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class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Non-columnwise groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-columnwise_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Group (periodic table)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groep_(periodieke_tabel)" title="Groep (periodieke tabel) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Groep (periodieke tabel)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppe_des_Periodensystems" title="Gruppe des Periodensystems – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gruppe des Periodensystems" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C3%A1vkku_(r%C3%A1i%C4%91ul%C3%A2%C5%A1_vu%C3%A1h%C3%A1d%C3%A2h)" title="Juávkku (ráiđulâš vuáhádâh) – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Juávkku (ráiđulâš vuáhádâh)" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_(%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A)" title="مجموعة (جدول دوري) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجموعة (جدول دوري)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_d%27a_tabla_periodica" title="Grupo d'a tabla periodica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Grupo d'a tabla periodica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupu_de_la_tabla_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Grupu de la tabla periódica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Grupu de la tabla periódica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6vri_c%C9%99dv%C9%99l_qrupu" title="Dövri cədvəl qrupu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dövri cədvəl qrupu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watek_(tab%C3%A9l_p%C3%A9riodik)" title="Watek (tabél périodik) – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Watek (tabél périodik)" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF_(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF)" title="শ্রেণি (পর্যায় সারণি) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শ্রেণি (পর্যায় সারণি)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C3%A2n-s%C3%B2%CD%98_%C3%AA_cho%CC%8Dk" title="Goân-sò͘ ê cho̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Goân-sò͘ ê cho̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Група перыядычнай сістэмы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Група перыядычнай сістэмы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Група на периодичната система – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Група на периодичната система" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupa_periodnog_sistema_elemenata" title="Grupa periodnog sistema elemenata – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Grupa periodnog sistema elemenata" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strollad_eus_an_daolenn_beriodek" title="Strollad eus an daolenn beriodek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Strollad eus an daolenn beriodek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grup_de_la_taula_peri%C3%B2dica" title="Grup de la taula periòdica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grup de la taula periòdica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skupina_(periodick%C3%A1_tabulka)" title="Skupina (periodická tabulka) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Skupina (periodická tabulka)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C5%B5p_yn_y_tabl_cyfnodol" title="Grŵp yn y tabl cyfnodol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Grŵp yn y tabl cyfnodol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppe_(periodiske_system)" title="Gruppe (periodiske system) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gruppe (periodiske system)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppe_des_Periodensystems" title="Gruppe des Periodensystems – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gruppe des Periodensystems" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Ομάδα περιοδικού πίνακα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ομάδα περιοδικού πίνακα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_de_la_tabla_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Grupo de la tabla periódica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grupo de la tabla periódica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_de_la_perioda_tabelo" title="Grupo de la perioda tabelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grupo de la perioda tabelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taula_periodikoko_talde" title="Taula periodikoko talde – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Taula periodikoko talde" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="گروه‌های جدول تناوبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گروه‌های جدول تناوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe du tableau périodique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Groupe du tableau périodique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemyske_kloft" title="Gemyske kloft – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gemyske kloft" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BApa%C3%AD_an_t%C3%A1bla_pheiriadaigh" title="Grúpaí an tábla pheiriadaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Grúpaí an tábla pheiriadaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possan_(y_taabyl_reiltagh)" title="Possan (y taabyl reiltagh) – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Possan (y taabyl reiltagh)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_da_t%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Grupo da táboa periódica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Grupo da táboa periódica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B1_(%EC%A3%BC%EA%B8%B0%EC%9C%A8%ED%91%9C)" title="족 (주기율표) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="족 (주기율표)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB_%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A2" title="Պարբերական աղյուսակի խումբ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պարբերական աղյուսակի խումբ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9_(%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80)" title="समूह (आवर्त सारणी) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="समूह (आवर्त सारणी)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skupina_periodnog_sustava" title="Skupina periodnog sustava – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Skupina periodnog sustava" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Golongan tabel periodik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppos_del_tabella_periodic" title="Gruppos del tabella periodic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Gruppos del tabella periodic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efnaflokkur" title="Efnaflokkur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Efnaflokkur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppo_della_tavola_periodica" title="Gruppo della tavola periodica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gruppo della tavola periodica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%94_(%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94)" title="קבוצה (כימיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קבוצה (כימיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golongan_tab%C3%A8l_p%C3%A9riodik" title="Golongan tabèl périodik – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Golongan tabèl périodik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grex_(systema_periodicum)" title="Grex (systema periodicum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Grex (systema periodicum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodisk%C4%81s_tabulas_grupa" title="Periodiskās tabulas grupa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Periodiskās tabulas grupa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupp_de_la_taula_peri%C3%B2dica" title="Grupp de la taula periòdica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Grupp de la taula periòdica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC)" title="Група (периоден систем) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Група (периоден систем)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D_(%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95)" title="ഗ്രൂപ്പ് (ആവർത്തനപ്പട്ടിക) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്രൂപ്പ് (ആവർത്തനപ്പട്ടിക)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dp%C5%AB_ripanga_p%C5%ABmotu" title="Rōpū ripanga pūmotu – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rōpū ripanga pūmotu" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumpulan_jadual_berkala" title="Kumpulan jadual berkala – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kumpulan jadual berkala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Үелэх системийн бүлэг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Үелэх системийн бүлэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groep_(periodiek_systeem)" title="Groep (periodiek systeem) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Groep (periodiek systeem)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E3%81%AE%E6%97%8F" title="元素の族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="元素の族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodesystemets_grupper" title="Periodesystemets grupper – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Periodesystemets grupper" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppene_i_periodesystemet" title="Gruppene i periodesystemet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gruppene i periodesystemet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%80_(%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%80)" title="ଶ୍ରେଣୀ (ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟ ସାରଣୀ) – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଶ୍ରେଣୀ (ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟ ସାରଣୀ)" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupp_(Chemie)" title="Grupp (Chemie) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Grupp (Chemie)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupa_uk%C5%82adu_okresowego" title="Grupa układu okresowego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grupa układu okresowego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Grupo (química) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grupo (química)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grup%C4%83_(tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor)" title="Grupă (tabelul periodic al elementelor) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grupă (tabelul periodic al elementelor)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Группа периодической