. The Second Great Awakening (1800–1830s), unlike the first, focused on the unchurched and sought to instil in them a deep sense of personal salvation as experienced in revival meetings. It also sparked the beginnings of the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restoration Movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a> began from 1857 and was most notable for taking the movement throughout the world, especially in English speaking countries. The final group to emerge from the "great awakenings" in North America was <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a>, which had its roots in the Methodist, Wesleyan, and Holiness movements, and began in 1906 on <a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street</a>, in Los Angeles. Pentecostalism would later lead to the <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic movement</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French_Revolution_and_worship_of_Reason">French Revolution and worship of Reason</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_modern_era&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: French Revolution and worship of Reason"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div> <p>Matters grew still worse with the violent anti-clericalism of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Edward_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edward-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Direct attacks on the wealth of the Catholic Church and associated grievances led to the wholesale nationalisation of church property and attempts to establish a state-run church.<sup id="cite_ref-Bokenkotter285_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter285-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large numbers of priests refused to take an oath of compliance to the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a>, leading to the Catholic Church being outlawed and replaced by a new religion of the worship of "<a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">Reason</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-Bokenkotter285_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter285-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with a new <a href="/wiki/French_Republican_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="French Republican Calendar">French Republican Calendar</a>. In this period, all monasteries were destroyed, 30,000 priests were exiled and hundreds more were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Bokenkotter285_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter285-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a> sided against the revolution in the <a href="/wiki/First_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="First Coalition">First Coalition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> invaded Italy. The 82-year-old pope was taken as a prisoner to France in February 1799 and died in <a href="/wiki/Valence,_Dr%C3%B4me" title="Valence, Drôme">Valence</a> August 29, 1799 after six months of captivity. To win popular support for his rule, Napoleon re-established the Catholic Church in France through the <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1801" title="Concordat of 1801">Concordat of 1801</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins176_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins176-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All over Europe, the end of the Napoleonic wars signaled by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, brought Catholic revival, renewed enthusiasm, and new respect for the papacy following the depredations of the previous era.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffy216_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy216-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Restorationism">Restorationism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_modern_era&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Restorationism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Restorationism_(Christian_primitivism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restorationism (Christian primitivism)">Restorationism (Christian primitivism)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></div> <p>Restorationism refers to various unaffiliated movements that considered contemporary Christianity, in all its forms, to be a deviation from the true, original Christianity, which these groups then attempted to "Reconstruct", often using the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Book of Acts</a> as a "guidebook" of sorts. <a href="/wiki/Restorationism_(Christian_primitivism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restorationism (Christian primitivism)">Restorationism</a> developed out of the Second Great Awakening and is historically connected to the Protestant Reformation,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but differs in that Restorationists do not usually describe themselves as "reforming" a Christian church continuously existing from the time of Jesus, but as <i>restoring</i> the Church that they believe was lost at some point. The name Restoration is also used to describe the <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Latter-day Saints</a> (Mormons) and the <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witness Movement</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Latter_Day_Saints">Latter Day Saints</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_modern_era&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Latter Day Saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Book_of_Mormon-_An_Account_Written_by_the_Hand_of_Mormon_upon_Plates_Taken_from_the_Plates_of_Nephi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/The_Book_of_Mormon-_An_Account_Written_by_the_Hand_of_Mormon_upon_Plates_Taken_from_the_Plates_of_Nephi.jpg/220px-The_Book_of_Mormon-_An_Account_Written_by_the_Hand_of_Mormon_upon_Plates_Taken_from_the_Plates_of_Nephi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/The_Book_of_Mormon-_An_Account_Written_by_the_Hand_of_Mormon_upon_Plates_Taken_from_the_Plates_of_Nephi.jpg/330px-The_Book_of_Mormon-_An_Account_Written_by_the_Hand_of_Mormon_upon_Plates_Taken_from_the_Plates_of_Nephi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/The_Book_of_Mormon-_An_Account_Written_by_the_Hand_of_Mormon_upon_Plates_Taken_from_the_Plates_of_Nephi.jpg/440px-The_Book_of_Mormon-_An_Account_Written_by_the_Hand_of_Mormon_upon_Plates_Taken_from_the_Plates_of_Nephi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Cover page of The Book of Mormon from an original 1830 edition, by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Smith Jr.">Joseph Smith Jr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">History of the Latter Day Saint movement</a></div> <p>The driving force behind and founder of the Latter Day Saint movement was <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Smith Jr.">Joseph Smith Jr.