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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Career and research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career_and_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Career and research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Career_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_contributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_contributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Other contributions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_contributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life_and_archive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life_and_archive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personal life and archive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life_and_archive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worldview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worldview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Worldview</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Worldview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Worldview subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Worldview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Views_on_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Views on religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Views on Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Honors and awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Selected publications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Selected_publications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Selected publications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Selected_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography:_books_authored_/_coauthored" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography:_books_authored_/_coauthored"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bibliography: books authored / coauthored</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography:_books_authored_/_coauthored-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Scholarly articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Popular articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Steven Weinberg</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="ستيفن واينبرج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ستيفن واينبرج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="استیون واینبرگ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="استیون واینبرگ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97" title="স্টিভেন ওয়াইনবার্গ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্টিভেন ওয়াইনবার্গ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Стывен Вайнберг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Стывен Вайнберг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Стивън Уайнбърг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стивън Уайнбърг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%DA%A4%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%DD%A3" title="ستيڤن واينبرݣ – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ستيڤن واينبرݣ" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%B2%CE%B5%CE%BD_%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Στήβεν Γουάινμπεργκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στήβεν Γουάινμπεργκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="استیون واینبرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استیون واینبرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg_(physicien)" title="Steven Weinberg (physicien) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Steven Weinberg (physicien)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B0%EB%B8%90_%EC%99%80%EC%9D%B8%EB%B2%84%EA%B7%B8" title="스티븐 와인버그 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스티븐 와인버그" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A9%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%B6_%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Սթիվեն Վայնբերգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սթիվեն Վայնբերգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="स्टीवन वैनबर्ग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्टीवन वैनबर्ग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%92" title="סטיבן ויינברג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטיבן ויינברג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="სტივენ ვაინბერგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სტივენ ვაინბერგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Стивен Вайнберг – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Стивен Вайнберг" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanus_Weinberg" title="Stephanus Weinberg – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Stephanus Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C4%ABvens_Veinbergs" title="Stīvens Veinbergs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Stīvens Veinbergs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg_(Physiker)" title="Steven Weinberg (Physiker) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Steven Weinberg (Physiker)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Стивен Вајнберг – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стивен Вајнберг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="സ്റ്റീവൻ വൈൻബർഗ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്റ്റീവൻ വൈൻബർഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="स्टीवन वाईनबर्ग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्टीवन वाईनबर्ग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="ستيفن واينبيرج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ستيفن واينبيرج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="استیون واینبرگ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="استیون واینبرگ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="स्टेभन वेनबर्ग – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="स्टेभन वेनबर्ग" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B0" title="スティーヴン・ワインバーグ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スティーヴン・ワインバーグ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="سٹیون وائنبرگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سٹیون وائنبرگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3,_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Вайнберг, Стивен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вайнберг, Стивен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="स्टीवन वैनबर्ग – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="स्टीवन वैनबर्ग" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Стивен Вајнберг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стивен Вајнберг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="இசுட்டீவன் உவைன்பர்க் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இசுட்டீவன் உவைன்பர்க்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Стивен Вайнберг – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Стивен Вайнберг" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Вайнберг Стивен – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Вайнберг Стивен" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Стівен Вайнберг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стівен Вайнберг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="سٹیون وینبرگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سٹیون وینبرگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E6%B8%A9%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC" title="史蒂文·温伯格 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="史蒂文·温伯格" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Steven Weinberg" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E6%B8%A9%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC" title="史蒂文·温伯格 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="史蒂文·温伯格" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American theoretical physicist (1933–2021)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Steven Weinberg</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Steven_weinberg_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Steven_weinberg_2010.jpg/220px-Steven_weinberg_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Steven_weinberg_2010.jpg/330px-Steven_weinberg_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Steven_weinberg_2010.jpg/440px-Steven_weinberg_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="787" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Weinberg at the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Texas_Book_Festival" title="Texas Book Festival">Texas Book Festival</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1933-05-03</span>)</span>May 3, 1933<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">New York City, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 23, 2021<span style="display:none">(2021-07-23)</span> (aged 88)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Cemetery" title="Texas State Cemetery">Texas State Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> (<a href="/wiki/B._A." class="mw-redirect" title="B. A.">BA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> (<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electroweak_interaction" title="Electroweak interaction">Electroweak interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weinberg_angle" title="Weinberg angle">Weinberg angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weinberg%E2%80%93Witten_theorem" title="Weinberg–Witten theorem">Weinberg–Witten theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joos%E2%80%93Weinberg_equation" title="Joos–Weinberg equation">Joos–Weinberg equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Asymptotic safety">Asymptotic safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axion" title="Axion">Axion</a> model</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_action" title="Effective action">Effective action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_subtraction_scheme" title="Minimal subtraction scheme">Minimal subtraction scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technicolor_(physics)" title="Technicolor (physics)">Technicolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarity_gauge" title="Unitarity gauge">Unitarity gauge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Louise_Weinberg" title="Louise Weinberg">Louise Goldwasser</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1954)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dannie_Heineman_Prize_for_Mathematical_Physics" title="Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics">Heineman Prize</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Cresson_Medal" title="Elliott Cresson Medal">Elliott Cresson Medal</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">ForMemRS</a> (1981)<sup id="cite_ref-formemrs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-formemrs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-royal_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gemant_Award" title="Andrew Gemant Award">Andrew Gemant Award</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Prize" title="Breakthrough Prize">Breakthrough Prize</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">Theoretical physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/81937779">The role of strong interactions in decay processes</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1957)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Treiman" title="Sam Treiman">Sam Treiman</a><sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Orlando Alvarez (1979)<sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Claude Bernard (1976)<sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Clifford Burgess (1985)<sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kanokkuan