системы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Группа периодической системы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupet_e_sistemit_periodik" title="Grupet e sistemit periodik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Grupet e sistemit periodik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Group (periodic table)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skupina_(periodick%C3%A1_tabu%C4%BEka)" title="Skupina (periodická tabuľka) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Skupina (periodická tabuľka)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skupina_periodnega_sistema" title="Skupina periodnega sistema – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Skupina periodnega sistema" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC)" title="Група (периодни систем) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Група (периодни систем)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupa_periodnog_sistema" title="Grupa periodnog sistema – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Grupa periodnog sistema" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golongan_tab%C3%A9l_periodik" title="Golongan tabél periodik – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Golongan tabél periodik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryhm%C3%A4_(jaksollinen_j%C3%A4rjestelm%C3%A4)" title="Ryhmä (jaksollinen järjestelmä) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ryhmä (jaksollinen järjestelmä)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodiska_systemets_grupper" title="Periodiska systemets grupper – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Periodiska systemets grupper" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81_(%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88)" title="நெடுங்குழு (தனிம அட்டவணை) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நெடுங்குழு (தனிம அட்டவணை)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D_(%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95)" title="గ్రూప్ (ఆవర్తన పట్టిక) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గ్రూప్ (ఆవర్తన పట్టిక)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88_(%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8)" title="หมู่ (ตารางธาตุ) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หมู่ (ตารางธาตุ)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grup_(periyodik_tablo)" title="Grup (periyodik tablo) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Grup (periyodik tablo)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Група періодичної системи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Група періодичної системи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%81_(%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84)" title="گروہ (دوری جدول) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گروہ (دوری جدول)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_(b%E1%BA%A3ng_tu%E1%BA%A7n_ho%C3%A0n)" title="Nhóm (bảng tuần hoàn) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm (bảng tuần hoàn)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groep_(periodieke_tabelle)" title="Groep (periodieke tabelle) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Groep (periodieke tabelle)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_(taramdan_peryodika)" title="Grupo (taramdan peryodika) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Grupo (taramdan peryodika)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%8F%EF%BC%88%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%EF%BC%89" title="族（化学） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="族（化学）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%8F_(%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8)" title="族 (元素週期表) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="族 (元素週期表)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%8F_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6)" title="族 (化学) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="族 (化学)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Column of elements in the periodic table of the chemical elements</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-blocks.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-blocks.svg/390px-Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-blocks.svg.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-blocks.svg/585px-Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-blocks.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-blocks.svg/780px-Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-blocks.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>In the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a> of the elements, each column is a <i>group</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, a <b>group</b> (also known as a <b>family</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a column of elements in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table of the chemical elements</a>. There are 18 numbered groups in the periodic table; the 14 <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#f-block" title="Block (periodic table)">f-block</a> columns, between groups 2 and 3, are not numbered. The elements in a group have similar physical or chemical characteristics of the outermost <a href="/wiki/Electron_shell" title="Electron shell">electron shells</a> of their atoms (i.e., the same <a href="/wiki/Core_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Core charge">core charge</a>), because most chemical properties are dominated by the orbital location of the outermost electron. </p><p>The modern numbering system of "group 1" to "group 18" has been recommended by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> (IUPAC) since 1988. The 1-18 system is based on each atom's s, p and d electrons beyond those in atoms of the preceding <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gas</a>. Two older incompatible naming schemes can assign the same number to different groups depending on the system being used. The older schemes were used by the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Abstract_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical Abstract Service">Chemical Abstract Service</a> (CAS, more popular in the United States), and by IUPAC before 1988 (more popular in Europe). The system of eighteen groups is generally accepted by the chemistry community, but some dissent exists about membership of <a href="/wiki/Period_1_element#Position_of_period_1_elements_in_the_periodic_table" title="Period 1 element">elements number 1 and 2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>). Similar variation on the <a href="/wiki/Inner_transition_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner transition metal">inner transition metals</a> continues to exist in textbooks, although the correct positioning has been known since 1948 and was twice endorsed by IUPAC in 1988 (together with the 1–18 numbering) and 2021. </p><p>Groups may also be identified using their topmost element, or have a specific name. For example, group 16 is also described as the "oxygen group" and as the "<a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">chalcogens</a>". An exception is the "<a href="/wiki/Iron_group" title="Iron group">iron group</a>", which usually refers to <a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">group 8</a>, but in chemistry may also mean <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, or some other set of elements with similar chemical properties. In <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear physics</a>, it usually refers to iron, cobalt, nickel, <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Group_names">Group names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_(periodic_table)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Group names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern group names are numbers 1–18, with the 14 f-block columns remaining unnumbered (together making the <i>32 columns</i> in the periodic table). Also, trivial names (like <i>halogens</i>) are common. In history, several sets of group names have been used, based on Roman numberings I–VIII, and "A" and "B" suffixes.<sup id="cite_ref-Fluck_1988_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fluck_1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-collapsible uncollapsed" style="background:#f8f8f8; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; width:100%; margin:0 auto; padding:2px; text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"> <div style="background:#d8d8d8; padding:2px 4px;font-weight:bold;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbar-ct-mini">Groups in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></div></div><div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" style="display:block;overflow:auto;width:100%;text-align:center; max-width:1300px; margin:0; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr style="line-height:120%; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IUPAC group</a> </td> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="#Group_1">1</a><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_group1"><a href="#endnote_group1">a</a></sup> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;">—<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_f-block_groups"><a href="#endnote_f-block_groups">b</a></sup> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_ScYLu"><a href="#endnote_ScYLu">c</a></sup> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr style="line-height:120%; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev#Periodic_table" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Mendeleev</a> <small>(I–VIII)</small> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">I<span style="visibility:hidden">A</span> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">II<span style="visibility:hidden">A</span> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">III<span style="visibility:hidden">B</span> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IV<span style="visibility:hidden">B</span> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">V<span style="visibility:hidden">B</span> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">VI<span style="visibility:hidden">B</span> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VII<span style="visibility:hidden">B</span> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#e1e1e1; border-top:1px solid #b8b8b8; text-align:center;">VIII<span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">B</span> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">I<span style="visibility:hidden">B</span> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">II<span