</a>, and to a lesser extent, during the movement's first two years, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cowdery" title="Oliver Cowdery">Oliver Cowdery</a>. Throughout his life, Smith told of an experience he had as a boy having <a href="/wiki/First_Vision" title="First Vision">seen God the Father and Jesus Christ</a> as two separate beings, who told him that the true church had been lost and would be restored through him, and that he would be given the authority to organize and lead the true <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)">Church of Christ</a>. Smith and Cowdery also explained that the <a href="/wiki/Angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Angels">angels</a> <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a>, <a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Zebedee" class="mw-redirect" title="James, son of Zebedee">James</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a> visited them in 1829 and gave them authority to reestablish the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)">Church of Christ</a> and in 1838 Joseph Smith announced that he had received a revelation from God officially expanding the common name to the <i>Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-MHC_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MHC-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-marquardt_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marquardt-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smith first published the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> in March 1830, which LDS members believe was translated from <a href="/wiki/Golden_Plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Plates">Golden Plates</a> buried in <a href="/wiki/Hill_Cumorah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill Cumorah">the ground</a>, and contains a <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon_chronology" title="Book of Mormon chronology">record of Americas between about 600 BC and 400 AD</a> and an original church of Jesus therein. </p><p>In 1844, <a href="/wiki/William_Law_(Mormonism)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Law (Mormonism)">William Law</a> and several other Latter Day Saints in church leadership positions publicly denounced Smith's secret practice of <a href="/wiki/Polygamy_and_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygamy and the Latter Day Saint movement">polygamy</a> in the controversial <i><a href="/wiki/Nauvoo_Expositor" title="Nauvoo Expositor">Nauvoo Expositor</a></i>, and formed <a href="/wiki/True_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter_Day_Saints" title="True Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints">their own church</a>. The city council of <a href="/wiki/Nauvoo,_Illinois" title="Nauvoo, Illinois">Nauvoo, Illinois</a> subsequently had the printing press of the <i>Expositor</i> destroyed. In spite of Smith's later offer to pay damages for destroyed property, critics of Smith and the church considered the destruction heavy-handed. Some called for the Latter Day Saints to be either expelled or destroyed. Following <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Joseph_Smith_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Joseph Smith Jr.">Smith's assassination</a> by a mob in <a href="/wiki/Carthage,_Illinois" title="Carthage, Illinois">Carthage, Illinois</a>, some prominent members of the church claimed to be Smith's legitimate successor. </p><p>These various claims resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Succession_Crisis_(Mormon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Succession Crisis (Mormon)">succession crisis</a>, in which the majority of church members followed <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a>, he being the senior <a href="/wiki/Apostle_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Apostle (Latter Day Saints)">Apostle</a> of the church; others followed <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Rigdon" title="Sidney Rigdon">Sidney Rigdon</a> or <a href="/wiki/James_Strang" title="James Strang">James Strang</a>. The crisis resulted in several permanent schisms as well as the formation of occasional splinter groups, some of which no longer exist. These various groups are occasionally referred to under two geographical headings: "Prairie Saints" (those that remained in the Midwest United States) and "Rocky Mountain Saints" (those who followed Brigham Young to what would later become the state of <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>). Today, there are many <a href="/wiki/Schism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schism (religion)">schism</a> organizations who regard themselves as a part of the Latter Day Saint movement, though in most cases they do not acknowledge the other branches as valid and regard their own tradition as the only correct and authorized version of the church Smith founded. The vast majority of Latter Day Saints belong to the largest denomination, <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) which claims 16 million members worldwide. The second-largest denomination is the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Christ" title="Community of Christ">Community of Christ</a>, which reports over 250,000 members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Orthodoxy">Russian Orthodoxy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_modern_era&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Russian Orthodoxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orthodoxy was very strong in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a>, which had recently acquired an <a href="/wiki/Autocephalous" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocephalous">autocephalous</a> status, and as the only part of the Orthodox communion which remained outside the control of the Ottoman Empire; <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> called itself the <a href="/wiki/New_Rome" title="New Rome">Third Rome</a>, as the heir of Constantinople. In 1721 Tsar <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Russia">Peter I</a> abolished completely the patriarchate and so the Russian Orthodox Church effectively became a department of the government, ruled by a Most Holy Synod composed of senior bishops and lay bureaucrats appointed by the Tsar himself. This continued until the 20th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_Orthodox_Church_in_the_Russian_Empire">Russian Orthodox Church in the Russian Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_modern_era&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Russian Orthodox Church in the Russian Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2003-04-18_Moscow_Kremlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/2003-04-18_Moscow_Kremlin.jpg/300px-2003-04-18_Moscow_Kremlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/2003-04-18_Moscow_Kremlin.jpg/450px-2003-04-18_Moscow_Kremlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/2003-04-18_Moscow_Kremlin.jpg/600px-2003-04-18_Moscow_Kremlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1007" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>Churches of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Moscow Kremlin</a>, as seen from the <a href="/wiki/Balchug" class="mw-redirect" title="Balchug">Balchug</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The Russian Orthodox Church held a privileged position in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, expressed in the motto, <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy,_Autocracy,_and_Populism" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Populism">Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Populism</a>, of the late Russian Empire. At the same time, it was placed under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Church_reform_of_Peter_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Church reform of Peter I">Church reform of Peter I</a> in the 18th century. Its governing body was <a href="/wiki/Most_Holy_Synod" title="Most Holy Synod">Most Holy Synod</a>, which was run by an official (titled <a href="/wiki/Ober-Procurator" class="mw-redirect" title="Ober-Procurator">Ober-Procurator</a>) appointed by the Tsar himself. </p><p>The church was involved in the various campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">russification</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and accused of the involvement in <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish">anti-Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="Pogroms">pogroms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of anti-Semitism and the anti-Jewish pogroms, no evidence is given of the direct participation of the church, and many Russian Orthodox clerics, including senior hierarchs, openly defended persecuted Jews, at least from the second half of the nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-JCR_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JCR-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the Church has no official position on Judaism as such.