Chaicherdsakul (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lay Nam Chang (1967)<sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Raphael Flauger (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gerald Gilbert (1986)<sup id="cite_ref-pt_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pt-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bob Holdom (1981)<sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Jun Liu (1988)<sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>W. Vincent Liu (1999)<sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rafael Lopez-Mobilia (1995)<sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>John LoSecco (1976)<sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Preskill" title="John Preskill">John Preskill</a><sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pt_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pt-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Quevedo" title="Fernando Quevedo">Fernando Quevedo</a><sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pt_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pt-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_G._Raizen" title="Mark G. Raizen">Mark G. Raizen</a><sup id="cite_ref-pt_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pt-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1989)</li> <li>Bernard Roth (1987)<sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ubirajara Van Kolck (1993)<sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Todd West (1994)<sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Scott Willenbrock (1986)<sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Steven_Weinberg_talking_to_Richard_Dawkins.ogg" title="File:Steven Weinberg talking to Richard Dawkins.ogg">Weinberg's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="27" data-mwtitle="Steven_Weinberg_talking_to_Richard_Dawkins.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/Steven_Weinberg_talking_to_Richard_Dawkins.ogg/Steven_Weinberg_talking_to_Richard_Dawkins.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Steven_Weinberg_talking_to_Richard_Dawkins.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">While joking with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a> over his view on the existence of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a><br />Recorded July 2008</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://utphysicshistory.net/StevenWeinberg.html">utphysicshistory<wbr />.net<wbr />/StevenWeinberg<wbr />.html</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Steven Weinberg</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; May 3, 1933 – July 23, 2021) was an American <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical</a> <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel laureate in physics</a> for his contributions with <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Sheldon Glashow</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Electroweak_interaction" title="Electroweak interaction">unification</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Weak_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak force">weak force</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetic</a> interaction between elementary particles. </p><p>He held the Josey Regental Chair in Science at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a>, where he was a member of the Physics and Astronomy Departments. His research on <a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">elementary particles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">physical cosmology</a> was honored with numerous prizes and awards, including the 1979 Nobel Prize in physics and the 1991 <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a>. In 2004, he received the <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Medal_(American_Philosophical_Society)" title="Benjamin Franklin Medal (American Philosophical Society)">Benjamin Franklin Medal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>, with a citation that said he was "considered by many to be the preeminent theoretical physicist alive in the world today." He was elected to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Academy of Sciences">U.S. National Academy of Sciences</a>, Britain's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, the American Philosophical Society, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>. </p><p>Weinberg's articles on various subjects occasionally appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i> and other periodicals. He served as a consultant at the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Arms_Control_and_Disarmament_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency">U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency</a>, president of the Philosophical Society of Texas, and member of the Board of Editors of <i>Daedalus</i> magazine, the Council of Scholars of the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, the <a href="/wiki/JASON_(advisory_group)" title="JASON (advisory group)">JASON</a> group of defense consultants, and many other boards and committees.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Weinberg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Steven Weinberg was born in 1933 in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His parents were <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> immigrants;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his father, Frederick, worked as a court stenographer, while his mother, Eva (Israel), was a housewife.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aso_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aso-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Becoming interested in science at age 16 through a chemistry set handed down by a cousin,<sup id="cite_ref-ls_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ls-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he graduated from <a href="/wiki/Bronx_High_School_of_Science" title="Bronx High School of Science">Bronx High School of Science</a> in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-nobelbio_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelbio-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was in the same graduating class as <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Sheldon Glashow</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-aso_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aso-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose research, independent of Weinberg's, resulted in their (and <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a>'s) sharing the 1979 Nobel in physics.<sup id="cite_ref-aip_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aip-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Weinberg received his bachelor's degree from <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> in 1954. There he resided at the <a href="/wiki/Telluride_House" title="Telluride House">Telluride House</a>. He then went to the <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr_Institute" title="Niels Bohr Institute">Niels Bohr Institute</a> in Copenhagen, where he started his graduate studies and research. After one year, Weinberg moved to <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, where he earned his Ph.D. in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> in 1957, completing his dissertation, "The role of strong interactions in decay processes", under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Sam_Treiman" title="Sam Treiman">Sam Treiman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_and_research">Career and research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Weinberg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After completing his Ph.D., Weinberg worked as a <a href="/wiki/Postdoctoral_researcher" title="Postdoctoral researcher">postdoctoral researcher</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (1957–59) and <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> (1959) and then was promoted to faculty at Berkeley (1960–66). He did research in a variety of topics of particle physics, such as the high energy behavior of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">quantum field theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symmetry_breaking" title="Symmetry breaking">symmetry breaking</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion">pion</a> scattering, infrared photons and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">quantum gravity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soft_graviton_theorem" title="Soft graviton theorem">soft graviton theorem</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also during this time that he developed the approach to quantum field theory described in the first chapters of his book <i>The Quantum Theory of Fields</i><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and started to write his textbook <i>Gravitation and Cosmology</i>, having taken up an interest in <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> after the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic microwave background radiation">cosmic microwave background radiation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also appointed the senior scientist at the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Astrophysical_Observatory" title="Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory">Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Quantum Theory of Fields</i> spanned three volumes and over 1,500 pages, and is often regarded as the leading book in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1966, Weinberg left Berkeley and accepted a lecturer position at Harvard. In 1967 he was a visiting professor at MIT. It was in that year at MIT that Weinberg proposed his model of unification of electromagnetism and nuclear weak forces (such as those involved in <a href="/wiki/Beta-decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-decay">beta-decay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon">kaon</a>-decay),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the masses of the force-carriers of the weak part of the interaction being explained by <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_symmetry_breaking" title="Spontaneous symmetry breaking">spontaneous symmetry breaking</a>. One of its fundamental aspects was the prediction of the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Higgs_boson" title="Higgs boson">Higgs boson</a>. Weinberg's model, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Electroweak_interaction" title="Electroweak interaction">electroweak unification</a> theory, had the same symmetry structure as that proposed by Glashow in 1961: both included the then-unknown weak interaction mechanism between <a href="/wiki/Leptons" class="mw-redirect" title="Leptons">leptons</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Neutral_current" title="Neutral current">neutral current</a> and mediated by the <a href="/wiki/Z_boson" class="mw-redirect" title="Z boson">Z boson</a>. The 1973 experimental discovery of weak neutral currents<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (mediated by this Z boson) was one verification of the electroweak unification. The paper by Weinberg in which he presented this theory is one of the most cited works ever in high-energy physics.