style="visibility:hidden">B</span> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">III<span style="visibility:hidden">B</span> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IV<span style="visibility:hidden">B</span> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">V<span style="visibility:hidden">B</span> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">VI<span style="visibility:hidden">B</span> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VII<span style="visibility:hidden">B</span> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_group0"><a href="#endnote_group0">d</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="line-height:120%; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#CAS_and_old_IUPAC">CAS</a> <small>(US, A-B-A)</small> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IA </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">IIA </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">IIIB </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IVB </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VB </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">VIB </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VIIB </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#e1e1e1; border-top:1px solid #b8b8b8;">VIIIB </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">IB </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IIB </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">IIIA </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IVA </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VA </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">VIA </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VIIA </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">VIIIA </td></tr> <tr style="line-height:120%; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#CAS_and_old_IUPAC">Old IUPAC</a> <small>(Europe, A-B)</small> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IA </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">IIA </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">IIIA </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IVA </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VA </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">VIA </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VIIA </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#e1e1e1; border-top:1px solid #b8b8b8;">VIII<span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">B</span> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">IB </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IIB </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">IIIB </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">IVB </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VB </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">VIB </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">VIIB </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1; font-size:95%;">0 </td></tr> <tr style="line-height:120%; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Trivial_name" title="Trivial name">Trivial name</a><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_IUPAC"><a href="#endnote_IUPAC">r</a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">H and <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">alkaline earth metals</a> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">triels</a> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">tetrels</a> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pnictogens">pnictogens</a> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcogens">chalcogens</a> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"><a href="/wiki/Halogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Halogens">halogens</a> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble gases">noble gases</a> </td></tr> <tr style="line-height:120%; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:left;">Name by element<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_IUPAC"><a href="#endnote_IUPAC">r</a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">lithium group </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">beryllium group </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">scandium group </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">titanium group </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">vanadium group </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">chromium group </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">manganese group </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">iron group </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">cobalt group </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">nickel group </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">copper group </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">zinc group </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">boron group </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">carbon group </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">nitrogen group </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">oxygen group </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;">fluorine group </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;">helium <i>or</i> neon group </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">Period 1</a> </td> <td title="<span class=" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen"><span style="display:block"><span class="nowrap"> </span>H<span class="nowrap"> </span></span></a></span> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium"><span style="display:block">He</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">Period 2</a> </td> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium"><span style="display:block">Li</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium"><span style="display:block">Be</span></a></span> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron"><span style="display:block">B</span></a></span> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon"><span style="display:block">C</span></a></span> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="display:block">N</span></a></span> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen"><span style="display:block">O</span></a></span> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine"><span style="display:block">F</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="display:block">Ne</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">Period 3</a> </td> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium"><span style="display:block">Na</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium"><span style="display:block">Mg</span></a></span> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium"><span style="display:block">Al</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon"><span style="display:block">Si</span></a></span> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus"><span style="display:block">P</span></a></span> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur"><span style="display:block">S</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine"><span style="display:block">Cl</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="display:block">Ar</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">Period 4</a> </td> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium"><span style="display:block">K</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium"><span style="display:block">Ca</span></a></span> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium"><span style="display:block">Sc</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium"><span style="display:block">Ti</span></a></span> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium"><span style="display:block">V</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium"><span style="display:block">Cr</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese"><span style="display:block">Mn</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron"><span style="display:block">Fe</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt"><span style="display:block">Co</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel"><span style="display:block">Ni</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper"><span style="display:block">Cu</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc"><span style="display:block">Zn</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium"><span style="display:block">Ga</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium"><span style="display:block">Ge</span></a></span> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic"><span style="display:block">As</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium"><span style="display:block">Se</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine"><span style="display:block">Br</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton"><span style="display:block">Kr</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">Period 5</a> </td> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium"><span style="display:block">Rb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium"><span style="display:block">Sr</span></a></span> </td> <td style="background:#e1e1e1;"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium"><span style="display:block">Y</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium"><span style="display:block">Zr</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium"><span style="display:block">Nb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum"><span style="display:block">Mo</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium"><span style="display:block">Tc</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium"><span style="display:block">Ru</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium"><span style="display:block">Rh</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium"><span style="display:block">Pd</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver"><span style="display:block">Ag</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium"><span style="display:block">Cd</span></a></span> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium"><span style="display:block">In</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin"><span style="display:block">Sn</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony"><span style="display:block">Sb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium"><span style="display:block">Te</span></a></span> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine"><span style="display:block">I</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block">Xe</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">Period 6</a> </td> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium"><span