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ordination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wartime_and_ordination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encounter_with_Romano_Guardini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encounter_with_Romano_Guardini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Encounter with Romano Guardini </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encounter_with_Romano_Guardini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-papal_career:_1951–2005" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-papal_career:_1951–2005"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Pre-papal career: 1951–2005 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pre-papal_career:_1951–2005-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pre-papal career: 1951–2005 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pre-papal_career:_1951–2005-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Academic_career:_1951–1977" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_career:_1951–1977"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Academic career: 1951–1977 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_career:_1951–1977-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archbishop_of_Munich_and_Freising:_1977–1982" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archbishop_of_Munich_and_Freising:_1977–1982"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Archbishop of Munich and Freising: 1977–1982 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archbishop_of_Munich_and_Freising:_1977–1982-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prefect_of_the_Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith:_1981–2005" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prefect_of_the_Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith:_1981–2005"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith: 1981–2005 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prefect_of_the_Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith:_1981–2005-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Papacy:_2005–2013" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papacy:_2005–2013"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Papacy: 2005–2013 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Papacy:_2005–2013-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Papacy: 2005–2013 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Papacy:_2005–2013-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Election_to_the_papacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_to_the_papacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Election to the papacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_to_the_papacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Choice_of_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choice_of_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Choice of name </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choice_of_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tone_of_papacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone_of_papacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Tone of papacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone_of_papacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beatifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beatifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Beatifications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beatifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canonizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canonizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Canonizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canonizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doctors_of_the_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctors_of_the_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Doctors of the Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doctors_of_the_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Curia_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curia_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Curia reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curia_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teachings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teachings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Teachings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teachings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Friendship_with_Jesus_Christ"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Friendship_with_Jesus_Christ""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 "Friendship with Jesus Christ" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Friendship_with_Jesus_Christ"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Dictatorship_of_relativism"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Dictatorship_of_relativism""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.2 "Dictatorship of relativism" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Dictatorship_of_relativism"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity_as_religion_according_to_reason" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity_as_religion_according_to_reason"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.3 Christianity as religion according to reason </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity_as_religion_according_to_reason-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encyclicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encyclicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.4 Encyclicals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encyclicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-synodal_apostolic_exhortation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-synodal_apostolic_exhortation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.5 Post-synodal apostolic exhortation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-synodal_apostolic_exhortation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motu_proprio_on_Tridentine_Mass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motu_proprio_on_Tridentine_Mass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.6 Motu proprio on Tridentine Mass </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motu_proprio_on_Tridentine_Mass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicity_and_salvific_universality_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicity_and_salvific_universality_of_the_Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.7 Unicity and salvific universality of the Catholic Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicity_and_salvific_universality_of_the_Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumerism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumerism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.8 Consumerism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumerism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecumenism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecumenism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Ecumenism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecumenism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interfaith_dialogue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interfaith_dialogue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Interfaith dialogue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interfaith_dialogue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.1 Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.2 Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.3 Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_American_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_American_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.4 Indigenous American beliefs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_American_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.5 Hinduism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pastoral_visits_and_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pastoral_visits_and_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Pastoral visits and security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pastoral_visits_and_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_abuse_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_abuse_in_the_Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Sexual abuse in the Catholic Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_abuse_in_the_Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_Archbishop_of_Munich_and_Freising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_Archbishop_of_Munich_and_Freising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9.1 As Archbishop of Munich and Freising </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_Archbishop_of_Munich_and_Freising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legion_of_Christ_founder_Marcial_Maciel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legion_of_Christ_founder_Marcial_Maciel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9.2 Legion of Christ founder Marcial Maciel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legion_of_Christ_founder_Marcial_Maciel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theodore_McCarrick_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theodore_McCarrick_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9.3 Theodore McCarrick controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theodore_McCarrick_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-papacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-papacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9.4 Post-papacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-papacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Attire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.12 Resignation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pope_emeritus:_2013–2022" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pope_emeritus:_2013–2022"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Pope emeritus: 2013–2022 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pope_emeritus:_2013–2022-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Death and funeral </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death_and_funeral-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Death and funeral subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Death_and_funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Worsening_health_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worsening_health_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Worsening health and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worsening_health_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Funeral </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles_and_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles_and_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Titles and styles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles_and_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positions_on_morality_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positions_on_morality_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Positions on morality and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Positions_on_morality_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Positions on morality and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Positions_on_morality_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contraception_and_HIV/AIDS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contraception_and_HIV/AIDS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Contraception and HIV/AIDS </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contraception_and_HIV/AIDS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homosexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homosexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Homosexuality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homosexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Same-sex_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Same-sex_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Same-sex marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Same-sex_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 International relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Migrants_and_refugees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migrants_and_refugees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Migrants and refugees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migrants_and_refugees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.2 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.3 Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.4 Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.5 Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.6 Vietnam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Global economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Nuclear energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Personal life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interest_in_classical_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interest_in_classical_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Interest in classical music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interest_in_classical_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Cats </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_network_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_network_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Social network use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_network_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Honours and awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Writings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature_about_Benedict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_about_Benedict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Literature about Benedict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_about_Benedict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3 Biographies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.4 Documentaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Pope Benedict XVI</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 147 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-147" aria-hidden="true" > 147 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Benediktus_XVI" title="Paus Benediktus XVI – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Paus Benediktus XVI" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pous_Benedictus_XVI" title="Pous Benedictus XVI – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pous Benedictus XVI" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikt_XVI." title="Benedikt XVI. – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Benedikt XVI." data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%93%E1%8D%93_%E1%89%A4%E1%8A%94%E1%8B%B2%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B1%E1%88%B5_16%E1%8A%9B" title="ፓፓ ቤኔዲክቱስ 16ኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፓፓ ቤኔዲክቱስ 16ኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictus_XVI_P%C4%81pa" title="Benedictus XVI Pāpa – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Benedictus XVI Pāpa" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="بندكت السادس عشر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بندكت السادس عشر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedet_XVI" title="Benedet XVI – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Benedet XVI" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Benedictu_XVI" title="Papa Benedictu XVI – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Papa Benedictu XVI" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%C3%AAt_XVI" title="Benêt XVI – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Benêt XVI" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benitu_XVI" title="Benitu XVI – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Benitu XVI" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binidiktu_XVI" title="Binidiktu XVI – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Binidiktu XVI" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVI_Benedikt" title="XVI Benedikt – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="XVI Benedikt" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA" title="اون آلتینجی بندیکت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اون آلتینجی بندیکت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA_%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="পোপ ষোড়শ বেনেডিক্ট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পোপ ষোড়শ বেনেডিক্ট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0u-h%C3%B4ng_Benedictus_16-s%C3%A8" title="Kàu-hông Benedictus 16-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kàu-hông Benedictus 16-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%82_XVI" title="Бенедыкт XVI – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бенедыкт XVI" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%82_XVI" title="Бэнэдыкт XVI – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бэнэдыкт XVI" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Benedicto_XVI" title="Papa Benedicto XVI – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Papa Benedicto XVI" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82_XVI" title="Бенедикт XVI – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бенедикт XVI" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikt_XVI." title="Benedikt XVI. – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Benedikt XVI." data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Benedikt_XVI" title="Papa Benedikt XVI – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Papa Benedikt XVI" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benead_XVI" title="Benead XVI – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Benead XVI" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benet_XVI" title="Benet XVI – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Benet XVI" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedicto_XVI" title="Benedicto XVI – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Benedicto XVI" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikt_XVI." title="Benedikt XVI. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Benedikt XVI." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Benedicto_XVI" title="Papa Benedicto XVI – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Papa Benedicto XVI" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pab_Bened_XVI" title="Pab Bened XVI – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pab Bened XVI" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pave_Benedikt_16." title="Pave Benedikt 16. – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pave Benedikt 16." data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%AA_16" title="لبابا بينيديكت 16 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لبابا بينيديكت 16" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baapscht_Benedict_XVI" title="Baapscht Benedict XVI – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Baapscht Benedict XVI" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikt_XVI." title="Benedikt XVI. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Benedikt XVI." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Pope Benedict XVI" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikt_XVI." title="Benedikt XVI. – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Benedikt XVI." data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictus_XVI" title="Benedictus XVI – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Benedictus XVI" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%99%CE%A3%CE%A4%CE%84" title="Πάπας Βενέδικτος ΙΣΤ΄ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πάπας Βενέδικτος ΙΣΤ΄" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedicto_XVI" title="Benedicto XVI – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Benedicto XVI" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikto_la_16-a" title="Benedikto la 16-a – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Benedikto la 16-a" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneditu_XVI" title="Beneditu XVI – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Beneditu XVI" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikto_XVI.a" title="Benedikto XVI.a – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Benedikto XVI.a" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85" title="پاپ بندیکت شانزدهم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاپ بندیکت شانزدهم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benadikt_XVI" title="Benadikt XVI – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Benadikt XVI" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_XVI" title="Benoît XVI – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Benoît XVI" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benediktus_XVI" title="Benediktus XVI – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Benediktus XVI" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape_Benedet_XVI" title="Pape Benedet XVI – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Pape Benedet XVI" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pa_Beinidict_XVI" title="Pápa Beinidict XVI – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pápa Beinidict XVI" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0pa_Beinidict_XVI" title="Pàpa Beinidict XVI – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pàpa Beinidict XVI" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bieito_XVI,_papa" title="Bieito XVI, papa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bieito XVI, papa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kau-f%C3%B2ng_Benedictus_16-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Kau-fòng Benedictus 16-sṳ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kau-fòng Benedictus 16-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%ED%99%A9_%EB%B2%A0%EB%84%A4%EB%94%95%ED%86%A0_16%EC%84%B8" title="교황 베네딕토 16세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교황 베네딕토 16세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_na_Sha_Shida" title="Benedict na Sha Shida – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Benedict na Sha Shida" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD_XVI" title="Բենեդիկտոս XVI – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բենեդիկտոս XVI" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_XVI" title="पोप बेनेडिक्ट XVI – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पोप बेनेडिक्ट XVI" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikt_XVI." title="Benedikt XVI. – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Benedikt XVI." data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikt_XVI." title="Benedikt XVI. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Benedikt XVI." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papo_Benedictus_la_16ma" title="Papo Benedictus la 16ma – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Papo Benedictus la 16ma" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Pope Benedict XVI" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Benedicto_XVI" title="Papa Benedicto XVI – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Papa Benedicto XVI" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Benediktus_XVI" title="Paus Benediktus XVI – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paus Benediktus XVI" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Benedicto_XVI" title="Papa Benedicto XVI – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Papa Benedicto XVI" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictus_XVI" title="Benedictus XVI – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Benedictus XVI" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikt_16." title="Benedikt 16. – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Benedikt 16." data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Benedetto_XVI" title="Papa Benedetto XVI – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Papa Benedetto XVI" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%94_%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%A8" title="בנדיקטוס השישה עשר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בנדיקטוס השישה עשר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Benediktus_XVI" title="Paus Benediktus XVI – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paus Benediktus XVI" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Benedict_XVI" title="Papa Benedict XVI – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Papa Benedict XVI" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94_XVI" title="ბენედიქტე XVI – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბენედიქტე XVI" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikt_XVI" title="Benedikt XVI – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Benedikt XVI" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Benedikto_XVI" title="Papa Benedikto XVI – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Papa Benedikto XVI" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benwa_XVI" title="Benwa XVI – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Benwa XVI" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Bened%C3%AEkt_XVI" title="Papa Benedîkt XVI – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Papa Benedîkt XVI" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictus_XVI" title="Benedictus XVI – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Benedictus XVI" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9A%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%88_16" title="ສົມເດັດພະສັນຕະປາປາເບເນດິກທີ່ 16 – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສົມເດັດພະສັນຕະປາປາເບເນດິກທີ່ 16" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictus_XVI" title="Benedictus XVI – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Benedictus XVI" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikts_XVI" title="Benedikts XVI – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Benedikts XVI" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_XVI._(Poopst)" title="Benoît XVI. (Poopst) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Benoît XVI. (Poopst)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benediktas_XVI" title="Benediktas XVI – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Benediktas XVI" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictus_XVI" title="Benedictus XVI – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Benedictus XVI" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pa_Benwa_XVI" title="Pápa Benwa XVI – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Pápa Benwa XVI" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedito_16" title="Benedito 16 – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Benedito 16" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Benedet_XVI" title="Papa Benedet XVI – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Papa Benedet XVI" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVI._Benedek_p%C3%A1pa" title="XVI. Benedek pápa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="XVI. Benedek pápa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82_XVI" title="Папа Бенедикт XVI – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Папа Бенедикт XVI" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beno%C3%A0_XVI" title="Benoà XVI – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Benoà XVI" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA" title="ബെനഡിക്റ്റ് പതിനാറാമൻ മാർപ്പാപ്പ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബെനഡിക്റ്റ് പതിനാറാമൻ മാർപ്പാപ്പ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Benedittu_XVI" title="Papa Benedittu XVI – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Papa Benedittu XVI" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="पोप बेनेडिक्ट सोळावा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोप बेनेडिक्ट सोळावा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="بينيديكتوس الستاشر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بينيديكتوس الستاشر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Benedictus_XVI" title="Paus Benedictus XVI – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paus Benedictus XVI" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1u-hu%C3%B2ng_Benedictus_16-si%C3%A9" title="Gáu-huòng Benedictus 16-sié – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gáu-huòng Benedictus 16-sié" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVI_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82" title="XVI Бенедикт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="XVI Бенедикт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%9F%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%98%E1%80%B1%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF_%E1%81%81%E1%81%86" title="ပုပ်ရဟန်းမင်းကြီး ဘေနေဒိက်တို ၁၆ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပုပ်ရဟန်းမင်းကြီး ဘေနေဒိက်တို ၁၆" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Benedictus_XVI" title="Paus Benedictus XVI – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paus Benedictus XVI" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Benedictus_XVI" title="Paus Benedictus XVI – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Paus Benedictus XVI" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%8D%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%8816%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E6%95%99%E7%9A%87)" title="ベネディクト16世 (ローマ教皇) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベネディクト16世 (ローマ教皇)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Benedetto_XVI" title="Papa Benedetto XVI – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Papa Benedetto XVI" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beenedikt_XVI._(Paap)" title="Beenedikt XVI. (Paap) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Beenedikt XVI. (Paap)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikt_XVI" title="Benedikt XVI – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Benedikt XVI" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pave_Benedikt_XVI" title="Pave Benedikt XVI – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pave Benedikt XVI" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictus_XVI" title="Benedictus XVI – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Benedictus XVI" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papo_Benedikt_XVI" title="Papo Benedikt XVI – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Papo Benedikt XVI" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneset_XVI" title="Beneset XVI – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Beneset XVI" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikt_XVI" title="Benedikt XVI – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Benedikt XVI" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%93%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE_%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%BC" title="شپاړلسم پاپ بنډیکټ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شپاړلسم پاپ بنډیکټ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puop_Benidik_XVI" title="Puop Benidik XVI – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Puop Benidik XVI" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8%E1%9F%A1%E1%9F%A6" title="បេណេឌីកទី១៦ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បេណេឌីកទី១៦" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9no%C3%A9t_XVI" title="Bénoét XVI – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Bénoét XVI" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedet_XVI" title="Benedet XVI – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Benedet XVI" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_XVI" title="Benedict XVI – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Benedict XVI" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikt_XVI." title="Benedikt XVI. – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Benedikt XVI." data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedykt_XVI" title="Benedykt XVI – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Benedykt XVI" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Bento_XVI" title="Papa Bento XVI – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Papa Bento XVI" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikt_XVI." title="Benedikt XVI. – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Benedikt XVI." data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Benedict_al_XVI-lea" title="Papa Benedict al XVI-lea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Papa Benedict al XVI-lea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binidiktu_XVI" title="Binidiktu XVI – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Binidiktu XVI" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82_XVI" title="Бенедикт XVI – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бенедикт XVI" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape_Benedict_XVI" title="Pape Benedict XVI – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pape Benedict XVI" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikti_XVI" title="Benedikti XVI – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Benedikti XVI" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binidittu_XVI" title="Binidittu XVI – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Binidittu XVI" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9A" title="දහසයවන බෙනඩික්ට් පාප්වහන්සේ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දහසයවන බෙනඩික්ට් පාප්වහන්සේ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pope Benedict XVI" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikt_XVI." title="Benedikt XVI. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Benedikt XVI." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape%C5%BE_Benedikt_XVI." title="Papež Benedikt XVI. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Papež Benedikt XVI." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedykt_XVI" title="Benedykt XVI – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Benedykt XVI" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7_%D8%A8%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8E%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%95%D9%85" title="پاپا بێنێدیکتی شازدەیەم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پاپا بێنێدیکتی شازدەیەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82_XVI" title="Папа Бенедикт XVI – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Папа Бенедикт XVI" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikt_XVI" title="Benedikt XVI – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Benedikt XVI" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictus_XVI" title="Benedictus XVI – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Benedictus XVI" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictus_XVI" title="Benedictus XVI – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Benedictus XVI" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Benedicto_XVI" title="Papa Benedicto XVI – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Papa Benedicto XVI" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="திருத்தந்தை பதினாறாம் பெனடிக்ட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திருத்தந்தை பதினாறாம் பெனடிக்ட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape_Bened%C3%ACtte_XVI" title="Pape Benedìtte XVI – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Pape Benedìtte XVI" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82_XVI" title="Бенедикт XVI – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бенедикт XVI" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_16" title="สมเด็จพระสันตะปาปาเบเนดิกต์ที่ 16 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมเด็จพระสันตะปาปาเบเนดิกต์ที่ 16" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVI._Benedictus" title="XVI. Benedictus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="XVI. Benedictus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82_XVI" title="Бенедикт XVI – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бенедикт XVI" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%88%DA%A9%D9%B9_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%AF%DB%81%D9%85" title="بینیڈکٹ شانزدہم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بینیڈکٹ شانزدہم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Benedeto_XVI" title="Papa Benedeto XVI – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Papa Benedeto XVI" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1o_ho%C3%A0ng_Bi%E1%BB%83n_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_XVI" title="Giáo hoàng Biển Đức XVI – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giáo hoàng Biển Đức XVI" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Benedictus_XVI" title="Paus Benedictus XVI – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Paus Benedictus XVI" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Benedicto_XVI" title="Papa Benedicto XVI – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Papa Benedicto XVI" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E7%AC%83%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96" title="本笃十六世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="本笃十六世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3p%C3%B9_Benedict_16k" title="Pópù Benedict 16k – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pópù Benedict 16k" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E7%AF%A4%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96" title="本篤十六世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="本篤十六世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictus_XVI" title="Benedictus XVI – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Benedictus XVI" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikts_XVI" title="Benedikts XVI – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Benedikts XVI" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E7%AF%A4%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96" title="本篤十六世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="本篤十六世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_XVI" title="Benoît XVI – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Benoît XVI" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2494#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #F7D79C;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">Pope</a></div> <div style="display:inline" class="fn">Benedict XVI</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role"><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Benedykt_XVI_(2010-10-17)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Benedykt_XVI_%282010-10-17%29_2.jpg/220px-Benedykt_XVI_%282010-10-17%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Benedykt_XVI_%282010-10-17%29_2.jpg/330px-Benedykt_XVI_%282010-10-17%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Benedykt_XVI_%282010-10-17%29_2.jpg/440px-Benedykt_XVI_%282010-10-17%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="1000" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Benedict XVI in 2010</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Papacy began</th><td class="infobox-data">19 April 2005</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Papacy ended</th><td class="infobox-data">28 February 2013</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Previous post(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_College_of_Cardinals" title="Dean of the College of Cardinals">Dean of the College of Cardinals</a> (2002‍–‍2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Bishop_of_Ostia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Bishop of Ostia">Cardinal Bishop of Ostia</a> (2002‍–‍2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Velletri%E2%80%93Segni" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Velletri–Segni">Cardinal Bishop of Velletri–Segni</a> (1993‍–‍2005)</li> <li>Prefect of the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a> (1982‍–‍2005)</li> <li>President of the <a href="/wiki/International_Theological_Commission" title="International Theological Commission">International Theological Commission</a> (1982‍–‍2005)</li> <li>President of the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Biblical_Commission" title="Pontifical Biblical Commission">Pontifical Biblical Commission</a> (1982‍–‍2005)</li> <li>Cardinal Priest of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Consolatrice_al_Tiburtino" title="Santa Maria Consolatrice al Tiburtino">Santa Maria Consolatrice al Tiburtino</a> (1977‍–‍1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Munich_and_Freising" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising">Archbishop of Munich and Freising</a> (1977‍–‍1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Orders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordination</th><td class="infobox-data">29 June 1951 by <a href="/wiki/Michael_von_Faulhaber" title="Michael von Faulhaber">Michael von Faulhaber</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consecration</th><td class="infobox-data">28 May 1977 by <a href="/wiki/Josef_Stangl" title="Josef Stangl">Josef Stangl</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created cardinal</th><td class="infobox-data">27 June 1977 by <a href="/wiki/Paul_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul VI">Paul VI</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Joseph Alois Ratzinger</div> (1927-04-16)16 April 1927 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Marktl" title="Marktl">Marktl</a>, Bavaria, <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">31 December 2022(2022-12-31) (aged 95) <a href="/wiki/Mater_Ecclesiae_Monastery" title="Mater Ecclesiae Monastery">Mater Ecclesiae Monastery</a>, Vatican City</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">German (with Vatican citizenship)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data">Cooperatores veritatis (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> for 'Cooperators of the truth')</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_Benedict_XVI_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Benedict XVI's signature"><img alt="Benedict XVI's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pope_Benedict_XVI_Signature.svg/130px-Pope_Benedict_XVI_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pope_Benedict_XVI_Signature.svg/195px-Pope_Benedict_XVI_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pope_Benedict_XVI_Signature.svg/260px-Pope_Benedict_XVI_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="99" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coat of arms</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Benedict XVI's coat of arms"><img alt="Benedict XVI's coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg/50px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg/75px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="1021" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr />Philosophy career<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth:_From_the_Baptism_in_the_Jordan_to_the_Transfiguration" title="Jesus of Nazareth: From the Baptism in the Jordan to the Transfiguration">Jesus of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_Christianity" title="Introduction to Christianity">Introduction to Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology:_Death_and_Eternal_Life" title="Eschatology: Death and Eternal Life">Eschatology: Death and Eternal Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deus_caritas_est" title="Deus caritas est">Deus caritas est</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">ecclesiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Rejection of <a href="/wiki/Dehellenization_of_Christianity" title="Dehellenization of Christianity">dehellenization</a></li> <li>Hermeneutic of continuity</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-weight:bold; background-color: #FFCF00 ;"> Ordination history</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em; background-color:#eee">History</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #333; border-top: 3px solid #333">Diaconal ordination</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordained by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Neuh%C3%A4usler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Neuhäusler (page does not exist)">Johannes Neuhäusler</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Neuh%C3%A4usler" class="extiw" title="de:Johannes Neuhäusler">de</a>]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">29 October 1950</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Freising_Cathedral" title="Freising Cathedral">Freising Cathedral</a>, Freising</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #333; border-top: 3px solid #333">Priestly ordination</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordained by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_von_Faulhaber" title="Michael von Faulhaber">Michael von Faulhaber</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">29 June 1951</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Place</th><td class="infobox-data">Freising Cathedral, Freising</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #800080; border-top: 3px solid #800080">Episcopal consecration</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Principal consecrator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Josef_Stangl" title="Josef Stangl">Josef Stangl</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Co-consecrators</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist nowraplinks"><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Graber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Graber (page does not exist)">Rudolf Graber</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Graber_(Bischof)" class="extiw" title="de:Rudolf Graber (Bischof)">de</a>]</li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Tewes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Tewes (page does not exist)">Ernst Tewes</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Tewes" class="extiw" title="de:Ernst Tewes">de</a>]</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">28 May 1977</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frauenkirche,_Munich" title="Frauenkirche, Munich">Frauenkirche, Munich</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #FF2400; border-top: 3px solid #FF2400">Cardinalate</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">27 June 1977</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em; background-color:#eee">Episcopal succession</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #800080; border-top: 3px solid #800080">Bishops consecrated by Pope Benedict XVI as principal consecrator</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Bovone" title="Alberto Bovone">Alberto Bovone</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12 May 1984</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Zimowski" title="Zygmunt Zimowski">Zygmunt Zimowski</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25 May 2002</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Josef_Clemens" title="Josef Clemens">Josef Clemens</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6 January 2004</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Forte" title="Bruno Forte">Bruno Forte</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8 September 2004</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Mokrzycki" title="Mieczysław Mokrzycki">Mieczysław Mokrzycki</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29 September 2007</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Giovanni_Brugnaro" title="Francesco Giovanni Brugnaro">Francesco Giovanni Brugnaro</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29 September 2007</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gianfranco_Ravasi" title="Gianfranco Ravasi">Gianfranco Ravasi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29 September 2007</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Caputo" title="Tommaso Caputo">Tommaso Caputo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29 September 2007</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Pagano" title="Sergio Pagano">Sergio Pagano</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29 September 2007</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Di_Mauro" title="Vincenzo Di Mauro">Vincenzo Di Mauro</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29 September 2007</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Giordano_Caccia" title="Gabriele Giordano Caccia">Gabriele Giordano Caccia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12 September 2009</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Franco_Coppola" title="Franco Coppola">Franco Coppola</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12 September 2009</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parolin" title="Pietro Parolin">Pietro Parolin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12 September 2009</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Raffaello_Martinelli" title="Raffaello Martinelli">Raffaello Martinelli</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12 September 2009</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Corbellini" title="Giorgio Corbellini">Giorgio Corbellini</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12 September 2009</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Savio_Hon" title="Savio Hon">Savio Hon</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5 February 2011</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Marcello_Bartolucci" title="Marcello Bartolucci">Marcello Bartolucci</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5 February 2011</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Celso_Morga_Iruzubieta" title="Celso Morga Iruzubieta">Celso Morga Iruzubieta</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5 February 2011</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Guido_Filipazzi" title="Antonio Guido Filipazzi">Antonio Guido Filipazzi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5 February 2011</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Pe%C3%B1a_Parra" title="Edgar Peña Parra">Edgar Peña Parra</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5 February 2011</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Charles_John_Brown" title="Charles John Brown">Charles John Brown</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6 January 2012</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Marek_Solczy%C5%84ski" title="Marek Solczyński">Marek Solczyński</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6 January 2012</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Vincenzo_Zani" title="Angelo Vincenzo Zani">Angelo Vincenzo Zani</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6 January 2013</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fortunatus_Nwachukwu" title="Fortunatus Nwachukwu">Fortunatus Nwachukwu</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6 January 2013</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Georg_G%C3%A4nswein" title="Georg Gänswein">Georg Gänswein</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6 January 2013</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Th%C3%A9venin" title="Nicolas Thévenin">Nicolas Thévenin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6 January 2013</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pope Benedict (disambiguation)">Other popes named Benedict</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-weight: normal; background-color: gold;">Papal styles of Pope Benedict XVI</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg/300px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg/400px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="1021" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">Reference style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/His_Holiness" class="mw-redirect" title="His Holiness">His Holiness</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken style</th><td class="infobox-data">Your Holiness</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religious style</th><td class="infobox-data">Holy Father</td></tr></tbody></table> Pope Benedict XVI (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Benedictus PP. XVI; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Benedetto XVI; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈjoːzɛf ˈʔaːlɔɪ̯s ˈʁat͡sɪŋɐ]</a>; 16 April 1927 – 31 December 2022) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City State">Vatican City State</a> from 19 April 2005 until <a href="/wiki/Resignation_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI">his resignation</a> on 28 February 2013. Benedict's election as pope occurred in the <a href="/wiki/2005_papal_conclave" title="2005 papal conclave">2005 papal conclave</a> that followed the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Pope_John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Pope John Paul II">death of Pope John Paul II</a>. Benedict chose to be known as "<a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Pope emeritus</a>" upon his resignation, and he retained this title until <a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Death and funeral of Pope Benedict XVI">his death</a> in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-pope_emeritus-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-pope_emeritus_ncr-10">[10]</a> Ordained as a <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">priest</a> in 1951 in his native <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, Ratzinger embarked on an academic career and established himself as a highly regarded theologian by the late 1950s. He was appointed a full professor in 1958 at the age of 31. After a long career as a professor of theology at several German universities, he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Munich_and_Freising" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Munich and Freising">Archbishop of Munich and Freising</a> and created a <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinal</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> in 1977, an unusual promotion for someone with little pastoral experience. In 1981, he was appointed Prefect of the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a>, one of the most important <a href="/wiki/Dicasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicasteries">dicasteries</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a>. From 2002 until he was elected pope, he was also <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_College_of_Cardinals" title="Dean of the College of Cardinals">Dean of the College of Cardinals</a>. Before becoming pope, he had been "a major figure on the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> stage for a quarter of a century"; he had had an influence "second to none when it came to setting church priorities and directions" as one of <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a>'s closest confidants.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Benedict's writings were prolific and generally defended traditional Catholic doctrine, values, and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">liturgy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> He was originally a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Catholicism" title="Liberal Catholicism">liberal theologian</a> but adopted conservative views after 1968.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> During his papacy, Benedict advocated a return to fundamental <a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Christian values</a> to counter the increased <a href="/wiki/Secularisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularisation">secularisation</a> of many <a href="/wiki/Western_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Western countries">Western countries</a>. He viewed <a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">relativism</a>'s denial of <a href="/wiki/Objective_truth" class="mw-redirect" title="Objective truth">objective truth</a>, and the denial of <a href="/wiki/Moral_relativism" title="Moral relativism">moral truths</a> in particular, as the central problem of the 21st century. Benedict also revived several traditions and permitted greater use of the <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> He strengthened the relationship between the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and art">Catholic Church and art</a>, promoted the use of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> and reintroduced traditional <a href="/wiki/Papal_vestments" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal vestments">papal vestments</a>, for which reason he was called "the pope of aesthetics".<a href="#cite_note-latimes1-16">[16]</a> He also established <a href="/wiki/Personal_ordinariate" title="Personal ordinariate">personal ordinariates</a>, for former <a href="/wiki/Anglicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicans">Anglicans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a>, joining the Catholic Church. Benedict's handling of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse_cases_within_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual abuse cases within the Catholic Church">sexual abuse cases within the Catholic Church</a> and opposition to usage of <a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">condoms</a> in areas of <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in Africa">high HIV transmission</a> was substantially criticised by public health officials, anti-AIDS activists, and victim's rights organizations.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> On 11 February 2013, Benedict announced his (effective 28 February 2013) resignation, citing a "lack of strength of mind and body" due to his advanced age. His resignation was the first by a pope since <a href="/wiki/Gregory_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory XII">Gregory XII</a> in 1415, and the first on a pope's initiative since <a href="/wiki/Celestine_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestine V">Celestine V</a> in 1294. He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a> on 13 March 2013 and moved into the newly renovated <a href="/wiki/Mater_Ecclesiae_Monastery" title="Mater Ecclesiae Monastery">Mater Ecclesiae Monastery</a> in Vatican City for his retirement. In addition to his native German language, Benedict had some level of proficiency in French, Italian, English, and Spanish. He also knew <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, Latin, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Greek">Biblical Greek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> He was a member of several <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social science</a> academies, such as the French <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Sciences_Morales_et_Politiques" title="Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques">Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques</a>. He played the piano and had a preference for <a href="/wiki/Mozart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart">Mozart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="Bach">Bach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Willey-22">[22]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life:_1927–1951">Early life: 1927–1951</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Early life of Pope Benedict XVI">Early life of Pope Benedict XVI</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PopeBenedicts1stHome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/PopeBenedicts1stHome.jpg/240px-PopeBenedicts1stHome.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/PopeBenedicts1stHome.jpg/360px-PopeBenedicts1stHome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/PopeBenedicts1stHome.jpg/480px-PopeBenedicts1stHome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption>The birth house of Joseph Alois Ratzinger in <a href="/wiki/Marktl" title="Marktl">Marktl</a>, Bavaria</figcaption></figure> Joseph Alois Ratzinger was born on 16 April, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a>, 1927 at Schulstraße 11 at 8:30 in the morning in his parents' home in <a href="/wiki/Marktl" title="Marktl">Marktl</a>, Bavaria, Germany. He was <a href="/wiki/Baptised" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptised">baptised</a> the same day. He was the third and youngest child of Joseph Ratzinger Sr., a police officer, and Maria Ratzinger (<a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Peintner); his grand-uncle was the German priest-politician <a href="/wiki/Georg_Ratzinger_(politician)" title="Georg Ratzinger (politician)">Georg Ratzinger</a>. His mother's family was originally from <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a> (now in Italy).<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Benedict's elder brother, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Ratzinger" title="Georg Ratzinger">Georg</a>, became a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic priest">Catholic priest</a> and was the former director of the <a href="/wiki/Regensburger_Domspatzen" title="Regensburger Domspatzen">Regensburger Domspatzen</a> choir.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> His sister, Maria, who never married, managed her brother Joseph's household until she died in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> At the age of five, Ratzinger was in a group of children who welcomed the visiting Cardinal Archbishop of Munich, <a href="/wiki/Michael_von_Faulhaber" title="Michael von Faulhaber">Michael von Faulhaber</a>, with flowers. Struck by the cardinal's distinctive garb, he announced later that day that he wanted to be a <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinal</a>. He attended the elementary school in <a href="/wiki/Aschau_am_Inn" title="Aschau am Inn">Aschau am Inn</a>, which was renamed in his honour in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In 1939, aged 12, he enrolled in a <a href="/wiki/Minor_seminary" title="Minor seminary">minor seminary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Traunstein" title="Traunstein">Traunstein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> This period lasted until the seminary was closed for military use in 1942, and the students were all sent home. Ratzinger returned to Traunstein.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wartime_and_ordination">Wartime and ordination</h3></div> Ratzinger's family, especially his father, bitterly resented the <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a>, and his father's opposition to Nazism resulted in demotions and harassment of the family.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Following his 14th birthday in 1941, Ratzinger was conscripted into the <a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a> – as membership was required by law for all 14-year-old German boys after March 1939<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> – but was an unenthusiastic member who refused to attend meetings, according to his brother.<a href="#cite_note-USAToday_20050423-31">[31]</a> In 1941, one of Ratzinger's cousins, a 14-year-old boy with <a href="/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down syndrome</a>, was taken away by the Nazi regime and murdered during the <a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Aktion T4</a> campaign of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In 1943, while still in seminary, he was drafted into the German anti-aircraft corps as <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffenhelfer" title="Luftwaffenhelfer">Luftwaffenhelfer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USAToday_20050423-31">[31]</a> Ratzinger then trained in the German infantry.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> As the Allied front drew closer to his post in 1945, he deserted back to his family's home in Traunstein after his unit had ceased to exist, just as American troops established a headquarters in the Ratzinger household.<a href="#cite_note-FoxNews_19April2005-34">[34]</a> As a German soldier, he was <a href="/wiki/Interned" class="mw-redirect" title="Interned">interned</a> in US <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a> camps, first in Neu-Ulm, then at Fliegerhorst ("military airfield") Bad Aibling (shortly to be repurposed as <a href="/wiki/Bad_Aibling_Station" title="Bad Aibling Station">Bad Aibling Station</a>) where he was at the time of <a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">Victory in Europe Day</a>, and released on 19 June 1945.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FoxNews_19April2005-34">[34]</a> Ratzinger and his brother Georg entered Saint Michael Seminary in Traunstein in November 1945, later studying at the <a href="/wiki/Ducal_Georgianum" title="Ducal Georgianum">Ducal Georgianum</a> (Herzogliches Georgianum) of the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig Maximilian University">Ludwig Maximilian University</a> in Munich. They were both ordained in <a href="/wiki/Freising" title="Freising">Freising</a> on 29 June 1951 by Cardinal Michael von Faulhaber of Munich – the same man Ratzinger had met as a child. He recalled: "at the moment the elderly Archbishop laid his hands on me, a little bird – perhaps a lark – flew up from the altar in the high cathedral and trilled a little joyful song".<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> He celebrated his first Mass later that summer in Traunstein, at St. Oswald's Church.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Ratzinger's 1953 dissertation was on <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> and was titled The People and the House of God in Augustine's Doctrine of the Church. His <a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">habilitation</a> (which qualified him for a professorship) was on <a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a>. It was completed in 1957 and he became a professor at Freising College in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encounter_with_Romano_Guardini">Encounter with Romano Guardini</h3></div> In his early twenties, Ratzinger was deeply influenced by the thought of Italian German philosopher <a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Romano Guardini</a>,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> who taught in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> from 1946 to 1951 when Ratzinger was studying in Freising and later at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Munich">University of Munich</a>. The intellectual affinity between these two thinkers, who would later become decisive figures for the <a href="/wiki/Twentieth-century_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth-century Catholic Church">twentieth-century Catholic Church</a>, was preoccupied with rediscovering the essentials of Christianity: Guardini wrote his 1938 The Essence of Christianity, while Ratzinger penned Introduction to Christianity, three decades later in 1968. Guardini inspired many in the Catholic social-democratic tradition, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a> movement in the <a href="/wiki/New_Evangelization" class="mw-redirect" title="New Evangelization">New Evangelization</a> encouraged under the papacy of the Polish <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>. Ratzinger wrote an introduction to a 1996 reissue of Guardini's 1954 <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_(book)" title="The Lord (book)">The Lord</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-papal_career:_1951–2005">Pre-papal career: 1951–2005</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_career:_1951–1977">Academic career: 1951–1977</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_theology_and_doctrine" title="Category:Catholic theology and doctrine">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Theology of Pope Benedict XVI">Theology of Pope Benedict XVI</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Benedict_XVI_Blessing-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Benedict_XVI_Blessing-1.jpg/125px-Benedict_XVI_Blessing-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Benedict_XVI_Blessing-1.jpg/188px-Benedict_XVI_Blessing-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Benedict_XVI_Blessing-1.jpg/250px-Benedict_XVI_Blessing-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1365" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Private works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_Christianity" title="Introduction to Christianity">Introduction to Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology:_Death_and_Eternal_Life" title="Eschatology: Death and Eternal Life">Eschatology: Death and Eternal Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Tolerance" title="Truth and Tolerance">Truth and Tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ratzinger_Report" title="The Ratzinger Report">The Ratzinger Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regensburg_lecture" title="Regensburg lecture">Regensburg lecture</a></li> <li>Jesus of Nazareth series: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth:_From_the_Baptism_in_the_Jordan_to_the_Transfiguration" title="Jesus of Nazareth: From the Baptism in the Jordan to the Transfiguration">Jesus of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth:_Holy_Week" title="Jesus of Nazareth: Holy Week">Holy Week</a></li> <li><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_philosophers" title="Category:Catholic philosophers">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Catholic philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg/73px-St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg/110px-St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg/147px-St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4004" data-file-height="6000" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/68px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/102px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/136px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="762" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/82px-William_of_Ockham.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/124px-William_of_Ockham.