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href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Occurrence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lasers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lasers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Lasers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lasers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-X-ray_source" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#X-ray_source"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 X-ray source </div> </a> <ul id="toc-X-ray_source-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_role_and_precautions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_role_and_precautions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Biological role and precautions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_role_and_precautions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Thulium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 125 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-125" aria-hidden="true" > 125 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulium" title="Tulium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tulium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B1%E1%88%8A%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ቱሊየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቱሊየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="थुलियम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="थुलियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="ثوليوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثوليوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuliu" title="Tuliu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Tuliu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuliu" title="Tuliu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tuliu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulium" title="Tulium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tulium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Thulium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="থুলিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="থুলিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thulium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Тулій – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тулій" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Туль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Туль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="थुलियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="थुलियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Тулий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тулий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulij" title="Tulij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tulij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuliom" title="Tuliom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tuliom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuli" title="Tuli – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tuli" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Тулий – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тулий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulyo" title="Tulyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tulyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thulium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuliu" title="Tuliu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Tuliu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thwliwm" title="Thwliwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Thwliwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Thulium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="ثوليوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ثوليوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thulium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuulium" title="Tuulium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tuulium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Θούλιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θούλιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulio" title="Tulio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tulio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulio" title="Tulio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tulio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulio" title="Tulio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tulio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85" title="تولیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تولیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Thulium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thulium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuli" title="Tuli – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Tuli" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAiliam" title="Túiliam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Túiliam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Thulium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuilium" title="Tuilium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tuilium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulio" title="Tulio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tulio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A5%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="થુલિયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="થુલિયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thulium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Тулиум – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Тулиум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%88%B4%EB%A5%A8" title="툴륨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="툴륨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Thulium" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Թուլիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թուլիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="थुलियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="थुलियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulij" title="Tulij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tulij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulio" title="Tulio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tulio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulium" title="Tulium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tulium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Thulium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmThuthumbi" title="UmThuthumbi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmThuthumbi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAl%C3%ADn" title="Túlín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Túlín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulio" title="Tulio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tulio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="תוליום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תוליום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%CA%8Al%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Tʊlɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tʊlɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಥುಲಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಥುಲಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="თულიუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თულიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Тулий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тулий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuliom" title="Thuliom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Thuliom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Тулий – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Тулий" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Тулий – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тулий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Тулий – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Тулий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thulium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%ABlijs" title="Tūlijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tūlijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Thulium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulis" title="Tulis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tulis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulio" title="Tulio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Tulio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Thulium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulii" title="Tulii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Tulii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jinmrtuli" title="jinmrtuli – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jinmrtuli" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAlium" title="Túlium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Túlium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Тулиум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тулиум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="തൂലിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തൂലിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="थुलियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="थुलियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="ثوليوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ثوليوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulium" title="Tulium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tulium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Thulium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Тули – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тули" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ကျူလီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျူလီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thulium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="थुलियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="थुलियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%84%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="ツリウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ツリウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuulium" title="Tuulium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tuulium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thulium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Thulium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuliy" title="Tuliy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tuliy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="थुलियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="थुलियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85" title="تھلیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تھلیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="توليوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="توليوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulio" title="Tulio – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Tulio" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tul" title="Tul – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tul" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAlio" title="Túlio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Túlio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuliu" title="Tuliu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tuliu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulyu" title="Thulyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Thulyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Тулий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тулий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Тулиум – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тулиум" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="थुलियम – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="थुलियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B9liu" title="Tùliu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Tùliu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Thulium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuliumi" title="Tuliumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tuliumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuliu" title="Tuliu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tuliu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thulium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAlium" title="Túlium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Túlium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulij" title="Tulij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tulij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="توولیۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="توولیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Тулијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тулијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulijum" title="Tulijum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tulijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulium" title="Tulium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tulium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulium" title="Tulium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tulium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தூலியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தூலியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Тулий – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тулий" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A5%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="థూలియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="థూలియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="ทูเลียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทูเลียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Тулий – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тулий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulyum" title="Tulyum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tulyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Тулій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тулій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thulium" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%A9" title="銩 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="銩" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulyo" title="Tulyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tulyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%A5" title="铥 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="铥" data-language-autonym="吴语" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none"> Chemical element with symbol Tm, atomic number 69</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 69 (Tm)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Thulium, 69Tm</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Thulium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Thulium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/220px-Thulium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Thulium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/330px-Thulium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Thulium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/440px-Thulium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4765" data-file-height="3274" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Thulium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈθjuːliəm/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">THEW-lee-əm</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">silvery gray</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(Tm)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>168.934219±0.000005<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li>168.93±0.01 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Thulium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;">– ↑ Tm ↓ <a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">erbium</a> ← thulium → <a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">ytterbium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">69</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/F-block_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block groups">f-block groups</a> (no number)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">period 