style="display:block">Cs</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium"><span style="display:block">Ba</span></a></span> </td> <td style="font-size:95%; background:#9bff99; padding:0 1px; width:*;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">La–Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium"><span style="display:block">Lu</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium"><span style="display:block">Hf</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum"><span style="display:block">Ta</span></a></span> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten"><span style="display:block">W</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium"><span style="display:block">Re</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium"><span style="display:block">Os</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium"><span style="display:block">Ir</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum"><span style="display:block">Pt</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold"><span style="display:block">Au</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)"><span style="display:block">Hg</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium"><span style="display:block">Tl</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead"><span style="display:block">Pb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth"><span style="display:block">Bi</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium"><span style="display:block">Po</span></a></span> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine"><span style="display:block">At</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; min-width:4%;;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="display:block">Rn</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">Period 7</a> </td> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium"><span style="display:block">Fr</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium"><span style="display:block">Ra</span></a></span> </td> <td style="font-size:95%; background:#9bff99; padding:0 1px;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">Ac–No</a></span> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium"><span style="display:block">Lr</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium"><span style="display:block">Rf</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><span style="display:block">Db</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><span style="display:block">Sg</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><span style="display:block">Bh</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium"><span style="display:block">Hs</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium"><span style="display:block">Mt</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="display:block">Ds</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><span style="display:block">Rg</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium"><span style="display:block">Cn</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><span style="display:block">Nh</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium"><span style="display:block">Fl</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium"><span style="display:block">Mc</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><span style="display:block">Lv</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine"><span style="display:block">Ts</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><span style="display:block">Og</span></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="text-align:left; background:#f0f0f0"><span class="anchor" id="Group_1b"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_group1"><sup>a</sup></span> Group 1 is composed of hydrogen (H) and the alkali metals. Elements of the group have one s-electron in the outer electron shell. Hydrogen is not considered to be an alkali metal as it is not a metal, though it is more analogous to them than any other group. This makes the group somewhat exceptional.<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_f-block_groups"><sup>b</sup></span> The 14 <a href="/wiki/F-block_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block groups">f-block groups</a> (columns) do not have a group number.<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_ScYLu"><sup>c</sup></span> The correct composition of group 3 is scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), lutetium (Lu), and lawrencium (Lr), as shown here: this is endorsed by 1988<sup id="cite_ref-Fluck_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fluck-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2021<sup id="cite_ref-2021IUPAC_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021IUPAC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IUPAC reports on the question. General inorganic chemistry texts often put scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), lanthanum (La), and actinium (Ac) in group 3, so that Ce–Lu and Th–Lr become the f-block between groups 3 and 4; this was based on incorrectly measured electron configurations from history,<sup id="cite_ref-Jensen1982_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen1982-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Lev Landau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Lifshitz" title="Evgeny Lifshitz">Evgeny Lifshitz</a> already considered it incorrect in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-Landau_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landau-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arguments can still occasionally be encountered in the contemporary literature purporting to defend it, but most authors consider them logically inconsistent.<sup id="cite_ref-Jensen2015_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scerri2009_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scerri2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chemey_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chemey-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources follow a compromise that puts La–Lu and Ac–Lr as the f-block rows (despite that giving 15 f-block elements in each row, which contradicts quantum mechanics), leaving the heavier members of group 3 ambiguous.<sup id="cite_ref-2021IUPAC_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021IUPAC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See also <a href="/wiki/Group_3_element#Composition" title="Group 3 element">Group 3 element#Composition</a>.<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_group0"><sup>d</sup></span> Group 18, the noble gases, were not discovered at the time of Mendeleev's original table. Later (1902), Mendeleev accepted the evidence for their existence, and they could be placed in a new "group 0", consistently and without breaking the periodic table principle.<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_IUPAC"><sup>r</sup></span> Group name as recommended by IUPAC.</div> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_group_names">List of group names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_(periodic_table)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: List of group names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align:right; font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr> <th>IUPAC<br />name </th> <th>Old<br />IUPAC<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(Europe)</span> </th> <th>Old <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Abstract_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical Abstract Service">CAS</a><br />name<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(U.S.)</span> </th> <th>Name<br />by element<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">('group' or 'family')</span> </th> <th>IUPAC<br />recommended<br />trivial name </th> <th>Other names </th></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="01 !"><a href="#Group_1">Group 1</a></span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="1A !">IA</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="1A !">IA</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> group </td> <td style="text-align:left;">hydrogen and <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">"lithium group" excludes hydrogen </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="02 !"><a href="/wiki/Group_2_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 2 element">Group 2</a></span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="2A !">IIA</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="2A !">IIA</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> group </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">alkaline earth metals</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="03 !"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">Group 3</a></span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="3A !">IIIA</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="3B !">IIIB</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">scandium</a> group</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="04 !"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">Group 4</a></span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="4A !">IVA</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="4B !">IVB</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> group</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="05 !"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">Group 5</a></span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="5A !">VA</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="5A !">VB</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a> group</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="06 !"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">Group 6</a></span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="6A !">VIA</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="6B !">VIB</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> group</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="07 !"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">Group 7</a></span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7A !">VIIA</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7B !">VIIB</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> group</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="08 !"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">Group 8</a></span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="80 !">VIII</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="8B1 !">VIIIB</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> group</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="09 !"