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/165px-William_of_Ockham.png 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="361" /><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Ethics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">Just price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of Double Effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuistry" title="Casuistry">Casuistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law#Catholic_natural_law_jurisprudence" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_personalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Theology">Liberation Theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Humanism">Christian Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">Moderate realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">nature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haecceity" title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque Viae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theological_determinism" title="Theological determinism">Theological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">Compatibilism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Divine Attributes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Saint_Victor" title="School of Saint Victor">Victorines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llullism" class="mw-redirect" title="Llullism">Llullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Christianity" title="Neoplatonism and Christianity">Christian Neoplatonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_God" title="Friends of God">Friends of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Ressourcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_scholasticism" title="Second scholasticism">Second scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenagoras_of_Athens" title="Athenagoras of Athens">Athenagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory (of Nazianzus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory (of Nyssa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales" title="Alexander of Hales">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Autrecourt" title="Nicholas of Autrecourt">Autrecourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Buridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_of_Rome" title="Giles of Rome">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominicus_Gundissalinus" title="Dominicus Gundissalinus">Gundissalinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Braga" title="Martin of Braga">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Oresme" title="Nicole Oresme">Oresme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symeon_the_New_Theologian" title="Symeon the New Theologian">Symeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_of_Chartres" title="Thierry of Chartres">Thierry</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Arnauld" title="Antoine Arnauld">Arnauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta" title="Martín de Azpilcueta">Azpilcueta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Botero" title="Giovanni Botero">Botero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Graci%C3%A1n" title="Baltasar Gracián">Gracián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Mariana" title="Juan de Mariana">Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Meinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Mercado" title="Tomás de Mercado">Mercado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Molina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_de_Soto" title="Domingo de Soto">Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Caramuel_y_Lobkowitz" title="Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz">Caramuel</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barron" title="Robert Barron">Barron</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis">Finnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Haldane_(philosopher)" title="John Haldane (philosopher)">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Pieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_philosophy" title="Template:Catholic philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_philosophy" title="Template talk:Catholic philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Ratzinger began as assistant pastor (curate) at the parish <a href="/wiki/St._Martin,_Moosach" title="St. Martin, Moosach">St. Martin, Moosach</a>, in Munich in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Ratzinger became a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bonn" title="University of Bonn">University of Bonn</a> in 1959, with his inaugural lecture on "The God of Faith and the God of Philosophy". In 1963, he moved to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="University of Münster">University of Münster</a>. During this period, he participated in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> (1962–1965) and served as a <a href="/wiki/Peritus" title="Peritus">peritus</a> (theological consultant) to <a href="/wiki/Josef_Frings" title="Josef Frings">Cardinal Frings of Cologne</a>. He was viewed during the time of the council as a reformer, cooperating with theologians like <a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Hans Küng</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Schillebeeckx" title="Edward Schillebeeckx">Edward Schillebeeckx</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Ratzinger became an admirer of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a>, a well-known academic theologian of the <a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie</a> and a proponent of Church reform.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In 1966, Ratzinger was appointed to a chair in dogmatic theology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen" title="University of Tübingen">University of Tübingen</a>, where he was a colleague of Hans Küng. In his 1968 book <a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_Christianity" title="Introduction to Christianity">Introduction to Christianity</a>, he wrote that the pope has a duty to hear differing voices within the Church before making a decision, and he downplayed the centrality of the papacy. During this time, he distanced himself from the atmosphere of Tübingen and the <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> leanings of the student movement of the 1960s that quickly radicalized, in the years 1967 and 1968, culminating in a series of disturbances and riots in April and May 1968. Ratzinger came increasingly to see these and associated developments (such as decreasing respect for authority among his students) as connected to a departure from traditional Catholic teachings.<a href="#cite_note-sobene-45">[45]</a> Despite his reformist bent, his views increasingly came to contrast with the liberal ideas gaining currency in theological circles.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> He was invited by Rev. <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Hesburgh" title="Theodore Hesburgh">Theodore Hesburgh</a> to join the theology faculty at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a>, but declined on grounds that his English was not good enough.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Some voices, among them Küng, deemed this period in Ratzinger's life a turn towards conservatism, while Ratzinger himself said in a 1993 interview, "I see no break in my views as a theologian [over the years]".<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Ratzinger continued to defend the work of the Second Vatican Council, including <a href="/wiki/Nostra_aetate" title="Nostra aetate">Nostra aetate</a>, the document on respect of other religions, <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenism</a>, and the declaration of the right to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>. Later, as the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ratzinger_as_Prefect_of_the_Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" title="Joseph Ratzinger as Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a>, Ratzinger most clearly spelled out the Catholic Church's position on other religions in the 2000 document <a href="/wiki/Dominus_Iesus" title="Dominus Iesus">Dominus Iesus</a> which also talks about the Catholic way to engage in "<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">ecumenical</a> dialogue". During his time at Tübingen University, Ratzinger published articles in the reformist theological journal <a href="/wiki/Concilium_(journal)" title="Concilium (journal)">Concilium</a>, though he increasingly chose less reformist themes than other contributors such as Küng and Schillebeeckx.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In 1969, Ratzinger returned to <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Regensburg" title="University of Regensburg">University of Regensburg</a> and co-founded the theological journal <a href="/wiki/Communio" title="Communio">Communio</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Walter Kasper</a>, and others, in 1972. Communio, now published in seventeen languages, including German, English, and Spanish, has become a prominent journal of contemporary Catholic theological thought. Until he was elected pope, he remained one of the journal's most prolific contributors. In 1976, he suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a> might be recognised as a Catholic statement of faith.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Several of Benedict's former students became his confidantes, notably <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Sch%C3%B6nborn" title="Christoph Schönborn">Christoph Schönborn</a>, and a number of his former students sometimes meet for discussions.<a href="#cite_note-zenit1-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-catholicherald1-53">[53]</a> He served as vice-president of the University of Regensburg from 1976 to 1977.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> On 26 May 1976, he was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Prelate_of_Honour_of_His_Holiness" title="Prelate of Honour of His Holiness">Prelate of Honour of His Holiness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archbishop_of_Munich_and_Freising:_1977–1982">Archbishop of Munich and Freising: 1977–1982</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palais_Holnstein_Munich.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Palais_Holnstein_Munich.JPG/240px-Palais_Holnstein_Munich.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Palais_Holnstein_Munich.JPG/360px-Palais_Holnstein_Munich.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Palais_Holnstein_Munich.JPG/480px-Palais_Holnstein_Munich.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Holnstein_Palace" title="Holnstein Palace">Palais Holnstein</a> in Munich, the residence of Benedict as <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Munich_and_Freising" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Munich and Freising">Archbishop of Munich and Freising</a></figcaption></figure> On 24 March 1977, Ratzinger was appointed <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Munich_and_Freising" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Munich and Freising">Archbishop of Munich and Freising</a>, and was ordained a <a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">bishop</a> on 28 May. He took as his episcopal motto Cooperatores veritatis (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for 'cooperators of the truth'),<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">Third Epistle of John</a>,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> a choice on which he commented in his autobiographical work Milestones.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In the consistory of 27 June 1977, he was named Cardinal Priest of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Consolatrice_al_Tiburtino" title="Santa Maria Consolatrice al Tiburtino">Santa Maria Consolatrice al Tiburtino</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a>. By the time of the <a href="/wiki/2005_conclave" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 conclave">2005 conclave</a>, he was one of only fourteen remaining cardinals appointed by Paul VI, and one of only three of those under the age of 80. Of these, only he and <a href="/wiki/William_Wakefield_Baum" title="William Wakefield Baum">William Wakefield Baum</a> took part in the conclave.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prefect_of_the_Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith:_1981–2005">Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith: 1981–2005</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ratzinger_as_Prefect_of_the_Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" title="Joseph Ratzinger as Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Joseph Ratzinger as Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a></div> On 25 November 1981, Pope John Paul II, upon the retirement of <a href="/wiki/Franjo_%C5%A0eper" title="Franjo Šeper">Franjo Šeper</a>, named Ratzinger as the Prefect of the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a>, formerly known as the "Sacred Congregation of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Office">Holy Office</a>", the historical <a href="/wiki/Roman_Inquisition" title="Roman Inquisition">Roman Inquisition</a>. Consequently, he resigned from his post in Munich in early 1982. He was promoted within the College of Cardinals to become <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Bishop_of_Velletri-Segni" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Bishop of Velletri-Segni">Cardinal Bishop of Velletri-Segni</a> in 1993 and was made the college's vice-dean in 1998 and <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_College_of_Cardinals" title="Dean of the College of Cardinals">dean</a> in 2002. Just a year after its foundation in 1990, Ratzinger joined the <a href="/wiki/European_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="European Academy of Sciences and Arts">European Academy of Sciences and Arts</a> in Salzburg.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ratzinger-Rom88.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ratzinger-Rom88.JPG/170px-Ratzinger-Rom88.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ratzinger-Rom88.JPG/255px-Ratzinger-Rom88.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ratzinger-Rom88.JPG/340px-Ratzinger-Rom88.JPG 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="984" /></a><figcaption>Cardinal Ratzinger in Rome, 1988</figcaption></figure> Ratzinger defended and reaffirmed Catholic doctrine, including teaching on topics such as <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a>, homosexuality, and inter-religious dialogue. The theologian <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Boff" title="Leonardo Boff">Leonardo Boff</a>, for example, was suspended, while others such as <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Fox_(priest)" title="Matthew Fox (priest)">Matthew Fox</a> were censured. Other issues also prompted condemnations or revocations of rights to teach: for instance, some posthumous writings of <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> priest <a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_Mello_(Jesuit_priest)" title="Anthony de Mello (Jesuit priest)">Anthony de Mello</a> were the subject of a <a href="/wiki/Notification_(Holy_See)" title="Notification (Holy See)">notification</a>. Ratzinger and the congregation viewed many of them, particularly the later works, as having an element of <a href="/wiki/Religious_indifferentism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious indifferentism">religious indifferentism</a> (in other words, that Christ was "one master alongside others"). In particular, Dominus Iesus, published by the congregation in the jubilee year 2000, reaffirmed many recently "unpopular" ideas, including the Catholic Church's position that "salvation is found in no one else, for there is no other name under heaven given to men by which we must be saved." The document angered many Protestant churches by claiming that they are not churches, but "ecclesial communities".<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Ratzinger's 2001 letter <a href="/wiki/De_delictis_gravioribus" title="De delictis gravioribus">De delictis gravioribus</a> clarified the confidentiality of internal church investigations, as defined in the 1962 document <a href="/wiki/Crimen_sollicitationis" title="Crimen sollicitationis">Crimen sollicitationis</a>, into accusations made against priests of certain crimes, including <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a>. This became a subject of controversy during the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">sex abuse cases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-observer-2001-let-63">[63]</a> For 20 years, Ratzinger had been the man in charge of enforcing the document.<a href="#cite_note-BBC2006Doc-64">[64]</a> While bishops hold the secrecy pertained only internally, and did not preclude investigation by civil law enforcement, the letter was often seen as promoting a coverup.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Later, as pope, he was accused in a lawsuit of conspiring to cover up the molestation of three boys in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, but sought and obtained <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_immunity" title="Diplomatic immunity">diplomatic immunity</a> from liability.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> On 12 March 1983, Ratzinger, as prefect, notified the lay faithful and the clergy that Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Martin_Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Th%E1%BB%A5c" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục">Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục</a> had incurred <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> <a href="/wiki/Latae_sententiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Latae sententiae">latae sententiae</a> for <a href="/wiki/Valid_but_illicit" class="mw-redirect" title="Valid but illicit">illicit</a> episcopal consecrations without the apostolic mandate. In 1997, when he turned 70, Ratzinger asked Pope John Paul II for permission to leave the Congregation of the Doctrine of Faith and to become an archivist in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Secret_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Secret Archives">Vatican Secret Archives</a> and a librarian in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a>, but John Paul refused his assent.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Ratzinger engaged in <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas#XVI" title="Jürgen Habermas">a dialogue with critical theorist Jürgen Habermas</a> in 2004, published three years later by <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Press" title="Ignatius Press">Ignatius Press</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Papacy:_2005–2013">Papacy: 2005–2013</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papst_Benedikt_XVI.,_Pfingstmesse_im_Petersdom,_15._Mai_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Papst_Benedikt_XVI.%2C_Pfingstmesse_im_Petersdom%2C_15._Mai_2005.jpg/220px-Papst_Benedikt_XVI.%2C_Pfingstmesse_im_Petersdom%2C_15._Mai_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Papst_Benedikt_XVI.%2C_Pfingstmesse_im_Petersdom%2C_15._Mai_2005.jpg/330px-Papst_Benedikt_XVI.%2C_Pfingstmesse_im_Petersdom%2C_15._Mai_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Papst_Benedikt_XVI.%2C_Pfingstmesse_im_Petersdom%2C_15._Mai_2005.jpg/440px-Papst_Benedikt_XVI.%2C_Pfingstmesse_im_Petersdom%2C_15._Mai_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1476" data-file-height="1917" /></a><figcaption>Benedict in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, 15 May 2005</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_Benedict_XVI-desaturated-colors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Pope_Benedict_XVI-desaturated-colors.jpg/220px-Pope_Benedict_XVI-desaturated-colors.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Pope_Benedict_XVI-desaturated-colors.jpg/330px-Pope_Benedict_XVI-desaturated-colors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Pope_Benedict_XVI-desaturated-colors.jpg/440px-Pope_Benedict_XVI-desaturated-colors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1616" /></a><figcaption>Benedict in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">St. Peter's Square</a>, 2007</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_Benedict_XVI_Delivers_Angelus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Pope_Benedict_XVI_Delivers_Angelus.jpg/220px-Pope_Benedict_XVI_Delivers_Angelus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Pope_Benedict_XVI_Delivers_Angelus.jpg/330px-Pope_Benedict_XVI_Delivers_Angelus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Pope_Benedict_XVI_Delivers_Angelus.jpg/440px-Pope_Benedict_XVI_Delivers_Angelus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1463" data-file-height="975" /></a><figcaption>Benedict reciting the weekly Angelus prayer while overlooking St. Peter's Square, 2012</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_to_the_papacy">Election to the papacy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2005_papal_conclave" title="2005 papal conclave">2005 papal conclave</a></div> In April 2005, before his election as pope, Ratzinger was identified as one of the <a href="/wiki/Time_100" title="Time 100">100 most influential people in the world</a> by <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Time_100-70">[70]</a> While Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Ratzinger repeatedly stated he would like to retire to his house in the Bavarian village of <a href="/wiki/Pentling" title="Pentling">Pentling</a> near <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a> and dedicate himself to writing books.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">papal conclave</a>, "it was, if not Ratzinger, who? And as they came to know him, the question became, why not Ratzinger?"<a href="#cite_note-goodstein-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> On 19 April 2005, he was elected on the second day after four ballots.<a href="#cite_note-goodstein-72">[72]</a> Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Cormac_Murphy-O%27Connor" title="Cormac Murphy-O'Connor">Cormac Murphy-O'Connor</a> described the final vote, "It's very solemn when you go up one by one to put your vote in the urn and you're looking up at the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement_(Michelangelo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement (Michelangelo)">Last Judgement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>. And I still remember vividly the then Cardinal Ratzinger sitting on the edge of his chair."<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Ratzinger had hoped to retire peacefully and said that "At a certain point, I prayed to God 'please don't do this to me'...Evidently, this time He didn't listen to me."<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The day following Ratzinger's election, the German newspaper <a href="/wiki/Bild" title="Bild">Bild</a> ran what would become one of its most iconic headlines in response to the announcement of the prior day, <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wir_sind_Papst!" class="extiw" title="de:Wir sind Papst!">Wir Sind Papst</a> (We are Pope).<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> At the balcony, Benedict's first words to the crowd, given in Italian before he gave the traditional <a href="/wiki/Urbi_et_Orbi" title="Urbi et Orbi">Urbi et Orbi</a> blessing in Latin, were: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Dear brothers and sisters, after the great Pope John Paul II, the Cardinals have elected me, a simple, humble labourer in the vineyard of the Lord. The fact that the Lord knows how to work and to act even with insufficient instruments comforts me, and above all I entrust myself to your prayers. In the joy of the Risen Lord, confident of his unfailing help, let us move forward. The Lord will help us, and Mary, His Most Holy Mother, will be on our side. Thank you.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></blockquote> On 24 April, Benedict celebrated the <a href="/wiki/Papal_Inauguration" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Inauguration">Papal Inauguration</a> Mass in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">St. Peter's Square</a>, during which he was invested with the <a href="/wiki/Pallium" title="Pallium">Pallium</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_the_Fisherman" title="Ring of the Fisherman">Ring of the Fisherman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> On 7 May, he took possession of his cathedral church, the <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_St._John_Lateran" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbasilica of St. John Lateran">Archbasilica of St. John Lateran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Choice_of_name">Choice of name</h3></div> Benedict XVI chose his <a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">papal name</a>, which comes from the Latin word meaning "the blessed", in honour of both <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XV" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XV">Benedict XV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Benedict XV was pope during the First World War, during which time he passionately pursued peace between the warring nations. St. Benedict of Nursia was the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> monasteries (most monasteries of the Middle Ages were of the Benedictine order) and the author of the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Benedict" title="Rule of Saint Benedict">Rule of Saint Benedict</a>, which is still the most influential writing regarding the monastic life of <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>. The Pope explained his choice of name during his first general audience in St. Peter's Square, on 27 April 2005: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Filled with sentiments of awe and thanksgiving, I wish to speak of why I chose the name Benedict. Firstly, I remember Pope Benedict XV, that courageous prophet of peace, who guided the Church through turbulent times of war. In his footsteps, I place my ministry in the service of reconciliation and harmony between peoples. Additionally, I recall Saint Benedict of Nursia, co-<a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron</a> of Europe, whose life evokes the Christian roots of Europe. I ask him to help us all to hold firm to the centrality of Christ in our Christian life: May Christ always take first place in our thoughts and actions!<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone_of_papacy">Tone of papacy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benedikt_XVI_im_Papamobil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Benedikt_XVI_im_Papamobil.jpg/220px-Benedikt_XVI_im_Papamobil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Benedikt_XVI_im_Papamobil.jpg/330px-Benedikt_XVI_im_Papamobil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Benedikt_XVI_im_Papamobil.jpg/440px-Benedikt_XVI_im_Papamobil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>Benedict's first trip in a <a href="/wiki/Popemobile" title="Popemobile">popemobile</a>, 2005</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oliver_Mark_-_Pope_Benedict_XVI,_Etzelsbach_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Oliver_Mark_-_Pope_Benedict_XVI%2C_Etzelsbach_2011.jpg/220px-Oliver_Mark_-_Pope_Benedict_XVI%2C_Etzelsbach_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Oliver_Mark_-_Pope_Benedict_XVI%2C_Etzelsbach_2011.jpg/330px-Oliver_Mark_-_Pope_Benedict_XVI%2C_Etzelsbach_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Oliver_Mark_-_Pope_Benedict_XVI%2C_Etzelsbach_2011.jpg/440px-Oliver_Mark_-_Pope_Benedict_XVI%2C_Etzelsbach_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1714" /></a><figcaption>Benedict in his Mercedes-Benz-M-Class popemobile in the Marian pilgrimage site of Etzelsbach, 2011</figcaption></figure> During Benedict's inaugural Mass, the previous custom of every cardinal submitting to the pope was replaced by being greeted by twelve people, including cardinals, clergy, religious, a married couple and their child, and some who were newly <a href="/wiki/Confirmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Confirmed">confirmed</a> people; the cardinals had formally sworn their obedience upon the election of the new pontiff. He began using an open-topped <a href="/wiki/Popemobile" title="Popemobile">papal car</a>, saying that he wanted to be closer to the people. Benedict continued the tradition of his predecessor John Paul II and baptised several infants in the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a> at the beginning of each year, on the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Baptism_of_the_Lord" title="Feast of the Baptism of the Lord">Feast of the Baptism of the Lord</a>, in his pastoral role as <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beatifications">Beatifications</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_beatified_by_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="List of people beatified by Pope Benedict XVI">List of people beatified by Pope Benedict XVI</a></div> During his pontificate, Benedict XVI beatified 870 people. On 9 May 2005, Benedict XVI began the <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">beatification</a> process for his predecessor, Pope John Paul II. Normally, five years must pass after a person's death before the beatification process can begin. However, in an audience with Benedict, <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Ruini" title="Camillo Ruini">Camillo Ruini</a>, vicar general of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese of Rome</a> and the official responsible for promoting the <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">cause for canonization</a> of any person who dies within that diocese, cited "exceptional circumstances" which suggested that the waiting period could be waived. (This had happened before, when Pope Paul VI waived the five-year rule and announced beatification processes for two of his own predecessors, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a>. Benedict XVI followed this precedent when he waived the five-year rule for John Paul II.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a>) The decision was announced on 13 May 2005, the Feast of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a> and the 24th anniversary of the attempt on John Paul II's life.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> John Paul II often credited Our Lady of Fátima for preserving him on that day. Cardinal Ruini inaugurated the diocesan phase of the cause for beatification in the Lateran Basilica on 28 June 2005.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The first beatification under the new pope was celebrated on 14 May 2005, by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cardinal_Saraiva_Martins" class="mw-redirect" title="José Cardinal Saraiva Martins">José Cardinal Saraiva Martins</a>, Cardinal Prefect of the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Causes of Saints">Congregation for the Causes of Saints</a>. The new Blesseds were <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Cope" title="Marianne Cope">Marianne Cope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ascensi%C3%B3n_Nicol_Go%C3%B1i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascensión Nicol Goñi">Ascensión Nicol Goñi</a>. Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Clemens_August_Graf_von_Galen" title="Clemens August Graf von Galen">Clemens August Graf von Galen</a> was beatified on 9 October 2005. <a href="/wiki/Mariano_de_la_Mata" title="Mariano de la Mata">Mariano de la Mata</a> was beatified in November 2006 and <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Eluvathingal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosa Eluvathingal">Rosa Eluvathingal</a> was beatified on 3 December of that year, and <a href="/wiki/Basil_Moreau" title="Basil Moreau">Basil Moreau</a> was beatified in September 2007.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In October 2008, the following beatifications took place: <a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_Donati" title="Maria Anna Donati">Celestine of the Mother of God</a>, Giuseppina Nicoli, Hendrina Stenmanns, Maria Rosa Flesch, Marta Anna Wiecka, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sopocko" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Sopocko">Michael Sopocko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrus_Kibe_Kasui_and_187_Companions" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrus Kibe Kasui and 187 Companions">Petrus Kibe Kasui and 187 Companions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candelaria_of_San_Jos%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Candelaria of San José">Susana Paz-Castillo Ramírez</a>, and Maria Isbael Salvat Romero. On 19 September 2010, during his <a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Pope_Benedict_XVI_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="State visit by Pope Benedict XVI to the United Kingdom">visit to the United Kingdom</a>, Benedict personally proclaimed the beatification of <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Beatification-87">[87]</a> Unlike his predecessor, Benedict delegated the beatification liturgical service to a cardinal. On 29 September 2005, the Congregation for the Causes of Saints issued a communiqué announcing that henceforth beatifications would be celebrated by a representative of the pope, usually the prefect of that Congregation.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canonizations">Canonizations</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BentoXVI-43-11052007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/BentoXVI-43-11052007.jpg/220px-BentoXVI-43-11052007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/BentoXVI-43-11052007.jpg/330px-BentoXVI-43-11052007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/BentoXVI-43-11052007.jpg/440px-BentoXVI-43-11052007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2598" data-file-height="1705" /></a><figcaption>Benedict at the canonization of the Brazilian friar <a href="/wiki/Frei_Galv%C3%A3o" title="Frei Galvão">Frei Galvão</a>, 2007</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_saints_canonized_by_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="List of saints canonized by Pope Benedict XVI">List of saints canonized by Pope Benedict XVI</a></div> During his pontificate, Benedict XVI canonized 45 people.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> He celebrated his first canonizations on 23 October 2005 in St. Peter's Square when he canonized <a href="/wiki/Josef_Bilczewski" class="mw-redirect" title="Josef Bilczewski">Josef Bilczewski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Hurtado" title="Alberto Hurtado">Alberto Hurtado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Gorazdowski" title="Zygmunt Gorazdowski">Zygmunt Gorazdowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Catanoso" title="Gaetano Catanoso">Gaetano Catanoso</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Felice_da_Nicosia" class="mw-redirect" title="Felice da Nicosia">Felice da Nicosia</a>. The canonizations were part of a mass that marked the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Synod_of_Bishops" class="mw-redirect" title="General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops">General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Eucharist" title="Year of the Eucharist">Year of the Eucharist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Benedict canonized Bishop <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Gu%C3%ADzar_y_Valencia" title="Rafael Guízar y Valencia">Rafael Guízar y Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Théodore Guérin">Théodore Guérin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Smaldone" title="Filippo Smaldone">Filippo Smaldone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Venerini" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosa Venerini">Rosa Venerini</a> on 15 October 2006. During his visit to Brazil in 2007, Benedict presided over the canonization of <a href="/wiki/Frei_Galv%C3%A3o" title="Frei Galvão">Frei Galvão</a> on 11 May, while <a href="/wiki/George_Preca" title="George Preca">George Preca</a>, founder of the Malta-based <a href="/wiki/MUSEUM" class="mw-redirect" title="MUSEUM">MUSEUM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Szymon_of_Lipnica" title="Szymon of Lipnica">Szymon of Lipnica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Mount_Argus" title="Charles of Mount Argus">Charles of Mount Argus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marie-Eug%C3%A9nie_de_J%C3%A9sus" title="Marie-Eugénie de Jésus">Marie-Eugénie de Jésus</a> were canonized in a ceremony held at the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Vatican</a> on 3 June 2007.