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his 1967 seminal work on the unification of weak and electromagnetic interactions, Weinberg continued his work in many aspects of particle physics, quantum field theory, gravity, <a href="/wiki/Supersymmetry" title="Supersymmetry">supersymmetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superstrings" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstrings">superstrings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">cosmology</a>. In the years after 1967, the full <a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a> of elementary particle theory was developed through the work of many contributors. In it, the weak and electromagnetic interactions already unified by the work of Weinberg, Salam and Glashow, are made consistent with a theory of the strong interactions between quarks, in one overarching theory. In 1973, Weinberg proposed a modification of the Standard Model that did not contain that model's fundamental Higgs boson. Also during the 1970s, he proposed a theory later known as <a href="/wiki/Technicolor_(physics)" title="Technicolor (physics)">technicolor</a>, in which new strong interactions resolve the <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_problem" title="Hierarchy problem">hierarchy problem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Weinberg became Eugene Higgins Professor of Physics at Harvard University in 1973, a post he held until 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-aip_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aip-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979 he pioneered the modern view on the <a href="/wiki/Renormalization" title="Renormalization">renormalization</a> aspect of quantum field theory that considers all quantum field theories <a href="/wiki/Effective_field_theory" title="Effective field theory">effective field theories</a> and changed the viewpoint of previous work (including his own in his 1967 paper) that a sensible quantum field theory must be renormalizable.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach allowed the development of effective theory of quantum gravity,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> low energy QCD, heavy quark effective field theory and other developments, and is a topic of considerable interest in current research.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1979, some six years after the experimental discovery of the neutral currents—i.e. the discovery of the inferred existence of the <a href="/wiki/Z_boson" class="mw-redirect" title="Z boson">Z boson</a>—but after the 1978 experimental discovery of the theory's predicted amount of parity violation due to Z bosons' mixing with electromagnetic interactions,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weinberg was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics with Glashow and Salam, who had independently proposed a theory of electroweak unification based on spontaneous symmetry breaking.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aip_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aip-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1982 Weinberg moved to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a> as the Jack S. Josey-Welch Foundation Regents Chair in Science,<sup id="cite_ref-aip_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aip-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and started a theoretical physics group at the university that now has eight full professors and is one of the leading research groups in the field in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Weinberg is frequently listed among the top scientists with the highest research effect indices, such as the <a href="/wiki/H-index" title="H-index">h-index</a> and the creativity index.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theoretical physicist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Woit" title="Peter Woit">Peter Woit</a> called Weinberg "arguably the dominant figure in theoretical particle physics during its period of great success from the late sixties to the early eighties", calling his contribution to <a href="/wiki/Electroweak_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroweak unification">electroweak unification</a> "to this day at the center of the Standard Model, our best understanding of fundamental physics".<sup id="cite_ref-woit_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woit-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Science News named him along with fellow theorists <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a> the leading physicists of the era, commenting, "Among his peers, Weinberg was one of the most respected figures in all of physics or perhaps all of science".<sup id="cite_ref-sn_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sn-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sean_M._Carroll" title="Sean M. Carroll">Sean Carroll</a> called Weinberg one of the “best physicists we had; one of the best thinkers of any variety” who “exhibited extraordinary verve and clarity of thought through the whole stretch of a long and productive life”,<sup id="cite_ref-pw_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pw-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/John_Preskill" title="John Preskill">John Preskill</a> called him "one of the most accomplished scientists of our age, and a particularly eloquent spokesperson for the scientific worldview".<sup id="cite_ref-pw_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pw-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Greene" title="Brian Greene">Brian Greene</a> said that Weinberg had an “astounding ability to see into the deep workings of nature” that “profoundly shaped our understanding of the universe".<sup id="cite_ref-pw_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pw-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon the awarding of the <a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Prize" title="Breakthrough Prize">Breakthrough Prize</a> in 2020, one of the founders of the prizes, <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Milner" title="Yuri Milner">Yuri Milner</a>, called Weinberg a “key architect” of “one of the most successful physical theories ever”, while <a href="/wiki/String_theory" title="String theory">string theorist</a> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Maldacena" title="Juan Maldacena">Juan Maldacena</a>, the chair of the selection committee, said, “Steven Weinberg has developed many of the key theoretical tools that we use for the description of nature at a fundamental level".<sup id="cite_ref-statesman_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statesman-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Physics_Nobel_Laureate_Steven_Weinberg,_December,_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Physics_Nobel_Laureate_Steven_Weinberg%2C_December%2C_2014.jpg/220px-Physics_Nobel_Laureate_Steven_Weinberg%2C_December%2C_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Physics_Nobel_Laureate_Steven_Weinberg%2C_December%2C_2014.jpg/330px-Physics_Nobel_Laureate_Steven_Weinberg%2C_December%2C_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Physics_Nobel_Laureate_Steven_Weinberg%2C_December%2C_2014.jpg/440px-Physics_Nobel_Laureate_Steven_Weinberg%2C_December%2C_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>Steven Weinberg in December 2014</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_contributions">Other contributions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Weinberg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other contributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides his scientific research, Weinberg was a public spokesman for science, testifying before Congress in support of the <a href="/wiki/Superconducting_Super_Collider" title="Superconducting Super Collider">Superconducting Super Collider</a>, writing articles for <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and giving various lectures on the larger meaning of science. His books on science written for the public combine the typical scientific popularization with what is traditionally considered <a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">philosophy</a> of science and <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a>. His first popular science book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_First_Three_Minutes:_A_Modern_View_of_the_Origin_of_the_Universe" class="mw-redirect" title="The First Three Minutes: A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe">The First Three Minutes: A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe</a></i> (1977), described the start of the universe with the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> and enunciated a case for <a href="/wiki/Expanding_universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Expanding universe">its expansion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ls_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ls-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although still teaching physics, in later years he turned his hand to the history of science, efforts that culminated in <i>To Explain the World: The Discovery of Modern Science</i> (2015).<sup id="cite_ref-Wein_NYRB_Eye_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wein_NYRB_Eye-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A hostile review<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Wall Street Journal by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Shapin" title="Steven Shapin">Steven Shapin</a> attracted a number of commentaries,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a response by Weinberg,<sup id="cite_ref-Wein_NYRB_Eye_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wein_NYRB_Eye-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an exchange of views between Weinberg and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Silverstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Silverstein">Arthur Silverstein</a> in the <i>NYRB</i> in February 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, Weinberg became a default leader for faculty and students opposed to a new law allowing the carrying of concealed guns in UT classrooms. He announced that he would prohibit guns in his classes, and said he would stand by his decision to violate university regulations in this matter even if faced with a lawsuit.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weinberg never retired and taught at UT until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_archive">Personal life and archive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Weinberg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life and archive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1954 Weinberg married legal scholar <a href="/wiki/Louise_Weinberg" title="Louise Weinberg">Louise Goldwasser</a> and they had a daughter, Elizabeth.<sup id="cite_ref-nobelbio_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelbio-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ut_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ut-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Weinberg died on July 23, 2021, at age 88 at a hospital in <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a>, where he had been undergoing treatment for several weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-ut_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ut-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Weinberg's papers were donated to the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worldview">Worldview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Weinberg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Worldview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Weinberg identified as a liberal.<sup id="cite_ref-FacingUp_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FacingUp-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_religion">Views on religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Weinberg&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Views on religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Weinberg was an atheist.