6</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#f-block" title="Block (periodic table)">f-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 4f13 6s2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1818 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (1545 °C, 2813 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2223 K (1950 °C, 3542 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">9.320 g/cm3 <a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">8.56 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16.84 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">191 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">27.03 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>1117 </td> <td>1235 </td> <td>1381 </td> <td>1570 </td> <td>(1821) </td> <td>(2217) </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +3 0,<a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-4">[4]</a> +1,<a href="#cite_note-LnI-5">[5]</a> +2<a href="#cite_note-GE28-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 1.25 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 596.7 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1160 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 2285 kJ/mol </li><li> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 176 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">190±10 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Thulium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Thulium_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Thulium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Thulium_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Thulium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Thulium_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Thulium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of thulium</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Close-packing_of_equal_spheres" title="Close-packing of equal spheres">hexagonal close-packed</a> (hcp) (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">hP2</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constants</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexagonal_close_packed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hexagonal close packed crystal structure for thulium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/50px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/75px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/100px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="307" /></a></div>a = 353.77 pm c = 555.39 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">poly: 13.3 µm/(m⋅K) (at <abbr title="room temperature">r.t.</abbr>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16.9 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">poly: 676 nΩ⋅m (at <abbr title="room temperature">r.t.</abbr>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paramagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramagnetic">paramagnetic</a> (at 300 K)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+25500×10−6 cm3/mol (291 K)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">74.0 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30.5 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">44.5 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.213 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vickers_hardness_test" title="Vickers hardness test">Vickers hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">470–650 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">470–900 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-30-4 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Naming</th><td class="infobox-data">after <a href="/wiki/Thule" title="Thule">Thule</a>, a mythical region in Scandinavia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a> and first isolation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Per_Teodor_Cleve" title="Per Teodor Cleve">Per Teodor Cleve</a> (1879)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_thulium" title="Isotopes of thulium">Isotopes of thulium</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_thulium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox thulium isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_thulium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox thulium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8">[8]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">167Tm </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">9.25 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium-167" class="mw-redirect" title="Erbium-167">167Er</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">168Tm </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">93.1 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_plus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta plus decay">β+</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium-168" class="mw-redirect" title="Erbium-168">168Er</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">169Tm </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">100% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium-170" title="Thulium-170">170Tm</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">128.6 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium-170" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbium-170">170Yb</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">171Tm </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">1.92 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium-171" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbium-171">171Yb</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Thulium" title="Category:Thulium">Category: Thulium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_thulium" title="Template:Infobox thulium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_thulium" title="Template talk:Infobox thulium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_thulium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox thulium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Thulium is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Symbol_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol (chemistry)">symbol</a> Tm and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 69. It is the thirteenth element in the <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanide</a> series of <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metals</a>. It is the second-least abundant lanthanide in the Earth's crust, after radioactively unstable <a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">promethium</a>. It is an easily workable metal with a bright silvery-gray luster. It is fairly soft and slowly <a href="/wiki/Tarnish" title="Tarnish">tarnishes</a> in air. Despite its high price and rarity, thulium is used as a <a href="/wiki/Dopant" title="Dopant">dopant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_laser" title="Solid-state laser">solid-state lasers</a>, and as the radiation source in some portable <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> devices. It has no significant biological role and is not particularly toxic. In 1879, the Swedish chemist <a href="/wiki/Per_Teodor_Cleve" title="Per Teodor Cleve">Per Teodor Cleve</a> separated two previously unknown components, which he called <a href="/wiki/Holmium(III)_oxide" title="Holmium(III) oxide">holmia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thulium(III)_oxide" title="Thulium(III) oxide">thulia</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare-earth">rare-earth</a> mineral <a href="/wiki/Erbium(III)_oxide" title="Erbium(III) oxide">erbia</a>; these were the oxides of <a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">holmium</a> and thulium, respectively. A relatively pure sample of thulium metal was first obtained in 1911. Like the other lanthanides, its most common <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> is +3, seen in its oxide, halides and other compounds. In <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">aqueous solution</a>, like compounds of other late lanthanides, soluble thulium compounds form <a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">coordination complexes</a> with nine water molecules. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Properties">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical properties">edit</a>]</div> Pure thulium metal has a bright, silvery luster, which tarnishes on exposure to air. The metal can be cut with a knife,<a href="#cite_note-history-9">[9]</a> as it has a <a href="/wiki/Mohs_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs hardness">Mohs hardness</a> of 2 to 3; it is malleable and ductile.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-10">[10]</a> Thulium is <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferromagnetic">ferromagnetic</a> below 32 K, <a href="/wiki/Antiferromagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiferromagnetic">antiferromagnetic</a> between 32 and 56 K, and <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramagnetic">paramagnetic</a> above 56 K.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Thulium has two major <a href="/wiki/Allotrope" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotrope">allotropes</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Tetragonal_crystal_system" title="Tetragonal crystal system">tetragonal</a> α-Tm and the more stable <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal crystal system">hexagonal</a> β-Tm.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_properties">Chemical properties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chemical properties">edit</a>]</div> Thulium tarnishes slowly in air and burns readily at 150 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Thulium(III)_oxide" title="Thulium(III) oxide">thulium(III) oxide</a>:<a href="#cite_note-InorgChem-12">[12]</a> <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>4Tm + 3O2 → 2Tm2O3</dd></dl> Thulium is quite <a href="/wiki/Electropositive" class="mw-redirect" title="Electropositive">electropositive</a> and reacts slowly with cold water and quite quickly with hot water to form thulium hydroxide: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">2Tm(s) + 6 H2O(l) → 2Tm(OH)3(aq) + 3H2(g)</dd></dl> Thulium reacts with all the <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogens</a>. Reactions are slow at room temperature, but are vigorous above 200 °C: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">2Tm(s) + 3F2(g) → 2TmF3(s) (white)</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">2Tm(s) + 3Cl2(g) → 2TmCl3(s) (yellow)</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">2Tm(s) + 3Br2(g) → 2TmBr3(s) (white)</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">2Tm(s) + 3I2(g) → 2TmI3(s) (yellow)</dd></dl> Thulium dissolves readily in dilute <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solutions</a> containing the pale green Tm(III) ions, which exist as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[Tm(OH2)9]3+ complexes:<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">2Tm(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) → 2Tm3+(aq) + 3SO2−4(aq) + 3H2(aq)</dd></dl> Thulium reacts with various metallic and non-metallic elements forming a range of binary compounds, including <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">TmN, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">TmS, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">TmC2, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Tm2C3, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">TmH2, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">TmH3, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">TmSi2, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">TmGe3, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">TmB4, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">TmB6 and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">TmB12.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Like most lanthanides, the +3 state is most common and is the only state observed in thulium solutions.<a href="#cite_note-patnaik-14">[14]</a> Thulium exists as a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Tm3+ ion in solution. In this state, the thulium ion is surrounded by nine molecules of water.<a href="#cite_note-history-9">[9]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Tm3+ ions exhibit a bright blue luminescence.<a href="#cite_note-history-9">[9]</a> Because it occurs late in the <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanide series">series</a>, the +2 oxidation state can also exist, stabilized by the nearly full 4f <a href="/wiki/Electron_shell" title="Electron shell">electron shell</a>, but occurs only in solids.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Thulium's only known oxide is <a href="/wiki/Thulium_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Thulium oxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Tm2O3</a>. This oxide is sometimes called "thulia".<a href="#cite_note-hist_and_use-15">[15]</a> Reddish-purple thulium(II) compounds can be made by the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical reduction">reduction</a> of thulium(III) compounds. Examples of thulium(II) compounds include the halides (except the fluoride). Some hydrated thulium compounds, such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">TmCl3·7H2O and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Tm2(C2O4)3·6H2O are green or greenish-white.<a href="#cite_note-concise_encyclopedia-16">[16]</a> Thulium dichloride reacts very vigorously with <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>. This reaction results in <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> gas and <a href="/wiki/Thulium(III)_hydroxide" title="Thulium(III) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Tm(OH)3</a> exhibiting a fading reddish color.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Combination of thulium and <a href="/wiki/Chalcogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcogens">chalcogens</a> results in thulium <a href="/wiki/Chalcogenide" title="Chalcogenide">chalcogenides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Thulium reacts with <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">hydrogen chloride</a> to produce hydrogen gas and thulium chloride. With <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> it yields thulium nitrate, or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Tm(NO3)3.<a href="#cite_note-cool-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_thulium" title="Isotopes of thulium">Isotopes of thulium</a></div> The isotopes of thulium range from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">144Tm to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">183Tm.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-PRL132.7-19">[19]</a> The primary <a href="/wiki/Decay_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Decay mode">decay mode</a> before the most abundant stable isotope, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">169Tm, is <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a>, and the primary mode after is <a href="/wiki/Beta_emission" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta emission">beta emission</a>. The primary <a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">decay products</a> before <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">169Tm are element 68 (<a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">erbium</a>) isotopes, and the primary products after are element 70 (<a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">ytterbium</a>) isotopes.<a href="#cite_note-hand-20">[20]</a> Thulium-169 is thulium's only <a href="/wiki/Primordial_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Primordial isotope">primordial isotope</a> and is the only isotope of thulium that is thought to be stable; it is predicted to undergo <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha decay</a> to <a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">holmium</a>-165 with a very long half-life.<a href="#cite_note-history-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-bellidecay-21">[21]</a> The longest-lived radioisotopes are thulium-171, which has a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 1.92 years, and <a href="/wiki/Thulium-170" title="Thulium-170">thulium-170</a>, which has a half-life of 128.6 days. Most other isotopes have half-lives of a few minutes or less.