<sup id="cite_ref-JCR_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JCR-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Church was allowed to impose <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxes</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasants</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Church, like the Tsarist state was seen as an enemy of the people by the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> and other Russian revolutionaries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_Orthodox_Church_in_the_Soviet_Union">Russian Orthodox Church in the Soviet Union</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_modern_era&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Russian Orthodox Church in the Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Churches_in_the_20th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Eastern Orthodox Churches in the 20th century">History of Eastern Orthodox Churches in the 20th century</a></div> <p>The Russian Orthodox Church <a href="/wiki/Collaborationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborationism">collaborated</a> with the <a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Army</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (see <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a>) after the October Revolution. This may have further strengthened the Bolshevik animus against the church. </p><p>After the October Revolution of 7 November 1917 (October 25 Old Calendar) there was a movement within the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> to unite all of the people of the world under Communist rule (see <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a>). This included the Eastern European bloc countries as well as the Balkan States. Since some of these Slavic states tied their ethnic heritage to their ethnic churches, both the peoples and their church where targeted by the Soviet.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviets' official religious stance was one of "religious freedom or tolerance", though the state established atheism as the only scientific truth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Criticism of atheism was strictly forbidden and sometimes lead to imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Soviet Union was the first state to have as an ideological objective the elimination of religion. Toward that end, the Communist regime confiscated church property, ridiculed religion, harassed believers, and propagated atheism in the schools. Actions toward particular religions, however, were determined by State interests, and most organised religions were never outlawed. Some actions against Orthodox priests and believers along with <a href="/wiki/Execution" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution">execution</a> included <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> being sent to <a href="/wiki/Gulags" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulags">prison camps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharashka" title="Sharashka">labour camps</a> or <a href="/wiki/Psikhushka" title="Psikhushka">mental hospitals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result of this <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state atheism</a> was to transform the Church into a persecuted and martyred Church. In the first five years after the Bolshevik revolution, 28 bishops and 1,200 priests were executed.<sup id="cite_ref-Ostling_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostling-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This included people like the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Elizabeth_Fyodorovna" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchess Elizabeth Fyodorovna">Grand Duchess Elizabeth Fyodorovna</a> who was at this point a monastic. Along with her murder was <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Sergei_Mikhailovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich">Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich</a> Romanov; the Princes <a href="/wiki/Ioann_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ioann Konstantinovich of Russia">Ioann Konstantinovich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Constantine_Constantinovich_of_Russia" title="Prince Constantine Constantinovich of Russia">Konstantin Konstantinovich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor Konstantinovich of Russia">Igor Konstantinovich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Paley" title="Vladimir Paley">Vladimir Pavlovich Paley</a>; Grand Duke Sergei's secretary, Fyodor Remez; and <a href="/wiki/Varvara_Yakovleva" class="mw-redirect" title="Varvara Yakovleva">Varvara Yakovleva</a>, a sister from the Grand Duchess Elizabeth's convent. They were herded into the forest, pushed into an abandoned mineshaft and grenades were then hurled into the mineshaft. Her remains were buried in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Maria_Magdalene" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Maria Magdalene">Church of Maria Magdalene</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour_in_winter,_Moscow,_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/The_Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour_in_winter%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg/280px-The_Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour_in_winter%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/The_Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour_in_winter%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg/420px-The_Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour_in_winter%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/The_Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour_in_winter%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg/560px-The_Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour_in_winter%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour_(Moscow)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)">Christ the Saviour Cathedral Moscow</a> after reconstruction</figcaption></figure> <p>The main target of the anti-religious campaign in the 1920s and 1930s was the Russian Orthodox Church, which had the largest number of faithful. Nearly its entire clergy, and many of its believers, were shot or sent to labor camps. Theological schools were closed, and church publications were prohibited. In the period between 1927 and 1940, the number of Orthodox Churches in the Russian Republic fell from 29,584 to less than 500. Between 1917 and 1940, 130,000 Orthodox priests were arrested. Of these, 95,000 were put to death, executed by firing squad.