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before he was an advocate of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Bang theory">Big Bang theory</a>, Weinberg said: "The <a href="/wiki/Steady_state_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Steady state theory">steady-state theory</a> is philosophically the most attractive theory because it least resembles the account given in Genesis."<sup id="cite_ref-Feist2017_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feist2017-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_Israel">Views on Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Weinberg&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Views on Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Weinberg was known for his support of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, which he characterized as "the 'most exposed salient' in a war between liberal democracies and Muslim theocracies."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote the 1997 essay "Zionism and Its Adversaries" on the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FacingUp_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FacingUp-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2000s, Weinberg canceled trips to universities in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> because of the British <a href="/wiki/Boycotts_directed_towards_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Boycotts directed towards Israel">boycotts of Israel</a>. At the time, he said: "Given the history of the attacks on Israel and the oppressiveness and aggressiveness of other countries in the Middle East and elsewhere, boycotting Israel indicated a moral blindness for which it is hard to find any explanation other than antisemitism."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_awards">Honors and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Weinberg&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Honors and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Beatrix_meets_Nobel_Laureates_in_1983b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Queen_Beatrix_meets_Nobel_Laureates_in_1983b.jpg/400px-Queen_Beatrix_meets_Nobel_Laureates_in_1983b.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Queen_Beatrix_meets_Nobel_Laureates_in_1983b.jpg/600px-Queen_Beatrix_meets_Nobel_Laureates_in_1983b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Queen_Beatrix_meets_Nobel_Laureates_in_1983b.jpg/800px-Queen_Beatrix_meets_Nobel_Laureates_in_1983b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3563" data-file-height="2216" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Queen_Beatrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Beatrix">Queen Beatrix</a> meets Nobel laureates in 1983. Weinberg is third from the left of the photo</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Honorary Doctor of Science degrees from eleven institutions: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knox_College_(Illinois)" title="Knox College (Illinois)">Knox College</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_New_York" title="City University of New York">City University of New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weizmann_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Weizmann Institute">Weizmann Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clark_University" title="Clark University">Clark University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_College" title="Washington College">Washington College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bates_College" title="Bates College">Bates College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NobelPrize.org_2021_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelPrize.org_2021-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>, elected 1968<sup id="cite_ref-NobelPrize.org_2021_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelPrize.org_2021-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society">American Physical Society</a>, elected 1971<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>, elected 1972<sup id="cite_ref-NobelPrize.org_2021_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelPrize.org_2021-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer_Memorial_Prize" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer Memorial Prize">J. Robert Oppenheimer Memorial Prize</a>, 1973<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NobelPrize.org_2021_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelPrize.org_2021-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richtmyer_Memorial_Award" title="Richtmyer Memorial Award">Richtmyer Memorial Award</a> (1974)<sup id="cite_ref-NobelPrize.org_2021_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelPrize.org_2021-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dannie_Heineman_Prize_for_Mathematical_Physics" title="Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics">Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics</a>, 1977<sup id="cite_ref-NobelPrize.org_2021_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelPrize.org_2021-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Steel Foundation <a href="/wiki/Science_Writing_Award" title="Science Writing Award">Science Writing Award</a>, 1977, for writing <i>The First Three Minutes</i><sup id="cite_ref-NobelPrize.org_2021_49-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelPrize.org_2021-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Cresson_Medal" title="Elliott Cresson Medal">Elliott Cresson Medal</a> (Franklin Institute), 1979<sup id="cite_ref-NobelPrize.org_2021_49-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelPrize.org_2021-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Nobel Prize in Physics, 1979<sup id="cite_ref-nobelbio_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelbio-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Elected a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1981" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1981">Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1981</a><sup id="cite_ref-formemrs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-formemrs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-royal_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Elected to <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> (1982)<sup id="cite_ref-NobelPrize.org_2021_49-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelPrize.org_2021-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>James Madison Medal of Princeton University, 1991<sup id="cite_ref-NobelPrize.org_2021_49-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelPrize.org_2021-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a>, 1991<sup id="cite_ref-NobelPrize.org_2021_49-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelPrize.org_2021-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>President of the Philosophical Society of Texas, 1992<sup id="cite_ref-Niels_Bohr_Library_&_Archives_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niels_Bohr_Library_&_Archives-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Thomas_Prize" title="Lewis Thomas Prize">Lewis Thomas Prize for Writing about Science</a>, 1999<sup id="cite_ref-UT_News_2021_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UT_News_2021-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanist_of_the_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanist of the Year">Humanist of the Year</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a>, 2002<sup id="cite_ref-American_Humanist_Association_2020_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Humanist_Association_2020-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Medal_for_Distinguished_Achievement_in_the_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences">Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>, 2004<sup id="cite_ref-franklinscience_recipients_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-franklinscience_recipients-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce_Award" title="James Joyce Award">James Joyce Award</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_College_Dublin" title="University College Dublin">University College Dublin</a>, 2009<sup id="cite_ref-UT_News_2009_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UT_News_2009-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Prize" title="Breakthrough Prize">Breakthrough Prize</a>, 2020<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Breakthrough_Prize_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breakthrough_Prize-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Weinberg&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Selected publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A list of Weinberg's publications can be found on <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-scopus_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scopus-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography:_books_authored_/_coauthored"><span id="Bibliography:_books_authored_.2F_coauthored"></span>Bibliography: books authored / coauthored</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Weinberg&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography: books authored / coauthored"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Gravitation and Cosmology: Principles and Applications of the General Theory of Relativity</i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_First_Three_Minutes" title="The First Three Minutes">The First Three Minutes: A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe</a></i> (1977, updated with new afterword in 1993, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-02437-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-02437-8">0-465-02437-8</a>)</li> <li><i>The Discovery of Subatomic Particles</i> (1983)</li> <li><i>Elementary Particles and the Laws of Physics: The 1986 Dirac Memorial Lectures</i> (1987; with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a>)</li> <li><i>Dreams of a Final Theory: The Search for the Fundamental Laws of Nature </i> (1993), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-922391-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-922391-0">0-09-922391-0</a></li> <li><i>The Quantum Theory of Fields</i> (three volumes: I <i>Foundations</i> 1995, II <i>Modern Applications</i> 1996, III <i>Supersymmetry</i> 2000,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-67053-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-67053-5">0-521-67053-5</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-67054-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-67054-3">0-521-67054-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-66000-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-66000-9">0-521-66000-9</a>)</li> <li><i>Facing Up: Science and Its Cultural Adversaries</i> (2001, 2003, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">HUP</a>)</li> <li><i>Glory and Terror: The Coming Nuclear Danger</i> (2004, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">NYRB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_(textbook)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology (textbook)"><i>Cosmology</i></a> (2008, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">OUP</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lake_Views:_This_World_and_the_Universe" title="Lake Views: This World and the Universe">Lake Views: This World and the Universe</a></i> (2010), Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-03515-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-03515-1">0-674-03515-1</a>.