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">Group 9</a></span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="81 !">VIII</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="8B2 !">VIIIB</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> group</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="10 !"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">Group 10</a></span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="82 !">VIII</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="8B3 !">VIIIB</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> group</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="11 !"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">Group 11</a></span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="1B !">IB</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="1B !">IB</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> group</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">coinage metals</a>,<br />but the set is arbitrary<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_coinage"><a href="#endnote_coinage">f</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="12 !"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">Group 12</a></span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="2B !">IIB</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="2B !">IIB</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> group</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">volatile metals<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="13 !"><a href="/wiki/Group_13_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 13 element">Group 13</a></span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="3B !">IIIB</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="3B !">IIIA</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> group </td> <td style="text-align:left;">triels<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_greek"><a href="#endnote_greek">b</a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">icosagens<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />earth metals </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="14 !"><a href="/wiki/Group_14_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 14 element">Group 14</a></span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="4B !">IVB</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="4A !">IVA</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> group </td> <td style="text-align:left;">tetrels<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_greek"><a href="#endnote_greek">c</a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">crystallogens<sup id="cite_ref-crystal_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crystal-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />adamantogens<sup id="cite_ref-jensenlaw_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jensenlaw-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />merylides<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="15 !"><a href="/wiki/Group_15_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 15 element">Group 15</a></span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="5B !">VB</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="5A !">VA</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> group </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">pnictogens</a><br />pentels<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_greek"><a href="#endnote_greek">n</a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="16 !"><a href="/wiki/Group_16_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 16 element">Group 16</a></span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="6B !">VIB</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="6A !">VIA</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> group </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">chalcogens</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="17 !"><a href="/wiki/Group_17_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 17 element">Group 17</a></span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7B !">VIIB</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7A !">VIIA</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a> group </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogens</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="18 !"><a href="/wiki/Group_18_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 18 element">Group 18</a></span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="00 !">0</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="8A !">VIIIA</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a></span> group<br />or <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a> group</span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gases</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">aerogens<sup id="cite_ref-pentel_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pentel-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_coinage"><b><a href="#ref_coinage">^f</a></b></span> <i>Coinage metals</i>: authors differ on whether roentgenium (Rg) is considered a coinage metal. It is in group 11, like the other coinage metals, and is expected to be chemically similar to gold.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, being extremely radioactive and short-lived, it cannot actually be used for coinage as the name suggests, and on that basis it is sometimes excluded.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_greek"><b><a href="#ref_greek">^b</a></b></span> <i>triels</i> (group 13), from Greek <i>tri</i>: three, III<sup id="cite_ref-crystal_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crystal-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pentel_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pentel-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_greek"><b><a href="#ref_greek">^c</a></b></span> <i>tetrels</i> (group 14), from Greek <i>tetra</i>: four, IV<sup id="cite_ref-crystal_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crystal-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pentel_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pentel-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_greek"><b><a href="#ref_greek">^n</a></b></span> <i>pentel</i> (group 15), from Greek <i>penta</i>: five, V<sup id="cite_ref-pentel_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pentel-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="CAS_and_old_IUPAC_numbering_(A/B)"><span id="CAS_and_old_IUPAC_numbering_.28A.2FB.29"></span>CAS and old IUPAC numbering (A/B)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_(periodic_table)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: CAS and old IUPAC numbering (A/B)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span id="CAS_and_old_IUPAC"></span>Two earlier group number systems exist: <i>CAS</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chemical_Abstracts_Service" title="Chemical Abstracts Service">Chemical Abstracts Service</a>) and <i>old IUPAC</i>. Both use <a href="/wiki/Numerical_digit" title="Numerical digit">numerals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Roman_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman numbers">Roman</a>) and letters <i>A</i> and <i>B</i>. Both systems agree on the numbers. The numbers indicate approximately the highest oxidation number of the elements in that group, and so indicate similar chemistry with other elements with the same numeral. The number proceeds in a linearly increasing fashion for the most part, once on the left of the table, and once on the right (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_oxidation_states_of_the_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of oxidation states of the elements">List of oxidation states of the elements</a>), with some irregularities in the transition metals. However, the two systems use the letters differently. For example, potassium (K) has one <a href="/wiki/Valence_electron" title="Valence electron">valence electron</a>. Therefore, it is located in group 1. Calcium (Ca) is in group 2, for it contains two valence electrons. </p><p>In the old IUPAC system the letters A and B were designated to the left (A) and right (B) part of the table, while in the CAS system the letters A and B are designated to <a href="/wiki/Main_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Main group">main group</a> elements (A) and transition elements (B). The old IUPAC system was frequently used in Europe, while the CAS is most common in America. The new IUPAC scheme was developed to replace both systems as they confusingly used the same names to mean different things. The new system simply numbers the groups increasingly from left to right on the standard periodic table. The IUPAC proposal was first circulated in 1985 for public comments,<sup id="cite_ref-Fluck_1988_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fluck_1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was later included as part of the 1990 edition of the <i>Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-columnwise_groups">Non-columnwise groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_(periodic_table)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Non-columnwise groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While <i>groups</i> are defined to be <i>columns</i> in the periodic table, as described above, there are also <a href="/wiki/Names_for_sets_of_chemical_elements" title="Names for sets of chemical elements">sets of elements</a> named "group" that are <i>not</i> a column: </p> <div style="float:left;"><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="micro-periodic-table-title" style="float:right; background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f8f8); padding:0.3em; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; margin:0 0 0.25em 0.5em; text-align:center;; color:var(--color-base,#202122)"> <div id="micro-periodic-table-title" style="background:light-dark(#d8d8d8,#373737); color:var(--color-base,#202122) padding:0.15em 0.3em; font-size:90%; line-height:110%; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">Platinum group</a></div> <div style="margin: 0.15em 