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</li> <li id="toc-Other_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Other work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Awards and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Selected publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Edward Witten</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%86" title="إدوارد ويتن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدوارد ويتن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%86" title="ادوارد ویتن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ادوارد ویتن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="এডওয়ার্ড উইটেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এডওয়ার্ড উইটেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Edward Witten" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A3%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Эдвард Уітэн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эдвард Уітэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%8E%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Эдвард Ўітэн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эдвард Ўітэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Едуард Уитън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Едуард Уитън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Edward Witten" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edward Witten" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Edward Witten" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Edward Witten" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%86" title="إدوارد ويتن – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إدوارد ويتن" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Edward Witten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Edward Witten" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%92%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BD" title="Έντουαρντ Βίτεν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έντουαρντ Βίτεν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edward Witten" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Edward Witten" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Edward Witten" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%86" title="ادوارد ویتن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادوارد ویتن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Edward Witten" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%93%9C%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C_%EC%9C%84%ED%8A%BC" title="에드워드 위튼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에드워드 위튼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="एडवर्ड विटेन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एडवर्ड विटेन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Edward Witten" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Edward Witten" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9F" title="אדוארד ויטן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדוארד ויטן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Edward Witten" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Эдвард Виттен – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эдвард Виттен" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardus_Witten" title="Eduardus Witten – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Eduardus Witten" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Edward Witten" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Edward Witten" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%86" title="ادوارد ويتن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادوارد ويتن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%BD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9D%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="အက်ဒွပ် ဝစ်တန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အက်ဒွပ် ဝစ်တန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Edward Witten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%89%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3" title="エドワード・ウィッテン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エドワード・ウィッテン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Edward Witten" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Edward Witten" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Edward Witten" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%86" title="ایڈورڈ وٹن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایڈورڈ وٹن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edward Witten" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Edward Witten" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Виттен, Эдвард – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Виттен, Эдвард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Edward Witten" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Edward Witten" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Edward Witten" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Edward Witten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American theoretical physicist</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Edward Witten</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Witten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Edward_Witten.jpg/220px-Edward_Witten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Edward_Witten.jpg/330px-Edward_Witten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Edward_Witten.jpg/440px-Edward_Witten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="2292" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Witten in 2008</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1951-08-26</span>) </span>August 26, 1951<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 73)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>, <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/M-theory" title="M-theory">M-theory</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Seiberg%E2%80%93Witten_theory" title="Seiberg–Witten theory">Seiberg–Witten theory</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Seiberg%E2%80%93Witten_map" title="Seiberg–Witten map">Seiberg–Witten map</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Seiberg%E2%80%93Witten_invariants" title="Seiberg–Witten invariants">Seiberg–Witten invariants</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wess%E2%80%93Zumino%E2%80%93Witten_model" title="Wess–Zumino–Witten model">Wess–Zumino–Witten model</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Weinberg%E2%80%93Witten_theorem" title="Weinberg–Witten theorem">Weinberg–Witten theorem</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gromov%E2%80%93Witten_invariant" title="Gromov–Witten invariant">Gromov–Witten invariant</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ho%C5%99ava%E2%80%93Witten_domain_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Hořava–Witten domain wall">Hořava–Witten domain wall</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vafa%E2%80%93Witten_theorem" title="Vafa–Witten theorem">Vafa–Witten theorem</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Witten_index" title="Witten index">Witten index</a><br /><a href="/wiki/BCFW_recursion" title="BCFW recursion">BCFW recursion</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Topological_quantum_field_theory" title="Topological quantum field theory">Topological quantum field theory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Topological_quantum_field_theory#Witten-type_TQFTs" title="Topological quantum field theory">Witten-type TQFTs</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Topological_string_theory" title="Topological string theory">Topological string theory</a><br /><a href="/wiki/CSW_rules" class="mw-redirect" title="CSW rules">CSW rules</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Witten_conjecture" title="Witten conjecture">Witten conjecture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Witten_zeta_function" title="Witten zeta function">Witten zeta function</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hanany%E2%80%93Witten_transition" title="Hanany–Witten transition">Hanany–Witten transition</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Twistor_string_theory" title="Twistor string theory">Twistor string theory</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chern%E2%80%93Simons_theory" title="Chern–Simons theory">Chern–Simons theory</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Positive_energy_theorem" title="Positive energy theorem">Positive energy theorem</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eta_and_eta_prime_mesons#General" title="Eta and eta prime mesons"> Witten–Veneziano mechanism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chiara_Nappi" title="Chiara Nappi">Chiara Nappi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellowship" class="mw-redirect" title="MacArthur Fellowship">MacArthur Fellowship</a> (1982)<br /><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_Medal" title="Albert Einstein Medal">Albert Einstein Medal</a> (1985)<br /><a href="/wiki/Dirac_Medal_(ICTP)" title="Dirac Medal (ICTP)">ICTP Dirac Medal</a> (1985)<br /><a href="/wiki/Alan_T._Waterman_Award" title="Alan T. Waterman Award">Alan T. Waterman Award</a> (1986)<br /><a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal" title="Fields Medal">Fields Medal</a> (1990)<br /><a href="/wiki/Dannie_Heineman_Prize_for_Mathematical_Physics" title="Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics">Dannie Heineman Prize</a> (1998)<br /><a href="/wiki/Nemmers_Prize_in_Mathematics" title="Nemmers Prize in Mathematics">Nemmers Prize</a> (2000)<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> (2002)<br /><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Prize" title="Harvey Prize">Harvey Prize</a> (2005)<br /><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9_Prize" title="Henri Poincaré Prize">Henri Poincaré Prize</a> (2006)<br /><a href="/wiki/Crafoord_Prize" title="Crafoord Prize">Crafoord Prize</a> (2008)<br /><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_Medal" title="Lorentz Medal">Lorentz Medal</a> (2010)<br /><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Medal" title="Isaac Newton Medal">Isaac Newton Medal</a> (2010)<br /><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Prize_in_Fundamental_Physics" title="Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics">Breakthrough Prize in</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Prize_in_Fundamental_Physics" title="Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics">Fundamental Physics</a> (2012)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Prize" title="Kyoto Prize">Kyoto Prize</a> (2014)<br /><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_World_Award_of_Science" title="Albert Einstein World Award of Science">Albert Einstein Award</a> (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">Theoretical physics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_physics" title="Mathematical physics">Mathematical physics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Superstring_theory" title="Superstring theory">Superstring theory</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/133acd9a52c8912141ccc02ca06c86d6">Some Problems in the Short Distance Analysis of Gauge Theories</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1976)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">David Gross</a><sup id="cite_ref-Woit_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Coleman" title="Sidney Coleman">Sidney Coleman</a><sup