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Father <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a> was one of the <a href="/wiki/New-martyr" class="mw-redirect" title="New-martyr">New-martyrs</a> of this particular period. </p><p>After Nazi Germany's attack on the Soviet Union in 1941, Joseph Stalin revived the Russian Orthodox Church to intensify patriotic support for the war effort. By 1957 about 22,000 Russian Orthodox churches had become active. But in 1959 Nikita Khrushchev initiated his own campaign against the Russian Orthodox Church and forced the closure of about 12,000 churches. By 1985 fewer than 7,000 churches remained active.<sup id="cite_ref-Ostling_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostling-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the church hierarchy were jailed or forced out, their places taken by docile clergy, many of whom had ties with the KGB. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the Soviet Union, in addition to the methodical closing and destruction of churches, the charitable and social work formerly done by ecclesiastical authorities was taken over by the state. As with all private property, Church owned property was confiscated into public use. The few places of worship left to the Church were legally viewed as state property which the government permitted the church to use. After the advent of state funded universal education, the Church was not permitted to carry on educational, instructional activity for children. For adults, only training for church-related occupations was allowed. Outside of sermons during the celebration of the divine liturgy it could not instruct or evangelise to the faithful or its youth. Catechism classes, religious schools, study groups, Sunday schools and religious publications were all illegal and or banned. This persecution continued, even after the death of Stalin until the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991. This caused many religious tracts to be circulated as illegal literature or <a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">samizdat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the fall of the Soviet Union there have been many <a href="/wiki/New-martyr" class="mw-redirect" title="New-martyr">New-martyrs</a> added as Saints from the yoke of atheism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diaspora_emigration_to_the_West">Diaspora emigration to the West</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_modern_era&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Diaspora emigration to the West"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most striking developments in modern historical Orthodoxy is the dispersion of Orthodox Christians to the West. Emigration from Greece and the Near East in the last hundred years has created a sizable Orthodox diaspora in Western Europe, North and South America, and Australia. In addition, the Bolshevik Revolution forced thousands of Russian exiles westward. As a result, Orthodoxy's traditional frontiers have been profoundly modified. Millions of Orthodox are no longer geographically "eastern" since they live permanently in their newly adopted countries in the West. Nonetheless, they remain Eastern Orthodox in their faith and practice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Christianity_in_the_20th_century">Western Christianity in the 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_modern_era&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Western Christianity in the 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">Christianity in the 20th century</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fascism">Fascism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_modern_era&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Fascism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fascism describes certain related political regimes in 20th-century Europe, especially the Nazi Germany of Hitler, the Fascist Italy of Mussolini and the falangist Spain of Franco. About Italian Fascism <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> is said to have been moderately sceptic<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a> friendly but critical.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the Spanish Civil War Roman Catholics internationally were mainly in support of either <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil-Robles_y_Qui%C3%B1ones" title="José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones">neutral</a> or on <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco's</a> side, due to <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña's</a> de facto toleration of anti-clerical violence in and just before <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">this conflict</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Dollfuss in Austria was the <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">ideal politician</a> realising Pope Pius XI's <i><a href="/wiki/Quadragesimo_anno" title="Quadragesimo anno">Quadragesimo anno</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nazism">Nazism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_modern_era&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Nazism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The position of Christians in Nazi Fascism is highly complex. </p><p>Regarding the matter, historian Derek Holmes wrote, "There is no doubt that the Catholic districts, resisted the lure of National Socialism [Nazism] far better than the Protestant ones."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> declared – <i><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i> – that Fascist governments had hidden "pagan intentions" and expressed the irreconcilability of the Catholic position and Totalitarian Fascist State Worship, which placed the nation above God and fundamental human rights and dignity. His declaration that "Spiritually, [Christians] are all Semites" prompted the Nazis to give him the title "Chief Rabbi of the Christian World".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catholic priests were executed in concentration camps alongside Jews; for example, 2,600 Catholic priests were imprisoned in Dachau, and 2,000 of them were executed. A further 2,700 Polish priests were executed (a quarter of all Polish priests), and 5,350 Polish nuns were either displaced, imprisoned, or executed.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Catholic laypeople and clergy played notable roles in sheltering <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> during <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> (1876–1958). The head rabbi of Rome became a Catholic in 1945 and, in honour of the actions the pope undertook to save Jewish lives, he took the name Eugenio (the pope's first name).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A former Israeli consul in Italy claimed: "The Catholic Church saved more Jewish lives during the war than all the other churches, religious institutions, and rescue organisations put together."