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Preca is the first Maltese saint since the country's conversion to Christianity in A.D. 60 when St. Paul converted the inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In October 2008, the following canonizations took place: <a href="/wiki/Alphonsa_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Alphonsa of the Immaculate Conception">Alphonsa of the Immaculate Conception</a> of India,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Errico" title="Gaetano Errico">Gaetano Errico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcisa_de_Jesus_Martillo_Moran" class="mw-redirect" title="Narcisa de Jesus Martillo Moran">Narcisa de Jesus Martillo Moran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Bernarda_B%C3%BCtler" title="Maria Bernarda Bütler">Maria Bernarda Bütler</a>. In April 2009, the Pope canonized <a href="/wiki/Arcangelo_Tadini" title="Arcangelo Tadini">Arcangelo Tadini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Tolomei" title="Bernardo Tolomei">Bernardo Tolomei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuno_%C3%81lvares_Pereira" title="Nuno Álvares Pereira">Nuno Álvares Pereira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geltrude_Comensoli" title="Geltrude Comensoli">Geltrude Comensoli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caterina_Volpicelli" title="Caterina Volpicelli">Caterina Volpicelli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In October of the same year he canonized <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Jugan" title="Jeanne Jugan">Jeanne Jugan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damien_de_Veuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Damien de Veuster">Damien de Veuster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Szcz%C4%99sny_Feli%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Szczęsny Feliński">Zygmunt Szczęsny Feliński</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Coll_Guitart" title="Francisco Coll Guitart">Francisco Coll Guitart</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Arn%C3%A1iz_Bar%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafael Arnáiz Barón">Rafael Arnáiz Barón</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> On 17 October 2010, Benedict canonized <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Bessette" title="André Bessette">André Bessette</a>, a French-Canadian; <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_So%C5%82tys" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanisław Sołtys">Stanisław Sołtys</a>, a 15th-century Polish priest; Italian nuns <a href="/wiki/Giulia_Salzano" title="Giulia Salzano">Giulia Salzano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camilla_Battista_da_Varano" title="Camilla Battista da Varano">Camilla Battista da Varano</a>; Spanish nun <a href="/wiki/Candida_Maria_de_Jesus_Cipitria_y_Barriola" class="mw-redirect" title="Candida Maria de Jesus Cipitria y Barriola">Candida Maria de Jesus Cipitria y Barriola</a>; and the first Australian saint, <a href="/wiki/Mary_MacKillop" title="Mary MacKillop">Mary MacKillop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> On 23 October 2011, he canonized three saints: a Spanish nun <a href="/wiki/Bonifacia_Rodr%C3%ADguez_y_Castro" title="Bonifacia Rodríguez y Castro">Bonifacia Rodríguez y Castro</a>, Italian archbishop <a href="/wiki/Guido_Maria_Conforti" title="Guido Maria Conforti">Guido Maria Conforti</a>, and Italian priest <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Guanella" title="Luigi Guanella">Luigi Guanella</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In December 2011, the Pope formally recognized the validity of the miracles necessary to proceed with the canonizations of <a href="/wiki/Kateri_Tekakwitha" title="Kateri Tekakwitha">Kateri Tekakwitha</a>, who would be the first Native American saint; Marianne Cope, a nun working with <a href="/wiki/Lepers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepers">lepers</a> in what is now the state of Hawaii; <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Piamarta" title="Giovanni Battista Piamarta">Giovanni Battista Piamarta</a>, an Italian priest; <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Berthieu" title="Jacques Berthieu">Jacques Berthieu</a>, a French Jesuit priest and African <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a>; <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Salles_y_Barangueras" title="Carmen Salles y Barangueras">Carmen Salles y Barangueras</a>, a Spanish nun and founder of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Calungsod" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Calungsod">Peter Calungsod</a>, a lay <a href="/wiki/Catechist" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechist">catechist</a> and martyr from the Philippines; and <a href="/wiki/Anna_Sch%C3%A4ffer" title="Anna Schäffer">Anna Schäffer</a>, whose desire to be a missionary was unfulfilled on account of her illness.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> They were canonized on 21 October 2012.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Doctors_of_the_Church">Doctors of the Church</h4></div> On 7 October 2012, Benedict named <a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a> as <a href="/wiki/Doctors_of_the_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctors of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a>, the 34th and 35th individuals so recognized in the history of Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Curia_reform">Curia reform</h3></div> Benedict made only modest changes to the structure of the Roman Curia. In March 2006, he placed both the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Pastoral_Care_of_Migrants_and_Itinerant_Peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Council for Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant Peoples">Pontifical Council for Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant Peoples</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Justice_and_Peace" title="Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace">Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace</a> under a single president, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Renato_Martino" title="Renato Martino">Renato Martino</a>. When Martino retired in 2009, each council received its own president once again. Also in March 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Interreligious_Dialogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue">Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue</a> was briefly merged into the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Culture" title="Pontifical Council for Culture">Pontifical Council for Culture</a> under Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Paul_Poupard" title="Paul Poupard">Paul Poupard</a>. Those Councils maintained their separate officials and staffs while their status and competencies continued unchanged, and in May 2007, Interreligious Dialogue was restored to its separate status again with its own president.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In June 2010, Benedict created the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_the_Promotion_of_the_New_Evangelization" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Council for the Promotion of the New Evangelization">Pontifical Council for the Promotion of the New Evangelization</a>, appointing Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Rino_Fisichella" title="Rino Fisichella">Rino Fisichella</a> its first president.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> On 16 January 2013, the Pope transferred responsibility for <a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">catechesis</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Clergy" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Clergy">Congregation for the Clergy</a> to the Pontifical Council for Promoting the New Evangelization.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teachings">Teachings</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Theology of Pope Benedict XVI">Theology of Pope Benedict XVI</a></div> As pope, one of Benedict's main roles was to teach about the Catholic faith and the solutions to the problems of discerning and living the faith,<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> a role that he could play well as a former head of the Church's Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">(The main points of emphasis of his teachings are stated in more detail in <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Theology of Pope Benedict XVI">Theology of Pope Benedict XVI</a>.) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Friendship_with_Jesus_Christ"">"Friendship with Jesus Christ"</h4></div> After his first <a href="/wiki/Homily" title="Homily">homily</a> as pope, Benedict referred to both Jesus Christ and John Paul II. Citing John Paul II's well-known words, "Do not be afraid! Open wide the doors for Christ!", Benedict said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Are we not perhaps all afraid in some way? If we let Christ enter fully into our lives, if we open ourselves totally to Him, are we not afraid that He might take something away from us? ... And once again the Pope said: No! If we let Christ into our lives, we lose nothing, nothing, absolutely nothing of what makes life free, beautiful, and great. No! Only in this friendship do we experience beauty and liberation. ... When we give ourselves to Him, we receive a hundredfold in return. Yes, open, open wide the doors to Christ – and you will find true life.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></blockquote> "Friendship with Jesus Christ" was a frequent theme of Benedict's preaching.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> He stressed that on this intimate friendship, "everything depends".<a href="#cite_note-JON-109">[109]</a> He also said: "We are all called to open ourselves to this friendship with God ... speaking to Him as to a friend, the only One who can make the world both good and happy ... That is all we have to do is put ourselves at His disposal ... is an extremely important message. It is a message that helps to overcome what can be considered the great temptation of our time: the claim, that after the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>, God withdrew from history."<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Thus, in his book Jesus of Nazareth, his main purpose was "to help foster [in the reader] the growth of a living relationship" with Jesus Christ.<a href="#cite_note-JON-109">[109]</a> He took up this theme in his first encyclical <a href="/wiki/Deus_caritas_est" title="Deus caritas est">Deus caritas est</a>. In his explanation and summary of the encyclical, he stated: "If friendship with God becomes for us something ever more important and decisive, then we will begin to love those whom God loves and who are in need of us. God wants us to be friends of His friends and we can be so, if we are interiorly close to them."<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Thus, he said that prayer is "urgently needed ... It is time to reaffirm the importance of prayer in the face of the activism and the growing secularism of many Christians engaged in charitable work."<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Dictatorship_of_relativism"">"Dictatorship of relativism"</h4></div> Continuing what he said in the pre-conclave Mass about what he often referred to as the "central problem of our faith today",<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> on 6 June 2005, Benedict also said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Today, a particularly insidious obstacle to the task of education is the massive presence in our society and culture of that relativism which, recognising nothing as definitive, leaves as the ultimate criterion only the self with its desires. And under the semblance of freedom it becomes a prison for each one, for it separates people from one another, locking each person into his or her own ego.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></blockquote> Benedict said that "a dictatorship of relativism"<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> was the core challenge facing the Church and humanity. At the root of this problem, he said, is <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>'s "self-limitation of reason". This, he said, is contradictory to the modern acclamation of science whose excellence is based on the power of reason to know the truth. He said that this self-amputation of reason leads to pathologies of religion such as terrorism and pathologies of science such as <a href="/wiki/Ecological_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological disaster">ecological disasters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TT-116">[116]</a> Benedict traced the failed revolutions and violent ideologies of the 20th century to a conversion of partial points of view into absolute guides. He said "Absolutizing what is not absolute but relative is called totalitarianism."<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity_as_religion_according_to_reason">Christianity as religion according to reason</h4></div> In the discussion with <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a>, one of Benedict's basic ideas can be found in his address on the "Crisis of Culture" in the West, a day before Pope John Paul II died, when he referred to Christianity as the "religion of the <a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a>" (the Greek for "word", "reason", "meaning", or "intelligence"). He said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">From the beginning, Christianity has understood itself as the religion of the Logos, as the religion according to reason ... It has always defined men, all men without distinction, as creatures and images of God, proclaiming for them ... the same dignity. In this connection, <a href="/wiki/The_Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="The Enlightenment">the Enlightenment</a> is of Christian origin and it is no accident that it was born precisely and exclusively in the realm of the Christian faith. ... It was and is the merit of the Enlightenment to have again proposed these original values of Christianity and of having given back to reason its own voice ... Today, this should be precisely [Christianity's] philosophical strength, in so far as the problem is whether the world comes from the irrational, and reason is not other than a 'sub-product,' on occasion even harmful of its development – or whether the world comes from reason, and is, as a consequence, its criterion and goal ... In the so necessary dialogue between secularists and Catholics, we Christians must be very careful to remain faithful to this fundamental line: to live a faith that comes from the Logos, from creative reason, and that, because of this, is also open to all that is truly rational.<a href="#cite_note-Zenit05-118">[118]</a></blockquote> Benedict also emphasised that "Only creative reason, which in the crucified God is manifested as love, can really show us the way."<a href="#cite_note-Zenit05-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Encyclicals">Encyclicals</h4></div> Benedict wrote three <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclicals</a>: Deus caritas est (Latin for "God is Love"), <a href="/wiki/Spe_salvi" title="Spe salvi">Spe salvi</a> ("Saved by Hope"), and <a href="/wiki/Caritas_in_veritate" title="Caritas in veritate">Caritas in veritate</a> ("Love in Truth"). In his first encyclical, Deus caritas est, he said that a human being, created in the image of God who is love, can practise love: to give himself to God and others (<a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">agape</a>) by receiving and experiencing God's love in contemplation. This life of love, according to him, is the life of the saints such as <a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Teresa of Calcutta">Teresa of Calcutta</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Blessed Virgin Mary</a>, and is the direction Christians take when they believe that God loves them in Jesus Christ.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The encyclical contains almost 16,000 words in 42 paragraphs. The first half is said to have been written by Benedict in German, his first language, in the summer of 2005; the second half is derived from uncompleted writings left by his predecessor, Pope John Paul II.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The document was signed by Benedict on Christmas Day, 25 December 2005.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The encyclical was promulgated a month later in Latin and was translated into English, French, German, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, and Spanish. It is the first encyclical to be published since the Vatican decided to assert <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> in the official writings of the pope.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Benedict's second encyclical titled Spe Salvi ("Saved by Hope"), about the virtue of <a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">hope</a>, was released on 30 November 2007.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> His third encyclical titled Caritas in veritate ("Love in Truth" or "Charity in Truth"), was signed on 29 June 2009 (the Feast of Sts. Peter and Paul) and released on 7 July 2009.<a href="#cite_note-DonadoNYT-125">[125]</a> In it, the Pope continued the Church's teachings on social justice. He condemned the prevalent economic system "where the pernicious effects of sin are evident," and called on people to rediscover ethics in business and economic relations.<a href="#cite_note-DonadoNYT-125">[125]</a> At the time of his resignation, Benedict had completed a draft of a fourth encyclical entitled <a href="/wiki/Lumen_fidei" title="Lumen fidei">Lumen fidei</a> ("The Light of Faith"),<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> intended to accompany his first two encyclicals to complete a trilogy on the three <a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">theological virtues</a> of <a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">faith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hope_(virtue)" title="Hope (virtue)">hope</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charity_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity (virtue)">love</a>. Benedict's successor, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a>, completed and published Lumen Fidei in June 2013, four months after Benedict's retirement and Francis's succession. Although the encyclical is officially the work of Francis, paragraph 7 of the encyclical explicitly expresses Francis's debt to Benedict: "These considerations on faith – in continuity with all that the Church's <a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">magisterium</a> has pronounced on this theological virtue – are meant to supplement what Benedict XVI had written in his encyclical letters on charity and hope. He himself had almost completed a first draft of an encyclical on faith. For this I am deeply grateful to him, and as his brother in Christ I have taken up his fine work and added a few contributions of my own."<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-synodal_apostolic_exhortation">Post-synodal apostolic exhortation</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Sacramentum_caritatis" title="Sacramentum caritatis">Sacramentum caritatis</a> (The Sacrament of Charity), signed 22 February 2007, was released in Latin, Italian, English, French, German, Portuguese, Spanish, and Polish. It was made available in various languages on 13 March 2007 in Rome. The English edition of Libera Editrice Vaticana is 158 pages. This <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_exhortation" title="Apostolic exhortation">apostolic exhortation</a> "seeks to take up the richness and variety of the reflections and proposals which emerged from the Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops" which was held in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Motu_proprio_on_Tridentine_Mass">Motu proprio on Tridentine Mass</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Summorum_Pontificum" title="Summorum Pontificum">Summorum Pontificum</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unchurch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Unchurch.jpg/170px-Unchurch.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Unchurch.jpg/255px-Unchurch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Unchurch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>An altar set for the <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Latin_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Latin Mass">Traditional Latin Mass</a></figcaption></figure> On 7 July 2007, Benedict issued the <a href="/wiki/Motu_proprio" title="Motu proprio">motu proprio</a> Summorum Pontificum, declaring that upon "the request of the faithful", the celebration of <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/1962_missal" class="mw-redirect" title="1962 missal">Missal of 1962</a> (of the <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a>), was to be more easily permitted. Stable groups who previously had to petition their bishop to have a Tridentine Mass may now merely request permission from their local priest.<a href="#cite_note-Afica_Latin-129">[129]</a> While Summorum Pontificum directs that pastors should provide the Tridentine Mass upon the requests of the faithful, it also allows for any qualified priest to offer private celebrations of the Tridentine Mass, to which the faithful may be admitted if they wish.<a href="#cite_note-letter_Motu-130">[130]</a> For regularly scheduled public celebrations of the Tridentine Mass, the permission of the priest in charge of the church is required.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In an accompanying letter, the Pope outlined his position concerning questions about the new guidelines.<a href="#cite_note-letter_Motu-130">[130]</a> As there were fears that the move would entail a reversal of the Second Vatican Council,<a href="#cite_note-Jason-132">[132]</a> Benedict emphasised that the Tridentine Mass would not detract from the council and that the <a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Mass of Paul VI</a> would still be the norm and priests were not permitted to refuse to say the Mass in that form. He pointed out that the use of Tridentine Mass "was never juridically abrogated and, consequently, in principle, was always permitted."<a href="#cite_note-letter_Motu-130">[130]</a> The letter also decried "deformations of the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> ... because in many places celebrations were not faithful to the prescriptions of the new Missal" as the Second Vatican Council was wrongly seen "as authorising or even requiring creativity", mentioning his own experience.<a href="#cite_note-letter_Motu-130">[130]</a> The Pope considered that allowing the Tridentine Mass to those who request it was a means to prevent or heal <a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">schism</a>, stating that, on occasions in history, "not enough was done by the Church's leaders to maintain or regain reconciliation and unity" and that this "imposes an obligation on us today: to make every effort to enable for all those who truly desire unity to remain in that unity or to attain it anew."<a href="#cite_note-letter_Motu-130">[130]</a> Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Dar%C3%ADo_Castrill%C3%B3n_Hoyos" title="Darío Castrillón Hoyos">Darío Castrillón Hoyos</a>, the president of the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_Ecclesia_Dei" title="Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei">Pontifical Commission established to facilitate full ecclesial communion of those associated with that Society</a>,<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> stated that the decree "opened the door for their return". Bishop <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Fellay" title="Bernard Fellay">Bernard Fellay</a>, superior general of the SSPX, expressed "deep gratitude to the Sovereign Pontiff for this great spiritual benefit".<a href="#cite_note-Afica_Latin-129">[129]</a> In July 2021, Pope Francis issued the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_letter#Letters_of_the_popes_in_modern_times" title="Ecclesiastical letter">apostolic letter</a> titled <a href="/wiki/Traditionis_custodes" title="Traditionis custodes">Traditionis custodes</a>, which substantially reversed the decision of Benedict XVI in Summorum Pontificum and imposed new and broad restrictions on the use of the <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Latin_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Latin Mass">Traditional Latin Mass</a>. The decision was controversial and widely criticized by conservative and <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist Catholics">traditionalist Catholics</a> as lacking in charity and an attack on those attached to the liturgical patrimony of the Church.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unicity_and_salvific_universality_of_the_Catholic_Church">Unicity and salvific universality of the Catholic Church</h4></div> Near the end of June 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a> issued a document approved by Benedict XVI "because some contemporary theological interpretations of <a href="/wiki/Vatican_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican II">Vatican II</a>'s ecumenical intent had been 'erroneous or ambiguous' and had prompted confusion and doubt." The document has been seen as restating "key sections of a 2000 text the pope wrote when he was prefect of the congregation, Dominus Iesus."<a href="#cite_note-Winfield-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consumerism">Consumerism</h4></div> Benedict condemned excessive <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a>, especially among youth. He stated in December 2007 that "[A]dolescents, youths and even children are easy victims of the corruption of love, deceived by unscrupulous adults who, lying to themselves and to them, draw them into the dead-end streets of consumerism."<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> In June 2009, he blamed outsourcing for the greater availability of consumer goods which lead to the downsizing of <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a> systems.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI_and_ecumenism" title="Pope Benedict XVI and ecumenism">Pope Benedict XVI and ecumenism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_Benedict_XVI_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Pope_Benedict_XVI_1.jpg/220px-Pope_Benedict_XVI_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Pope_Benedict_XVI_1.jpg/330px-Pope_Benedict_XVI_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Pope_Benedict_XVI_1.jpg/440px-Pope_Benedict_XVI_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Benedict on a throne in the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a> in the Vatican, 2011</figcaption></figure> Speaking at his weekly audience in St. Peter's Square on 7 June 2006, Benedict asserted that Jesus himself had entrusted the leadership of the Church to his apostle <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a>. "Peter's responsibility thus consists of guaranteeing the communion with Christ. Let us pray so that the <a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">primacy of Peter</a>, entrusted to poor human beings, may always be exercised in this original sense desired by the Lord, so that it will be increasingly recognised in its true meaning by brothers who are still not in <a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">communion</a> with us."<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Also in 2006, Benedict met the <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Rowan Williams</a>. In their Common Declaration, they highlighted the previous 40 years of dialogue between Catholics and Anglicans while also acknowledging "serious obstacles to our ecumenical progress".<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> On 4 November 2009, in response to a 2007 petition by the <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Anglican_Church" title="Traditional Anglican Church">Traditional Anglican Church</a>, Benedict issued the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_constitution" title="Apostolic constitution">apostolic constitution</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglicanorum_coetibus" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicanorum coetibus">Anglicanorum coetibus</a>, which authorized the creation of "<a href="/wiki/Personal_ordinariate" title="Personal ordinariate">Personal Ordinariates for Anglicans entering into full communion</a>."<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Between 2011 and 2012, three ordinariates were erected, currently totalling 9090 members, 194 priests, and 94 parishes.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interfaith_dialogue">Interfaith dialogue</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judaism">Judaism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI_and_Judaism" title="Pope Benedict XVI and Judaism">Pope Benedict XVI and Judaism</a></div> When Benedict ascended to the papacy, his election was welcomed by the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> who noted "his great sensitivity to Jewish history and the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>".<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> However, his election received a more reserved response from <a href="/wiki/British_Chief_Rabbi" class="mw-redirect" title="British Chief Rabbi">British Chief Rabbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Sacks">Jonathan Sacks</a>, who hoped that Benedict would "continue along the path of Pope John XXIII and Pope John Paul II in working to enhance relations with the Jewish people and the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a>."<a href="#cite_note-BBC4462503-147">[147]</a> Israeli foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Silvan_Shalom" title="Silvan Shalom">Silvan Shalom</a> also offered tentative praise, though Shalom believed that "this Pope, considering his historical experience, will be especially committed to an uncompromising fight against <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a>."<a href="#cite_note-BBC4462503-147">[147]</a> Critics have accused Benedict's papacy of insensitivity towards Judaism. The two most prominent instances were the expansion of the use of the Tridentine Mass and the lifting of the <a href="/wiki/Excommunication_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excommunication (Catholic Church)">excommunication</a> on four bishops from the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_St._Pius_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of St. Pius X">Society of St. Pius X</a> (SSPX). In the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a> service, the Tridentine Mass <a href="/wiki/Rubric" title="Rubric">rubrics</a> include a prayer that asks God to lift the veil so they [Jews] may be delivered from their darkness. This prayer has historically been contentious in <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaic-Catholic relations</a> and several groups saw the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_prayer_for_the_Jews#Debate_after_the_Summorum_Pontificum_motu_proprio" title="Good Friday prayer for the Jews">restoration of the Tridentine Mass as problematic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tomorrow-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Among those whose excommunications were lifted was Bishop <a href="/wiki/Richard_Williamson_(bishop)" title="Richard Williamson (bishop)">Richard Williamson</a>, an outspoken <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism#Negationism_and_denial" title="Historical revisionism">historical revisionist</a> sometimes interpreted as a <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denier" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust denier">Holocaust denier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> The lifting of his excommunication led critics to charge that the Pope was condoning his historical revisionist views.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI_and_Islam" title="Pope Benedict XVI and Islam">Pope Benedict XVI and Islam</a></div> Benedict's relations with Islam were strained at times. On 12 September 2006, he delivered <a href="/wiki/Regensburg_lecture" title="Regensburg lecture">a lecture which touched on Islam at the University of Regensburg</a> in Germany. He had served there as a professor of theology before becoming Pope, and his lecture was entitled "Faith, Reason and the University – Memories and Reflections". The lecture received much attention from political and religious authorities. Many <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic politicians and religious leaders</a> registered their protest against what they labelled an insulting mischaracterization of Islam, although his focus was aimed towards the rationality of religious violence, and its effect on the religion.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC1-159">[159]</a> Muslims were particularly offended by a passage that the Pope quoted in his speech: "Show me just what Muhammad brought that was new and there you will find things only evil and inhuman, such as his command to spread by the sword the faith he preached."<a href="#cite_note-BBC1-159">[159]</a> The passage originally appeared in the Dialogue Held with a Certain Persian, the Worthy Mouterizes, in Anakara of Galatia<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> written in 1391 as an expression of the views of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaeologus" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel II Palaeologus">Manuel II Palaeologus</a>, one of the last Christian rulers before the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a> to the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, on such issues as <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">forced conversion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy war">holy war</a>, and the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a>. According to the German text, the Pope's original comment was that the emperor "addresses his interlocutor in an astoundingly harsh – to us surprisingly harsh – way" (wendet er sich in erstaunlich schroffer, uns überraschend schroffer Form).<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Benedict apologized for any offence he had caused and made a point of visiting <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, a predominantly Muslim country, and praying in its <a href="/wiki/Blue_Mosque,_Istanbul" title="Blue Mosque, Istanbul">Blue Mosque</a>. Benedict planned on 5 March 2008, to meet with Muslim scholars and religious leaders autumn 2008 at a Catholic-Muslim seminar in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> That meeting, the "First Meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic-Muslim_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic-Muslim Forum">Catholic-Muslim Forum</a>," was held from 4–6 November 2008.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> On 9 May 2009, Benedict visited the King Hussein Mosque in <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, Jordan where he was addressed by <a href="/wiki/Prince_Ghazi_bin_Muhammad" title="Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad">Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Signs_of_Hope-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> congratulated Benedict XVI upon his election,<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> and visited him in October 2006 in Vatican City. In 2007, the People's Republic of China was accused of using its political influence to stop a meeting between the Pope and the Dalai Lama.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indigenous_American_beliefs">Indigenous American beliefs</h4></div> While visiting Brazil in May 2007, "the pope sparked controversy by saying that native populations had been 'silently longing' for the Christian faith brought to South America by colonizers."<a href="#cite_note-softenc-167">[167]</a> The Pope continued, stating that "the proclamation of Jesus and of his Gospel did not at any point involve an alienation of the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-Columbus</a> cultures, nor was it the imposition of a foreign culture."<a href="#cite_note-softenc-167">[167]</a> Venezuelan president <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> demanded an apology, and an indigenous organization in Ecuador issued a response which stated that "representatives of the Catholic Church of those times, with honourable exceptions, were accomplices, deceivers and beneficiaries of one of the most horrific genocides of all humanity."<a href="#cite_note-softenc-167">[167]</a> Later, the Pope, speaking Italian, said at a weekly audience that it was "not possible to forget the suffering and the injustices inflicted by colonizers against the indigenous population, whose fundamental human rights were often trampled" but made no apology.