<a href="#cite_note-Nudat-22">[22]</a> In total, 40 isotopes and 26 <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" title="Nuclear isomer">nuclear isomers</a> of thulium have been detected.<a href="#cite_note-history-9">[9]</a> Most isotopes of thulium lighter than 169 <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic mass unit">atomic mass units</a> decay via <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a> or <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission" title="Positron emission">beta-plus decay</a>, although some exhibit significant <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha decay</a> or <a href="/wiki/Proton_emission" title="Proton emission">proton emission</a>. Heavier isotopes undergo <a href="/wiki/Beta-minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-minus decay">beta-minus decay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nudat-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Per_Teodor_Cleve_c1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Per_Teodor_Cleve_c1885.jpg/170px-Per_Teodor_Cleve_c1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Per_Teodor_Cleve_c1885.jpg/255px-Per_Teodor_Cleve_c1885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Per_Teodor_Cleve_c1885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>Per Teodor Cleve, the scientist who discovered thulium as well as <a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">holmium</a>.</figcaption></figure> Thulium was <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of the chemical elements">discovered</a> by Swedish chemist <a href="/wiki/Per_Teodor_Cleve" title="Per Teodor Cleve">Per Teodor Cleve</a> in 1879 by looking for impurities in the <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</a> of other rare earth elements (this was the same method <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Mosander" title="Carl Gustaf Mosander">Carl Gustaf Mosander</a> earlier used to discover some other rare earth elements).<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Cleve started by removing all of the known contaminants of <a href="/wiki/Erbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Erbia">erbia</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a>2<a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a>3). Upon additional processing, he obtained two new substances; one brown and one green. The brown substance was the oxide of the element <a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">holmium</a> and was named holmia by Cleve, and the green substance was the oxide of an unknown element. Cleve named the oxide <a href="/wiki/Thulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thulia">thulia</a> and its element thulium after <a href="/wiki/Thule" title="Thule">Thule</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> place name associated with Scandinavia or <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>. Thulium's atomic symbol was initially Tu, but later[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] changed to Tm.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">why?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-history-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weeks-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-XVI-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Virginia-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-RSThulium-29">[29]</a> Thulium was so rare that none of the early workers had enough of it to purify sufficiently to actually see the green color; they had to be content with <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopically</a> observing the strengthening of the two characteristic absorption bands, as erbium was progressively removed. The first researcher to obtain nearly pure thulium was <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_(chemist)" title="Charles James (chemist)">Charles James</a>, a British expatriate working on a large scale at <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Hampshire" title="University of New Hampshire">New Hampshire College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Durham,_New_Hampshire" title="Durham, New Hampshire">Durham</a>, USA. In 1911 he reported his results, having used his discovered method of bromate fractional crystallization to do the purification. He famously needed 15,000 purification operations to establish that the material was homogeneous.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> High-purity thulium oxide was first offered commercially in the late 1950s, as a result of the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Ion_exchange" title="Ion exchange">ion-exchange</a> separation technology. Lindsay Chemical Division of American Potash & Chemical Corporation offered it in grades of 99% and 99.9% purity. The price per kilogram oscillated between US$4,600 and $13,300 in the period from 1959 to 1998 for 99.9% purity, and it was the second highest for the lanthanides behind <a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">lutetium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Occurrence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monazit_-_Madagaskar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Monazit_-_Madagaskar.jpg/220px-Monazit_-_Madagaskar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Monazit_-_Madagaskar.jpg/330px-Monazit_-_Madagaskar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Monazit_-_Madagaskar.jpg/440px-Monazit_-_Madagaskar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Thulium is found in the mineral monazite</figcaption></figure> The element is never found in nature in pure form, but it is found in small quantities in <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> with other rare earths. Thulium is often found with minerals containing <a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">yttrium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a>. In particular, thulium occurs in the mineral <a href="/wiki/Gadolinite" title="Gadolinite">gadolinite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-handbook_of_metals-33">[33]</a> However, like many other <a href="/wiki/Lanthanides" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanides">lanthanides</a>, thulium also occurs in the minerals <a href="/wiki/Monazite" title="Monazite">monazite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenotime" title="Xenotime">xenotime</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Euxenite" title="Euxenite">euxenite</a>. Thulium has not been found in prevalence over the other rare earths in any mineral yet.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">abundance in the Earth's crust</a> is 0.5 mg/kg by weight.<a href="#cite_note-CRCAbundanceTable-35">[35]</a> Thulium makes up approximately 0.5 parts per million of <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, although this value can range from 0.4 to 0.8 parts per million. Thulium makes up 250 parts per quadrillion of <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a>.<a href="#cite_note-history-9">[9]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, thulium exists in concentrations of 200 parts per trillion by weight and 1 part per trillion by moles.<a href="#cite_note-cool-18">[18]</a> Thulium ore occurs most commonly in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> also have large reserves of thulium. Total reserves of thulium are approximately 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>. Thulium is the least abundant <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanide</a> on Earth except for the radioactive <a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">promethium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-history-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> Thulium is principally extracted from <a href="/wiki/Monazite" title="Monazite">monazite</a> ores (~0.007% thulium) found in river sands, through <a href="/wiki/Ion_exchange" title="Ion exchange">ion exchange</a>. Newer ion-exchange and solvent-extraction techniques have led to easier separation of the rare earths, which has yielded much lower costs for thulium production. The principal sources today are the ion <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorption</a> clays of southern China. In these, where about two-thirds of the total rare-earth content is yttrium, thulium is about 0.5% (or about tied with <a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">lutetium</a> for rarity). The metal can be isolated through <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reduction</a> of its oxide with <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">lanthanum</a> metal or by <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> reduction in a closed container. None of thulium's natural <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a> are commercially important. Approximately 50 tonnes per year of thulium oxide are produced.