id="cite_ref-Adv_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adv-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Michael_Atiyah" title="Michael Atiyah">Michael Atiyah</a><sup id="cite_ref-Adv_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adv-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bagger" title="Jonathan Bagger">Jonathan Bagger</a> (1983)<br /><a href="/wiki/Cumrun_Vafa" title="Cumrun Vafa">Cumrun Vafa</a> (1985)<br /><a href="/wiki/Xiao-Gang_Wen" title="Xiao-Gang Wen">Xiao-Gang Wen</a> (1987)<br /><a href="/wiki/Dror_Bar-Natan" title="Dror Bar-Natan">Dror Bar-Natan</a> (1991)<br /><a href="/wiki/Shamit_Kachru" title="Shamit Kachru">Shamit Kachru</a> (1994)<br /><a href="/wiki/Eva_Silverstein" title="Eva Silverstein">Eva Silverstein</a> (1996)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Gukov" title="Sergei Gukov">Sergei Gukov</a> (2001)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ias.edu/sns/witten">ias<wbr />.edu<wbr />/sns<wbr />/witten</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Edward Witten</b> (born August 26, 1951) is an American <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical physicist</a> known for his contributions to <a href="/wiki/String_theory" title="String theory">string theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topological_quantum_field_theory" title="Topological quantum field theory">topological quantum field theory</a>, and various areas of <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>. He is a professor emeritus in the school of <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural sciences</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a> in <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Witten is a researcher in <a href="/wiki/String_theory" title="String theory">string theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">quantum gravity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supersymmetry" title="Supersymmetry">supersymmetric quantum field theories</a>, and other areas of mathematical physics. Witten's work has also significantly impacted pure mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-atiyah_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atiyah-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990, he became the first physicist to be awarded a <a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal" title="Fields Medal">Fields Medal</a> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Mathematical_Union" title="International Mathematical Union">International Mathematical Union</a>, for his mathematical insights in physics, such as his 1981 proof of the <a href="/wiki/Positive_energy_theorem" title="Positive energy theorem">positive energy theorem</a> in <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a>, and his interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Vaughan_Jones" title="Vaughan Jones">Jones</a> invariants of knots as <a href="/wiki/Feynman_integral" class="mw-redirect" title="Feynman integral">Feynman integrals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is considered the practical founder of <a href="/wiki/M-theory" title="M-theory">M-theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Duff_1998,_p._65_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duff_1998,_p._65-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Witten&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Witten was born on August 26, 1951, in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, to a <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> family,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the eldest of four children. His brother <a href="/wiki/Matt_Witten" title="Matt Witten">Matt Witten</a> became a writer, and his brother Jesse Amnon Witten became a law partner in the firm <a href="/wiki/Faegre_Drinker_Biddle_%26_Reath" class="mw-redirect" title="Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath">Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three brothers' sister Celia M. Witten earned a Ph.D. in mathematics from <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then an M.D. from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">University of Miami</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward Witten is the son of Lorraine (born Wollach) Witten<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Witten" title="Louis Witten">Louis Witten</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoretical physicist">theoretical physicist</a> specializing in <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravitation</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Witten attended the <a href="/wiki/Park_School_of_Baltimore" title="Park School of Baltimore">Park School of Baltimore</a> (class of 1968), and received his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree with a major in <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> and minor in <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> from <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a> in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He had aspirations in journalism and politics and published articles in both <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i> in the late 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1972, he worked for six months on <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern_1972_presidential_campaign" title="George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign">George McGovern's presidential campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Witten attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> for one semester as an economics graduate student before dropping out.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He returned to academia, enrolling in <a href="/wiki/Applied_mathematics" title="Applied mathematics">applied mathematics</a> at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> in 1973, then shifting departments and receiving a <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> in physics in 1976 and completing a dissertation, "Some problems in the short distance analysis of gauge theories", under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">David Gross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He held a fellowship at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (1976–77), visited <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> (1977–78),<sup id="cite_ref-Adv_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adv-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a junior fellow in the Harvard Society of Fellows (1977–1980), and held a <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows_Program" title="MacArthur Fellows Program">MacArthur Foundation</a> fellowship (1982).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Witten&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fields_medal_work">Fields medal work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Witten&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fields medal work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Witten was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal" title="Fields Medal">Fields Medal</a> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Mathematical_Union" title="International Mathematical Union">International Mathematical Union</a> in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a written address to the <a href="/wiki/International_Congress_of_Mathematicians" title="International Congress of Mathematicians">ICM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Atiyah" title="Michael Atiyah">Michael Atiyah</a> said of Witten:<sup id="cite_ref-atiyah_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atiyah-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Although he is definitely a physicist (as his list of publications clearly shows) his command of mathematics is rivaled by few mathematicians, and his ability to interpret physical ideas in mathematical form is quite unique. Time and again he has surprised the mathematical community by a brilliant application of physical insight leading to new and deep mathematical theorems ... He has made a profound impact on contemporary mathematics. In his hands physics is once again providing a rich source of inspiration and insight in mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-atiyah_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atiyah-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Widden_Mori.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Widden_Mori.jpg/220px-Widden_Mori.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Widden_Mori.jpg/330px-Widden_Mori.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Widden_Mori.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Edward Witten (left) with mathematician <a href="/wiki/Shigefumi_Mori" title="Shigefumi Mori">Shigefumi Mori</a>, probably at the <a href="/wiki/International_Congress_of_Mathematicians" title="International Congress of Mathematicians">ICM</a> in 1990, where they received the <a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal" title="Fields Medal">Fields Medal</a></figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>As an example of Witten's work in pure mathematics, Atiyah cites his application of techniques from <a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">quantum field theory</a> to the mathematical subject of <a href="/wiki/Low-dimensional_topology" title="Low-dimensional topology">low-dimensional topology</a>. In the late 1980s, Witten coined the term <i><a href="/wiki/Topological_quantum_field_theory" title="Topological quantum field theory">topological quantum field theory</a></i> for a certain type of physical theory in which the <a href="/wiki/Expectation_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Expectation value">expectation values</a> of observable quantities encode information about the <a href="/wiki/Topology" title="Topology">topology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tqft_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tqft-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, Witten realized that a physical theory now called <a href="/wiki/Chern%E2%80%93Simons_theory" title="Chern–Simons theory">Chern–Simons theory</a> could provide a framework for understanding the mathematical theory of <a href="/wiki/Knot_(mathematics)" title="Knot (mathematics)">knots</a> and <a href="/wiki/3-manifold" title="3-manifold">3-manifolds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Witten's work was based on the mathematically ill-defined notion of a <a href="/wiki/Feynman_path_integral" class="mw-redirect" title="Feynman path integral">Feynman path integral</a> and therefore not <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_rigor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical rigor">mathematically rigorous</a>, mathematicians were able to systematically develop Witten's ideas, leading to the theory of <a href="/wiki/Reshetikhin%E2%80%93Turaev_invariant" title="Reshetikhin–Turaev invariant">Reshetikhin–Turaev invariants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another result for which Witten was awarded the Fields Medal was his proof in 1981 of the <a href="/wiki/Positive_energy_theorem" title="Positive energy theorem">positive energy theorem</a> in <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theorem asserts that (under appropriate assumptions) the total <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> of a gravitating system is always positive and can be zero only if the geometry of <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a> is that of flat <a href="/wiki/Minkowski_space" title="Minkowski space">Minkowski space</a>. It establishes Minkowski space as a stable ground state of the <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_field" title="Gravitational field">gravitational field</a>. While the original proof of this result due to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Schoen" title="Richard Schoen">Richard Schoen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shing-Tung_Yau" title="Shing-Tung Yau">Shing-Tung Yau</a> used <a href="/wiki/Variational_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Variational methods">variational methods</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Witten's proof used ideas from <a href="/wiki/Supergravity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Supergravity theory">supergravity theory</a> to simplify the argument.