</li> <li><i>Lectures on Quantum Mechanics</i> (2012, second edition 2015, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">CUP</a>)</li> <li><i>To Explain the World: The Discovery of Modern Science</i> (2015), Harper/HarperCollins Publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-234665-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-234665-0">978-0-06-234665-0</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Third_Thoughts" title="Third Thoughts">Third Thoughts</a></i> (2018), Belknap Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-97532-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-97532-3">978-0-674-97532-3</a></li> <li><i>Lectures on Astrophysics</i> (2019, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">CUP</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-41507-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-41507-1">978-1-108-41507-1</a>)</li> <li><i>Foundations of Modern Physics</i> (2021, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">CUP</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-84176-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-84176-4">978-1-108-84176-4</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_articles">Scholarly articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Weinberg&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Scholarly articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg1967" class="citation journal cs1">Weinberg, Steven (November 20, 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2Fphysrevlett.19.1264">"A Model of Leptons"</a>. <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. <b>19</b> (21). American Physical Society (APS): 1264–1266. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967PhRvL..19.1264W">1967PhRvL..19.1264W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2Fphysrevlett.19.1264">10.1103/physrevlett.19.1264</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9007">0031-9007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=A+Model+of+Leptons&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=1264-1266&rft.date=1967-11-20&rft.issn=0031-9007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2Fphysrevlett.19.1264&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1967PhRvL..19.1264W&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1103%252Fphysrevlett.19.1264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeinbergWeinberg1961" class="citation journal cs1">Feinberg, G.; Weinberg, S. (April 1, 1961). "Law of Conservation of Muons". <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. <b>6</b> (7). American Physical Society (APS): 381–383. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1961PhRvL...6..381F">1961PhRvL...6..381F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2Fphysrevlett.6.381">10.1103/physrevlett.6.381</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9007">0031-9007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Law+of+Conservation+of+Muons&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=381-383&rft.date=1961-04-01&rft.issn=0031-9007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2Fphysrevlett.6.381&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1961PhRvL...6..381F&rft.aulast=Feinberg&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Weinberg%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaisWeinbergQuiggRiordan1997" class="citation report cs1">Pais, Abraham; Weinberg, Steven; Quigg, Chris; Riordan, Michael; Panofsky, Wolfgang K.H.; Trimble, Virginia (April 1, 1997). 100 years of elementary particles [Beam Line, vol. 27, issue 1, Spring 1997] (Report). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2172%2F790903">10.2172/790903</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=100+years+of+elementary+particles+%5BBeam+Line%2C+vol.+27%2C+issue+1%2C+Spring+1997%5D&rft.pub=Office+of+Scientific+and+Technical+Information+%28OSTI%29&rft.date=1997-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2172%2F790903&rft.aulast=Pais&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft.au=Weinberg%2C+Steven&rft.au=Quigg%2C+Chris&rft.au=Riordan%2C+Michael&rft.au=Panofsky%2C+Wolfgang+K.H.&rft.au=Trimble%2C+Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg2010" class="citation journal cs1">Weinberg, S (2010). "Pions in Large N Quantum Chromodynamics". <i>Phys. Rev. Lett</i>. <b>105</b> (26): 261601. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1009.1537">1009.1537</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhRvL.105z1601W">2010PhRvL.105z1601W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.105.261601">10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.261601</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21231642">21231642</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46210811">46210811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Rev.+Lett.&rft.atitle=Pions+in+Large+N+Quantum+Chromodynamics&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=261601&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46210811%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PhRvL.105z1601W&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1009.1537&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21231642&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.105.261601&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg2012" class="citation journal cs1">Weinberg, S (2012). "Collapse of the State Vector". <i>Phys. Rev. A</i>. <b>85</b> (6): 062116. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1109.6462">1109.6462</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhRvA..85f2116W">2012PhRvA..85f2116W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2Fphysreva.85.062116">10.1103/physreva.85.062116</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119273840">119273840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Rev.+A&rft.atitle=Collapse+of+the+State+Vector&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=062116&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1109.6462&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119273840%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2Fphysreva.85.062116&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PhRvA..85f2116W&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_articles">Popular articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Weinberg&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Popular articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physlink.com/Education/essay_weinberg.cfm">A Designer Universe?</a>, a refutation of attacks on the theories of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a> (e.g., those conducted under the rubric of <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">intelligent design</a>) is based on a talk given in April 1999 at the Conference on Cosmic Design of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Washington, D.C. This and other works express Weinberg's strongly held position that scientists should be less passive in defending science against anti-science religiosity.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/7992">Beautiful Theories</a>, an article reprinted from <i>Dreams of a Final Theory</i> by Steven Weinberg in 1992 which focuses on the nature of beauty in physical theories.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/may/10/crisis-big-science/">The Crisis of Big Science</a>, May 10, 2012, <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Review_of_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Review of Books">New York Review of Books</a></i>. Weinberg places the cancellation of the <a href="/wiki/Superconducting_Super_Collider" title="Superconducting Super Collider">Superconducting Super Collider</a> in the context of a bigger national and global socio-economic crisis, including a general crisis in funding for science research and the provision of adequate education, healthcare, transportation, and communication infrastructure, and criminal justice and law enforcement.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Weinberg&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Jewish Nobel laureates">List of Jewish Nobel laureates</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Weinberg&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-formemrs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-formemrs_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-formemrs_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151112185159/https://royalsociety.org/people/steven-weinberg-12503/">"Professor Steven Weinberg ForMemRS"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leslie%2C+J%2C+%22Never-ending+universe%22%2C+a+review+in+the+Times+Literary+Supplement+of+Weinberg%27s+2015+book+To+explain+the+World.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-tls.co.uk%2Ftls%2Fpublic%2Farticle1552675.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1979/weinberg/biographical/">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979"</a>. <i>NobelPrize.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=steven+Weinberg+1933%E2%80%93&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Faso%2Fdatabank%2Fentries%2Fbpwein.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ls-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ls_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ls_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFghose,_Tia2021" class="citation web cs1">ghose, Tia (July 25, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/physicist-steven-weinberg-dies.html">"Steven Weinberg, Nobel Prize-winning physicist, has died"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Live_Science" title="Live Science">Live Science</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=Steven+Weinberg%2C+Nobel+Prize-winning+physicist%2C+has+died&rft.date=2021-07-25&rft.au=ghose%2C+Tia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2Fphysicist-steven-weinberg-dies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobelbio-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nobelbio_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobelbio_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobelbio_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1979/weinberg-bio.html">"Steven Weinberg – Biographical"</a>. <i>nobelprize.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=Steven+Weinberg+%E2%80%93+Biographical&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1979%2Fweinberg-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aip-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aip_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aip_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aip_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aip_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.aip.org/phn/11503008.html">"Steven Weinberg"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Physics" title="American Institute of Physics">American Institute of Physics</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Steven+Weinberg&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.aip.org%2Fphn%2F11503008.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg1957" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Steven (June 16, 1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/2844622"><i>The role of strong interactions in decay processes</i></a> – via catalog.princeton.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+role+of+strong+interactions+in+decay+processes&rft.date=1957-06-16&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.princeton.edu%2Fcatalog%2F2844622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/32522">"From BCS to the LHC – CERN Courier"</a>. January 21, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+BCS+to+the+LHC+%E2%80%93+CERN+Courier&rft.date=2008-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcerncourier.com%2Fcws%2Farticle%2Fcern%2F32522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A partial list of this work is: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg,_S.1960" class="citation journal cs1">Weinberg, S. (1960). "High-Energy Behavior in Quantum Field Theory". <i>Phys. Rev</i>. <b>118</b> (3): 838–849. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1960PhRv..118..838W">1960PhRv..118..838W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.118.838">10.1103/PhysRev.118.838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Rev.&rft.atitle=High-Energy+Behavior+in+Quantum+Field+Theory&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=838-849&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.118.838&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1960PhRv..118..838W&rft.au=Weinberg%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg,_S.SalamWeinberg1962" class="citation journal cs1">Weinberg, S.; Salam, Abdus; Weinberg, Steven (1962). "Broken Symmetries". <i>Phys. Rev</i>. <b>127</b> (3): 965–970. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1962PhRv..127..965G">1962PhRv..127..965G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.127.965">10.1103/PhysRev.127.965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Broken+Symmetries&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=965-970&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.127.965&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1962PhRv..127..965G&rft.au=Weinberg%2C+S.&rft.au=Salam%2C+Abdus&rft.au=Weinberg%2C+Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg,_S.1966" class="citation journal cs1">Weinberg, S. (1966). "Pion Scattering Lengths". <i>Phys. Rev. Lett</i>. <b>17</b> (11): 616–621. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966PhRvL..17..616W">1966PhRvL..17..616W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.17.616">10.1103/PhysRevLett.17.616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Rev.+Lett.&rft.atitle=Pion+Scattering+Lengths&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=616-621&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.17.616&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1966PhRvL..17..616W&rft.au=Weinberg%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg,_S.1965" class="citation journal cs1">Weinberg, S. (1965). "Infrared Photons and Gravitons". <i>Phys. Rev</i>. <b>140</b> (2B): B516–B524. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965PhRv..140..516W">1965PhRv..140..516W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.140.B516">10.1103/PhysRev.140.B516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Infrared+Photons+and+Gravitons&rft.volume=140&rft.issue=2B&rft.pages=B516-B524&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.140.B516&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1965PhRv..140..516W&rft.au=Weinberg%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg,_S.1964" class="citation journal cs1">Weinberg, S. (1964). "Feynman Rules <i>for Any</i> spin". <i>Phys. Rev</i>. <b>133</b> (5B): B1318–B1332. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964PhRv..133.1318W">1964PhRv..133.1318W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.133.B1318">10.1103/PhysRev.133.B1318</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Feynman+Rules+for+Any+spin&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=5B&rft.pages=B1318-B1332&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.133.B1318&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1964PhRv..133.1318W&rft.au=Weinberg%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg,_S.1964" class="citation journal cs1">Weinberg, S. (1964). "Feynman Rules <i>for Any</i> spin. II. Massless Particles". <i>Phys. Rev</i>. <b>134</b> (4B): B882–B896. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964PhRv..134..882W">1964PhRv..134..882W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.134.B882">10.1103/PhysRev.134.B882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Feynman+Rules+for+Any+spin.+II.+Massless+Particles&rft.volume=134&rft.issue=4B&rft.pages=B882-B896&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.134.B882&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1964PhRv..134..882W&rft.au=Weinberg%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg,_S.1969" class="citation journal cs1">Weinberg, S. (1969). "Feynman Rules <i>for Any</i> spin. III". <i>Phys. Rev</i>. <b>181</b> (5): 1893–1899. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969PhRv..181.1893W">1969PhRv..181.1893W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.181.1893">10.1103/PhysRev.181.1893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Feynman+Rules+for+Any+spin.+III&rft.volume=181&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1893-1899&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.181.1893&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1969PhRv..181.1893W&rft.au=Weinberg%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg,_S.1967" class="citation journal cs1">Weinberg, S. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112142352/http://astrophysics.fic.uni.lodz.pl/100yrs/pdf/12/066.pdf">"A Model of Leptons"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Phys. Rev. Lett</i>. <b>19</b> (21): 1264–1266. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967PhRvL..19.1264W">1967PhRvL..19.1264W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.19.1264">10.1103/PhysRevLett.19.1264</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astrophysics.fic.uni.lodz.pl/100yrs/pdf/12/066.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Rev.+Lett.&rft.atitle=A+Model+of+Leptons&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=1264-1266&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.19.1264&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1967PhRvL..19.1264W&rft.au=Weinberg%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fastrophysics.fic.uni.lodz.pl%2F100yrs%2Fpdf%2F12%2F066.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaidt,_D.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Haidt, D. (2004). "The discovery of the weak neutral currents". <i>CERN Courier</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CERN+Courier&rft.atitle=The+discovery+of+the+weak+neutral+currents&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Haidt%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/29168">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/INSPIRE-HEP" title="INSPIRE-HEP">INSPIRE-HEP</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inspirehep.net/info/hep/stats/topcites/2015/alltime.html">Top Cited Articles of All Time (2015 edition)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg,_S.1976" class="citation journal cs1">Weinberg, S. (1976). "Implications of dynamical symmetry breaking". <i>Phys. Rev. D</i>. <b>13</b> (4): 974–996. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976PhRvD..13..974W">1976PhRvD..13..974W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.13.974">10.1103/PhysRevD.13.974</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Rev.+D&rft.atitle=Implications+of+dynamical+symmetry+breaking&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=974-996&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.13.974&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1976PhRvD..13..974W&rft.au=Weinberg%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg,_S.Susskind,_L.1979" class="citation journal cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Weinberg, S.</a>; Susskind, L. (1979). "Implications of dynamical symmetry breaking: An addendum". <i>Physical Review</i>. <b>D19</b> (4): 1277–1280. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979PhRvD..19.1277W">1979PhRvD..19.1277W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.19.1277">10.1103/PhysRevD.19.1277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Implications+of+dynamical+symmetry+breaking%3A+An+addendum&rft.volume=D19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1277-1280&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.19.1277&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979PhRvD..19.1277W&rft.au=Weinberg%2C+S.&rft.au=Susskind%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusskind,_Leonard1979" class="citation journal cs1">Susskind, Leonard (1979). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Texas+Tribune&rft.atitle=Nobel+Laureate+Becomes+Reluctant+Anti-Gun+Leader%2C+by+Madlin+Mekelburg&rft.date=2016-01-26&rft.aulast=Mekelburg&rft.aufirst=Madlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.texastribune.org%2F2016%2F01%2F26%2Fnobel-something%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ut-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ut_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ut_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.utexas.edu/2021/07/24/ut-austin-mourns-death-of-world-renowned-physicist-steven-weinberg/">"UT Austin Mourns Death of World-Renowned Physicist Steven Weinberg"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a>. July 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UT+Austin+Mourns+Death+of+World-Renowned+Physicist+Steven+Weinberg&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft.date=2021-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.utexas.edu%2F2021%2F07%2F24%2Fut-austin-mourns-death-of-world-renowned-physicist-steven-weinberg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cerncourier.com/a/steven-weinberg-1933-2021/">"Steven Weinberg 1933–2021"</a>. <i>CERN Courier</i>. July 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CERN+Courier&rft.atitle=Steven+Weinberg+1933%E2%80%932021&rft.date=2021-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcerncourier.com%2Fa%2Fsteven-weinberg-1933-2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadid=01539">'Steven Weinberg: An Inventory of His Papers at the Harry Ransom Center' (Website UTexas)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FacingUp-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FacingUp_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FacingUp_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg2001" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Steven (2001). "Zionism and Its Adversaries". <i>Facing Up: Science and Its Cultural Adversaries</i>. Harvard University Press. pp. 181–183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01120-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01120-1"><bdi>0-674-01120-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zionism+and+Its+Adversaries&rft.btitle=Facing+Up%3A+Science+and+Its+Cultural+Adversaries&rft.pages=181-183&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-674-01120-1&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg2008" class="citation journal cs1">Weinberg, Steven (September 25, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2008/sep/25/without-god/?pagination=false">"Without God"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>. <b>55</b> (14).