<a href="#cite_note-history-9">[9]</a> In 1996, thulium oxide cost US$20 per gram, and in 2005, 99%-pure thulium metal powder cost US$70 per gram.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lasers">Lasers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lasers">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a>-<a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>-thulium triple-doped <a href="/wiki/Yttrium_aluminium_garnet" title="Yttrium aluminium garnet">yttrium aluminium garnet</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ho:Cr:Tm:YAG, or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ho,Cr,Tm:YAG) is an active laser medium material with high efficiency. It lases at 2080 nm in the infrared and is widely used in military applications, medicine, and meteorology. Single-element thulium-doped YAG (Tm:YAG) lasers operate at 2010 nm.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The wavelength of thulium-based lasers is very efficient for superficial ablation of tissue, with minimal coagulation depth in air or in water. This makes thulium lasers attractive for laser-based surgery.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="X-ray_source">X-ray source</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: X-ray source">edit</a>]</div> Despite its high cost, portable X-ray devices use thulium that has been bombarded with neutrons in a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a> to produce the isotope Thulium-170, having a half-life of 128.6 days and five major emission lines of comparable intensity (at 7.4, 51.354, 52.389, 59.4 and 84.253 keV). These <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_source" title="Radioactive source">radioactive sources</a> have a useful life of about one year, as tools in medical and dental diagnosis, as well as to detect defects in inaccessible mechanical and electronic components. Such sources do not need extensive radiation protection – only a small cup of lead.<a href="#cite_note-appl-38">[38]</a> They are among the most popular radiation sources for use in <a href="/wiki/Industrial_radiography" title="Industrial radiography">industrial radiography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Thulium-170 is gaining popularity as an X-ray source for cancer treatment via <a href="/wiki/Brachytherapy" title="Brachytherapy">brachytherapy</a> (sealed source radiation therapy).<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Others">edit</a>]</div> Thulium has been used in <a href="/wiki/High-temperature_superconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="High-temperature superconductor">high-temperature superconductors</a> similarly to <a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">yttrium</a>. Thulium potentially has use in <a href="/wiki/Ferrite_(magnet)" title="Ferrite (magnet)">ferrites</a>, ceramic magnetic materials that are used in <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> equipment.<a href="#cite_note-appl-38">[38]</a> Thulium is also similar to <a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">scandium</a> in that it is used in arc lighting for its unusual spectrum, in this case, its green emission lines, which are not covered by other elements.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Because thulium <a href="/wiki/Fluoresce" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluoresce">fluoresces</a> with a blue color when exposed to <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet light</a>, thulium is put into <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> <a href="/wiki/Banknotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Banknotes">banknotes</a> as a measure against <a href="/wiki/Counterfeit" title="Counterfeit">counterfeiting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Photochemistry-43">[43]</a> The blue fluorescence of Tm-doped calcium sulfate has been used in personal dosimeters for visual monitoring of radiation.<a href="#cite_note-history-9">[9]</a> Tm-doped halides in which Tm is in its 2+ oxidation state are luminescent materials that are proposed for electric power generating windows based on the principle of a <a href="/wiki/Luminescent_solar_concentrator" title="Luminescent solar concentrator">luminescent solar concentrator</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Richards_2023-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_role_and_precautions">Biological role and precautions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Biological role and precautions">edit</a>]</div> Soluble thulium salts are mildly <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxic</a>, but insoluble thulium salts are completely <a href="/wiki/Nontoxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nontoxic">nontoxic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-history-9">[9]</a> When injected, thulium can cause degeneration of the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a> and can also cause <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> concentration to fluctuate. Liver damage from thulium is more prevalent in male <a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">mice</a> than female mice. Despite this, thulium has a low level of toxicity.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In humans, thulium occurs in the highest amounts in the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>. Humans typically consume several micrograms of thulium per year. The roots of <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> do not take up thulium, and the <a href="/wiki/Dry_matter" title="Dry matter">dry matter</a> of vegetables usually contains one <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_billion" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per billion">part per billion</a> of thulium.<a href="#cite_note-history-9">[9]</a> Thulium is toxic.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Thulium <a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">dust</a> can cause <a href="/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">explosions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fires" class="mw-redirect" title="Fires">fires</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thulium_compounds" title="Category:Thulium compounds">Category:Thulium compounds</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/thulium.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Thulium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Thulium&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fthulium.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProhaskaIrrgeherBenefieldBöhlke2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9"><bdi>978-1-62708-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Values+of+the+Crystallographic+Properties+of+Elements&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62708-155-9&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cloke1993-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_4-0">^</a> Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCloke1993" class="citation journal cs1">Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FCS9932200017">10.1039/CS9932200017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chem.+Soc.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Zero+Oxidation+State+Compounds+of+Scandium%2C+Yttrium%2C+and+the+Lanthanides&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=17-24&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FCS9932200017&rft.aulast=Cloke&rft.aufirst=F.