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h4></div> While visiting the United States on 17 April 2008, Benedict met with <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">International Society for Krishna Consciousness</a> representative <a href="/wiki/Radhika_Ramana_Dasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Radhika Ramana Dasa">Radhika Ramana Dasa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> a noted <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> scholar<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> and disciple of Hanumatpreshaka Swami.<a href="#cite_note-Faculty-171">[171]</a> On behalf of the Hindu American community, Radhika Ramana Dasa presented a gift of an <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a> symbol to Benedict.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pastoral_visits_and_security">Pastoral visits and security</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_pastoral_visits_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="List of pastoral visits of Pope Benedict XVI">List of pastoral visits of Pope Benedict XVI</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Popemobil_Mai_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Popemobil_Mai_2007.jpg/220px-Popemobil_Mai_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Popemobil_Mai_2007.jpg/330px-Popemobil_Mai_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Popemobil_Mai_2007.jpg/440px-Popemobil_Mai_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>Benedict in a <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a> popemobile, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, Brazil, 2007</figcaption></figure> As pontiff, Benedict carried out numerous Apostolic activities, including journeys in Italy and across the world. Benedict travelled extensively during the first three years of his papacy. In addition to his travels within Italy, he made two visits to his homeland, Germany, one for <a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> and another to visit the towns of his childhood. He also visited Poland and Spain, where he was enthusiastically received.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> His visit to Turkey, an overwhelmingly Muslim nation, was initially overshadowed by the controversy about a lecture he had given at Regensburg. His visit was met by nationalist and Islamic protesters<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> and was placed under unprecedented security measures.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Benedict made a joint declaration with <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_Bartholomew_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I">Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I</a> in an attempt to begin to heal the rift between the Catholic and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> churches.<a href="#cite_note-:5-177">[177]</a> In 2007, Benedict visited Brazil to address the Bishops' Conference there and canonize Friar Antônio Galvão, an 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a>. In June 2007, Benedict made a personal <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> and pastoral visit to <a href="/wiki/Assisi" title="Assisi">Assisi</a>, the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_of_Assisi" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Francis of Assisi">St. Francis</a>. In September, Benedict undertook a three-day visit to Austria,<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> during which he joined Vienna's <a href="/wiki/Chief_rabbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief rabbi">chief rabbi</a>, Paul Chaim Eisenberg, in a memorial to the 65,000 <a href="/wiki/Viennese_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Viennese Jews">Viennese Jews</a> who perished in Nazi death camps.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> During his stay in Austria, he also celebrated Mass at the Marian shrine <a href="/wiki/Mariazell" title="Mariazell">Mariazell</a> and visited <a href="/wiki/Heiligenkreuz_Abbey" title="Heiligenkreuz Abbey">Heiligenkreuz Abbey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush_and_Mrs._Laura_Bush_celebrate_the_81st_Birthday_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/President_George_W._Bush_and_Mrs._Laura_Bush_celebrate_the_81st_Birthday_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI.jpg/260px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Mrs._Laura_Bush_celebrate_the_81st_Birthday_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/President_George_W._Bush_and_Mrs._Laura_Bush_celebrate_the_81st_Birthday_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI.jpg/390px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Mrs._Laura_Bush_celebrate_the_81st_Birthday_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/President_George_W._Bush_and_Mrs._Laura_Bush_celebrate_the_81st_Birthday_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI.jpg/520px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Mrs._Laura_Bush_celebrate_the_81st_Birthday_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Benedict celebrates his 81st birthday with US president <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and First Lady <a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a> at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> in Washington, D.C., 2008</figcaption></figure> In April 2008, Benedict made his <a href="/wiki/2008_visit_by_Pope_Benedict_XVI_to_the_United_States" title="2008 visit by Pope Benedict XVI to the United States">first visit to the United States</a> since becoming pope.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> He arrived in Washington, D.C., where he was formally received at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_meetings_between_the_pope_and_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of meetings between the pope and the president of the United States">met privately</a> with US president <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> While in Washington, the pope addressed representatives of US Catholic universities, met with leaders of other world religions, and celebrated Mass at the Washington Nationals' <a href="/wiki/Nationals_Park" title="Nationals Park">baseball stadium</a> with 47,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> The Pope also met privately with victims of sexual abuse by priests. The Pope travelled to New York City where he addressed the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Also while in New York, the Pope celebrated Mass at <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_(Midtown_Manhattan)" title="St. Patrick's Cathedral (Midtown Manhattan)">St. Patrick's Cathedral</a>, met with disabled children and their families, and attended an event for Catholic youth, where he addressed some 25,000 young people in attendance.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> On the final day of the Pope's visit, he visited the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site" title="World Trade Center site">World Trade Center site</a> and later celebrated Mass at <a href="/wiki/Yankee_Stadium_(1923)" title="Yankee Stadium (1923)">Yankee Stadium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> In July 2008, the Pope travelled to Australia to attend <a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008" title="World Youth Day 2008">World Youth Day 2008</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>. On 19 July, in <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Sydney" title="St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney">St. Mary's Cathedral</a>, he made an apology for child sex abuse perpetrated by the clergy in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> On 13 September 2008, at an outdoor Paris Mass attended by 250,000 people, Benedict condemned the modern <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a> – the world's love of power, possessions, and money as a modern-day plague, comparing it to <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">paganism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> In 2009, he visited Africa (<a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>) for the first time as pope. During his visit, he suggested that altering sexual behaviour was the answer to <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in Africa">Africa's AIDS crisis</a> and urged Catholics to reach out and convert believers in <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">sorcery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> He visited the Middle East (<a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, Israel, and <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>) in May 2009. Benedict's main arena for pastoral activity was the Vatican itself, his Christmas and Easter homilies and Urbi et Orbi were delivered from <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>. The Vatican is also the only regular place where Benedict travelled via motor without the protective bulletproof case common to most popemobiles. Despite the more secure setting, Benedict was victim to security risks several times inside Vatican City. On Wednesday, 6 June 2007, during his General Audience, a man leapt across a barrier, evaded guards, and nearly mounted the Pope's vehicle, although he was stopped and Benedict seemed to be unaware of the event. On Thursday, 24 December 2009, while Benedict was proceeding to the altar to celebrate Christmas Eve Mass at St. Peter's Basilica, a woman later identified as 25-year-old <a href="/wiki/Susanna_Maiolo" title="Susanna Maiolo">Susanna Maiolo</a>, who holds Italian and Swiss citizenship, jumped the barrier and grabbed the Pope by his <a href="/wiki/Papal_vestments" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal vestments">vestments</a> and pulled him to the ground. The 82-year-old Benedict fell but was assisted to his feet and he continued to proceed toward the altar to celebrate Mass. <a href="/wiki/Roger_Etchegaray" title="Roger Etchegaray">Roger Etchegaray</a>, the vice-dean of the College of Cardinals, fell as well and suffered a hip fracture. Italian police reported that Maiolo had in a prior action attempted to accost Benedict at the previous Christmas Eve Mass, but was prevented from doing so.<a href="#cite_note-USAToday-PopeOK-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_Benedict_XVI_in_Malta.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pope_Benedict_XVI_in_Malta.JPG/220px-Pope_Benedict_XVI_in_Malta.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pope_Benedict_XVI_in_Malta.JPG/330px-Pope_Benedict_XVI_in_Malta.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pope_Benedict_XVI_in_Malta.JPG/440px-Pope_Benedict_XVI_in_Malta.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3738" data-file-height="1769" /></a><figcaption>Benedict in <a href="/wiki/Balzan" title="Balzan">Balzan</a>, Malta, 2010</figcaption></figure> In his homily, Benedict forgave Susanna Maiolo<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> and urged the world to "wake up" from selfishness and petty affairs, and find time for God and spiritual matters.<a href="#cite_note-USAToday-PopeOK-192">[192]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_Benedict_XVI_in_Zagreb_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Pope_Benedict_XVI_in_Zagreb_04.jpg/220px-Pope_Benedict_XVI_in_Zagreb_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Pope_Benedict_XVI_in_Zagreb_04.jpg/330px-Pope_Benedict_XVI_in_Zagreb_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Pope_Benedict_XVI_in_Zagreb_04.jpg/440px-Pope_Benedict_XVI_in_Zagreb_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption>Benedict in <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, Croatia, 2011</figcaption></figure> Between 17 and 18 April 2010, Benedict made an Apostolic Journey to the Republic of Malta. Following meetings with various dignitaries on his first day on the island, 50,000 people gathered in a <a href="/wiki/Drizzle" title="Drizzle">drizzle</a> for Papal Mass on the granaries in <a href="/wiki/Floriana" title="Floriana">Floriana</a>. The Pope also met with the <a href="/wiki/Maltese_people" title="Maltese people">Maltese</a> youth at the <a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a> Waterfront, where an estimated 10,000 young people turned up to greet him.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_abuse_in_the_Catholic_Church">Sexual abuse in the Catholic Church</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Catholic Church sexual abuse cases</a></div> Prior to 2001, the primary responsibility for investigating allegations of sexual abuse and disciplining perpetrators rested with the individual dioceses. In 2001, Ratzinger convinced John Paul II to put the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith in charge of all sexual abuse investigations.<a href="#cite_note-times-7086738-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-ncr-maciel-197">[197]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/John_L._Allen_Jr." title="John L. Allen Jr.">John L. Allen Jr.</a>, Ratzinger in the following years "acquired a familiarity with the contours of the problem that virtually no other figure in the Catholic Church can claim. Driven by that encounter with what he would later refer to as 'filth' in the Church, Ratzinger seems to have undergone something of a 'conversion experience' throughout 2003–04. From that point forward, he and his staff seemed driven by a convert's zeal to clean up the mess."<a href="#cite_note-ncr-1-198">[198]</a> Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Nichols" title="Vincent Nichols">Vincent Nichols</a> wrote that in his role as head of the CDF "[Ratzinger] led important changes made in church law: the inclusion in canon law of internet offences against children, the extension of child abuse offences to include the sexual abuse of all under 18, the case by case waiving of the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_limitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute of limitation">statute of limitation</a> and the establishment of a fast-track dismissal from the clerical state for offenders."<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Scicluna" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles J. Scicluna">Charles J. Scicluna</a>, a former prosecutor handling sexual abuse cases, "Cardinal Ratzinger displayed great wisdom and firmness in handling those cases, also demonstrating great courage in facing some of the most difficult and thorny cases, sine acceptione personarum [without respect of persons]".<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> According to Cardinal Christoph Schönborn, Ratzinger "made entirely clear efforts not to cover things up but to tackle and investigate them. This was not always met with approval in the Vatican".<a href="#cite_note-times-7086738-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Ratzinger had pressed John Paul II to investigate <a href="/wiki/Hans_Hermann_Gro%C3%ABr" title="Hans Hermann Groër">Hans Hermann Groër</a>, an Austrian cardinal and friend of John Paul accused of sexual abuse, which resulted in Groër's resignation.<a href="#cite_note-independent-johnpaul-202">[202]</a> In March 2010, Benedict sent a pastoral letter to the Catholic Church in Ireland addressing cases of sexual abuse by priests of minors, expressing sorrow and promising changes in the way in which accusations of abuse were addressed.<a href="#cite_note-vatican.va-203">[203]</a> Victims' groups claimed the letter failed to clarify if secular law enforcement had priority over canon law confidentiality regarding internal investigation of abuse allegations.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> The Pope then promised to introduce measures that would "safeguard young people in the future" and "bring to justice" priests who were responsible for abuse and the next month the Vatican issued guidelines on how existing church law should be implemented. The guidelines asserted that "Civil law concerning reporting of crimes ... should always be followed."<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="As_Archbishop_of_Munich_and_Freising">As Archbishop of Munich and Freising</h4></div> Despite being more proactive than his predecessor in addressing sexual abuse, Benedict was nonetheless cited as failing to do so on more than one occasion. In January 2022, a report written by German law firm Westpfahl Spilker Wastl and commissioned by the Catholic Church concluded that Cardinal Ratzinger failed to adequately take action against clerics in four cases of alleged abuse while he was Archbishop of Munich and Freising from 1977 to 1982. The pope emeritus denied the accusations.<a href="#cite_note-:1-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> Benedict corrected his former statement that he had not been at a meeting of the ordinariate of the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Munich_and_Freising" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Munich and Freising">Archdiocese of Munich and Freising</a> in January 1980, saying he mistakenly told German investigators he was not there. However, the error was "not done out of bad faith", but "the result of an error in the editorial processing" of his statement. According to <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>, lawyer Martin Pusch said that "in a total of four cases, we have come to the conclusion that the then Archbishop Cardinal Ratzinger can be accused of misconduct in cases of sexual abuse."<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> In February 2022, Benedict admitted that errors were made in the treating of sexual abuse cases when he was Archbishop of Munich. According to the letter released by the Vatican, he asked forgiveness for any "grievous fault" but denied personal wrongdoing. Benedict stated: "I have had great responsibilities in the Catholic Church. All the greater is my pain for the abuses and the errors that occurred in those different places during the time of my mandate."<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> Public prosecutor's office in Munich had begun investigations as a result of the 2022 report against both Benedict and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wetter" title="Friedrich Wetter">Cardinal Friedrich Wetter</a>. The investigation was "discontinued" in March 2023 after it "did not reveal sufficient suspicion of criminal activity". The case of the investigation "was not acts of abuse committed by the Church personnel managers themselves, but possible acts of aiding and abetting by active action or omission".<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legion_of_Christ_founder_Marcial_Maciel">Legion of Christ founder Marcial Maciel</h4></div> One of the cases Ratzinger pursued involved <a href="/wiki/Marcial_Maciel" title="Marcial Maciel">Marcial Maciel</a>, a Mexican priest and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries of Christ</a> who had been accused repeatedly of sexual abuse. Biographer Andrea Tornielli suggested that Cardinal Ratzinger had wanted to take action against Maciel but that John Paul II and other high-ranking officials, including several cardinals and the Pope's influential secretary <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Dziwisz" title="Stanisław Dziwisz">Stanisław Dziwisz</a>, prevented him from doing so.<a href="#cite_note-ncr-maciel-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-independent-johnpaul-202">[202]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Jason_Berry" title="Jason Berry">Jason Berry</a>, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Sodano" title="Angelo Sodano">Angelo Sodano</a> "pressured" Ratzinger, who was "operating on the assumption that the charges were not justified", to halt the proceedings against Maciel in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-nationalcatholicreporter.org-216">[216]</a> When Maciel was honoured by the Pope in 2004, new accusers came forward<a href="#cite_note-nationalcatholicreporter.org-216">[216]</a> and Cardinal Ratzinger "took it on himself to authorize an investigation of Maciel".<a href="#cite_note-ncr-maciel-197">[197]</a> After Ratzinger became pope, he began proceedings against Maciel and the Legion of Christ that forced Maciel out of active service in the Church.<a href="#cite_note-times-7086738-196">[196]</a> On 1 May 2010, the Vatican issued a statement denouncing "the most serious and objectively immoral behaviour of Father Maciel, confirmed by incontrovertible witnesses, which amount to true crimes and show a life deprived of scruples and authentic religious feeling."<a href="#cite_note-nyt1-217">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theodore_McCarrick_controversy">Theodore McCarrick controversy</h4></div> In November 2020, the Vatican published a report blaming Popes John Paul II and Benedict XVI for allowing defrocked former cardinal <a href="/wiki/Theodore_McCarrick" title="Theodore McCarrick">Theodore McCarrick</a> to rise in power despite the fact that they both knew of sex abuse allegations against him.<a href="#cite_note-benedictblame-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-tedpublic-219">[219]</a> Despite the fact that Benedict pressured McCarrick to resign as Archbishop of Washington D.C. in 2006, McCarrick remained very active in ministry throughout Benedict's papacy and even made a very public appearance when he presided over US senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a>'s burial service at Arlington National Cemetery in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-benedictblame-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-tedpublic-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-papacy">Post-papacy</h4></div> In 2019, Benedict released a 6,000-word letter that attributed the Church's sexual abuse crisis to an erosion of morality driven by <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularization</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">sexual revolution of the 1960s</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2019letter-221">[221]</a> The letter was in sharp contrast to the viewpoint of his successor, Francis, who saw the issue as a byproduct of abuses of power within the Church's hierarchical structure.<a href="#cite_note-2019letter-221">[221]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> later reported that "given his frail health at the time, however, many church watchers questioned whether Benedict had indeed written the letter or had been manipulated to issue it as a way to undercut Francis."<a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-222">[222]</a> Upon Benedict's death, his efforts to combat sexual abuse in the Church were remembered with mixed reactions, in particular by victims' groups. Francesco Zanardi, founder of the Italian victims' group Rete l'Abuso stated that "Ratzinger was less communicative than Francis but he moved" in the right direction, and that he was the first pontiff to effectively do so.<a href="#cite_note-:2-223">[223]</a> Anne Barrett Doyle, a co-director of BishopAccountability.org, an advocacy and research group, said that Benedict would be "remembered chiefly for his failure to achieve what should have been his job one: to rectify the incalculable harm done to the hundreds of thousands of children sexually abused by Catholic priests."<a href="#cite_note-:2-223">[223]</a> She stated that his tenure had "left hundreds of culpable bishops in power and a culture of secrecy intact," while the <a href="/wiki/Survivors_Network_of_those_Abused_by_Priests" title="Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests">Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests</a> said in a statement that "Benedict was more concerned about the church's deteriorating image and financial flow to the hierarchy versus grasping the concept of true apologies followed by true amends to victims of abuse".<a href="#cite_note-:2-223">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attire">Attire</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_of_Benedict_XVI" title="Ceremonial of Benedict XVI">Ceremonial of Benedict XVI</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benedikt_XVI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Benedikt_XVI.jpg/220px-Benedikt_XVI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Benedikt_XVI.jpg/330px-Benedikt_XVI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Benedikt_XVI.jpg/440px-Benedikt_XVI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Benedict wearing a red <a href="/wiki/Cappello_romano" title="Cappello romano">Cappello romano</a> during an open-air Mass in front of <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, 2007</figcaption></figure> Benedict re-introduced several <a href="/wiki/Papal_garments" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal garments">papal garments</a> which had fallen into disuse. He resumed the use of the traditional red <a href="/wiki/Papal_shoes" title="Papal shoes">papal shoes</a>, which had been used since Roman times by popes but which had fallen into disuse during the pontificate of John Paul II. Contrary to the initial speculation of the press that the shoes had been made by the Italian fashion house <a href="/wiki/Prada" title="Prada">Prada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> announced that the shoes were provided by the Pope's personal shoemaker.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ-224">[224]</a> The journalist Charlotte Allen described Benedict as "the pope of aesthetics": "He has reminded a world that looks increasingly ugly and debased that there is such a thing as the beautiful – whether it's embodied in a sonata or an altarpiece or an embroidered cope or the cut of a cassock – and that earthly beauty ultimately communicates a beauty that is beyond earthly things."<a href="#cite_note-latimes1-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> Prior to his election as pope in 2005, Ratzinger had hoped to retire – on account of age-related health problems, a long-held desire to have free time to write, and the retirement age for bishops (75) – and submitted his resignation as Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith three times, but continued at his post in obedience to the wishes of John Paul II. In September 1991, Ratzinger suffered a haemorrhagic stroke, which slightly impaired his eyesight temporarily but from which he recovered completely.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> This was never officially made public – the official news was that he had fallen and struck his head against a radiator – but was an open secret known to the conclave that elected him pope.<a href="#cite_note-op-online.de-226">[226]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BentoXVI-29-10052007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/BentoXVI-29-10052007.jpg/170px-BentoXVI-29-10052007.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="415" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/BentoXVI-29-10052007.jpg/255px-BentoXVI-29-10052007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/BentoXVI-29-10052007.jpg/340px-BentoXVI-29-10052007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="1602" /></a><figcaption>Benedict in <a href="/wiki/Choir_dress" title="Choir dress">choir dress</a> with the red summer <a href="/wiki/Papal_mozzetta" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal mozzetta">papal mozzetta</a>, embroidered red <a href="/wiki/Stole_(vestment)" title="Stole (vestment)">stole</a>, and the red <a href="/wiki/Papal_shoes" title="Papal shoes">papal shoes</a></figcaption></figure> Following his election in April 2005 there were several rumours about the Pope's health, but none of them were confirmed. Early in his pontificate Benedict predicted a short reign, which led to concerns about his health.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> In May 2005 the Vatican announced that he had suffered another mild stroke. French cardinal <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Barbarin" title="Philippe Barbarin">Philippe Barbarin</a> said that since the first stroke Ratzinger had been suffering from an age-related heart condition, for which he was on medication. In late November 2006 Vatican insiders told the international press that the Pope had had a routine examination of the heart.<a href="#cite_note-op-online.de-226">[226]</a> A few days later an unconfirmed rumour emerged that Benedict had undergone an operation in preparation for an eventual bypass operation, but this rumour was only published by a small left-wing Italian newspaper and was never confirmed by any Vatican insider.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> On 17 July 2009, Benedict was hospitalized after falling and breaking his right wrist while on vacation in the Alps; his injuries were reported to be minor.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Following the announcement of his resignation, the Vatican revealed that Benedict had been fitted with a <a href="/wiki/Pacemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacemaker">pacemaker</a> while he was still a cardinal, before his election as pope in 2005. The battery in the pacemaker had been replaced three months earlier, a routine procedure, but that did not influence his decision.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resignation">Resignation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Resignation_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI">Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benedict_XVI%27s_Last_Audience.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Benedict_XVI%27s_Last_Audience.jpg/220px-Benedict_XVI%27s_Last_Audience.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Benedict_XVI%27s_Last_Audience.jpg/330px-Benedict_XVI%27s_Last_Audience.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Benedict_XVI%27s_Last_Audience.jpg/440px-Benedict_XVI%27s_Last_Audience.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption>Benedict in a <a href="/wiki/Popemobile" title="Popemobile">popemobile</a> at his final Wednesday General Audience in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">St. Peter's Square</a>, 27 February 2013</figcaption></figure> On 11 February 2013, the Vatican confirmed that Benedict would <a href="/wiki/Papal_resignation" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal resignation">resign the papacy</a> on 28 February 2013, as a result of his advanced age,<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> becoming the first pope to resign since <a href="/wiki/Gregory_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory XII">Gregory XII</a> in 1415.<a href="#cite_note-resignCNN-232">[232]</a> At the age of 85 years and 318 days on the effective date of his retirement, he was the fourth-oldest person to hold the office of pope. The move was unexpected,<a href="#cite_note-BBCresign1-233">[233]</a> as all popes in modern times had held office until death. Benedict was the first pope to resign without external pressure since <a href="/wiki/Celestine_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestine V">Celestine V</a> in 1294.<a href="#cite_note-FTstepDown-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> In his declaration of 10 February 2013, Benedict resigned as "Bishop of Rome, Successor of Saint Peter".<a href="#cite_note-resignation-declaration-236">[236]</a> In a statement, he cited his deteriorating strength and the physical and mental demands of the papacy;<a href="#cite_note-VatRadio_resign-237">[237]</a> addressing his cardinals in Latin, he gave a brief statement announcing his resignation. He also declared that he would continue to serve the Church "through a life dedicated to prayer".<a href="#cite_note-VatRadio_resign-237">[237]</a> According to a statement from the Vatican, the timing of the resignation was not caused by any specific illness but was to "avoid that exhausting rush of Easter engagements".<a href="#cite_note-Descrier_resign-238">[238]</a> After two weeks of ceremonial farewells, the Pope left office at the appointed time and <a href="/wiki/Sede_vacante" title="Sede vacante">sede vacante</a> was declared. Benedict was succeeded by Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Mario_Bergoglio" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorge Mario Bergoglio">Jorge Mario Bergoglio</a>, who took the papal name of Francis on 13 March 2013. On the eve of the first anniversary of Benedict's resignation he wrote to <a href="/wiki/La_Stampa" title="La Stampa">La Stampa</a> to deny speculation he had been forced to step down. "There isn't the slightest doubt about the validity of my resignation from the Petrine ministry," he wrote in a letter to the newspaper. "The only condition for the validity is the full freedom of the decision. Speculation about its invalidity is simply absurd," he wrote.<a href="#cite_note-BenedictRejectsResignationTalk-239">[239]</a> In an interview on 28 February 2021, Benedict again repeated the legitimacy of his resignation.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pope_emeritus:_2013–2022">Pope emeritus: 2013–2022</h2></div> On the morning of 28 February 2013, Benedict met with the full College of Cardinals and in the early afternoon flew by helicopter to the papal summer residence of <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Castel_Gandolfo" title="Palace of Castel Gandolfo">Castel Gandolfo</a>. He stayed there until refurbishment was completed on his retirement home, the <a href="/wiki/Mater_Ecclesiae_Monastery" title="Mater Ecclesiae Monastery">Mater Ecclesiae Monastery</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Gardens">Vatican Gardens</a> near St. Peter's, former home of twelve nuns, where he moved on 2 May 2013.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-vanity-244">[244]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5_luglio_2013_-_incontro_tra_Papa_Francesco_e_Papa_Benedetto_XVI_-_inaugurazione_statua_San_Michele_Arcangelo_-.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/5_luglio_2013_-_incontro_tra_Papa_Francesco_e_Papa_Benedetto_XVI_-_inaugurazione_statua_San_Michele_Arcangelo_-.jpg/220px-5_luglio_2013_-_incontro_tra_Papa_Francesco_e_Papa_Benedetto_XVI_-_inaugurazione_statua_San_Michele_Arcangelo_-.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/5_luglio_2013_-_incontro_tra_Papa_Francesco_e_Papa_Benedetto_XVI_-_inaugurazione_statua_San_Michele_Arcangelo_-.jpg/330px-5_luglio_2013_-_incontro_tra_Papa_Francesco_e_Papa_Benedetto_XVI_-_inaugurazione_statua_San_Michele_Arcangelo_-.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/5_luglio_2013_-_incontro_tra_Papa_Francesco_e_Papa_Benedetto_XVI_-_inaugurazione_statua_San_Michele_Arcangelo_-.jpg/440px-5_luglio_2013_-_incontro_tra_Papa_Francesco_e_Papa_Benedetto_XVI_-_inaugurazione_statua_San_Michele_Arcangelo_-.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Pope emeritus Benedict XVI with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> (left) in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Gardens">Vatican Gardens</a>, July 2013</figcaption></figure> After his resignation, Benedict retained his papal name rather than reverting to his birth name.<a href="#cite_note-pope_emeritus-9">[9]</a> He continued to wear the white cassock but without the <a href="/wiki/Pellegrina" title="Pellegrina">pellegrina</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Fascia_(sash)" title="Fascia (sash)">fascia</a>. He ceased wearing red papal shoes.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> Benedict returned his official <a href="/wiki/Fisherman%27s_Ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisherman's Ring">Fisherman's Ring</a>, which was rendered unusable by two large cuts across its face.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> According to a Vatican spokesman, Benedict spent his first day as <a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Pope emeritus</a> with Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Georg_G%C3%A4nswein" title="Georg Gänswein">Georg Gänswein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prefect_of_the_Papal_Household" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefect of the Papal Household">Prefect of the Papal Household</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> In the monastery, the pope emeritus did not live a cloistered life, but studied and wrote.<a href="#cite_note-vanity-244">[244]</a> He joined Pope Francis several months later at the unveiling of a new statue of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_the_Archangel" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Michael the Archangel">Saint Michael the Archangel</a>. The inscription on the statue, according to Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Lajolo" title="Giovanni Lajolo">Giovanni Lajolo</a>, has the coat of arms of the two popes to symbolize the fact that the statue was commissioned by Benedict and consecrated by Francis.