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Austria there was strong Catholic resistance to National Socialism. The outstanding resistance group is that around the priest <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Maier" title="Heinrich Maier">Heinrich Maier</a>. This Catholic resistance group very successfully passed on plans and production sites for <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rockets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiger_tank" title="Tiger tank">Tiger tanks</a> and aircraft to the Allies. From the fall of 1943 at least, these transmissions informed the Allies about the exact site plans of German production plants. With the location sketches of the manufacturing facilities, the Allied bombers were given precise air strikes. In contrast to many other German resistance groups, the Maier Group informed very early about the mass murder of Jews through their contacts with the Semperit factory near Auschwitz. In total, as Austrian resistance fighters, 706 priests were imprisoned in the Nazi regime, 128 in concentration camps and 20 to 90 executed or murdered in the concentration camp. In 1940 the SS designated Dachau concentration camp with its own priest block as a central internment place for Christian clergymen who were often severely tortured. In addition, there were always special riots against the priests.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relationship between Nazism and Protestantism, especially the German Lutheran Church, was complex. Though the majority of Protestant church leaders in Germany supported the Nazis' growing anti-Jewish activities, some, such as <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Dietrich Bonhoeffer</a> (a Lutheran pastor) were strongly opposed to the Nazis. Bonhoeffer was later found guilty in the conspiracy to assassinate Hitler and executed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_modern_era&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ecumenism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></div> <p>Ecumenism broadly refers to movements between Christian groups to establish a degree of unity through dialogue. "<i>Ecumenism</i>" is derived from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">οἰκουμένη</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Oikoumene" class="mw-redirect" title="Oikoumene">oikoumene</a>), which means "the inhabited world", but more figuratively something like "universal oneness". The movement can be distinguished into Catholic and Protestant movements, with the latter characterised by a redefined ecclesiology of "denominationalism" (which the Catholic Church, among others, rejects). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Catholic_ecumenism">Catholic ecumenism</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_modern_era&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Catholic ecumenism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Catholic Church and ecumenism</a></div> <p>Over the last century, a number of moves have been made to reconcile the <a href="/wiki/East-West_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="East-West Schism">schism between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox churches</a>. Although progress has been made, concerns over papal primacy and the independence of the smaller Orthodox churches has blocked a final resolution of the schism. </p><p>On 30 November 1895, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> published the Apostolic Letter <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Leo13/l13orient.htm">Orientalium Dignitas</a></i> (On the Churches of the East) safeguarding the importance and continuance of the Eastern traditions for the whole Church. On 7 December 1965, a Joint Catholic-Orthodox Declaration of Pope Paul VI and the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_Athenagoras_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I</a> was issued lifting the mutual excommunications of 1054. </p><p>Some of the most difficult questions in relations with the ancient <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Churches">Eastern Churches</a> concern some doctrine (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a>, functional purposes of asceticism, the <a href="/wiki/Essence-Energies_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Essence-Energies distinction">essence</a> of God, <a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>, establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Uniatism</a> to note but a few) as well as practical matters such as the concrete exercise of the claim to papal primacy and how to ensure that ecclesiastical union would not mean mere absorption of the smaller Churches by the Latin component of the much larger Catholic Church (the most numerous single religious denomination in the world), and the stifling or abandonment of their own rich theological, liturgical and cultural heritage. </p><p>With respect to Catholic relations with Protestant communities, certain commissions were established to foster dialogue and documents have been produced aimed at identifying points of doctrinal unity, such as the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_on_the_Doctrine_of_Justification" title="Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification">Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification</a> produced with the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_World_Federation" title="Lutheran World Federation">Lutheran World Federation</a> in 1999. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ecumenism_within_Protestantism">Ecumenism within Protestantism</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_modern_era&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ecumenism within Protestantism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ecumenical movements within Protestantism have focused on determining a list of doctrines and practices essential to being Christian and thus extending to all groups which fulfil these basic criteria a (more or less) co-equal status, with perhaps one's own group still retaining a "first among equal" standing. This process involved a redefinition of the idea of "the Church" from traditional theology. This ecclesiology, known as denominationalism, contends that each group (which fulfils the essential criteria of "being Christian") is a sub-group of a greater "Christian Church", itself a purely abstract concept with no direct representation, i.e., no group, or "denomination", claims to be "the Church". Obviously, this ecclesiology is at variance with other groups that indeed consider themselves to be "the Church". The "essential criteria" generally consist of belief in the Trinity, belief that Jesus Christ is the only way to have forgiveness and eternal life, and that He died and rose again bodily. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trends_in_western_theology">Trends in western theology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_modern_era&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Trends in western theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modernism_and_liberal_Christianity">Modernism and liberal Christianity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_modern_era&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Modernism and liberal Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Liberal Christianity</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Liberal Christianity</a>, sometimes called liberal theology, is an umbrella term covering diverse, philosophically-informed religious movements and moods within late 18th-, 19th- and 20th-century Christianity. The word "liberal" in liberal Christianity does not refer to a <a href="/wiki/Leftist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leftist">leftist</a> <i>political</i> agenda or set of beliefs, but rather to the freedom of <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialectic</a> process associated with <a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">continental philosophy</a> and other philosophical and religious paradigms developed during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_modern_era&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Fundamentalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Christian