<sup id="cite_ref-Parker_1985_Gauge_choice_in_Witten_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker_1985_Gauge_choice_in_Witten-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A third area mentioned in Atiyah's address is Witten's work relating <a href="/wiki/Supersymmetry" title="Supersymmetry">supersymmetry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morse_theory" title="Morse theory">Morse theory</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Witten_1982_Supersymmetry_and_Morse_theory_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witten_1982_Supersymmetry_and_Morse_theory-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a branch of mathematics that studies the <a href="/wiki/Topology" title="Topology">topology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manifolds" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifolds">manifolds</a> using the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Differentiable_function" title="Differentiable function">differentiable function</a>. Witten's work gave a physical proof of a classical result, the <a href="/wiki/Morse_theory#Morse_inequalities" title="Morse theory">Morse inequalities</a>, by interpreting the theory in terms of <a href="/wiki/Supersymmetric_quantum_mechanics" title="Supersymmetric quantum mechanics">supersymmetric quantum mechanics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Witten_1982_Supersymmetry_and_Morse_theory_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witten_1982_Supersymmetry_and_Morse_theory-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="M-theory">M-theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Witten&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: M-theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the mid 1990s, physicists working on <a href="/wiki/String_theory" title="String theory">string theory</a> had developed five different consistent versions of the theory. These versions are known as <a href="/wiki/Type_I_string" class="mw-redirect" title="Type I string">type I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Type_IIA_string" class="mw-redirect" title="Type IIA string">type IIA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Type_IIB_string" class="mw-redirect" title="Type IIB string">type IIB</a>, and the two flavors of <a href="/wiki/Heterotic_string" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterotic string">heterotic string</a> theory (<a href="/wiki/Special_orthogonal_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Special orthogonal group">SO(32)</a> and <a href="/wiki/E8_(mathematics)" title="E8 (mathematics)">E<sub>8</sub>×E<sub>8</sub></a>). The thinking was that of these five candidate theories, only one was the actual correct <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_everything" title="Theory of everything">theory of everything</a>, and that theory was the one whose low-energy limit matched the physics observed in our world today.<sup id="cite_ref-Rickles_2016_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rickles_2016-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Speaking at <a href="/wiki/Strings_(conference)" title="Strings (conference)">Strings</a> '95 conference at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>, Witten made the surprising suggestion that these five string theories were in fact not distinct theories, but different limits of a single theory, which he called <a href="/wiki/M-theory" title="M-theory">M-theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Witten's proposal was based on the observation that the five string theories can be mapped to one another by certain rules called <a href="/wiki/String_duality" title="String duality">dualities</a> and are identified by these dualities. It led to a flurry of work now known as the <a href="/wiki/Second_superstring_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Second superstring revolution">second superstring revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rickles_2016_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rickles_2016-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_work">Other work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Witten&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gross_Witten_Hawking_TIFR_2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gross_Witten_Hawking_TIFR_2001.jpg/220px-Gross_Witten_Hawking_TIFR_2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gross_Witten_Hawking_TIFR_2001.jpg/330px-Gross_Witten_Hawking_TIFR_2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gross_Witten_Hawking_TIFR_2001.jpg/440px-Gross_Witten_Hawking_TIFR_2001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Edward Witten (center) with <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">David Gross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a> at <a href="/wiki/Strings_(conference)" title="Strings (conference)">Strings 2001</a> at TIFR in Mumbai, India</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>Another of Witten's contributions to physics was to the result of gauge/gravity duality. In 1997, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Maldacena" title="Juan Maldacena">Juan Maldacena</a> formulated a result known as the <a href="/wiki/AdS/CFT_correspondence" title="AdS/CFT correspondence">AdS/CFT correspondence</a>, which establishes a relationship between certain <a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum field theories">quantum field theories</a> and theories of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">quantum gravity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-largeN_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-largeN-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maldacena's discovery has dominated high-energy theoretical physics for the past 15 years because of its applications to theoretical problems in quantum gravity and quantum field theory. Witten's foundational work following Maldacena's result has shed light on this relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Seiberg" title="Nathan Seiberg">Nathan Seiberg</a>, Witten established several powerful results in quantum field theories. In their paper on string theory and <a href="/wiki/Noncommutative_geometry" title="Noncommutative geometry">noncommutative geometry</a>, Seiberg and Witten studied certain <a href="/wiki/Noncommutative_quantum_field_theory" title="Noncommutative quantum field theory">noncommutative quantum field theories</a> that arise as limits of string theory.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another well-known paper, they studied aspects of <a href="/wiki/Supersymmetric_gauge_theory" title="Supersymmetric gauge theory">supersymmetric gauge theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter paper, combined with Witten's earlier work on topological quantum field theory,<sup id="cite_ref-tqft_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tqft-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led to developments in the topology of <a href="/wiki/Smooth_manifold" class="mw-redirect" title="Smooth manifold">smooth</a> <a href="/wiki/4-manifold" title="4-manifold">4-manifolds</a>, in particular the notion of <a href="/wiki/Seiberg%E2%80%93Witten_invariant" class="mw-redirect" title="Seiberg–Witten invariant">Seiberg–Witten invariants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With <a href="/wiki/Anton_Kapustin" title="Anton Kapustin">Anton Kapustin</a>, Witten has made deep mathematical connections between S-duality of gauge theories and the <a href="/wiki/Geometric_Langlands_correspondence" title="Geometric Langlands correspondence">geometric Langlands correspondence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Partly in collaboration with Seiberg, one of his recent interests includes aspects of field theoretical description of topological phases in condensed matter and non-supersymmetric dualities in field theories that, among other things, are of high relevance in condensed matter theory. In 2016, he has also brought tensor models to the relevance of holographic and quantum gravity theories, by using them as a generalization of the <a href="/wiki/Sachdev%E2%80%93Ye%E2%80%93Kitaev_model" title="Sachdev–Ye–Kitaev model">Sachdev–Ye–Kitaev model</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Witten has published influential and insightful work in many aspects of quantum field theories and mathematical physics, including the physics and mathematics of anomalies, integrability, dualities, localization, and homologies. Many of his results have deeply influenced areas in theoretical physics (often well beyond the original context of his results), including string theory, quantum gravity and topological condensed matter.<sup id="cite_ref-Stiftung_2023_Witten_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stiftung_2023_Witten-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, Witten is known for collaborating with <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Britto" title="Ruth Britto">Ruth Britto</a> on a method calculating scattering amplitudes known as the <a href="/wiki/BCFW_recursion" title="BCFW recursion">BCFW recursion relations</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Witten&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Witten has been honored with numerous awards including a <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellowship" class="mw-redirect" title="MacArthur Fellowship">MacArthur Grant</a> (1982), the <a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal" title="Fields Medal">Fields Medal</a> (1990), the Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a> (1997),<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Nemmers_Prize_in_Mathematics" title="Nemmers Prize in Mathematics">Nemmers Prize in Mathematics</a> (2000), the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2002), Pythagoras Award<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2005), the <a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9_Prize" title="Henri Poincaré Prize">Henri Poincaré Prize</a> (2006), the <a href="/wiki/Crafoord_Prize" title="Crafoord Prize">Crafoord Prize</a> (2008), the <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_Medal" title="Lorentz Medal">Lorentz Medal</a> (2010) the <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Medal" title="Isaac Newton Medal">Isaac Newton Medal</a> (2010) and the <a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Prize_in_Fundamental_Physics" title="Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics">Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics</a> (2012). Since 1999, he has been a Foreign Member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> (London), and in March 2016 was elected an Honorary Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal Society of Edinburgh">Royal Society of Edinburgh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> appointed Witten as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Pontifical Academy of Sciences">Pontifical Academy of Sciences</a> (2006). He also appeared in the list of <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine's <a href="/wiki/Time_100" title="Time 100">100 most influential people</a> of 2004. In 2012, he became a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society" title="American Mathematical Society">American Mathematical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Witten was elected as a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1984, a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> in 1988, and a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2022 he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Sciences from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an informal poll at a 1990 cosmology conference, Witten received the largest number of mentions as "the smartest living physicist".