0; display:table-row;"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Hydrogen</span></a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Helium</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Lithium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Beryllium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Boron</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Carbon</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Nitrogen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Oxygen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Fluorine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Neon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Sodium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Magnesium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Aluminium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Silicon</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Phosphorus</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Sulfur</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Chlorine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Argon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Potassium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Calcium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Scandium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Titanium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Vanadium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Chromium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Manganese</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Iron</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Cobalt</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Nickel</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Copper</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Zinc</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Gallium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Germanium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Arsenic</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Selenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Bromine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Krypton</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Rubidium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Strontium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Yttrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Zirconium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Niobium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Molybdenum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Technetium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Ruthenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Rhodium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Palladium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Silver</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Cadmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Indium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tin</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Antimony</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tellurium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Iodine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Xenon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Caesium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Barium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Lanthanum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Cerium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Praseodymium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Neodymium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Promethium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Samarium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Europium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Gadolinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Terbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Dysprosium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Holmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Erbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Thulium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Ytterbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Lutetium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Hafnium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Tantalum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Tungsten</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Rhenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Osmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Iridium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Platinum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Gold</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Mercury (element)</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Thallium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Lead</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Bismuth</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Polonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Astatine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Radon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Francium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Radium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Actinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Thorium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Protactinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Uranium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Neptunium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Plutonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Americium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Curium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Berkelium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Californium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Einsteinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Fermium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Mendelevium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Nobelium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Lawrencium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Rutherfordium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Dubnium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Seaborgium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Bohrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Hassium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Meitnerium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Darmstadtium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Roentgenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Copernicium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Nihonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Flerovium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Moscovium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Livermorium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tennessine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Oganesson</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> </div></div> <div style="float:left;"><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="micro-periodic-table-title" style="float:right; background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f8f8); padding:0.3em; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; margin:0 0 0.25em 0.5em; text-align:center;; color:var(--color-base,#202122)"> <div id="micro-periodic-table-title" style="background:light-dark(#d8d8d8,#373737); color:var(--color-base,#202122) padding:0.15em 0.3em; font-size:90%; line-height:110%; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Iron_group" title="Iron group">Iron group</a></div> <div style="margin: 0.15em 0; display:table-row;"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Hydrogen</span></a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Helium</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Lithium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Beryllium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Boron</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Carbon</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Nitrogen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Oxygen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Fluorine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Neon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Sodium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Magnesium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Aluminium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Silicon</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Phosphorus</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Sulfur</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Chlorine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Argon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Potassium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Calcium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Scandium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Titanium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Vanadium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Chromium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Manganese</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Iron</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Cobalt</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Nickel</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Copper</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Zinc</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Gallium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Germanium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Arsenic</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Selenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Bromine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Krypton</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Rubidium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Strontium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Yttrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Zirconium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Niobium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Molybdenum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Technetium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Ruthenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Rhodium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Palladium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Silver</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Cadmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Indium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tin</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Antimony</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tellurium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Iodine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Xenon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Caesium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Barium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Lanthanum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Cerium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Praseodymium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Neodymium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Promethium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Samarium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Europium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Gadolinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Terbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Dysprosium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Holmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Erbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Thulium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Ytterbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Lutetium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Hafnium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Tantalum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Tungsten</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Rhenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Osmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Iridium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Platinum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Gold</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Mercury (element)</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Thallium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Lead</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Bismuth</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Polonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Astatine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Radon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Francium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Radium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Actinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Thorium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Protactinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Uranium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Neptunium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Plutonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Americium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Curium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Berkelium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Californium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Einsteinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Fermium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Mendelevium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Nobelium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Lawrencium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Rutherfordium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Dubnium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Seaborgium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Bohrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Hassium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Meitnerium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Darmstadtium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Roentgenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Copernicium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Nihonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Flerovium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Moscovium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Livermorium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tennessine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Oganesson</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> </div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>Similar sets: <a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">noble metals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">coinage metals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious metals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refractory_metals" title="Refractory metals">refractory metals</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_(periodic_table)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output 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"A modification of the periodic table". <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>. <b>24</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">588–</span>591. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1947JChEd..24..588S">1947JChEd..24..588S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed024p588">10.1021/ed024p588</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=A+modification+of+the+periodic+table&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E588-%3C%2Fspan%3E591&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed024p588&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1947JChEd..24..588S&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=L.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+%28periodic+table%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). <i>Chemistry of the Elements</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=227&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+%28periodic+table%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crystal-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crystal_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crystal_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crystal_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuLuSuWang2019" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Ning; Lu, Na; Su, Yan; Wang, Pu; Quan, Xie (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317583451">"Fabrication of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> composite and its visible-light photocatalytic capability for ciprofloxacin degradation"</a>. <i>Separation and Purification Technology</i>. <b>211</b>: <span class="nowrap">782–</span>789. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.seppur.2018.10.027">10.1016/j.seppur.2018.10.027</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:104746665">104746665</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Separation+and+Purification+Technology&rft.atitle=Fabrication+of+g-C%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3EN%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%2FTi%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3EC%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+composite+and+its+visible-light+photocatalytic+capability+for+ciprofloxacin+degradation&rft.volume=211&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E782-%3C%2Fspan%3E789&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.seppur.2018.10.027&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A104746665%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Ning&rft.au=Lu%2C+Na&rft.au=Su%2C+Yan&rft.au=Wang%2C+Pu&rft.au=Quan%2C+Xie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F317583451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+%28periodic+table%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jensenlaw-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jensenlaw_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2000" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_B._Jensen" title="William B. Jensen">Jensen, William B.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201110113324/http://www.che.uc.edu/jensen/W.%20B.%20Jensen/Reprints/081.%20Periodic%20Table.pdf">"The Periodic Law and Table"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.che.uc.edu/jensen/W.%20B.%20Jensen/Reprints/081.%20Periodic%20Table.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-11-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Periodic+Law+and+Table&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.che.uc.edu%2Fjensen%2FW.%2520B.%2520Jensen%2FReprints%2F081.%2520Periodic%2520Table.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+%28periodic+table%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerneliusLoeningAdams1971" class="citation journal cs1">Fernelius, W. C.; Loening, Kurt; Adams, Roy M. (1971). "Names of groups and elements". <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>. <b>48</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">730–</span>731. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971JChEd..48..730F">1971JChEd..48..730F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed048p730">10.1021/ed048p730</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=Names+of+groups+and+elements&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E730-%3C%2Fspan%3E731&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed048p730&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1971JChEd..48..730F&rft.aulast=Fernelius&rft.aufirst=W.+C.&rft.au=Loening%2C+Kurt&rft.au=Adams%2C+Roy+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+%28periodic+table%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pentel-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pentel_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pentel_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pentel_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pentel_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich2007" class="citation book cs1">Rich, Ronald (2007). <i>Inorganic Reactions in Water</i>. Springer. pp. 307, 327, 363, 475. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-73962-3">10.1007/978-3-540-73962-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540739616" title="Special:BookSources/9783540739616"><bdi>9783540739616</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inorganic+Reactions+in+Water&rft.pages=307%2C+327%2C+363%2C+475&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-73962-3&rft.isbn=9783540739616&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+%28periodic+table%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConradieGhosh2019" class="citation journal cs1">Conradie, Jeanet; Ghosh, Abhik (2019). "Theoretical Search for the Highest Valence States of the Coinage Metals: Roentgenium Heptafluoride May Exist". <i>Inorganic Chemistry</i>. <b>58</b> (13): <span class="nowrap">8735–</span>8738. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.inorgchem.9b01139">10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01139</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31203606">31203606</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189944098">189944098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Theoretical+Search+for+the+Highest+Valence+States+of+the+Coinage+Metals%3A+Roentgenium+Heptafluoride+May+Exist&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8735-%3C%2Fspan%3E8738&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189944098%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31203606&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.inorgchem.9b01139&rft.aulast=Conradie&rft.aufirst=Jeanet&rft.au=Ghosh%2C+Abhik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+%28periodic+table%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrochalaMazej2015" class="citation journal cs1">Grochala, Wojciech; Mazej, Zoran (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.2014.0179">"Chemistry of silver(II): a cornucopia of peculiarities"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A</i>. <b>373</b> (2037). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015RSPTA.37340179G">2015RSPTA.37340179G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.2014.0179">10.1098/rsta.2014.0179</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25666068">25666068</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45589426">45589426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+A&rft.atitle=Chemistry+of+silver%28II%29%3A+a+cornucopia+of+peculiarities&rft.volume=373&rft.issue=2037&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.2014.0179&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A45589426%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25666068&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015RSPTA.37340179G&rft.aulast=Grochala&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rft.au=Mazej%2C+Zoran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsta.2014.0179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+%28periodic+table%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leigh, G. J. <i>Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry: Recommendations 1990</i>. Blackwell Science, <b>1990</b>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-632-02494-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-632-02494-1">0-632-02494-1</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_(periodic_table)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScerri2007" class="citation book cs1">Scerri, E. R. (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/periodictableits0000scer"><i>The periodic table, its story and its significance</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530573-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530573-9"><bdi>978-0-19-530573-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+periodic+table%2C+its+story+and+its+significance&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530573-9&rft.aulast=Scerri&rft.aufirst=E.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperiodictableits0000scer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+%28periodic+table%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table421" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Template:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Template talk:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_periodic_table" 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By periodic table structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1 (<a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2 (Alkaline earth metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13 (Triels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14 (Tetrels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15 (Pnictogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16 (Chalcogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17 (Halogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18 (Noble gases)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">8+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Aufbau_model" title="Extended periodic table">Aufbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Fricke" title="Extended periodic table">Fricke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Pyykkö" title="Extended periodic table">Pyykkö</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Blocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">Aufbau principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_metals,_metalloids_and_nonmetals" title="Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals">metallicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">Lanthanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">Transition metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">Post-transition metals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">Metalloids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_metalloids" title="Lists of metalloids">Lists of metalloids by source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dividing_line_between_metals_and_nonmetals" title="Dividing line between metals and nonmetals">Dividing line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonmetal" title="Nonmetal">Nonmetals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">Noble gases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">Other sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">Platinum-group metals (PGM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">Rare-earth elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory_metals" title="Refractory metals">Refractory metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">Coinage metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">Noble metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal element">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">Native metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">Transuranium elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">Superheavy elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_actinide" title="Major actinide">Major actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">Minor actinides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements" title="List of chemical elements">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By: <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">Abundance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">in humans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_atomic_properties" title="List of elements by atomic properties">Atomic properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes" title="List of elements by stability of isotopes">Nuclear stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">Symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element#Properties" title="Chemical element">Properties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aqueous_ions_by_element" title="List of aqueous ions by element">Aqueous chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)" title="Periodic table (crystal structure)">Crystal structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(electron_configurations)" title="Periodic table (electron configurations)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification" title="Goldschmidt classification">Goldschmidt classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_symbol" title="Term symbol">Term symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Data pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundances_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Abundances of the elements (data page)">Abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radii_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Atomic radii of the elements (data page)">Atomic radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Boiling points of the elements (data page)">Boiling point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Critical points of the elements (data page)">Critical point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Densities of the elements (data page)">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_properties_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Elastic properties of the elements (data page)">Elasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page)">Electrical resistivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity_(data_page)" title="Electron affinity (data page)">Electron affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_configurations_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electron configurations of the elements (data page)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electronegativities of the elements (data page)">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardnesses_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Hardnesses of the elements (data page)">Hardness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_capacities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heat capacities of the elements (data page)">Heat capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_fusion_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of fusion of the elements (data page)">Heat of fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_vaporization_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)">Heat of vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Ionization energies of the elements (data page)">Ionization energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Melting points of the elements (data page)">Melting point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speeds_of_sound_of_the_elements" title="Speeds of sound of the elements">Speed of sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)">Thermal conductivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansivities_of_the_elements" title="Thermal expansivities of the elements">Thermal expansion coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressures_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)">Vapor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table" title="History of the periodic table">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">Element discoveries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev#Periodic_table" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">1871 table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">1869 predictions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_chemical_elements" title="Naming of chemical elements">Naming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies" title="List of chemical element name etymologies">etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies" title="List of chemical element naming controversies">controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_places" title="List of chemical elements named after places">for places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">for people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements_in_East_Asian_languages" title="Chemical elements in East Asian languages">in East Asian languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic element name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivial_name" title="Trivial name">Trivial name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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