fundamentalism</a></div> <p>Fundamentalist Christianity, is a movement that arose mainly within British and <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in reaction to <a href="/wiki/Modernist_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist Christianity">modernism</a> and certain liberal Protestant groups that denied doctrines considered fundamental to Christianity yet still called themselves "Christian". Thus, fundamentalism sought to re-establish tenets that could not be denied without relinquishing a Christian identity, the "<a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">fundamentals</a>": <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">inerrancy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sola_Scriptura" class="mw-redirect" title="Sola Scriptura">Sola Scriptura</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Birth_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Birth of Jesus">Virgin Birth of Jesus</a>, the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Substitutionary_atonement" title="Substitutionary atonement">substitutionary atonement</a>, the bodily <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">Resurrection</a> of Jesus, and the imminent return of Jesus Christ. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_Christianity_(1946_–_present)"><span id="Contemporary_Christianity_.281946_.E2.80.93_present.29"></span>Contemporary Christianity (1946 – present)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_modern_era&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Contemporary Christianity (1946 – present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Vatican_Council">Second Vatican Council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_modern_era&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Second Vatican Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></div> <p>On 11 October 1962 <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> opened the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>, the 21st <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical council</a> of the Catholic Church. The council was "pastoral" in nature, emphasising and clarifying already defined dogma, revising liturgical practices, and providing guidance for articulating traditional Church teachings in contemporary times. The council is perhaps best known for its instructions that the Mass may be celebrated in the vernacular as well as in Latin </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_modern_era&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Timeline of Christian missions</a></li></ul> </div> <table class="wikitable noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th colspan="11"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a>: <br />Modern Christianity </th></tr> <tr style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"> <td colspan="11" style="padding:0;"> <table style="margin:0; border-spacing:0; border-collapse:collapse;width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td>Preceded by:<br /><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">The<br />Reformation</a> </td> <td style="border-left:#aaa 1px solid; border-right:#aaa 1px solid">Modern<br />Christianity </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_Christianity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Contemporary Christianity (page does not exist)">Contemporary Christianity</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">BC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">C1</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_2nd_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the 2nd century">C2</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_3rd_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the 3rd century">C3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">C4</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">C5</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">C6</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">C7</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">C8</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">C9</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">C10</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">C11</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">C12</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">C13</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">C14</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">C15</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">C16</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">C17</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">C18</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">C19</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">C20</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">C21</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_modern_era&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMacCulloch2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">MacCulloch, Diarmaid</a> (2009). <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Christianity:_The_First_Three_Thousand_Years" title="A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years">A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years</a></i> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9869-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9869-6"><bdi>978-0-7139-9869-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2009379999">2009379999</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christianity%3A+The+First+Three+Thousand+Years&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2009379999&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9869-6&rft.aulast=MacCulloch&rft.aufirst=Diarmaid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+modern+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adherents.com, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000816004118/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html"><i>Religions by Adherents</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_Pelikan2022" class="citation web cs1">Jan Pelikan, Jaroslav (13 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christianity">"Christianity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <q>It has become the largest of the world's religions and, geographically, the most widely diffused of all faiths.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christianity&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2022-08-13&rft.aulast=Jan+Pelikan&rft.aufirst=Jaroslav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FChristianity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+modern+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIHG-NYT-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AIHG-NYT_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aihgs.com/New%20York%20Times.htm">The Australian Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607184704/http://www.aihgs.com/New%20York%20Times.htm">Archived</a> 2007-06-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The New York Times</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.helleniccomserve.com/pdf/BlkBkPontusPrinceton.pdf">http://www.helleniccomserve.com/pdf/BlkBkPontusPrinceton.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lortz, IV, 7–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacCulloch, Diarmaid, <i>The Reformation: A History</i> (New York: Penguin Books, 2004) p. 540</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franzen, 362</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sydney E. Ahlstrom, <i>A Religious History of the American People</i>. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1972) p. 263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edward-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edward_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward, <i>The Cambridge Modern History</i> (1908), p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bokenkotter285-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter285_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter285_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter285_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bokenkotter, <i>A Concise History of the Catholic Church</i> (2004), pp. 283–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins176-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collins176_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collins, <i>The Story of Christianity</i> (1999), p. 176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffy216-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duffy216_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, <i>Saints and Sinners</i> (1997), pp. 214–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahlstrom's summary is as follows: Restorationism has its genesis with Thomas and Alexander Campbell, whose movement is connected to the German Reformed Church through Otterbein, Albright, and Winebrenner (p. 212). American Millennialism and Adventism, which arose from Evangelical Protestantism, produced certain groups such as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (p. 387, 501–9), the Jehovah's Witness movement (p. 807), and, as a reaction specifically to William Miller, Seventh Day Adventism (p. 381); Sydney E. Ahlstrom, <i>A Religious History of the American People</i>. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1972)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Image from the U.S. Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MHC-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MHC_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Manuscript History of the Church</i>, LDS Church Archives, book A-1, p. 37; reproduced in <a href="/wiki/Dean_C._Jessee" title="Dean C. Jessee">Dean C. Jessee</a> (comp.) (1989). <i>The Papers of Joseph Smith: Autobiographical and Historical Writings</i> (Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book) <b>1</b>:302–303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marquardt-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-marquardt_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/H._Michael_Marquardt" title="H. Michael Marquardt">H. Michael Marquardt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wesley_P._Walters" title="Wesley P. Walters">Wesley P. Walters</a> (1994). <i>Inventing Mormonism: Tradition and the Historical Record</i> (Salt Lake City, Utah: Signature Books) p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Natalia Shlikhta (2004) "'Greek Catholic'-'Orthodox'-'Soviet': a symbiosis or a conflict of identities?" in <i>Religion, State & Society</i>, Volume 32, Number 3 (Routledge)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shlomo Lambroza, John D. Klier (2003) <i>Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History</i> (Cambridge University Press)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JCR-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JCR_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JCR_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcrelations.net/en/?id=787">"Jewish-Christian Relations" </a>, by the <a href="/wiki/International_Council_of_Christians_and_Jews" title="International Council of Christians and Jews">International Council of Christians and Jews</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is no coincidence that in the entry on 'Orthodoxy' in the seventh volume of the Kratkaya Evreiskaya Entsyklopedia, devoted to the Russian Orthodox Church (pp. 733–743), where numerous examples are given of persecution of the Jews in Russia, including religious persecution, no evidence is given of the direct participation of the church, either in legislative terms or in the conduct of policy. Although the authors of the article state that the active role of the Church in inciting the government to conduct anti-Jewish acts (for example in the case of Ivan the Terrible's policy in the defeated territories) is 'obvious', no facts are given in their article to support this. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jcrelations.net/en/?id=787">http://www.jcrelations.net/en/?id=787</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">President of Lithuania: Prisoner of the Gulag a Biography of <a href="/wiki/Aleksandras_Stulginskis" title="Aleksandras Stulginskis">Aleksandras Stulginskis</a> by Afonsas Eidintas Genocide and Research Centre of Lithuania <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9986-757-41-X" title="Special:BookSources/9986-757-41-X">9986-757-41-X</a> / 9789986757412 / 9986–757–41-X pg 23 "As early as August 1920 <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a> wrote to <a href="/w/index.php?title=E._M._Skliansky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E. M. Skliansky (page does not exist)">E. M. Skliansky</a>, President of the Revolutionary War Soviet: "We are surrounded by the greens (we pack it to them), we will move only about 10–20 versty and we will choke by hand the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>, the clergy and the landowners. There will be an award of 100,000 rubles for each one hanged." He was speaking about the future actions in the countries neighboring Russia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christ Is Calling You : A Course in Catacomb Pastorship by Father <a href="/wiki/George_Calciu" class="mw-redirect" title="George Calciu">George Calciu</a> Published by Saint Hermans Press April 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-887904-52-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-887904-52-0">978-1-887904-52-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sermons to young people by Father George Calciu-Dumitreasa. Given at the Chapel of the Romanian Orthodox Church Seminary, The Word online. Bucharest <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org/resources/sermons/calciu_christ_calling.htm">http://www.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org/resources/sermons/calciu_christ_calling.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Father Arseny 1893–1973 Priest, Prisoner, Spiritual Father. Introduction pg. vi — 1. St Vladimir's Seminary Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88141-180-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-88141-180-9">0-88141-180-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2006" class="citation news cs1">Sullivan, Patricia (2006-11-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/25/AR2006112500783.html">"Anti-Communist Priest Gheorghe Calciu-Dumitreasa"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Anti-Communist+Priest+Gheorghe+Calciu-Dumitreasa&rft.date=2006-11-26&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F11%2F25%2FAR2006112500783.