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Witten&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Witten has been married to <a href="/wiki/Chiara_Nappi" title="Chiara Nappi">Chiara Nappi</a>, a professor of physics at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, since 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have two daughters and a son. Their daughter <a href="/wiki/Ilana_B._Witten" title="Ilana B. Witten">Ilana B. Witten</a> is a neuroscientist at Princeton University,<sup id="cite_ref-IWitten_faculty_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IWitten_faculty-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and daughter <a href="/wiki/Daniela_Witten" title="Daniela Witten">Daniela Witten</a> is a biostatistician at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DWitten_faculty_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWitten_faculty-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Witten sits on the board of directors of <a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Peace_Now" title="Americans for Peace Now">Americans for Peace Now</a> and on the advisory council of <a href="/wiki/J_Street_(advocacy_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="J Street (advocacy group)">J Street</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He supports the <a href="/wiki/Two-state_solution" title="Two-state solution">two-state solution</a> and advocates a boycott of Israeli institutions and economic activity beyond its 1967 borders, though not of Israel itself.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Witten lived in Israel for a year in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Witten&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Selected publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Some Problems in the Short Distance Analysis of Gauge Theories</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, 1976. (<a href="/wiki/Dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissertation">Dissertation</a>.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Jackiw" title="Roman Jackiw">Roman Jackiw</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">David Gross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_B._Treiman" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam B. Treiman">Sam B. Treiman</a>, Edward Witten, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Zumino" title="Bruno Zumino">Bruno Zumino</a>. <i>Current Algebra and Anomalies: A Set of Lecture Notes and Papers</i>. World Scientific, 1985.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Green_(physicist)" title="Michael Green (physicist)">Green, M.</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_H._Schwarz" class="mw-redirect" title="John H. Schwarz">John H. Schwarz</a>, and E. Witten. <i>Superstring Theory. Vol. 1, Introduction</i>. Cambridge Monographs on Mathematical Physics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-35752-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-35752-4">978-0-521-35752-4</a>.</li> <li>Green, M., John H. Schwarz, and E. Witten. <i>Superstring Theory. Vol. 2, Loop Amplitudes, Anomalies and Phenomenology</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-35753-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-35753-1">978-0-521-35753-1</a>.</li> <li><i>Quantum fields and strings: a course for mathematicians</i>. Vols. 1, 2. Material from the Special Year on Quantum Field Theory held at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ, 1996–1997. Edited by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Deligne" title="Pierre Deligne">Pierre Deligne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Etingof" title="Pavel Etingof">Pavel Etingof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Freed" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel S. Freed">Daniel S. Freed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisa_C._Jeffrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisa C. Jeffrey">Lisa C. Jeffrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Kazhdan" title="David Kazhdan">David Kazhdan</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Morgan_(mathematician)" title="John Morgan (mathematician)">John W. Morgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_R._Morrison_(mathematician)" title="David R. Morrison (mathematician)">David R. Morrison</a> and Edward Witten. American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI; Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), Princeton, NJ, 1999. Vol. 1: xxii+723 pp.; Vol. 2: pp. i–xxiv and 727–1501. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8218-1198-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8218-1198-3">0-8218-1198-3</a>, 81–06 (81T30 81Txx).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Witten&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160607043423/http://consejoculturalmundial.org/announcement-of-2016-winners/">"Announcement of 2016 Winners"</a>. World Cultural Council. June 6, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://consejoculturalmundial.org/announcement-of-2016-winners/">the original</a> on June 7, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Announcement+of+2016+Winners&rft.pub=World+Cultural+Council&rft.date=2016-06-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconsejoculturalmundial.org%2Fannouncement-of-2016-winners%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Witten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woit-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woit_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoit2006" class="citation book cs1">Woit, Peter (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/notevenwrongfail00woit/page/105"><i>Not Even Wrong: The Failure of String Theory and the Search for Unity in Physical Law</i></a></span>. New York: Basic Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/notevenwrongfail00woit/page/105">105</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-09275-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-09275-6"><bdi>0-465-09275-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Not+Even+Wrong%3A+The+Failure+of+String+Theory+and+the+Search+for+Unity+in+Physical+Law&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-465-09275-6&rft.aulast=Woit&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnotevenwrongfail00woit%2Fpage%2F105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Witten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adv-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adv_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adv_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adv_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160823223743/http://www.sns.ias.edu/ckfinder/userfiles/files/ComemorativeLecturePopular(1).pdf">"Edward Witten – Adventures in physics and math (Kyoto Prize lecture 2014)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sns.ias.edu/ckfinder/userfiles/files/ComemorativeLecturePopular%281%29.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 23, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edward+Witten+%E2%80%93+Adventures+in+physics+and+math+%28Kyoto+Prize+lecture+2014%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sns.ias.edu%2Fckfinder%2Fuserfiles%2Ffiles%2FComemorativeLecturePopular%25281%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Witten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ias.edu/scholars/witten">"Edward Witten"</a>. <i>Institute for Advanced Study</i>. December 9, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+Advanced+Study&rft.atitle=Edward+Witten&rft.date=2019-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ias.edu%2Fscholars%2Fwitten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Witten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atiyah-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-atiyah_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-atiyah_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-atiyah_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtiyah1990" class="citation conference cs1">Atiyah, Michael (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301004342/http://www.mathunion.org/ICM/ICM1990.1/Main/icm1990.1.0031.0036.ocr.pdf">"On the Work of Edward Witten"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">31–</span>35. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathunion.org/ICM/ICM1990.1/Main/icm1990.1.0031.0036.ocr.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=On+the+Work+of+Edward+Witten&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+International+Congress+of+Mathematicians&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Atiyah&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mathunion.org%2FICM%2FICM1990.1%2FMain%2Ficm1990.1.0031.0036.ocr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Witten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Atiyah" class="citation web cs1">Michael Atiyah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301004342/http://www.mathunion.org/ICM/ICM1990.1/Main/icm1990.1.0031.0036.ocr.pdf">"On the Work of Edward Witten"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mathunion.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathunion.org/ICM/ICM1990.1/Main/icm1990.1.0031.0036.ocr.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 1, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mathunion.org&rft.atitle=On+the+Work+of+Edward+Witten&rft.au=Michael+Atiyah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mathunion.org%2FICM%2FICM1990.1%2FMain%2Ficm1990.1.0031.0036.ocr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Witten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duff_1998,_p._65-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duff_1998,_p._65_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duff 1998, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ_J_O'ConnorE_F_Robertson2009" class="citation web cs1">J J O'Connor; E F Robertson (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Witten/">"Edward Witten - Biography"</a>. <i>Maths History</i>. University of St Andrews<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maths+History&rft.atitle=Edward+Witten+-+Biography&rft.date=2009-09&rft.au=J+J+O%27Connor&rft.au=E+F+Robertson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FWitten%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Witten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brandeiscenter.com/ldb-appoints-jesse-a-witten-to-the-ldb-legal-advisory-board/">"LDB Appoints Jesse A. Witten to the LDB Legal Advisory Board"</a>. <i>Brandeis Center</i>. October 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brandeis+Center&rft.atitle=LDB+Appoints+Jesse+A.