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> In 2013 it was reported that Benedict had multiple health problems including <a href="/wiki/High_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood pressure">high blood pressure</a> and had fallen out of bed more than once, but the Holy See denied any specific illnesses.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> The former pope made his first public appearance after his resignation at St. Peter's Basilica on 22 February 2014 to attend the first <a href="/wiki/Papal_consistory" title="Papal consistory">papal consistory</a> of his successor Francis. Benedict entered the basilica through a discreet entrance and was seated in a row with several other cardinals. He doffed his <a href="/wiki/Zucchetto" title="Zucchetto">zucchetto</a> when Francis came down the nave of St. Peter's Basilica to greet him.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> He then made an appearance at the <a href="/wiki/Canonization_of_Pope_John_XXIII_and_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Canonization of Pope John XXIII and Pope John Paul II">canonization mass of Popes John XXIII and John Paul II</a>, greeting the cardinals and Francis. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_emeritus_Benedict_XVI.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pope_emeritus_Benedict_XVI.JPG/220px-Pope_emeritus_Benedict_XVI.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pope_emeritus_Benedict_XVI.JPG/330px-Pope_emeritus_Benedict_XVI.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pope_emeritus_Benedict_XVI.JPG/440px-Pope_emeritus_Benedict_XVI.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1107" data-file-height="1634" /></a><figcaption>Benedict in 2014</figcaption></figure> In August 2014, Benedict celebrated Mass at the Vatican and met with his former doctoral students, an annual tradition he had kept since the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> He attended the <a href="/wiki/Beatification_of_Pope_Paul_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatification of Pope Paul VI">beatification of Pope Paul VI</a> in October 2014.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> Weeks before this, he joined Francis in Saint Peter's Square for an audience with grandparents to honour their importance in society.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> Benedict wrote the text of a speech, delivered by Archbishop Georg Gänswein, on the occasion of the dedication of the Aula Magna at the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Urbaniana_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Urbaniana University">Pontifical Urbaniana University</a> to the pope emeritus, "a gesture of gratitude for what he has done for the Church as a conciliar expert, with his teaching as professor, as Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and, finally, the Magisterium." The ceremony took place on Tuesday, 21 October 2014, during the opening of the academic year.<a href="#cite_note-ZENIT-255">[255]</a> Benedict attended the consistory for new cardinals in February 2015, greeting Francis at the beginning of the celebration.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> In the summer of 2015, Benedict spent two weeks at Castel Gandolfo, at the invitation of Pope Francis. While at Castel Gandolfo, Benedict participated in two public events. He received two honorary doctorates given to him by Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Stanislaw_Dziwisz" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislaw Dziwisz">Stanislaw Dziwisz</a>, Pope John Paul II's longtime aide, from the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_University_of_John_Paul_II" title="Pontifical University of John Paul II">Pontifical University of John Paul II</a> and the Kraków Academy of Music.<a href="#cite_note-doctorates2015-257">[257]</a> In his reception address, Benedict paid homage to his predecessor, John Paul II.<a href="#cite_note-doctorates2015-257">[257]</a> The Joseph Ratzinger–Benedict XVI Roman Library at the <a href="/wiki/Collegio_Teutonico" title="Collegio Teutonico">Pontifical Teutonic College</a> was announced in April 2015 and was scheduled to open to scholars in November 2015.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> The library section dedicated to his life and thought is being catalogued. It includes books by or about him and his studies, many donated by Benedict himself.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> Benedict, in August 2015, submitted a handwritten card to act as a testimony to the cause of canonization of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> In March 2016, Benedict gave an interview expressing his views on <a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">mercy</a> and endorsing Francis's stress on mercy in his pastoral practice.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> Also that month, a Vatican spokesman stated that Benedict was "slowly, serenely fading" in his physical health, although his mental capacity remained "perfectly lucid".<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> The pope emeritus was honoured by the Roman Curia and Francis in 2016 at a special audience, honouring the <a href="/wiki/Sapphire_jubilee" title="Sapphire jubilee">65th anniversary</a> of his ordination to the priesthood. That November, he did not attend the consistory for new cardinals, rather meeting with them and Francis at his residence afterward.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> Following the death of Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Paulo_Evaristo_Arns" title="Paulo Evaristo Arns">Paulo Evaristo Arns</a> in December 2016, Benedict became the last living person appointed cardinal by Pope Paul VI.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meeting_with_Benedict_XVI_on_10_August_2019_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Meeting_with_Benedict_XVI_on_10_August_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Meeting_with_Benedict_XVI_on_10_August_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Meeting_with_Benedict_XVI_on_10_August_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Meeting_with_Benedict_XVI_on_10_August_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Meeting_with_Benedict_XVI_on_10_August_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Meeting_with_Benedict_XVI_on_10_August_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption>Benedict in 2019</figcaption></figure> In June 2017, Benedict received newly created cardinals in his chapel and spoke with each of them in their native language.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> In July 2017, he sent a message through his private secretary for the funeral of Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Meisner" title="Joachim Meisner">Joachim Meisner</a>, who had suddenly died while on vacation in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> In November 2017, images emerged on the Facebook page of the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Passau" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Passau">Bishop of Passau</a>, Stefan Oster, of Benedict with a black eye; the bishop and author <a href="/wiki/Peter_Seewald" title="Peter Seewald">Peter Seewald</a> visited the former pope on 26 October since the pair were presenting Benedict with the new book Benedict XVI – The German Pope which the Passau diocese created. The former pope suffered the <a href="/wiki/Hematoma" title="Hematoma">hematoma</a> earlier after having slipped.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> In late 2019, Benedict collaborated on a book expressing that the Catholic Church must maintain its discipline of <a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church">clerical celibacy</a>, in light of ongoing debate on the issue, though later requested his name to be removed from the book as co-author.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> In June 2020, Benedict visited his dying brother Georg in Germany for the last time.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> Georg died on 1 July, aged 96.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> On 3 August 2020, Benedict's aides disclosed that he had an <a href="/wiki/Inflammation_of_the_trigeminal_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflammation of the trigeminal nerve">inflammation of the trigeminal nerve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> On 2 December of the same year, Maltese cardinal <a href="/wiki/Mario_Grech" title="Mario Grech">Mario Grech</a> announced to <a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a> that Benedict had difficulty speaking and that he had told the new cardinals after the consistory that "the Lord has taken away my speech in order to let me appreciate silence".<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> Benedict became the longest-lived pope, whose age can be verified, on 4 September 2020 at 93 years, 141 days, surpassing the age of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> There are two popes that are claimed to have lived longer than Benedict: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Pope St Agatho</a> (574–681), who died at the age of 107;<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Pope Gregory IX</a> (1145–1241), who died at the age of 96.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> However, although there is some contemporary documentation attesting to their ages, there is not sufficient evidence for them to be verified with complete certainty. In January 2021, Benedict and Francis each received doses of a <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19 vaccine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> On 29 June 2021, the pope emeritus celebrated his <a href="/wiki/Platinum_jubilee" title="Platinum jubilee">platinum jubilee</a> (70th anniversary) as a priest.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Cardinals_created_by_Francis#27_August_2022" title="Cardinals created by Francis">consistory of 27 August 2022</a>, Francis and the newly created cardinals paid a brief visit to Benedict at Mater Ecclesiae Monastery.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_funeral">Death and funeral</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Death and funeral of Pope Benedict XVI">Death and funeral of Pope Benedict XVI</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Worsening_health_and_death">Worsening health and death</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/80px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikinews has related news: <div><ul><li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI_dies_at_age_95" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Pope Benedict XVI dies at age 95"> Pope Benedict XVI dies at age 95</a></li></ul></div></div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ratzinger_funeral_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ratzinger_funeral_%2801%29.jpg/220px-Ratzinger_funeral_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ratzinger_funeral_%2801%29.jpg/330px-Ratzinger_funeral_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ratzinger_funeral_%2801%29.jpg/440px-Ratzinger_funeral_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2378" data-file-height="1598" /></a><figcaption>Italian president <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Mattarella" title="Sergio Mattarella">Sergio Mattarella</a> paying respects to the body of Benedict XVI at <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></figcaption></figure> On 28 December 2022, Pope Francis said at the end of his audience that Benedict was "very sick" and asked God to "comfort him and support him in this testimony of love for the Church until the end".<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> The same day, <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Bruni" title="Matteo Bruni">Matteo Bruni</a>, the director of the Holy See Press Office, stated that "in the last few hours there has been an aggravation of Benedict's health due to advancing age" and that he was under medical care. Bruni also stated that Francis visited Benedict at the Mater Ecclesiae Monastery after the audience.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> Benedict died on 31 December 2022 at 9:34 am <a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">Central European Time</a> at the Mater Ecclesiae Monastery. He was 95 years old. His long-time secretary, Georg Gänswein, reported that his last words were "Signore ti amo" (Italian for 'Lord, I love you').<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funeral">Funeral</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomba_Benedetto_XVI_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Tomba_Benedetto_XVI_2023.jpg/220px-Tomba_Benedetto_XVI_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Tomba_Benedetto_XVI_2023.jpg/330px-Tomba_Benedetto_XVI_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Tomba_Benedetto_XVI_2023.jpg/440px-Tomba_Benedetto_XVI_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2546" data-file-height="3394" /></a><figcaption>The tomb of Benedict XVI in the crypt of St. Peter's Basilica</figcaption></figure> From 2 to 4 January 2023, Benedict's body <a href="/wiki/Lay_in_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Lay in state">lay in state</a> in St. Peter's Basilica, during which around 195,000 people paid their respects.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> His funeral took place on 5 January 2023 in St. Peter's Square at 9:30 am, presided over by Pope Francis and celebrated by Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Re" title="Giovanni Battista Re">Giovanni Battista Re</a>.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> This was the first time since 1802 that a pope had attended a funeral for his predecessor.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> The funeral was attended by an estimated 50,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_100k-294">[294]</a> Some attendees held signs reading or shouted "Santo subito", calling for his elevation to <a href="/wiki/Sainthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Sainthood">sainthood</a>, a cry heard previously at the <a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Funeral of John Paul II">funeral of John Paul II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Newsbook_funeral-295">[295]</a> Benedict was interred in the crypt beneath St. Peter's Basilica, in the same tomb originally occupied by John Paul II and John XXIII.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_100k-294">[294]</a> The tomb was opened to the public on 8 January 2023.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles_and_styles">Titles and styles</h2></div> As Pope, Benedict's rarely used full title was:<blockquote><a href="/wiki/His_Holiness" class="mw-redirect" title="His Holiness">His Holiness</a> Benedict XVI, Bishop of Rome, <a href="/wiki/Vicar_of_Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar of Jesus Christ">Vicar of Jesus Christ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Successor_of_the_Prince_of_the_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor of the Prince of the Apostles">Successor of the Prince of the Apostles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Pontiff_of_the_Universal_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church">Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church</a>, Primate of Italy, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_of_the_Roman_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan of the Roman Province">Metropolitan of the Roman Province</a>, Sovereign of the Vatican City State, <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_the_servants_of_God" title="Servant of the servants of God">Servant of the servants of God</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a></blockquote>The best-known title, that of "Pope", did not appear in the official list of titles, but is commonly used in the titles of documents, and appears, in abbreviated form, in their signatures as "PP." standing for "Papa" ("Pope").<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> Before 1 March 2006, the list of titles also used to contain that of a "<a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_West" title="Patriarch of the West">Patriarch of the West</a>", which traditionally appeared in that list of titles before "Primate of Italy". The title of "Patriarch of the West" was removed in the 2006 edition of <a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Achille_Silvestrini" title="Achille Silvestrini">Achille Silvestrini</a>, Benedict chose to remove the title at a time as a "sign of ecumenical sensitivity" on the issue of <a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">papal primacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-patriarch_of_the_West-302">[302]</a> After his resignation, the official <a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">style</a> of the former pope in English was His Holiness Benedict XVI, Supreme Pontiff emeritus or Pope emeritus.<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> Less formally he was referred to as emeritus pope or Roman pontifex emeritus.<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> Moreover, according to the <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a>, he was also bishop emeritus of Rome, retaining the sacred character received at his ordination as a bishop and receiving the title of emeritus of his diocese; although he did not use this style.<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a> The pope emeritus had personally preferred to be simply known as "Father".<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Positions_on_morality_and_politics">Positions on morality and politics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contraception_and_HIV/AIDS">Contraception and HIV/AIDS</h3></div> In 2005, the Pope listed several ways to combat the spread of HIV, including chastity, fidelity in marriage, and anti-poverty efforts; he also rejected the use of condoms.<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> The alleged Vatican investigation of whether there are any cases when married persons may use condoms to protect against the spread of infections surprised many Catholics in the wake of John Paul II's consistent refusal to consider condom use in response to AIDS.<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a> However, the Vatican has since stated that no such change in the Church's teaching can occur.<a href="#cite_note-time.com-309">[309]</a> TIME also reported in its edition of 30 April 2006 that the Vatican's position remains what it always has been with Vatican officials "flatly dismiss[ing] reports that the Vatican is about to release a document that will condone any condom use."<a href="#cite_note-time.com-309">[309]</a> In March 2009, the Pope stated: <blockquote>I would say that this problem of AIDS cannot be overcome merely with money, necessary though it is. If there is no human dimension, if Africans do not help, the problem cannot be overcome by the distribution of prophylactics: on the contrary, they increase it. The solution must have two elements: firstly, bringing out the human dimension of sexuality, that is to say a spiritual and human renewal that would bring with it a new way of behaving towards others, and secondly, true friendship offered above all to those who are suffering, a willingness to make sacrifices and to practise self-denial, to be alongside the suffering.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a></blockquote> In November 2010, in a book-length interview, Benedict, using the example of male prostitutes, stated that the use of condoms, with the intention of reducing the risk of HIV infection, may be an indication that the prostitute is intending to reduce the evil connected with his immoral activity.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-311">[311]</a> In the same interview, the Pope also reiterated the traditional teaching of the Church that condoms are not seen as a "real or moral solution" to the <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS pandemic">HIV/AIDS pandemic</a>. Further, in December 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith</a> explained that Benedict's statement did not constitute a legitimization of either contraception or prostitution, which remains gravely immoral.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-311">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homosexuality">Homosexuality</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_homosexuality" title="Catholic Church and homosexuality">Catholic Church and homosexuality</a></div> During his time as Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF), Cardinal Ratzinger made several efforts to tackle the issue of homosexuality within the Catholic Church and the wider world. In 1986 the CDF sent a letter to all bishops entitled: <a href="/wiki/On_the_Pastoral_Care_of_Homosexual_Persons" title="On the Pastoral Care of Homosexual Persons">On the Pastoral Care of Homosexual Persons</a>. The letter condemned a liberal interpretation of the earlier CDF document Declaration on Certain Questions Concerning Sexual Ethics, which had led to a "benign" attitude "to the homosexual condition itself". On the Pastoral Care of Homosexual Persons clarified that the Church's position on homosexuality was that "although the particular inclination of the homosexual person is not a sin, it is a more or less strong tendency ordered toward an intrinsic moral evil; and thus the inclination itself must be seen as an objective disorder."<a href="#cite_note-OPCHP-312">[312]</a> However, the document also condemned homophobic attacks and violence, stating that "It is deplorable that homosexual persons have been and are the object of violent malice in speech or in action. Such treatment deserves condemnation from the Church's pastors wherever it occurs."<a href="#cite_note-OPCHP-312">[312]</a> In 1992, Ratzinger again approved CDF documents declaring that homosexual "inclination itself must be seen as an objective disorder" and extended this principle to civil law. "Sexual orientation", the document said, was not equivalent to race or ethnicity, and it declared that it was "not unjust discrimination to take sexual orientation into account."<a href="#cite_note-gland-313">[313]</a> On 22 December 2008, Benedict gave an end-of-year message to the Roman Curia in which he talked about gender and the important distinction between men and women. He said that the Church viewed the distinction as central to human nature, and "asks that this order of creation be respected". In his words, the Church must "protect man from self-destruction". He said "something like a human ecology" was needed, and added: "Rain forests deserve indeed to be protected, but no less so does man." He attacked "gender theories", which he described as "man's attempt at self-emancipation from creation and the Creator."<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-gender-315">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a> <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> groups, such as the Italian <a href="/wiki/Arcigay" title="Arcigay">Arcigay</a> and German <a href="/wiki/LSVD" class="mw-redirect" title="LSVD">LSVD</a>, announced that they found Benedict's comments homophobic.<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> Aurelio Mancuso, head of Arcigay, said "A divine programme for men and women is out of line with nature, where the roles are not so clear."<a href="#cite_note-gender-315">[315]</a> Canadian author <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gawthrop_(writer)" title="Daniel Gawthrop (writer)">Daniel Gawthrop</a>, in a critical biography, The Trial of Pope Benedict, said that the Pope blamed homosexuality "for a problem the church had willingly enabled for hundreds of years".<a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a> Vatican spokesman <a href="/wiki/Federico_Lombardi" title="Federico Lombardi">Federico Lombardi</a> claimed the Pope had not wished specifically to attack people with homosexual inclinations, and had not mentioned gays or lesbians in his text. Lombardi insisted that there had been an overreaction to the pope's remarks, saying: "He was speaking more generally about gender theories which overlook the fundamental difference in creation between men and women and focus instead on cultural conditioning." Nevertheless, the remarks were interpreted as a call to save mankind from homosexuals and transsexuals.<a href="#cite_note-gender-315">[315]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Same-sex_marriage">Same-sex marriage</h4></div> In an address to a conference of the Diocese of Rome held at the basilica of <a href="/wiki/St._John_Lateran" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John Lateran">St. John Lateran</a> 6 June 2005, Benedict remarked on the issues of <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> and abortion:<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The various forms of the dissolution of matrimony today, like free unions, trial marriages and going up to pseudo-matrimonies by people of the same sex, are rather expressions of an anarchic freedom that wrongly passes for true freedom of man ... from here it becomes all the more clear how contrary it is to human love, to the profound vocation of man and woman, to systematically close their union to the gift of life, and even worse to suppress or tamper with the life that is born.</blockquote> During a 2012 Christmas speech,<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> Benedict made remarks about the present-day interpretation of the notion of <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>. He stated that a new philosophy of sexuality, which he rejects, suggests that "sex is no longer a given element of nature, that man has to accept and personally make sense of: it is a social role that we choose for ourselves", and "The words of the creation account: 'male and female he created them' (Gen 1:27) no longer apply". Although he did not mention the topic, his words were interpreted by news media as denunciations of same-sex marriage,<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a> with some outlets adding that Benedict would have called it a threat to world peace similar to abortion and euthanasia.<a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a> In March 2012, he stated that heterosexual marriages should be defended from "every possible misrepresentation of their true nature".<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_relations">International relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Holy_See" title="Foreign relations of the Holy See">Foreign relations of the Holy See</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Migrants_and_refugees">Migrants and refugees</h4></div> In a message released 14 November 2006, during a Vatican press conference for the 2007 annual observance of <a href="/wiki/Refugee#World_Refugee_Day" title="Refugee">World Day for Migrants and Refugees</a>, the Pope urged the ratification of international conventions and policies that defend all migrants, including refugees, exiles, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_evacuation" title="Emergency evacuation">evacuees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">internally displaced persons</a>. "The church encourages the ratification of the international legal instruments that aim to defend the rights of migrants, refugees and their families," the Pope said. "Much is already being done for the integration of the families of immigrants, although much still remains to be done."<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a> Benedict also promoted various UN events, such as <a href="/wiki/World_Refugee_Day" title="World Refugee Day">World Refugee Day</a>, on which he offered up special prayers for refugees and called for the international community to do more to secure refugees' human rights. He also called on Catholic communities and organizations to offer them concrete help.<a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a> In 2015, it was reported that Benedict was "praying for migrants and refugees" from Syria.<a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Holy_See_relations" title="China–Holy See relations">China–Holy See relations</a></div> In 2007, Benedict sent a letter at Easter to Catholics in China that could have wide-ranging implications for the Church's relationship with China's leadership. The letter provides long-requested guidance to Chinese bishops on how to respond to illicitly ordained bishops, as well as how to strengthen ties with the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriotic Association">Patriotic Association</a> and the Communist government.<a href="#cite_note-Letter-327">[327]</a> Benedict wrote that despite the two <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_China" title="Catholic Church in China">Catholic communities in China</a> (i.e. the "Patriotic" Church and the <a href="/wiki/Underground_church" title="Underground church">"Underground" Church</a>) there is no <a href="/wiki/Schism_in_Christianity" title="Schism in Christianity">schism</a> between them.<a href="#cite_note-:12-328">[328]</a>: 185  Benedict stated that sacraments performed by the priests not in unity with the Vatican were <a href="/wiki/Validity_and_liceity_(Catholic_Church)" title="Validity and liceity (Catholic Church)">valid but also illicit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-328">[328]</a>: 185  He stated that the Catholic Church accepts the legitimacy of the civil authorities in secular matters and that the Pope has authority in ecclesial matters, and therefore the involvement of the Catholic Patriotic Association in the appointment of bishops (and its bishops conference) violated Catholic doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-:12-328">[328]</a>: 185  The letter also removed the permission granted by the Vatican in 1978 to the Underground church to appoint bishops without Vatican approval.<a href="#cite_note-:12-328">[328]</a>: 185  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Korea">Korea</h4></div> On 13 November 2006, Benedict said that the dispute over the <a href="/wiki/North_Korea_nuclear_weapons_program" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korea nuclear weapons program">North Korea nuclear weapons program</a> should be resolved through negotiations, in his first public comment on the security issue, a news report said. "The Holy See encourages bilateral or multilateral negotiations, convinced that the solution must be sought through peaceful means and in respect for agreements taken by all sides to obtain the denuclearisation of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a>." Benedict was talking to the new Japanese ambassador to the Vatican.<a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkey">Turkey</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Holy See–Turkey relations">Holy See–Turkey relations</a></div> In a 2004 <a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a> interview, Ratzinger said that Turkey, which is demographically Muslim but governmentally <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">secular by virtue of its state constitution</a>, should seek its future in an association of <a href="/wiki/Muslim_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim nations">Muslim nations</a> rather than the European Union, which Ratzinger stated has Christian roots. He said Turkey had always been "in permanent contrast to Europe and that linking it to Europe would be a mistake".<a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a> Later visiting the country to "reiterate the solidarity between the cultures," it was reported that Benedict made a counter-statement backing <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">Turkey's bid to join the EU</a>. Turkish prime minister <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> said that the Pope told him in their meeting that while the Vatican seeks to stay out of politics, it desires Turkey's membership in the EU.<a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a> However, the Common Declaration of Pope Benedict XVI and <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Bartholomew_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople">Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople</a> implied that support for Turkey's membership in the European Union would be contingent on the establishment of religious freedom in Turkey:<a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a> "In every step towards unification, minorities must be protected, with their cultural traditions and the distinguishing features of their religion."<a href="#cite_note-:5-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Israel">Israel</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Holy See–Israel relations">Holy See–Israel relations</a></div> In May 2009, Benedict visited Israel.<a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a> This was the third Papal visit to the Holy Land, the previous ones being made by Paul VI in 1964 and John Paul II in 2000. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Holy See–Vietnam relations">Holy See–Vietnam relations</a></div> Vietnamese prime minister <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_T%E1%BA%A5n_D%C5%A9ng" title="Nguyễn Tấn Dũng">Nguyễn Tấn Dũng</a> met with Benedict at the Vatican on 25 January 2007 in a "new and important step towards establishing diplomatic ties".<a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a> The Pope met with Vietnamese president <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Minh_Tri%E1%BA%BFt" title="Nguyễn Minh Triết">Nguyễn Minh Triết</a> on 11 December 2009. Vatican officials called the meeting "a significant stage in the progress of bilateral relations with Vietnam."<a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_economy">Global economy</h3></div> In July 2009, Benedict published his third encyclical, Caritas in veritate<a href="#cite_note-:0-338">[338]</a> (Charity in truth), setting out the philosophical and moral foundations for human development, individually and collectively, in striving for the <a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">common good</a>. This was the last encyclical of Benedict XVI's papacy. Caritas in veritate makes a case for the charitable distribution of wealth in considerable detail and discusses the environment, migration, terrorism, sexual tourism, bioethics, energy and population. The Financial Times reported that Benedict's advocacy for a fairer redistribution of wealth helped set the agenda for the 2009 July G8 summit.<a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a> Also included in Charity in Truth is advocacy for <a href="/wiki/Tax_choice" title="Tax choice">tax choice</a>: <blockquote>One possible approach to development aid would be to apply effectively what is known as fiscal subsidiarity, allowing citizens to decide how to allocate a portion of the taxes they pay to the State. Provided it does not degenerate into the promotion of special interests, this can help to stimulate forms of welfare solidarity from below, with obvious benefits in the area of solidarity for development as well.<a href="#cite_note-:0-338">[338]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_energy">Nuclear energy</h3></div> Benedict supported the peaceful use of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear energy</a> as a tool for development and the fight against poverty. In his message for the 50th anniversary of the founding of the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a>, he confirmed: "The Holy See, fully approving of the IAEA's goal, has been a member from the organisation's foundation and continues to support its activity."