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Without+God&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=14&rft.date=2008-09-25&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F2008%2Fsep%2F25%2Fwithout-god%2F%3Fpagination%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feist2017-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Feist2017_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Feist2017" class="citation book cs1">Richard Feist (November 30, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=efdADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174"><i>Religion and the Challenges of Science</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 174–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-15038-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-15038-5"><bdi>978-1-351-15038-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+Challenges+of+Science&rft.pages=174-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017-11-30&rft.isbn=978-1-351-15038-5&rft.au=Richard+Feist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DefdADwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonan_McGreevy2009" class="citation news cs1">Ronan McGreevy (February 12, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/nobel-winner-defends-israel-s-actions-1.697894">"Nobel winner defends Israel's actions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Nobel+winner+defends+Israel%27s+actions&rft.date=2009-02-12&rft.au=Ronan+McGreevy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fnobel-winner-defends-israel-s-actions-1.697894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The essay was first published in the "Zionism at 100" issue of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i> (September 8–15, 1997, pp. 22–23). It was later reprinted in his book of collected essays, <i>Facing Up</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3404128,00.html">"Nobel laureate cancels London trip due to anti-Semitism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ynetnews" class="mw-redirect" title="Ynetnews">Ynetnews</a></i>. May 24, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=Nobel+laureate+cancels+London+trip+due+to+anti-Semitism&rft.date=2007-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3404128%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NobelPrize.org_2021-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NobelPrize.org_2021_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NobelPrize.org_2021_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NobelPrize.org_2021_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NobelPrize.org_2021_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NobelPrize.org_2021_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NobelPrize.org_2021_49-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NobelPrize.org_2021_49-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NobelPrize.org_2021_49-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NobelPrize.org_2021_49-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NobelPrize.org_2021_49-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NobelPrize.org_2021_49-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1979/weinberg/biographical/">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979"</a>. <i>NobelPrize.org</i>. July 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1979&rft.date=2021-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fphysics%2F1979%2Fweinberg%2Fbiographical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aps.org/programs/honors/fellowships/archive-all.cfm">"APS Fellow Archive"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society">American Physical Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=APS+Fellow+Archive&rft.pub=American+Physical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aps.org%2Fprograms%2Fhonors%2Ffellowships%2Farchive-all.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter1982" class="citation book cs1">Walter, Claire (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/winnersblueribbo0000walt/page/438"><i>Winners, the blue ribbon encyclopedia of awards</i></a>. Facts on File Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/winnersblueribbo0000walt/page/438">438</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87196-386-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87196-386-4"><bdi>978-0-87196-386-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winners%2C+the+blue+ribbon+encyclopedia+of+awards&rft.pages=438&rft.pub=Facts+on+File+Inc.&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-87196-386-4&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwinnersblueribbo0000walt%2Fpage%2F438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Weinberg awarded Oppenheimer Prize". <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>26</b> (3). American Institute of Physics: 87. March 1973. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973PhT....26c..87.">1973PhT....26c..87.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.3127994">10.1063/1.3127994</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Weinberg+awarded+Oppenheimer+Prize&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=87&rft.date=1973-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.3127994&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973PhT....26c..87.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilczek2021" class="citation journal cs1">Wilczek, Frank (August 6, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-021-02170-w">"Steven Weinberg (1933–2021)"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>596</b> (7871): 183. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Natur.596..183W">2021Natur.596..183W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-021-02170-w">10.1038/d41586-021-02170-w</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236946383">236946383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Steven+Weinberg+%281933%E2%80%932021%29&rft.volume=596&rft.issue=7871&rft.pages=183&rft.date=2021-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236946383%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-021-02170-w&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Natur.596..183W&rft.aulast=Wilczek&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fd41586-021-02170-w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Niels_Bohr_Library_&_Archives-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Niels_Bohr_Library_&_Archives_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.aip.org/phn/11503008.html">"Weinberg, Steven, 1933–"</a>. <i>Niels Bohr Library & Archives</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Niels+Bohr+Library+%26+Archives&rft.atitle=Weinberg%2C+Steven%2C+1933%E2%80%93&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.aip.org%2Fphn%2F11503008.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UT_News_2021-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UT_News_2021_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.utexas.edu/2021/07/24/ut-austin-mourns-death-of-world-renowned-physicist-steven-weinberg/">"UT Austin Mourns Death of World-Renowned Physicist Steven Weinberg"</a>. <i>UT News</i>. July 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Humanist+Association&rft.atitle=Annual+Humanist+Awardees&rft.date=2020-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanhumanist.org%2Fawardees%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-franklinscience_recipients-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-franklinscience_recipients_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amphilsoc.org/prizes/franklinscience">"Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences Recipients"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Benjamin+Franklin+Medal+for+Distinguished+Achievement+in+the+Sciences+Recipients&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amphilsoc.org%2Fprizes%2Ffranklinscience&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UT_News_2009-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UT_News_2009_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.utexas.edu/2009/02/24/weinberg-receives-james-joyce-award/">"Weinberg receives James Joyce Award"</a>. <i>UT News</i>. February 24, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UT+News&rft.atitle=Weinberg+receives+James+Joyce+Award&rft.date=2009-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.utexas.edu%2F2009%2F02%2F24%2Fweinberg-receives-james-joyce-award%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kvue.com/article/news/education/university-of-texas/ut-scientist-earns-top-award-in-physics/269-f0c2450f-1d42-4c7b-8816-ab22b2913a4f">"UT professor wins $3 million Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics"</a>. KVUE. September 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UT+professor+wins+%243+million+Breakthrough+Prize+in+Fundamental+Physics&rft.pub=KVUE&rft.date=2020-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kvue.com%2Farticle%2Fnews%2Feducation%2Funiversity-of-texas%2Fut-scientist-earns-top-award-in-physics%2F269-f0c2450f-1d42-4c7b-8816-ab22b2913a4f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Breakthrough_Prize-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Breakthrough_Prize_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakthroughprize.org/Laureates/1/L3871">"Breakthrough Prize – Fundamental Physics Breakthrough Prize Laureates – Steven Weinberg"</a>. <i>Breakthrough Prize</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Breakthrough+Prize&rft.atitle=Breakthrough+Prize+%E2%80%93+Fundamental+Physics+Breakthrough+Prize+Laureates+%E2%80%93+Steven+Weinberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbreakthroughprize.org%2FLaureates%2F1%2FL3871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/find/hep-th/1/au:+Weinberg_S/0/1/0/all/0/1">"arXiv.org Search"</a>. <i>arxiv.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arxiv.org&rft.atitle=arXiv.org+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farxiv.org%2Ffind%2Fhep-th%2F1%2Fau%3A%2BWeinberg_S%2F0%2F1%2F0%2Fall%2F0%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scopus-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scopus_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=17037038700">Steven Weinberg's publications</a> indexed by the <a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a> bibliographic database. <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSethi,_Savdeep2002" class="citation journal cs1">Sethi, Savdeep (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/2002-39-03/S0273-0979-02-00944-8/S0273-0979-02-00944-8.pdf">"Review: <i>The quantum theory of fields. III Supersymmetry</i>, by Steven Weinberg"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.)</i>. <b>39</b> (3): 433–439. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0273-0979-02-00944-8">10.1090/s0273-0979-02-00944-8</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bull.+Amer.+Math.+Soc.+%28N.S.%29&rft.atitle=Review%3A+The+quantum+theory+of+fields.+III+Supersymmetry%2C+by+Steven+Weinberg&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=433-439&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1090%2Fs0273-0979-02-00944-8&rft.au=Sethi%2C+Savdeep&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fjournals%2Fbull%2F2002-39-03%2FS0273-0979-02-00944-8%2FS0273-0979-02-00944-8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Weinberg&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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October 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CERN+Courier&rft.atitle=Model+physicist&rft.date=2017-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcerncourier.com%2Fa%2Fmodel-physicist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreskill2021" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Preskill" title="John Preskill">Preskill, John</a> (September 3, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abl8187">"Steven Weinberg (1933–2021)"</a>. Retrospective. <i>Science</i>. <b>373</b> (6559): 1092. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Sci...373.1092P">2021Sci...373.1092P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abl8187">10.1126/science.abl8187</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34516845">34516845</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237506142">237506142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Steven+Weinberg+%281933%E2%80%932021%29&rft.volume=373&rft.issue=6559&rft.pages=1092&rft.date=2021-09-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abl8187&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A237506142%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34516845&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Sci...373.1092P&rft.aulast=Preskill&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.abl8187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Weinberg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebulletin.org/2021/07/steven-weinberg-nobel-laureate-in-physics-and-bulletin-board-member-died-at-88/">"Steven Weinberg, Nobel laureate in physics and Bulletin board member, dies at 88"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</i>. 