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+modern+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ostling-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ostling_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ostling_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ostling" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Ostling">Ostling, Richard</a> (June 24, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070813173443/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,150718,00.html">"Cross meets Kremlin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derek Holmes, History of the Papacy, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derek Holmes, History of the Papacy, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Vidmar, The Catholic Church Through the Ages: A History (New York: Paulist Press, 2005), p. 332 & n. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Vidmar, The Catholic Church Through the Ages: A History (New York: Paulist Press, 2005), p. 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derek Holmes, History of the Papacy, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elisabeth Boeckl-Klamper, Thomas Mang, Wolfgang Neugebauer: <i>Gestapo-Leitstelle Wien 1938–1945</i>. Vienna 2018, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-902494-83-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-902494-83-2">978-3-902494-83-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Schafranek: <i>Widerstand und Verrat: Gestapospitzel im antifaschistischen Untergrund</i>. Vienna 2017, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7076-0622-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7076-0622-5">978-3-7076-0622-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erika Weinzierl: Kirchlicher Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus. In: Themen der Zeitgeschichte und der Gegenwart. Vienna 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8258-7549-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-8258-7549-0">3-8258-7549-0</a>, p 76–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Bernhard: Pfarrerblock 25487. Dachau 1941–42. (2004) p 44; Walter Ferber: 55 Monate Dachau: Ein Tatsachenbericht. (1993).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resources">Resources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_modern_era&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález1985" class="citation book cs1">González, Justo L. (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofchristian01gonz"><i>The Story of Christianity, Vol. 2: The Reformation to the Present Day</i></a></span>. San Francisco: Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-063316-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-063316-6"><bdi>0-06-063316-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Christianity%2C+Vol.+2%3A+The+Reformation+to+the+Present+Day&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-06-063316-6&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.aufirst=Justo+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryofchristian01gonz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+modern+era" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings1999" class="citation book cs1">Hastings, Adrian (1999). <i>A World History of Christianity</i>. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4875-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4875-3"><bdi>0-8028-4875-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+History+of+Christianity&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8028-4875-3&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+modern+era" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatourette1975" class="citation book cs1">Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1975). <i>A History of Christianity, Volume 2: 1500 to 1975</i> (paperback). San Francisco: Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-064953-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-064953-4"><bdi>0-06-064953-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christianity%2C+Volume+2%3A+1500+to+1975&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-06-064953-4&rft.aulast=Latourette&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+modern+era" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelley1996" class="citation book cs1">Shelley, Bruce L. (1996). <i>Church History in Plain Language</i> (2nd ed.). Word Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8499-3861-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8499-3861-9"><bdi>0-8499-3861-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+History+in+Plain+Language&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Word+Pub.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8499-3861-9&rft.aulast=Shelley&rft.aufirst=Bruce+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+modern+era" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_modern_era&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <p>The following links give an overview of the history of Christianity: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100521085530/http://www.tyndale.ca/sem/mtsmodular/viewpage.php?pid=66">History of Christianity Reading Room:</a> Extensive online resources for the study of global church history (Tyndale Seminary).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20071016200443/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1%E2%80%9349"><i>Dictionary of the History of Ideas</i>:</a> Christianity in History</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111152750/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1%E2%80%9350"><i>Dictionary of the History of Ideas</i>:</a> Church as an Institution</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bible.christianity.com/History/AD/SketchesofChurchHistory/">Sketches of Church History</a> From AD 33 to the Reformation by Rev. J. C Robertson, M.A., Canon of Canterbury</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Phillips, Walter Alison (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Church History"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Church_History">"Church History" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). pp. 330–345.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Church+History&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=330-345&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Walter+Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+modern+era" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <p>The following links provide quantitative data related to Christianity and other major religions, including rates of adherence at different times: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thearda.com">American Religion Data Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924085906/http://www.religiousbook.net/Books/Online_books/Sh/Heart_20.html">Early Stages of the Establishment of Christianity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100724191531/http://www.theandros.com/">Theandros</a>, a journal of Orthodox theology and philosophy, containing articles on early Christianity and patristic studies.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070202101418/http://baptistpillar.com/bd0547.htm">Historical Christianity</a>, A time line with references to the descendants of the early church.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924101404/http://www.shol.com/featheredprop/Timeline.htm">Reformation Timeline</a>, A short timeline of the Protestant Reformation.</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and<br />Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene<br />period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Relations with other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Europe" title="Template talk:History of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5775689#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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