<a href="#cite_note-341">[341]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beno%C3%AEt_XVI_synode_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Beno%C3%AEt_XVI_synode_2008.jpg/170px-Beno%C3%AEt_XVI_synode_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Beno%C3%AEt_XVI_synode_2008.jpg/255px-Beno%C3%AEt_XVI_synode_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Beno%C3%AEt_XVI_synode_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption>Benedict at the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a> in Rome, 2008</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interest_in_classical_music">Interest in classical music</h3></div> Benedict was known to be deeply interested in classical music,<a href="#cite_note-Willey-22">[22]</a> and was an accomplished pianist.<a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a> His favourite composer was <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a>, of whose music he said: "His music is by no means just entertainment; it contains the whole tragedy of human existence."<a href="#cite_note-MozartNCR-343">[343]</a> Benedict also stated that Mozart's music affected him greatly as a young man and "deeply penetrated his soul".<a href="#cite_note-MozartNCR-343">[343]</a> Benedict's favourite works of music were Mozart's <a href="/wiki/Clarinet_Concerto_(Mozart)" title="Clarinet Concerto (Mozart)">Clarinet Concerto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clarinet_Quintet_(Mozart)" title="Clarinet Quintet (Mozart)">Clarinet Quintet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mark_Freer_(2006)-344">[344]</a> He recorded <a href="/wiki/Alma_Mater_(Pope_Benedict_XVI_album)" title="Alma Mater (Pope Benedict XVI album)">an album</a> of contemporary classical music in which he sings and recites prayers to the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">Blessed Virgin Mary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-345">[345]</a> The album was set for release on 30 November 2009. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cats">Cats</h3></div> Benedict was also known to be fond of cats.<a href="#cite_note-Willey-22">[22]</a> As Cardinal Ratzinger, he was known (according to former neighbours) to look after <a href="/wiki/Feral_cat" title="Feral cat">stray cats</a> in his neighbourhood, <a href="/wiki/Borgo_(rione_of_Rome)" title="Borgo (rione of Rome)">Borgo</a>. A book called Joseph and Chico: A Cat Recounts the Life of Pope Benedict XVI was published in 2007 which told the story of the Pope's life from the feline Chico's perspective. This story was inspired by an orange tabby Pentling cat, which belonged to the family next door.<a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a> During his trip to Australia for World Youth Day in 2008, the media reported that festival organizers lent the Pope a grey cat called Bella<a href="#cite_note-347">[347]</a> to keep him company during his stay.<a href="#cite_note-348">[348]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_network_use">Social network use</h3></div> In December 2012, the Vatican announced that Benedict XVI had joined social networking website Twitter, under the handle @Pontifex.<a href="#cite_note-349">[349]</a> His first tweet was made on 12 December and was "Dear friends, I am pleased to get in touch with you through Twitter. Thank you for your generous response. I bless all of you from my heart."<a href="#cite_note-350">[350]</a> On 28 February 2013, the day he retired, the tweets were archived, and @Pontifex read "<a href="/wiki/Sede_Vacante" class="mw-redirect" title="Sede Vacante">Sede Vacante</a>".<a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a> Pope Francis took control of the @Pontifex account upon his election.<a href="#cite_note-352">[352]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20130214_-_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_Les_nouvelles_cloches_-_007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/20130214_-_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_Les_nouvelles_cloches_-_007.jpg/220px-20130214_-_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_Les_nouvelles_cloches_-_007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/20130214_-_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_Les_nouvelles_cloches_-_007.jpg/330px-20130214_-_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_Les_nouvelles_cloches_-_007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/20130214_-_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_Les_nouvelles_cloches_-_007.jpg/440px-20130214_-_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_Les_nouvelles_cloches_-_007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>In 2013, one of <a href="/wiki/Bells_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris#21st_century_bells" title="Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris' new bells</a> was named Benoît-Joseph after Benedict.</figcaption></figure> A variety of awards and honours were given to Benedict including the following: <ul><li>1999 Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion of the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[353]</a></li> <li>2010 honorary citizen of <a href="/wiki/Romano_Canavese" title="Romano Canavese">Romano Canavese</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[354]</a></li> <li>2010 honorary citizen of <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, honouring his visit to the city on 11–12 May 2010<a href="#cite_note-355">[355]</a></li> <li>The asteroid <a href="/wiki/8661_Ratzinger" title="8661 Ratzinger">8661 Ratzinger</a> was named in his honour for the role he played in supervising the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Apostolic_Archive" title="Vatican Apostolic Archive">Vatican Apostolic Archive</a> in 1998 to researchers investigating judicial errors against <a href="/wiki/Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo">Galileo</a> and other scientists. The name was proposed by the asteroid's discoverers, L. D. Schmadel and F. Borngen at Tautenburg.<a href="#cite_note-nasa-356">[356]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Arms</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Coat of arms of Pope Benedict XVI">Coat of arms of Pope Benedict XVI</a></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="max-width: 100%"> <caption class="nowrap">Coat of arms of Pope Benedict XVI </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg/440px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="1021" /></a> </td> <td style="min-width:175px;"> <dl><dt>Notes</dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Coat of arms of Pope Benedict XVI">coat of arms of Pope Benedict XVI</a> was designed by then Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Cordero_Lanza_di_Montezemolo" title="Andrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo">Andrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo</a> (who later was created a Cardinal) soon after the papal election. Benedict's coat of arms omitted the <a href="/wiki/Papal_tiara" title="Papal tiara">papal tiara</a>, which traditionally appears in the background to designate the pope's position as a worldly ruler such as a king, replacing it with a simple <a href="/wiki/Mitre" title="Mitre">mitre</a>, emphasising his spiritual authority.<a href="#cite_note-Vatican-COA-357">[357]</a></dd> <dt>Escutcheon</dt> <dd>Gules, chape in or, with the scallop shell of the second; the dexter chape with a <a href="/wiki/Moor%27s_head" title="Moor's head">Moor's head</a> in natural colour, crowned and collared of the first, the sinister chape a bear trippant in natural colour, carrying a pack gules belted sable</dd> <dt>Symbolism</dt> <dd>Scallop shell: The symbolism of the scallop shell is multiple; one reference is to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Augustine">Saint Augustine</a>. While a doctoral candidate in 1953, Ratzinger wrote his thesis The People and the House of God in St Augustine's Doctrine of the Church,<a href="#cite_note-358">[358]</a> and therefore has a personal connection with the thought of this Doctor of the Church. Moor of Freising: The Moor's head is an heraldic charge associated with Freising, Germany. Corbinian's bear: A legend states that while travelling to Rome, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Corbinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Corbinian">Saint Corbinian</a>'s pack horse was killed by a bear. He commanded the bear to carry the load. Once he arrived, he released it from his service, and it returned to Bavaria. The implication is that "Christianity tamed and domesticated the ferocity of paganism and thus laid the foundations for a great civilisation in the Duchy of Bavaria." At the same time, Corbinian's bear, as God's beast of burden, symbolizes the weight of office that Benedict carried.</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI_bibliography" title="Pope Benedict XVI bibliography">Pope Benedict XVI bibliography</a></div> Benedict XVI wrote 66 books, three encyclicals, and four apostolic exhortations.<a href="#cite_note-359">[359]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3APope_Benedict_XVI&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+24+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Pope+Benedict+XVI">making an edit request</a><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XVI&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> . (January 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> At his death, prior criticism of Benedict XVI received renewed attention, particularly that from public health officials, anti-AIDS activists, and victim's rights organizations over his handling of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse_cases_within_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual abuse cases within the Catholic Church">sexual abuse cases within the Catholic Church</a> and position on usage of <a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">condoms</a> in areas of high <a href="/wiki/HIV_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV transmission">HIV transmission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-360">[360]</a> Both Archbishop of Canterbury <a href="/wiki/Justin_Welby" title="Justin Welby">Justin Welby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Kirill of Moscow">Patriarch Kirill of Moscow</a> expressed their condolences at Benedict's death. Welby referred to the former pope as "one of the greatest theologians of his age", while Kirill praised conciliatory efforts undertaken between the Catholic and Russian Orthodox churches during Benedict's pontificate.<a href="#cite_note-361">[361]</a> Some Catholics have called for Benedict's recognition as a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Newsbook_funeral-295">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-362">[362]</a> with Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ludwig_M%C3%BCller" title="Gerhard Ludwig Müller">Gerhard Müller</a> describing him as a "true doctor of the Church for today."<a href="#cite_note-363">[363]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinals_created_by_Benedict_XVI" title="Cardinals created by Benedict XVI">Cardinals created by Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_universities_affiliated_with_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="List of German universities affiliated with Pope Benedict XVI">List of German universities affiliated with Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_regalia_and_insignia" title="Papal regalia and insignia">Papal regalia and insignia</a> – papal attire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Secrets_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Three Secrets of Fátima">Three Secrets of Fátima</a> – document on the release of the Third Secret of Fátima</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-po-1"><a href="#cite_ref-po_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPope_Benedict_XVI2008" class="citation cs2">Pope Benedict XVI (12 March 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved 17 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cardinal+Ratzinger%2C+guardian+of+church+doctrine%2C+elected+265th+pope&rft.date=2005-04-19&rft.aulast=Thavis&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Wooden%2C+Cindy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnews.com%2Fdata%2Fstories%2Fcns%2F0502405.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XVI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theology.de/theologie/theologen/papstbenediktxvi.php">theology</a> → Biography Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger / Pope Benedict XVI → Mitgliedschaften → EuropAcad → 1991 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abitur-werne.de/english/religion/bio-pope-benedict.html">Biography of Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger / Pope Benedict XVI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114500/http://www.abitur-werne.de/english/religion/bio-pope-benedict.html">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> → Mitgliedschaften → EuropAcad → 1991 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20000806_dominus-iesus_en.html">"Dominus Iesus"</a>. vatican.va.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vatican.va&rft.atitle=Dominus+Iesus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fcongregations%2Fcfaith%2Fdocuments%2Frc_con_cfaith_doc_20000806_dominus-iesus_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XVI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-observer-2001-let-63"><a href="#cite_ref-observer-2001-let_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoward2005" class="citation news cs1">Doward, Jamie (24 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://observer.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,6903,1469055,00.html">"Pope 'obstructed' sex abuse inquiry"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Pope+%27obstructed%27+sex+abuse+inquiry&rft.date=2005-04-24&rft.aulast=Doward&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobserver.guardian.co.uk%2Finternational%2Fstory%2F0%2C6903%2C1469055%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XVI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC2006Doc-64"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC2006Doc_64-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_Crimes_and_the_Vatican" title="Sex Crimes and the Vatican">Sex Crimes and the Vatican</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/panorama/5402928.stm">Quotation from an October 2006 BBC documentary</a>): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"The man in charge of enforcing it for 20 years was Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, the man made Pope last year. In 2001 he created the successor to the decree."</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/vnews/getstory.asp?number=71831">"UK Bishops Angered by BBC Attack on Pope"</a>. Eternal Word Television Network. Catholic News Agency. 2 October 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110128181538/http://www.ewtn.com/vnews/getstory.asp?number=71831">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2011. 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EWTN News. Retrieved 29 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Catholic+Register&rft.atitle=Pope+Benedict+XVI%3A+Doctor+of+the+Church%3F&rft.date=2023-01-08&rft.aulast=Bunson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncregister.com%2Fcna%2Fpope-benedict-xvi-doctor-of-the-church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XVI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPentin2022" class="citation web cs1">Pentin, Edward (31 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncregister.com/interview/cardinal-mueller-benedict-xvi-will-be-remembered-as-a-true-doctor-of-the-church-for-today">"Cardinal Müller: Benedict XVI Will Be Remembered as a 'True Doctor of the Church for Today'"</a>. National Catholic Register. EWTN News. Retrieved 29 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Catholic+Register&rft.atitle=Cardinal+M%C3%BCller%3A+Benedict+XVI+Will+Be+Remembered+as+a+%27True+Doctor+of+the+Church+for+Today%27&rft.date=2022-12-31&rft.aulast=Pentin&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncregister.com%2Finterview%2Fcardinal-mueller-benedict-xvi-will-be-remembered-as-a-true-doctor-of-the-church-for-today&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XVI" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_about_Benedict">Literature about Benedict</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Allen, John L.: Cardinal Ratzinger: the Vatican's enforcer of the faith. – New York: Continuum, 2000.</li> <li>Cavadini, John C. Explorations in the Theology of Benedict XVI. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2012.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Benedetti_(writer)" title="Amedeo Benedetti (writer)">Benedetti, Amedeo</a>: Il linguaggio di Benedetto XVI, al secolo Joseph Ratzinger. – Genova, Erga, 2012</li> <li>Herrmann, Horst: Benedikt XVI. Der neue Papst aus Deutschland. – Berlin 2005</li> <li>Nichols OP, Aidan: The Theology of Joseph Ratzinger: An Introductory Study. – Edinburgh; T&T Clark, 1988</li> <li>Pater Prior Maximilian Heim: Joseph Ratzinger – Kirchliche Existenz und existenzielle Theologie unter dem Anspruch von Lumen gentium (diss.).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Twomey" title="Vincent Twomey">Twomey, D. Vincent</a>, S.V.D.: Pope Benedict XVI: The Conscience of Our Age (A Theological Portrait). – San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2007</li> <li>Wagner, Karl: Kardinal Ratzinger: der Erzbischof in München und Freising in Wort und Bild. – München: Pfeiffer, 1977</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Benedict_XVI2007" class="citation cs2"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope Benedict XVI</a> (25 April 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D5azDAAAQBAJ&q=Origen+of+Alexandria+Church+Father&pg=PT24">"Origen of Alexandria: Life and Work"</a>, Church Fathers: From Clement of Rome to Augustine, Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, pp. 24–27, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68149-472-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68149-472-2"><bdi>978-1-68149-472-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Origen+of+Alexandria%3A+Life+and+Work&rft.btitle=Church+Fathers%3A+From+Clement+of+Rome+to+Augustine&rft.place=Vatican+City&rft.pages=24-27&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2007-04-25&rft.isbn=978-1-68149-472-2&rft.au=Pope+Benedict+XVI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD5azDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DOrigen%2Bof%2BAlexandria%2BChurch%2BFather%26pg%3DPT24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XVI" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographies">Biographies</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Seewald" title="Peter Seewald">Peter Seewald</a>: Benedict XVI: A Life, in two volumes: Volume One: Youth in Nazi Germany to the Second Vatican Council 1927–1965, Volume Two: Professor and Prefect to Pope and Pope Emeritus, 1966 – The Present, translated from the German by Dinah Livingstone, London: Bloomsbury, 2020.</li> <li>Joseph Ratzinger (= Benedikt XVI. – autobiographical): Aus meinem Leben. (1927–1977). Stuttgart 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-453-16509-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-453-16509-8">3-453-16509-8</a>.</li> <li>Alexander Kissler: Papst im Widerspruch: Benedikt XVI. und seine Kirche 2005–2013. Pattloch 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3629022158" title="Special:BookSources/978-3629022158">978-3629022158</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Campbell" title="Paul-Henri Campbell">Campbell, Paul-Henri</a>: Pope Benedikt XVI. Audio Book. Monarda Publishing House, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-939513-80-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-939513-80-6">3-939513-80-6</a>.</li> <li>Pursell, Brennan, Benedict of Bavaria: An Intimate Portrait of the Pope and His Homeland (Circle Press, 2008). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-933271-17-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-933271-17-5">1-933271-17-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Allen_Jr." title="John L. Allen Jr.">Allen, John L.</a> The Rise of Benedict XVI: The Inside Story of How the Pope Was Elected and Where He Will Take the Catholic Church. NY: Doubleday, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-51320-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-51320-8">0-385-51320-8</a>.</li> <li>Allen, John L. Pope Benedict XVI: A Biography of Joseph Ratzinger. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-1786-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-1786-8">0-8264-1786-8</a>. This is a reprint of Allen's 2000 book Cardinal Ratzinger: the Vatican's Enforcer of the Faith.</li> <li>Bardazzi, Marco. In the Vineyard of the Lord: The Life, Faith, and Teachings of Joseph Ratzinger, Pope Benedict XVI. New York: Rizzoli International, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8478-2801-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8478-2801-8">0-8478-2801-8</a></li> <li>Tobin, Greg. Holy Father: Pope Benedict XVI: Pontiff for a New Era. Sterling, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4027-3172-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-4027-3172-8">1-4027-3172-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Weigel" title="George Weigel">Weigel, George</a>. God's Choice: Pope Benedict XVI and the Future of the Catholic Church, HarperCollins, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-621331-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-621331-2">0-06-621331-2</a>.</li> <li>Jeanne Perego. Joseph e <a href="/wiki/Chico_(cat)" title="Chico (cat)">Chico</a>: Un gatto racconta la vita di Papa Benedetto XVI (in Italian), EMP, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8825018820" title="Special:BookSources/978-8825018820">978-8825018820</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2022-12/pope-emeritus-benedict-xvi-official-biography.html">"Death of Pope Emeritus Benedict: his official biography"</a>. Vatican News. 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vatican+News&rft.atitle=Death+of+Pope+Emeritus+Benedict%3A+his+official+biography&rft.date=2022-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vaticannews.va%2Fen%2Fvatican-city%2Fnews%2F2022-12%2Fpope-emeritus-benedict-xvi-official-biography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XVI" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documentaries">Documentaries</h3></div> <ul><li>The Keys of the Kingdom, from John Paul II to Benedict XVI, produced by <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a>, distributed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=HDH_Communications&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HDH Communications (page does not exist)">HDH Communications</a>, 2006.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/index.htm">Profile</a> at the Vatican website</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bratz.html">"Pope Benedict XVI"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org" title="Catholic-Hierarchy.org">Catholic-Hierarchy.org</a>. David M. Cheney.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic-Hierarchy.org&rft.atitle=Pope+Benedict+XVI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-hierarchy.org%2Fbishop%2Fbratz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XVI" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/lcwa/html/papal/papal-overview.html">Papal Transition 2005 Web Archive</a> from the US <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2022/12/31/221231f.html">Spiritual Testament of Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI, 31.12.2022</a>, Vatican.va</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Julius_D%C3%B6pfner" title="Julius Döpfner">Julius Döpfner</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Munich_and_Freising" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising">Archbishop of Munich and Freising</a> 1977–1982 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wetter" title="Friedrich Wetter">Friedrich Wetter</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Franjo_%C5%A0eper" title="Franjo Šeper">Franjo Šeper</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Prefect_of_the_Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a> 1981–2005 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Levada" title="William Levada">William Levada</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Agostino_Casaroli" title="Agostino Casaroli">Agostino Casaroli</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Vice-Dean_of_the_College_of_Cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-Dean of the College of Cardinals">Vice-Dean of the College of Cardinals</a> 1998–2002 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Sodano" title="Angelo Sodano">Angelo Sodano</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bernardin_Gantin" title="Bernardin Gantin">Bernardin Gantin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_College_of_Cardinals" title="Dean of the College of Cardinals">Dean of the College of Cardinals</a> 2002–2005 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> 2005–2013 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_the_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of the Vatican City State">Sovereign of the Vatican City State</a> 2005–2013 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pope_Benedict_XVI" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Template:Pope Benedict XVI"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Template talk:Pope Benedict XVI"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pope Benedict XVI"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pope_Benedict_XVI" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope Benedict XVI</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div>Born Joseph Alois Ratzinger, 16 April 1927 – 31 December 2022</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Biography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Early life of Pope Benedict XVI">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Ratzinger" title="Georg Ratzinger">Georg Ratzinger</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ratzinger_as_Prefect_of_the_Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" title="Joseph Ratzinger as Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_papal_conclave" title="2005 papal conclave">2005 papal conclave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resignation_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI">Resignation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Death and funeral of Pope Benedict XVI">Death and funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope,_13_march_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Pope%2C_13_march_2007.jpg/90px-Pope%2C_13_march_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Pope%2C_13_march_2007.jpg/135px-Pope%2C_13_march_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Pope%2C_13_march_2007.jpg/180px-Pope%2C_13_march_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg/90px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg/135px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg/180px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="1021" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Acts as Pope</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinals_created_by_Benedict_XVI" title="Cardinals created by Benedict XVI">Cardinals created</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_declared_venerable_by_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="List of people declared venerable by Pope Benedict XVI">People declared venerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_beatified_by_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="List of people beatified by Pope Benedict XVI">People beatified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_saints_canonized_by_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="List of saints canonized by Pope Benedict XVI">Saints canonized</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Theology of Pope Benedict XVI">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominus_Iesus" title="Dominus Iesus">Dominus Iesus</a> (The Lord Jesus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summorum_Pontificum" title="Summorum Pontificum">Summorum Pontificum</a> (The Supreme Pontiffs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_Christianity" title="Introduction to Christianity">Introduction to Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI_and_ecumenism" title="Pope Benedict XVI and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI_and_Judaism" title="Pope Benedict XVI and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI_and_Islam" title="Pope Benedict XVI and Islam">Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Encyclicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deus_caritas_est" title="Deus caritas est">Deus caritas est</a> (God Is Love)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spe_salvi" title="Spe salvi">Spe salvi</a> (In Hope We Are Saved)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritas_in_veritate" title="Caritas in veritate">Caritas in veritate</a> (Charity in Truth)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Exhortations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacramentum_caritatis" title="Sacramentum caritatis">Sacramentum caritatis</a> (On the Eucharist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbum_Domini" title="Verbum Domini">Verbum Domini</a> (On the Word of the Lord)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africae_munus" title="Africae munus">Africae munus</a> (On the Church in Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_in_Medio_Oriente" title="Ecclesia in Medio Oriente">Ecclesia in Medio Oriente</a> (On the Church in the Middle East)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_Christianity" title="Introduction to Christianity">Introduction to Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ratzinger_Report" title="The Ratzinger Report">The Ratzinger Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology:_Death_and_Eternal_Life" title="Eschatology: Death and Eternal Life">Eschatology: Death and Eternal Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_the_Liturgy" title="The Spirit of the Liturgy">The Spirit of the Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Tolerance" title="Truth and Tolerance">Truth and Tolerance</a></li> <li>Jesus of Nazareth <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth:_From_the_Baptism_in_the_Jordan_to_the_Transfiguration" title="Jesus of Nazareth: From the Baptism in the Jordan to the Transfiguration">From the Baptism in the Jordan to the Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth:_Holy_Week" title="Jesus of Nazareth: Holy Week">Holy Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth:_The_Infancy_Narratives" title="Jesus of Nazareth: The Infancy Narratives">The Infancy Narratives</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Travels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pastoral_visits_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="List of pastoral visits of Pope Benedict XVI">Pastoral visits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_visit_by_Pope_Benedict_XVI_to_the_United_States" title="2008 visit by Pope Benedict XVI to the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Pope_Benedict_XVI_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="State visit by Pope Benedict XVI to the United Kingdom">United Kingdom state visit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI_bibliography" title="Pope Benedict XVI bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_of_Benedict_XVI" title="Ceremonial of Benedict XVI">Ceremonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Coat of arms of Pope Benedict XVI">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratzinger_Foundation" title="Ratzinger Foundation">Ratzinger Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_leaks_scandal" title="Vatican leaks scandal">Vatican leaks scandal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/His_Holiness:_The_Secret_Papers_of_Benedict_XVI" title="His Holiness: The Secret Papers of Benedict XVI">His Holiness: The Secret Papers of Benedict XVI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Mater_(Pope_Benedict_XVI_album)" title="Alma Mater (Pope Benedict XVI album)">Alma Mater</a> (2009 album)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secrets_of_the_Vatican" title="Secrets of the Vatican">Secrets of the Vatican</a> (2014 television film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Popes" title="The Two Popes">The Two Popes</a> (2019 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism Portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Popes_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Popes" title="Template:Popes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Popes" title="Template talk:Popes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Popes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Popes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Popes_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes_(graphical)" title="List of popes (graphical)">graphical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canonised_popes" title="List of canonised popes">canonised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal names</a></li> <li>Tombs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_papal_tombs" title="List of extant papal tombs">extant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-extant_papal_tombs" title="List of non-extant papal tombs">non-extant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">Antipope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Pope emeritus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_renunciation" title="Papal renunciation">papal resignation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope-elect_Stephen" title="Pope-elect Stephen">Pope-elect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">1st–4th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleutherius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Liberius" title="Pope Liberius">Liberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">5th–8th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_II" title="Pope Anastasius II">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_II" title="Pope Boniface II">Boniface II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_II" title="Pope John II">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vigilius" title="Pope Vigilius">Vigilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_I" title="Pope Pelagius I">Pelagius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_III" title="Pope John III">John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_I" title="Pope Benedict I">Benedict I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_II" title="Pope Pelagius II">Pelagius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sabinian" title="Pope Sabinian">Sabinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_III" title="Pope Boniface III">Boniface III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_V" title="Pope Boniface V">Boniface V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_I" title="Pope Honorius I">Honorius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Severinus" title="Pope Severinus">Severinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IV" title="Pope John IV">John IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_I" title="Pope Theodore I">Theodore I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Donus" title="Pope Donus">Donus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_V" title="Pope John V">John V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Conon" title="Pope Conon">Conon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VI" title="Pope John VI">John VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VII" title="Pope John VII">John VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sisinnius" title="Pope Sisinnius">Sisinnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Constantine" title="Pope Constantine">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_II" title="Pope Stephen II">Stephen II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_III" title="Pope Stephen III">Stephen III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I" title="Pope Adrian I">Adrian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">9th–12th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_II" title="Pope