+Witten+to+the+LDB+Legal+Advisory+Board&rft.date=2020-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrandeiscenter.com%2Fldb-appoints-jesse-a-witten-to-the-ldb-legal-advisory-board%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Witten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=18616">Celia Witten</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.utexas.edu/cpe-icdd/speakers/celia-witten">"Celia Witten, M.D., Ph.D."</a> <i>The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+University+of+Texas+at+Austin%2C+College+of+Pharmacy&rft.atitle=Celia+Witten%2C+M.D.%2C+Ph.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.utexas.edu%2Fcpe-icdd%2Fspeakers%2Fcelia-witten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Witten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-cincinnati-enquirer-obituary-for-lor/72622660/">"Obituary for Lorraine Witten"</a>. <i>The Cincinnati Enquirer</i>. February 10, 1987. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cincinnati+Enquirer&rft.atitle=Obituary+for+Lorraine+Witten&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1987-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-cincinnati-enquirer-obituary-for-lor%2F72622660%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Witten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zEp1LT7dQMoC&q=LORRAINE+LOUIS+WITTEN"><i>The International Who's Who: 1992–93</i></a>. Europa Publications. 1992. p. 1754. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-946653-84-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-946653-84-3"><bdi>978-0-946653-84-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Who%27s+Who%3A+1992%E2%80%9393&rft.pages=1754&rft.pub=Europa+Publications&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-946653-84-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzEp1LT7dQMoC%26q%3DLORRAINE%2BLOUIS%2BWITTEN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Witten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/medalofscience50/witten.jsp">"Edward Witten (1951)"</a>. <i>www.nsf.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nsf.gov&rft.atitle=Edward+Witten+%281951%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsf.gov%2Fnews%2Fspecial_reports%2Fmedalofscience50%2Fwitten.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Witten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitten1969" class="citation magazine cs1">Witten, Edward (October 18, 1969). "Are You Listening, D.H. Lawrence?". <i>The New Republic</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=Are+You+Listening%2C+D.H.+Lawrence%3F&rft.date=1969-10-18&rft.aulast=Witten&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Witten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitten1968" class="citation news cs1">Witten, Edward (December 16, 1968). "The New Left". <i>The Nation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=The+New+Left&rft.date=1968-12-16&rft.aulast=Witten&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Witten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarmelo2019" class="citation web cs1">Farmelo, Graham (May 2, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grahamfarmelo.com/the-universe-speaks-in-numbers-interview-5/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Universe Speaks in Numbers' – Interview 5"</a>. <i>Graham Farmelo</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503163123/https://grahamfarmelo.com/the-universe-speaks-in-numbers-interview-5/">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Graham+Farmelo&rft.atitle=%27The+Universe+Speaks+in+Numbers%27+%E2%80%93+Interview+5&rft.date=2019-05-02&rft.aulast=Farmelo&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrahamfarmelo.com%2Fthe-universe-speaks-in-numbers-interview-5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Witten" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://backreaction.blogspot.com/2019/05/graham-farmelos-interview-of-edward.html">Alt URL</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/46968">"Edward Witten"</a>. <i>www.aip.org</i>. February 24, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aip.org&rft.atitle=Edward+Witten&rft.date=2022-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aip.org%2Fhistory-programs%2Fniels-bohr-library%2Foral-histories%2F46968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Witten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitten1976" class="citation book cs1">Witten, E. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/1632693"><i>Some problems in the short distance analysis of gauge theories</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+problems+in+the+short+distance+analysis+of+gauge+theories&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Witten&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.princeton.edu%2Fcatalog%2F1632693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Witten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sns.ias.edu/sites/default/files/Interview.pdf">Interview by Hirosi Ooguri</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329131003/http://www.sns.ias.edu/sites/default/files/Interview.pdf">Archived</a> March 29, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Notices_of_the_American_Mathematical_Society" title="Notices of the American Mathematical Society">Notices of the American Mathematical Society</a></i>, May 2015, pp. 491–506.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204111241/http://www.sns.ias.edu/~witten/CurrentCV.pdf">"Edward Witten"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sns.ias.edu/~witten/CurrentCV.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 4, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilcrotonese.it/notizia.asp?IDNotizia=10957&IDCategoria=8">the original</a> on July 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Il+Crotonese&rft.atitle=Il+premio+Pitagora+al+fisico+teorico+Witten&rft.date=2005-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilcrotonese.it%2Fnotizia.asp%3FIDNotizia%3D10957%26IDCategoria%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Witten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/fellows/fellows-directory/">"Current Fellows"</a>. <i>royalsociety.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fellows&rft.date=2016-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalsoced.org.uk%2F1200_2016ElectedFellows.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Witten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ams.org/cgi-bin/fellows/fellows.cgi">"Fellows of the American Mathematical Society"</a>. <i>American Mathematical Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Mathematical+Society&rft.atitle=Fellows+of+the+American+Mathematical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Ffellows%2Ffellows.cgi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Witten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/edward-witten">"Edward Witten"</a>. <i>American Academy of Arts & Sciences</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=Edward+Witten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fperson%2Fedward-witten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Witten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/48991.html">"Edward Witten"</a>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasonline.org&rft.atitle=Edward+Witten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fmembers%2F48991.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Witten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Edward+Witten&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DEdward%2BWitten%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Witten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://almanac.upenn.edu/articles/penns-2022-commencement-speaker-and-honorary-degree-recipients#:~:text=Penn's%202022%20Commencement%20Speaker%20and%20Honorary%20Degree%20Recipients,-March%201%2C%202022&text=Award%2Dwinning%20documentary%20filmmaker%20Ken,an%20honorary%20degree%20from%20Penn.">"Penn's 2022 Commencement Speaker and Honorary Degree Recipients"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Penn%27s+2022+Commencement+Speaker+and+Honorary+Degree+Recipients&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falmanac.upenn.edu%2Farticles%2Fpenns-2022-commencement-speaker-and-honorary-degree-recipients%23%3A~%3Atext%3DPenn%27s%25202022%2520Commencement%2520Speaker%2520and%2520Honorary%2520Degree%2520Recipients%2C-March%25201%252C%25202022%26text%3DAward%252Dwinning%2520documentary%2520filmmaker%2520Ken%2Can%2520honorary%2520degree%2520from%2520Penn.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Witten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemonick,_Michael2004" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lemonick" title="Michael Lemonick">Lemonick, Michael</a> (April 26, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901070759/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,994019,00.html">"Edward Witten"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,994019,00.html">the original</a> on September 1, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Edward+Witten&rft.date=2004-04-26&rft.au=Lemonick%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C994019%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Witten" class="Z3988"></span><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>"At a 1990 conference on cosmology," wrote <a href="/wiki/John_Horgan_(American_journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Horgan (American journalist)">John Horgan</a> in 2014, "I asked attendees, who included folks like <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Turner_(cosmologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Turner (cosmologist)">Michael Turner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">James Peebles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Guth" title="Alan Guth">Alan Guth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Linde" title="Andrei Linde">Andrei Linde</a>, to nominate the smartest living physicist. Edward Witten got the most votes (with <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a> the runner-up). Some considered Witten to be in the same league as Einstein and Newton." See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/cross-check/2014/09/22/physics-titan-edward-witten-still-thinks-string-theory-on-the-right-track/">"Physics Titan Edward Witten Still Thinks String Theory 'on the Right Track'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>scientificamerican.com</i>. September 22, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scientificamerican.com&rft.atitle=Physics+Titan+Edward+Witten+Still+Thinks+String+Theory+%27on+the+Right+Track%27&rft.date=2014-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.scientificamerican.com%2Fcross-check%2F2014%2F09%2F22%2Fphysics-titan-edward-witten-still-thinks-string-theory-on-the-right-track%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Witten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitten" class="citation web cs1">Witten, Ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sns.ias.edu/ckfinder/userfiles/files/ComemorativeLecturePopular(1).pdf">"The 2014 Kyoto Prize Commemorative Lecture in Basic Sciences"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+2014+Kyoto+Prize+Commemorative+Lecture+in+Basic+Sciences&rft.aulast=Witten&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sns.ias.edu%2Fckfinder%2Fuserfiles%2Ffiles%2FComemorativeLecturePopular%281%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Witten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IWitten_faculty-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IWitten_faculty_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pni.princeton.edu/faculty/ilana-witten">"Faculty » Ilana B. Witten"</a>. <i>princeton.