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1979_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1979_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1979 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1979_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1979 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1979_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1979 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1979_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1979 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Brown" title="Herbert C. Brown">Herbert C. Brown</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wittig" title="Georg Wittig">Georg Wittig</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1979_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1979 Nobel Prize in Literature">1979</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Odysseas Elytis</a> (Greece)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a> (India)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Sheldon Glashow</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a> (Pakistan)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Steven Weinberg</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacLeod_Cormack" title="Allan MacLeod Cormack">Allan MacLeod Cormack</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield" title="Godfrey Hounsfield">Godfrey Hounsfield</a> (United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Schultz" title="Theodore Schultz">Theodore Schultz</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Arthur_Lewis" title="W. Arthur Lewis">W. Arthur Lewis</a> (St. Lucia/United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1974_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1974 Nobel Prize winners">1974</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1975_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1975 Nobel Prize winners">1975</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1976_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1976 Nobel Prize winners">1976</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1977_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1977 Nobel Prize winners">1977</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1978_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1978 Nobel Prize winners">1978</a></dd> <dd><b>1979 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1980_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1980 Nobel Prize winners">1980</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1981_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1981 Nobel Prize winners">1981</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1982_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1982 Nobel Prize winners">1982</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1983_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1983 Nobel Prize winners">1983</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1984_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1984 Nobel Prize winners">1984</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1981" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FRS_1981" title="Template:FRS 1981"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FRS_1981" title="Template talk:FRS 1981"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FRS_1981" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FRS 1981"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1981" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellows</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1981" title="List of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1981">in 1981</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fellows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165582" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165582">John Barker</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Barnard" title="Eric Barnard">Eric Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Bergersen" title="Fraser Bergersen">Fraser John Bergersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bradshaw_(aeronautical_engineer)" title="Peter Bradshaw (aeronautical engineer)">Peter Bradshaw</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1175374" class="extiw" title="d:Q1175374">David Brink</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Brown_(virologist)" title="Fred Brown (virologist)">Fred Brown</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165112" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165112">Ian Butterworth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandon_Carter" title="Brandon Carter">Brandon Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Clarke_(zoologist)" title="Malcolm Clarke (zoologist)">Malcolm Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Clayton" title="Robert N. Clayton">Robert Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Horton_Conway" title="John Horton Conway">John Conway</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165380" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165380">Rex Dawson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_F._Evans" title="Dennis F. Evans">Dennis Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._R._Farmer" title="F. R. Farmer">Frank Farmer</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165004" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165004">Ned Franklin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165674" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165674">Christopher Graham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165007" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165007">Norman Green</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gutfreund" title="Herbert Gutfreund">Herbert Gutfreund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hay" title="Allan Hay">Allan Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McGregor_Hill" title="John McGregor Hill">John Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Holmes" title="Kenneth Holmes">Kenneth Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Honeycombe" title="Robert Honeycombe">Robert Honeycombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Horne_(engineer)" title="Michael Horne (engineer)">Michael Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuet_Wai_Kan" title="Yuet Wai Kan">Yuet Wai Kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Langlands" title="Robert Langlands">Robert Langlands</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166006" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166006">Simon Maddrell</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_McGregor_(malariologist)" title="Ian McGregor (malariologist)">Ian McGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nelder" title="John Nelder">John Nelder</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166765" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166765">Mike O'Hara</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autar_Singh_Paintal" title="Autar Singh Paintal">Autar Singh Paintal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Phillips_(zoologist)" title="John Phillips (zoologist)">John Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Roy_Pike" title="Edward Roy Pike">Edward Roy Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Plowright" title="Walter Plowright">Walter Plowright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Pounds" title="Ken Pounds">Ken Pounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Rees_(biochemist)" title="Dai Rees (biochemist)">Dai Rees</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165707" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165707">Colin Reese</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166153" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166153">Edward Reich</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_L._W._Sargent" title="Wallace L. W. Sargent">Wal Sargent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clayton_Taylor" title="John Clayton Taylor">John Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wheeler_(computer_scientist)" title="David Wheeler (computer scientist)">David Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britton_Chance" title="Britton Chance">Britton Chance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Shafarevich" title="Igor Shafarevich">Igor Shafarevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Steven Weinberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179282#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179282#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179282#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000107878543">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/108185971">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/102728/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwdd4tvjk3qycJ3jGmmVC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11562855X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82158527">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11929015g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11929015g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00460458">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Weinberg, Steven <1933-2021>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV053151">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35443365">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990009004&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX932318">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/47692">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070257671">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90077841">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000058564&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=276504">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199629542">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/c9prt88w2vnksbq">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810697547405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269763105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514963806706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14654680">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00239242?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=105655">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=17037038700">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:weinberg.steven">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/181420">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/954688">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11562855X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11562855X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027194655">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65728g4">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven_Weinberg&oldid=1257882561">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven_Weinberg&oldid=1257882561</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1933_births" title="Category:1933 births">1933 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2021_deaths" title="Category:2021 deaths">2021 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_atheists" title="Category:20th-century atheists">20th-century atheists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_physicists" 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