Eugene II">Eugene II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Valentine" title="Pope Valentine">Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IV" title="Pope Gregory IV">Gregory IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_II" title="Pope Sergius II">Sergius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_III" title="Pope Benedict III">Benedict III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_II" title="Pope Adrian II">Adrian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VIII" title="Pope John VIII">John VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_I" title="Pope Marinus I">Marinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_V" title="Pope Stephen V">Stephen V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Formosus" title="Pope Formosus">Formosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VI" title="Pope Boniface VI">Boniface VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VI" title="Pope Stephen VI">Stephen VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Romanus" title="Pope Romanus">Romanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_II" title="Pope Theodore II">Theodore II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IX" title="Pope John IX">John IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IV" title="Pope Benedict IV">Benedict IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_V" title="Pope Leo V">Leo V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_III" title="Pope Sergius III">Sergius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_III" title="Pope Anastasius III">Anastasius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lando" title="Pope Lando">Lando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_X" title="Pope John X">John X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VI" title="Pope Leo VI">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VII" title="Pope Stephen VII">Stephen VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XI" title="Pope John XI">John XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VII" title="Pope Leo VII">Leo VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VIII" title="Pope Stephen VIII">Stephen VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_II" title="Pope Marinus II">Marinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_II" title="Pope Agapetus II">Agapetus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XII" title="Pope John XII">John XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_V" title="Pope Benedict V">Benedict V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VIII" title="Pope Leo VIII">Leo VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIII" title="Pope John XIII">John XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VI" title="Pope Benedict VI">Benedict VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VII" title="Pope Benedict VII">Benedict VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIV" title="Pope John XIV">John XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XV" title="Pope John XV">John XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_V" title="Pope Gregory V">Gregory V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_II" title="Pope Sylvester II">Sylvester II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVII" title="Pope John XVII">John XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVIII" title="Pope John XVIII">John XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_IV" title="Pope Sergius IV">Sergius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VIII" title="Pope Benedict VIII">Benedict VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIX" title="Pope John XIX">John XIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IX" title="Pope Benedict IX">Benedict IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_III" title="Pope Sylvester III">Sylvester III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VI" title="Pope Gregory VI">Gregory VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_II" title="Pope Clement II">Clement II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_II" title="Pope Damasus II">Damasus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_II" title="Pope Victor II">Victor II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IX" title="Pope Stephen IX">Stephen IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_II" title="Pope Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II" title="Pope Alexander II">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_III" title="Pope Victor III">Victor III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_II" title="Pope Paschal II">Paschal II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_II" title="Pope Gelasius II">Gelasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_II" title="Pope Callixtus II">Callixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_II" title="Pope Honorius II">Honorius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_II" title="Pope Innocent II">Innocent II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_II" title="Pope Celestine II">Celestine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_II" title="Pope Lucius II">Lucius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III" title="Pope Eugene III">Eugene III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_IV" title="Pope Anastasius IV">Anastasius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_IV" title="Pope Adrian IV">Adrian IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_III" title="Pope Lucius III">Lucius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_III" title="Pope Urban III">Urban III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VIII" title="Pope Gregory VIII">Gregory VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_III" title="Pope Clement III">Clement III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III" title="Pope Celestine III">Celestine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Innocent III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">13th–16th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III" title="Pope Honorius III">Honorius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Gregory IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_IV" title="Pope Celestine IV">Celestine IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">Innocent IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV" title="Pope Alexander IV">Alexander IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_IV" title="Pope Urban IV">Urban IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IV" title="Pope Clement IV">Clement IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Gregory X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_V" title="Pope Innocent V">Innocent V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_V" title="Pope Adrian V">Adrian V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXI" title="Pope John XXI">John XXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III" title="Pope Nicholas III">Nicholas III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_IV" title="Pope Martin IV">Martin IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_IV" title="Pope Honorius IV">Honorius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV" title="Pope Nicholas IV">Nicholas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XI" title="Pope Benedict XI">Benedict XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">John XXII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XII" title="Pope Benedict XII">Benedict XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Clement VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VI" title="Pope Innocent VI">Innocent VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_V" title="Pope Urban V">Urban V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XI" title="Pope Gregory XI">Gregory XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VI" title="Pope Urban VI">Urban VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IX" title="Pope Boniface IX">Boniface IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VII" title="Pope Innocent VII">Innocent VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XII" title="Pope Gregory XII">Gregory XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_V" title="Pope Martin V">Martin V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV" title="Pope Eugene IV">Eugene IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Nicholas V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III" title="Pope Callixtus III">Callixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_II" title="Pope Paul II">Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Sixtus IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Innocent VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_III" title="Pope Pius III">Pius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_VI" title="Pope Adrian VI">Adrian VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Clement VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Paul III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Julius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_II" title="Pope Marcellus II">Marcellus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Paul IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IV" title="Pope Pius IV">Pius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Gregory XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Sixtus V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VII" title="Pope Urban VII">Urban VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIV" title="Pope Gregory XIV">Gregory XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IX" title="Pope Innocent IX">Innocent IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII" title="Pope Clement VIII">Clement VIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">17th–21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XI" title="Pope Leo XI">Leo XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_V" title="Pope Paul V">Paul V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV" title="Pope Gregory XV">Gregory XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII" title="Pope Urban VIII">Urban VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_X" title="Pope Innocent X">Innocent X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VII" title="Pope Alexander VII">Alexander VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IX" title="Pope Clement IX">Clement IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_X" title="Pope Clement X">Clement X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VIII" title="Pope Alexander VIII">Alexander VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XII" title="Pope Innocent XII">Innocent XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Clement XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XIII" title="Pope Innocent XIII">Innocent XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIII" title="Pope Benedict XIII">Benedict XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XII" title="Pope Clement XII">Clement XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIII" title="Pope Clement XIII">Clement XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV" title="Pope Clement XIV">Clement XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XII" title="Pope Leo XII">Leo XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VIII" title="Pope Pius VIII">Pius VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XVI" title="Pope Gregory XVI">Gregory XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Benedict XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pius XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059" title="Papal selection before 1059">Antiquity and Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059#During_the_Roman_Empire" title="Papal selection before 1059">During the Roman Empire</a> (until 493) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_of_Rome_under_Constantine_the_Great" title="Bishops of Rome under Constantine the Great">Under Constantine</a> (312–337)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Papacy" title="Ostrogothic Papacy">Ostrogothic Papacy</a> (493–537)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Papacy" title="Byzantine Papacy">Byzantine Papacy</a> (537–752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_Papacy" title="Frankish Papacy">Frankish Papacy</a> (756–857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeculum_obscurum" title="Saeculum obscurum">Saeculum obscurum</a> (904–964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescentii" title="Crescentii">Crescentii era</a> (974–1012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">High and Late Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tusculan_Papacy" title="Tusculan Papacy">Tusculan Papacy</a> (1012–1044 / 1048)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy_(1048%E2%80%931257)" title="History of the papacy (1048–1257)">Conflicts with the HRE</a> (1048–1257)</li> <li>Wandering Papacy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viterbo_Papacy" title="Viterbo Papacy">Viterbo</a>, 1257–1281</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orvieto_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Orvieto Papacy">Orvieto</a>, 1262–1297</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perugia_Papacy" title="Perugia Papacy">Perugia</a>, 1228–1304</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a> (1309–1378)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> (1378–1417)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Early Modern and Modern Era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Papacy" title="Renaissance Papacy">Renaissance Papacy</a> (1417–1534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_Papacy" title="Reformation Papacy">Reformation Papacy</a> (1534–1585)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque Papacy">Baroque Papacy</a> (1585–1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church#Baroque,_Enlightenment_and_revolutions" title="History of the Catholic Church">Age of Enlightenment</a> (c. 1640–1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popes_during_the_Age_of_Revolution" title="Popes during the Age of Revolution">Revolutionary Papacy</a> (1775–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a> (1870–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> (1929–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City in World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Cold War</a> (1945–1991)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" 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href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a> <a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a> <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a> <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a> <a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_music" title="Category:Catholic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Blue nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_lay_organisations" title="Catholic lay organisations">Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_youth_work" title="Catholic youth work">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Movement_of_Christian_Workers" title="World Movement of Christian Workers">Workers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Lay Carmelites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Discalced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Saint Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)#International" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimcap" title="Fimcap">Fimcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Charismatic Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focolare_Movement" title="Focolare Movement">Focolare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Catholic_Knights" title="International Alliance of Catholic Knights">International Alliance of Catholic Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Catholic_Conference_of_Scouting" title="International Catholic Conference of Scouting">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Charities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charities_USA" title="Catholic Charities USA">Catholic Charities USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Home_Missions" title="Catholic Home Missions">Home Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Relief Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIDSE" title="CIDSE">CIDSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Christi" title="Pax Christi">Pax Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of Saint Vincent de Paul</a> </li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" title="Category:Catholic Church">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Category:History of the Catholic Church by country">By country or region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="History of the Roman Curia">History of the Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a> (30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (30–100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split with Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a> (100–325)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a> (313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Church(180–451)Romanstate_church(380–451)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a> (180–451) <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman state church</a> (380–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_clash_between_the_Church_and_the_Empire" title="The clash between the Church and the Empire">Clash against the empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">1995</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2000" title="World Youth Day 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2002" title="World Youth Day 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008" title="World Youth Day 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2011" title="World Youth Day 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2013" title="World Youth Day 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2016" title="World Youth Day 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2019" title="World Youth Day 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2023" title="World Youth Day 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Catholic_theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template talk:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Catholic_theology" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_dogmatic_theology" title="Catholic dogmatic theology">History of Catholic theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Key figures</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">First Epistle of Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristides_of_Athens" title="Aristides of Athens">Aristides of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Diognetus" title="Epistle to Diognetus">Epistle to Diognetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatian" title="Novatian">Antipope Novatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecthesis" title="Ecthesis">Ecthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_II_of_Aquileia" title="Paulinus II of Aquileia">Paulinus II of Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Aniane" title="Benedict of Aniane">Benedict of Aniane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius Radbertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Fiore" title="Joachim of Fiore">Joachim of Fiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic de Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Nazareth" title="Beatrice of Nazareth">Beatrice of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a> and reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rolle" title="Richard Rolle">Richard Rolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_van_Ruysbroeck" class="mw-redirect" title="John van Ruysbroeck">John of Ruusbroec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_Sweden" title="Bridget of Sweden">Bridget of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tauler" title="Johannes Tauler">Johannes Tauler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hilton" title="Walter Hilton">Walter Hilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Suso" title="Henry Suso">Heinrich Seuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_Groote" title="Geert Groote">Geert Groote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devotio_Moderna" title="Devotio Moderna">Devotio Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_%C3%A0_Kempis" title="Thomas à Kempis">Thomas à Kempis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Thomas Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Eck" title="Johann Eck">Johann Eck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Villanova" title="Thomas of Villanova">Thomas of Villanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Osuna" title="Francisco de Osuna">Francisco de Osuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Luis de León">Luis de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_B%C3%A9rulle" title="Pierre de Bérulle">Pierre de Bérulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Jesus_of_%C3%81greda" title="Mary of Jesus of Ágreda">Mary of Jesus of Ágreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira" title="António Vieira">António Vieira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Olier" title="Jean-Jacques Olier">Jean-Jacques Olier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Thomassin" title="Louis Thomassin">Louis Thomassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">François Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Jansen" title="Cornelius Jansen">Cornelius Jansen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Gaetana_Agnesi" title="Maria Gaetana Agnesi">Maria Gaetana Agnesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Muzzarelli" title="Alfonso Muzzarelli">Alfonso Muzzarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Sailer" title="Johann Michael Sailer">Johann Michael Sailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Mary_Hofbauer" title="Clement Mary Hofbauer">Clement Mary Hofbauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Lanteri" title="Bruno Lanteri">Bruno Lanteri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Joseph Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Félicité de La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Luigi Taparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" title="Ignaz von Döllinger">Ignaz von Döllinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Henri_Lacordaire" title="Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire">Henri Lacordaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Jaime Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Sanseverino" title="Gaetano Sanseverino">Gaetano Sanseverino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Cornoldi" title="Giovanni Maria Cornoldi">Giovanni Maria Cornoldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pecci" title="Giuseppe Pecci">Giuseppe Pecci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hergenr%C3%B6ther" title="Joseph Hergenröther">Joseph Hergenröther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Maria_Zigliara" title="Tommaso Maria Zigliara">Tommaso Maria Zigliara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Joseph_Scheeben" title="Matthias Joseph Scheeben">Matthias Joseph Scheeben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Boutroux" title="Émile Boutroux">Émile Boutroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bloy" title="Léon Bloy">Léon Bloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_H%C3%BCgel" title="Friedrich von Hügel">Friedrich von Hügel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Lagrange" title="Marie-Joseph Lagrange">Marie-Joseph Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tyrrell" title="George Tyrrell">George Tyrrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Maurice Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Étienne Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Knox" title="Ronald Knox">Ronald Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bernanos" title="Georges Bernanos">Georges Bernanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Dietrich von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Dominique_Chenu" title="Marie-Dominique Chenu">Marie-Dominique Chenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Romano Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_J._Sheen" title="Fulton J. Sheen">Fulton Sheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Daniel-Rops" title="Henri Daniel-Rops">Henri Daniel-Rops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Guitton" title="Jean Guitton">Jean Guitton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Yves Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Bernard Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Emmanuel Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schillebeeckx" title="Edward Schillebeeckx">Edward Schillebeeckx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Hans Küng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Metz" title="Johann Baptist Metz">Johann Baptist Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Nouwen" title="Henri Nouwen">Henri Nouwen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_von_Hildebrand" title="Alice von Hildebrand">Alice von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Martini" title="Carlo Maria Martini">Carlo Maria Martini</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Walter Kasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raniero_Cantalamessa" title="Raniero Cantalamessa">Raniero Cantalamessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Heller" title="Michał Heller">Michał Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hal%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Halík">Tomáš Halík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Nichols" title="Aidan Nichols">Aidan Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Scott Hahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:Modernism in the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:Modernism in the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism in the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism in the Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_exegesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical exegesis">Biblical exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">Historical-critical exegesis of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Biblical inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoptic problem">Synoptic problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosper_Alfaric" class="extiw" title="fr:Prosper Alfaric">Prosper Alfaric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Batiffol" title="Pierre Batiffol">Pierre Batiffol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Maurice Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bonsirven" class="extiw" title="fr:Joseph Bonsirven">Joseph Bonsirven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Br%C3%A9mond" title="Henri Brémond">Henri Brémond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Buonaiuti" title="Ernesto Buonaiuti">Ernesto Buonaiuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Duchesne" title="Louis Duchesne">Louis Duchesne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Fogazzaro" title="Antonio Fogazzaro">Antonio Fogazzaro</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_H%C3%A9bert" class="extiw" title="fr:Marcel Hébert">Marcel Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Houtin" title="Albert Houtin">Albert Houtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_H%C3%BCgel" title="Friedrich von Hügel">Friedrich von Hügel</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Laberthonni%C3%A8re" class="extiw" title="fr:Lucien Laberthonnière">Lucien Laberthonnière</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Lacroix" class="extiw" title="fr:Lucien Lacroix">Lucien Lacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Lagrange" title="Marie-Joseph Lagrange">Marie-Joseph Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Loisy" title="Alfred Loisy">Alfred Loisy</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudoxe_Ir%C3%A9n%C3%A9e_Mignot" class="extiw" title="fr:Eudoxe Irénée Mignot">Eudoxe Irénée Mignot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romolo_Murri" title="Romolo Murri">Romolo Murri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maude_Petre" title="Maude Petre">Maude Petre</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Portal" class="extiw" title="fr:Fernand Portal">Fernand Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Sertillanges" title="Antonin Sertillanges">Dalmace Sertillanges</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Turmel" class="extiw" title="fr:Joseph Turmel">Joseph Turmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tyrrell" title="George Tyrrell">George Tyrrell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Anti-modernist reaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quanta_cura" title="Quanta cura">Quanta cura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllabus_of_Errors" title="Syllabus of Errors">Syllabus of Errors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Biblical_Commission" title="Pontifical Biblical Commission">Pontifical Biblical Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamentabili_sane_exitu" title="Lamentabili sane exitu">Lamentabili sane exitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascendi_Dominici_gregis" title="Pascendi Dominici gregis">Pascendi Dominici gregis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Against_Modernism" title="Oath Against Modernism">Oath Against Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodalitium_Pianum" title="Sodalitium Pianum">Sodalitium Pianum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism#Aeterni_Patris_to_Vatican_II" title="Thomism">Twenty-four Thomistic theses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Billot" title="Louis Billot">Louis Billot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Benigni" title="Umberto Benigni">Umberto Benigni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Merry_del_Val" title="Rafael Merry del Val">Rafael Merry del Val</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Calasanz_Vives_y_Tut%C3%B3" title="José de Calasanz Vives y Tutó">José de Calasanz Vives y Tutó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annales_de_philosophie_chr%C3%A9tienne" class="extiw" title="fr:Annales de philosophie chrétienne">Annales de philosophie chrétienne</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Justice_sociale" class="extiw" title="fr:La Justice sociale">La Justice sociale</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Quinzaine" class="extiw" title="fr:La Quinzaine">La Quinzaine</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revue_du_clerg%C3%A9_fran%C3%A7ais" class="extiw" title="fr:Revue du clergé français">Revue du clergé français</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temps_pr%C3%A9sent_(hebdomadaire_de_presse_%C3%A9crite)" class="extiw" title="fr:Temps présent (hebdomadaire de presse écrite)">Temps présent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Sillon" title="Le Sillon">Le Sillon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marc_Sangnier" title="Marc Sangnier">Marc Sangnier</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Protestant equivalents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Alberigo" title="Giuseppe Alberigo">Giuseppe Alberigo</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Colin_(philosophe)" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre Colin (philosophe)">Pierre Colin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avery_Dulles" title="Avery Dulles">Avery Dulles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Fouilloux" title="Étienne Fouilloux">Étienne Fouilloux</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurilio_Guasco" class="extiw" title="fr:Maurilio Guasco">Maurilio Guasco</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Laplanche" class="extiw" title="fr:François Laplanche">François Laplanche</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Marl%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:René Marlé">René Marlé</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marie_Mayeur" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Marie Mayeur">Jean-Marie Mayeur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Poulat" title="Émile Poulat">Émile Poulat</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Theobald" class="extiw" title="fr:Christoph Theobald">Christoph Theobald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Name_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of the Catholic Church">Name</a></dd> <dd><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Catholic Church">Media</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" title="Category:Catholic Church">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_templates" title="Category:Catholic templates">Templates</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Catholicism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Catholicism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/21px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/42px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/21px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/42px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/19px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/29px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Klepsydra-pt.svg/17px-Klepsydra-pt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Klepsydra-pt.svg/26px-Klepsydra-pt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Klepsydra-pt.svg/34px-Klepsydra-pt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="275" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Modern_history" title="Portal:Modern history">Modern history</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Pope Benedict XVI at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Benedictus_XVI" class="extiw" title="c:Benedictus XVI">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Pope_Benedict_XVI" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Pope Benedict XVI">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" class="extiw" title="q:Pope Benedict XVI">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Benedict_XVI" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Benedict XVI">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2494" class="extiw" title="d:Q2494">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2494#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2494#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2494#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121458385">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/102167198">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/257054839">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1427451/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjxjdvftfjKFkTF7QVTXbb">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118598546">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79106175">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11921205s">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11921205s">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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<div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XVI&oldid=1258986067">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XVI&oldid=1258986067</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Category:Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1927_births" title="Category:1927 births">1927 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2022_deaths" title="Category:2022 deaths">2022 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_German_cardinals" title="Category:20th-century German cardinals">20th-century German cardinals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_German_Catholic_theologians" title="Category:20th-century German Catholic 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