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=princeton.edu&rft.atitle=Faculty+%C2%BB+Ilana+B.+Witten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpni.princeton.edu%2Ffaculty%2Filana-witten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Witten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DWitten_faculty-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DWitten_faculty_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/dwitten/">"UW Faculty » Daniela M. Witten"</a>. <i>washington.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=washington.edu&rft.atitle=UW+Faculty+%C2%BB+Daniela+M.+Witten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.washington.edu%2Fdwitten%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Witten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jstreet.org/supporters/advisory-council">"Advisory Council"</a>. J Street. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Advisory+Council&rft.pub=J+Street&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjstreet.org%2Fsupporters%2Fadvisory-council&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Witten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirdAbrahamWittenWalzer" class="citation news cs1">Bird, Kai; Abraham, David; Witten, Edward; Walzer, Michael; Brooks, Peter; Beinart, Peter; Gitlin, Todd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2016/10/13/economic-boycott-israeli-settlements/">"For an Economic Boycott and Political Nonrecognition of the Israeli Settlements in the Occupied Territories | Todd Gitlin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-7504">0028-7504</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=For+an+Economic+Boycott+and+Political+Nonrecognition+of+the+Israeli+Settlements+in+the+Occupied+Territories+%26%23124%3B+Todd+Gitlin&rft.issn=0028-7504&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Kai&rft.au=Abraham%2C+David&rft.au=Witten%2C+Edward&rft.au=Walzer%2C+Michael&rft.au=Brooks%2C+Peter&rft.au=Beinart%2C+Peter&rft.au=Gitlin%2C+Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F2016%2F10%2F13%2Feconomic-boycott-israeli-settlements%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Witten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.peacenow.org/entries/archive296">"Edward Witten for Americans for Peace Now"</a>. <i>Americans for Peace Now</i>. February 8, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Americans+for+Peace+Now&rft.atitle=Edward+Witten+for+Americans+for+Peace+Now&rft.date=2005-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.peacenow.org%2Fentries%2Farchive296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Witten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Witten&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Edward_Witten" class="extiw" title="commons:Edward Witten"><span style="font-style:italic; 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<a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Witten.html">"Edward Witten"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward+Witten&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FWitten.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Witten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=31293">Edward Witten</a> at the <a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25.0em;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>1936  <a href="/wiki/Lars_Ahlfors" title="Lars Ahlfors">Ahlfors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Douglas" title="Jesse Douglas">Douglas</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>1950  <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Schwartz" title="Laurent Schwartz">Schwartz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Atle_Selberg" title="Atle Selberg">Selberg</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>1954  <a href="/wiki/Kunihiko_Kodaira" title="Kunihiko Kodaira">Kodaira</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Serre" title="Jean-Pierre Serre">Serre</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>1958  <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Roth" title="Klaus Roth">Roth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Thom" title="René Thom">Thom</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>1962  <a href="/wiki/Lars_H%C3%B6rmander" title="Lars Hörmander">Hörmander</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milnor" title="John Milnor">Milnor</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>1966  <a href="/wiki/Michael_Atiyah" title="Michael Atiyah">Atiyah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cohen" title="Paul Cohen">Cohen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Grothendieck" title="Alexander Grothendieck">Grothendieck</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Smale" title="Stephen Smale">Smale</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>1970  <a href="/wiki/Alan_Baker_(mathematician)" title="Alan Baker (mathematician)">Baker</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Heisuke_Hironaka" title="Heisuke Hironaka">Hironaka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Novikov_(mathematician)" title="Sergei Novikov (mathematician)">Novikov</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Thompson" title="John G. Thompson">Thompson</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>1974  <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Bombieri" title="Enrico Bombieri">Bombieri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/David_Mumford" title="David Mumford">Mumford</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>1978  <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Deligne" title="Pierre Deligne">Deligne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fefferman" title="Charles Fefferman">Fefferman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Margulis" title="Grigory Margulis">Margulis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Quillen" title="Daniel Quillen">Quillen</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>1982  <a href="/wiki/Alain_Connes" title="Alain Connes">Connes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/William_Thurston" title="William Thurston">Thurston</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shing-Tung_Yau" title="Shing-Tung Yau">Yau</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>1986  <a href="/wiki/Simon_Donaldson" title="Simon Donaldson">Donaldson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gerd_Faltings" title="Gerd Faltings">Faltings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Freedman" title="Michael Freedman">Freedman</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>1990  <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Drinfeld" title="Vladimir Drinfeld">Drinfeld</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vaughan_Jones" title="Vaughan Jones">Jones</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shigefumi_Mori" title="Shigefumi Mori">Mori</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Witten</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>1994  <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bourgain" title="Jean Bourgain">Bourgain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Louis_Lions" title="Pierre-Louis Lions">Lions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Christophe_Yoccoz" title="Jean-Christophe Yoccoz">Yoccoz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Zelmanov" title="Efim Zelmanov">Zelmanov</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>1998  <a href="/wiki/Richard_Borcherds" title="Richard Borcherds">Borcherds</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Gowers" title="Timothy Gowers">Gowers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Kontsevich" title="Maxim Kontsevich">Kontsevich</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_T._McMullen" title="Curtis T. McMullen">McMullen</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>2002  <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Lafforgue" title="Laurent Lafforgue">Lafforgue</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Voevodsky" title="Vladimir Voevodsky">Voevodsky</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>2006  <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Okounkov" title="Andrei Okounkov">Okounkov</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grigori_Perelman" title="Grigori Perelman">Perelman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Terence_Tao" title="Terence Tao">Tao</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wendelin_Werner" title="Wendelin Werner">Werner</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>2010  <a href="/wiki/Elon_Lindenstrauss" title="Elon Lindenstrauss">Lindenstrauss</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_B%E1%BA%A3o_Ch%C3%A2u" title="Ngô Bảo Châu">Ngô</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Smirnov" title="Stanislav Smirnov">Smirnov</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9dric_Villani" title="Cédric Villani">Villani</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>2014  <a href="/wiki/Artur_Avila" title="Artur Avila">Avila</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manjul_Bhargava" title="Manjul Bhargava">Bhargava</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Hairer" title="Martin Hairer">Hairer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Mirzakhani" title="Maryam Mirzakhani">Mirzakhani</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>2018  <a href="/wiki/Caucher_Birkar" title="Caucher Birkar">Birkar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alessio_Figalli" title="Alessio Figalli">Figalli</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Scholze" title="Peter Scholze">Scholze</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Akshay_Venkatesh" title="Akshay Venkatesh">Venkatesh</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>2022  <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Duminil-Copin" title="Hugo Duminil-Copin">Duminil-Copin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/June_Huh" title="June Huh">Huh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/James_Maynard_(mathematician)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Maynard (mathematician)">Maynard</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Maryna_Viazovska" title="Maryna Viazovska">Viazovska</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fields_Medalists" title="Category:Fields Medalists">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Breakthrough_Prize_laureates203" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Breakthrough_Prize_laureates" title="Template:Breakthrough Prize laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Breakthrough_Prize_laureates" title="Template talk:Breakthrough Prize laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Breakthrough_Prize_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Breakthrough Prize laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Breakthrough_Prize_laureates203" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Prize" title="Breakthrough Prize">Breakthrough Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Prize_in_Mathematics" title="Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics">Mathematics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Donaldson" title="Simon Donaldson">Simon Donaldson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Kontsevich" title="Maxim Kontsevich">Maxim Kontsevich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Lurie" title="Jacob Lurie">Jacob Lurie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terence_Tao" title="Terence Tao">Terence Tao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(mathematician)" title="Richard Taylor (mathematician)">Richard Taylor</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Agol" title="Ian Agol">Ian Agol</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bourgain" title="Jean Bourgain">Jean Bourgain</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hacon" title="Christopher Hacon">Christopher Hacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_McKernan" title="James McKernan">James McKernan</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Lafforgue" title="Vincent Lafforgue">Vincent Lafforgue</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Eskin" title="Alex Eskin">Alex Eskin</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Hairer" title="Martin Hairer">Martin Hairer</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuro_Mochizuki" class="mw-redirect" title="Takuro Mochizuki">Takuro Mochizuki</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_A._Spielman" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel A. Spielman">Daniel A. Spielman</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Brendle" title="Simon Brendle">Simon Brendle</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Prize_in_Fundamental_Physics" title="Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics">Fundamental<br />physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nima_Arkani-Hamed" title="Nima Arkani-Hamed">Nima Arkani-Hamed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Guth" title="Alan Guth">Alan Guth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kitaev" title="Alexei Kitaev">Alexei Kitaev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Kontsevich" title="Maxim Kontsevich">Maxim Kontsevich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Linde" title="Andrei Linde">Andrei Linde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Mart%C3%ADn_Maldacena" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Martín Maldacena">Juan Maldacena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Seiberg" title="Nathan Seiberg">Nathan Seiberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashoke_Sen" title="Ashoke Sen">Ashoke Sen</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edward Witten</a> (2012)</li> <li><i>Special</i>: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jenni" title="Peter Jenni">Peter Jenni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabiola_Gianotti" title="Fabiola Gianotti">Fabiola Gianotti</a> (ATLAS), <a href="/wiki/Michel_Della_Negra" title="Michel Della Negra">Michel Della Negra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tejinder_Virdee" title="Tejinder Virdee">Tejinder Virdee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guido_Tonelli" title="Guido Tonelli">Guido Tonelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Incandela" title="Joseph Incandela">Joseph Incandela</a> (CMS) and <a href="/wiki/Lyn_Evans" title="Lyn Evans">Lyn Evans</a> (LHC) (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Markovich_Polyakov" title="Alexander Markovich Polyakov">Alexander Polyakov</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Green_(physicist)" title="Michael Green (physicist)">Michael Green</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Schwarz" title="John Henry Schwarz">John Henry Schwarz</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Saul Perlmutter</a> and members of the <a href="/wiki/Supernova_Cosmology_Project" title="Supernova Cosmology Project">Supernova Cosmology Project</a>; <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Brian Schmidt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Adam Riess</a> and members of the <a href="/wiki/High-Z_Supernova_Search_Team" title="High-Z Supernova Search Team">High-Z Supernova Team</a> (2015)</li> <li><i>Special</i>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Drever" title="Ronald Drever">Ronald Drever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Kip Thorne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Rainer Weiss</a> and contributors to <a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a> project (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yifang" title="Wang Yifang">Yifang Wang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kam-Biu_Luk" title="Kam-Biu Luk">Kam-Biu Luk</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Daya_Bay_Reactor_Neutrino_Experiment" title="Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment">Daya Bay team</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atsuto_Suzuki" title="Atsuto Suzuki">Atsuto Suzuki</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kamioka_Liquid_Scintillator_Antineutrino_Detector" title="Kamioka Liquid Scintillator Antineutrino Detector">KamLAND</a> team, <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dichir%C5%8D_Nishikawa" title="Kōichirō Nishikawa">Kōichirō Nishikawa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/K2K_experiment" title="K2K experiment">K2K</a> / <a href="/wiki/T2K_experiment" title="T2K experiment">T2K</a> team, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">Arthur B. McDonald</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sudbury_Neutrino_Observatory" title="Sudbury Neutrino Observatory">Sudbury Neutrino Observatory</a> team, <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Takaaki Kajita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dichir%C5%8D_Suzuki" title="Yōichirō Suzuki">Yōichirō Suzuki</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Super-Kamiokande" title="Super-Kamiokande">Super-Kamiokande</a> team (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Polchinski" title="Joseph Polchinski">Joseph Polchinski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Strominger" title="Andrew Strominger">Andrew Strominger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumrun_Vafa" title="Cumrun Vafa">Cumrun Vafa</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Bennett" title="Charles L. Bennett">Charles L. Bennett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Hinshaw" title="Gary Hinshaw">Gary Hinshaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Jarosik" title="Norman Jarosik">Norman Jarosik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Page" title="Lyman Page">Lyman Page Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Spergel" title="David Spergel">David Spergel</a> (2018)</li> <li><i>Special</i>: <a href="/wiki/Jocelyn_Bell_Burnell" title="Jocelyn Bell Burnell">Jocelyn Bell Burnell</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Kane" title="Charles L. Kane">Charles Kane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugene_J._Mele" title="Eugene J. Mele">Eugene Mele</a> (2019)</li> <li><i>Special</i>: <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Ferrara" title="Sergio Ferrara">Sergio Ferrara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Z._Freedman" title="Daniel Z. Freedman">Daniel Z. Freedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Nieuwenhuizen" title="Peter van Nieuwenhuizen">Peter van Nieuwenhuizen</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Event_Horizon_Telescope_Collaboration" class="mw-redirect" title="The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration">The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Adelberger" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Adelberger">Eric Adelberger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jens_H._Gundlach" title="Jens H. Gundlach">Jens H. Gundlach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blayne_Heckel" title="Blayne Heckel">Blayne Heckel</a> (2021)</li> <li><i>Special</i>: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidetoshi_Katori" title="Hidetoshi Katori">Hidetoshi Katori</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jun_Ye" title="Jun Ye">Jun Ye</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Bennett_(physicist)" title="Charles H. Bennett (physicist)">Charles H. Bennett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Brassard" title="Gilles Brassard">Gilles Brassard</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Deutsch" title="David Deutsch">David Deutsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_W._Shor" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter W. Shor">Peter W. Shor</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cardy" title="John Cardy">John Cardy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zamolodchikov" title="Alexander Zamolodchikov">Alexander Zamolodchikov</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Prize_in_Life_Sciences" title="Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences">Life sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Bargmann" title="Cornelia Bargmann">Cornelia Bargmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Botstein" title="David Botstein">David Botstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_C._Cantley" title="Lewis C. Cantley">Lewis C. Cantley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Clevers" title="Hans Clevers">Hans Clevers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titia_de_Lange" title="Titia de Lange">Titia de Lange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleone_Ferrara" title="Napoleone Ferrara">Napoleone Ferrara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Lander" title="Eric Lander">Eric Lander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sawyers" title="Charles Sawyers">Charles Sawyers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Weinberg_(biologist)" title="Robert Weinberg (biologist)">Robert Weinberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Shinya Yamanaka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bert_Vogelstein" title="Bert Vogelstein">Bert Vogelstein</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Allison" title="James P. Allison">James P. Allison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahlon_DeLong" title="Mahlon DeLong">Mahlon DeLong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_N._Hall" title="Michael N. Hall">Michael N. Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Langer" title="Robert S. Langer">Robert S. Langer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Lifton" title="Richard P. Lifton">Richard P. Lifton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Varshavsky" title="Alexander Varshavsky">Alexander Varshavsky</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alim_Louis_Benabid" title="Alim Louis Benabid">Alim Louis Benabid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Allis" title="Charles David Allis">Charles David Allis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Victor Ambros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Gary Ruvkun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Boyden" title="Edward Boyden">Edward Boyden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Deisseroth" title="Karl Deisseroth">Karl Deisseroth</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hardy_(geneticist)" title="John Hardy (geneticist)">John Hardy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Hobbs" title="Helen Hobbs">Helen Hobbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Elledge" title="Stephen Elledge">Stephen J. Elledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Noller" title="Harry F. Noller">Harry F. Noller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roel_Nusse" title="Roel Nusse">Roeland Nusse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoshinori_Ohsumi" title="Yoshinori Ohsumi">Yoshinori Ohsumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huda_Zoghbi" title="Huda Zoghbi">Huda Zoghbi</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Chory" title="Joanne Chory">Joanne Chory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Walter" title="Peter Walter">Peter Walter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazutoshi_Mori" title="Kazutoshi Mori">Kazutoshi Mori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Nasmyth" title="Kim Nasmyth">Kim Nasmyth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Don_W._Cleveland" title="Don W. Cleveland">Don W. Cleveland</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Frank_Bennett" title="C. Frank Bennett">C. Frank Bennett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adrian_R._Krainer" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrian R. Krainer">Adrian R. Krainer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angelika_Amon" title="Angelika Amon">Angelika Amon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiaowei_Zhuang" title="Xiaowei Zhuang">Xiaowei Zhuang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhijian_Chen" title="Zhijian Chen">Zhijian Chen</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_M._Friedman" title="Jeffrey M. Friedman">Jeffrey M. Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz-Ulrich_Hartl" title="Franz-Ulrich Hartl">Franz-Ulrich Hartl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._Horwich" title="Arthur L. Horwich">Arthur L. Horwich</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">David Julius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Man-Yee_Lee" title="Virginia Man-Yee Lee">Virginia Man-Yee Lee</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Baker_(biochemist)" title="David Baker (biochemist)">David Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Dulac" title="Catherine Dulac">Catherine Dulac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Lo" title="Dennis Lo">Dennis Lo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_J._Youle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard J. Youle (page does not exist)">Richard J. Youle</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_J._Youle" class="extiw" title="de:Richard J. Youle">de</a>]</span> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_W._Kelly" title="Jeffery W. Kelly">Jeffery W. Kelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shankar_Balasubramanian" title="Shankar Balasubramanian">Shankar Balasubramanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Klenerman" title="David Klenerman">David Klenerman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Mayer" title="Pascal Mayer">Pascal Mayer</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_P._Brangwynne" title="Clifford P. Brangwynne">Clifford P. Brangwynne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_A._Hyman" title="Anthony A. Hyman">Anthony A. Hyman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Demis Hassabis</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_M._Jumper" title="John M. Jumper">John Jumper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mignot" title="Emmanuel Mignot">Emmanuel Mignot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masashi_Yanagisawa" title="Masashi Yanagisawa">Masashi Yanagisawa</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_June" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl June">Carl June</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Sadelain" title="Michel Sadelain">Michel Sadelain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabine_Hadida" title="Sabine Hadida">Sabine Hadida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Negulescu" title="Paul Negulescu">Paul Negulescu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fredrick_Van_Goor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fredrick Van Goor (page does not exist)">Fredrick Van Goor</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Gasser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Gasser (page does not exist)">Thomas Gasser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Sidransky" title="Ellen Sidransky">Ellen Sidransky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Singleton" title="Andrew Singleton">Andrew Singleton</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Albert_Einstein_World_Award_of_Science_Laureates111" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Albert_Einstein_World_Award_of_Science_Laureates" title="Template:Albert Einstein World Award of Science Laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Albert_Einstein_World_Award_of_Science_Laureates" title="Template talk:Albert Einstein World Award of Science Laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Albert_Einstein_World_Award_of_Science_Laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Albert Einstein World Award of Science Laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Albert_Einstein_World_Award_of_Science_Laureates111" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_World_Award_of_Science" title="Albert Einstein World Award of Science">Albert Einstein World Award of Science Laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Bressani" title="Ricardo Bressani">Ricardo Bressani</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Stumm" title="Werner Stumm">Werner Stumm</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Swaminathan" title="M. S. Swaminathan">Monokombu Sambasivan Swaminathan</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Huxley" title="Hugh Huxley">Hugh Huxley</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Burbidge" title="Margaret Burbidge">Margaret Burbidge</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Kamen" title="Martin Kamen">Martin Kamen</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Nossal" title="Gustav Nossal">Gustav Nossal</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Fleckenstein" title="Albrecht Fleckenstein">Albrecht Fleckenstein</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_U._Lemieux" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond U. Lemieux">Raymond U. Lemieux</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Javan" title="Ali Javan">Ali Javan</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Rowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherwood Rowland">Sherwood Rowland</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_H._Jasper" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert H. Jasper">Herbert H. Jasper</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Jeffreys" title="Alec Jeffreys">Alec Jeffreys</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Ghuysen" title="Jean-Marie Ghuysen">Jean-Marie Ghuysen</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Goldman" title="Charles R. Goldman">Charles R. Goldman</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Weinberg_(biologist)" title="Robert Weinberg (biologist)">Robert Weinberg</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fenner" title="Frank Fenner">Frank Fenner</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Birbaumer" title="Niels Birbaumer">Niels Birbaumer</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Janzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Janzen">Daniel H. Janzen</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_J._Cicerone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph J. Cicerone">Ralph J. Cicerone</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">John Hopfield</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zewail" title="Ahmed Zewail">Ahmed Zewail</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Stoddart" title="Fraser Stoddart">Fraser Stoddart</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Yonath" title="Ada Yonath">Ada Yonath</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Houghton" class="mw-redirect" title="John T. Houghton">John T. Houghton</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Montaner" title="Julio Montaner">Julio Montaner</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Ozin" title="Geoffrey Ozin">Geoffrey Ozin</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gr%C3%A4tzel" title="Michael Grätzel">Michael Grätzel</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Cohen_(British_biochemist)" title="Philip Cohen (British biochemist)">Philip Cohen</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewine_van_Dishoeck" title="Ewine van Dishoeck">Ewine van Dishoeck</a> (2015)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edward Witten</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_M._Yaghi" title="Omar M. Yaghi">Omar M. Yaghi</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Changeux" title="Jean-Pierre Changeux">Jean-Pierre Changeux</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhong_Lin_Wang" title="Zhong Lin Wang">Zhong Lin Wang</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201513#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2919" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201513#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2919" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201513#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000117755563">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/93348818">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/159057/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJc3Jqxgx77pWmkvj7hPwC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/113972682X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Witten, E."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85180832">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12284463d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12284463d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35773280">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2005279395&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072974753">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90513003">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007436791305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14797708">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0008795X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7752-6073">ORCID</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=31293">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7005343881">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:witten.edward">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/183820">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Edward Witten"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/1e5cc345-58d7-4eeb-b5a0-5cda00d7a5f2">MusicBrainz</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1080691">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031674372">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6fc7qrv">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Witten&oldid=1277520373">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Witten&oldid=1277520373</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1951_births" title="Category:1951 births">1951 births</a></li><li><a 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