+Geoffrey+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnoldPetrukhinaBochenkovShabatina2003" class="citation journal cs1">Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688 (1–2): 49–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jorganchem.2003.08.028">10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Organometallic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Arene+complexation+of+Sm%2C+Eu%2C+Tm+and+Yb+atoms%3A+a+variable+temperature+spectroscopic+investigation&rft.volume=688&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=49-55&rft.date=2003-12-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jorganchem.2003.08.028&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Polly+L.&rft.au=Petrukhina%2C+Marina+A.&rft.au=Bochenkov%2C+Vladimir+E.&rft.au=Shabatina%2C+Tatyana+I.&rft.au=Zagorskii%2C+Vyacheslav+V.&rft.au=Cloke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LnI-5"><a href="#cite_ref-LnI_5-0">^</a> La(I), Pr(I), Tb(I), Tm(I), and Yb(I) have been observed in MB8− clusters; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiChenChenLi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Wan-Lu; Chen, Teng-Teng; Chen, Wei-Jia; Li, Jun; Wang, Lai-Sheng (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8578558">"Monovalent lanthanide(I) in borozene complexes"</a>. Nature Communications. 12 (1): 6467. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-26785-9">10.1038/s41467-021-26785-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8578558">8578558</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34753931">34753931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Monovalent+lanthanide%28I%29+in+borozene+complexes&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6467&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8578558%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34753931&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-021-26785-9&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Wan-Lu&rft.au=Chen%2C+Teng-Teng&rft.au=Chen%2C+Wei-Jia&rft.au=Li%2C+Jun&rft.au=Wang%2C+Lai-Sheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8578558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE28-6"><a href="#cite_ref-GE28_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeast1984" class="citation book cs1">Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4"><bdi>0-8493-0464-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC%2C+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pages=E110&rft.pub=Chemical+Rubber+Company+Publishing&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8493-0464-4&rft.aulast=Weast&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NUBASE2020-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKondevWangHuangNaimi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf">"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"</a> (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae">10.1088/1674-1137/abddae</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Physics+C&rft.atitle=The+NUBASE2020+evaluation+of+nuclear+properties&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=030001&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae&rft.aulast=Kondev&rft.aufirst=F.+G.&rft.au=Wang%2C+M.&rft.au=Huang%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Naimi%2C+S.&rft.au=Audi%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-nds.iaea.org%2Famdc%2Fame2020%2FNUBASE2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_9-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_9-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_9-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_9-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley,_John2001" class="citation book cs1">Emsley, John (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yhi5X7OwuGkC&pg=PA442">Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements</a>. US: Oxford University Press. pp. 442–443. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-850341-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-850341-5"><bdi>0-19-850341-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+building+blocks%3A+an+A-Z+guide+to+the+elements&rft.place=US&rft.pages=442-443&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-850341-5&rft.au=Emsley%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYhi5X7OwuGkC%26pg%3DPA442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRC-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond,_C._R.2000" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, C. R. (2000). "The Elements". Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (81st ed.). CRC press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0481-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0481-4"><bdi>0-8493-0481-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Elements&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.edition=81st&rft.pub=CRC+press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8493-0481-4&rft.au=Hammond%2C+C.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson,_M.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Jackson, M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irm.umn.edu/quarterly/irmq10-3.pdf">"Magnetism of Rare Earth"</a> (PDF). The IRM Quarterly. 10 (3): 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+IRM+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Magnetism+of+Rare+Earth&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Jackson%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irm.umn.edu%2Fquarterly%2Firmq10-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-InorgChem-12"><a href="#cite_ref-InorgChem_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_E._HousecroftAlan_G._Sharpe2008" class="citation book cs1">Catherine E. Housecroft; Alan G. Sharpe (2008). "Chapter 25: The f-block metals: lanthanoids and actinoids". Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Edition. Pearson. p. 864. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-175553-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-175553-6"><bdi>978-0-13-175553-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+25%3A+The+f-block+metals%3A+lanthanoids+and+actinoids&rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry%2C+3rd+Edition&rft.pages=864&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-13-175553-6&rft.au=Catherine+E.+Housecroft&rft.au=Alan+G.+Sharpe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webelements.com/thulium/chemistry.html">"Chemical reactions of Thulium"</a>. Webelements. Retrieved 2009-06-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chemical+reactions+of+Thulium&rft.pub=Webelements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webelements.com%2Fthulium%2Fchemistry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-patnaik-14"><a href="#cite_ref-patnaik_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatnaik2003" class="citation book cs1">Patnaik, Pradyot (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xqj-TTzkvTEC&pg=PA934">Handbook of Inorganic Chemical Compounds</a>. McGraw-Hill. p. 934. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-049439-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-049439-8"><bdi>0-07-049439-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Inorganic+Chemical+Compounds&rft.pages=934&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-07-049439-8&rft.aulast=Patnaik&rft.aufirst=Pradyot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXqj-TTzkvTEC%26pg%3DPA934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hist_and_use-15"><a href="#cite_ref-hist_and_use_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrebs,_Robert_E2006" class="citation book cs1">Krebs, Robert E (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yb9xTj72vNAC&pg=PA300">The History and Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide</a>. Greenwood Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33438-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33438-2"><bdi>978-0-313-33438-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Use+of+Our+Earth%27s+Chemical+Elements%3A+A+Reference+Guide&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33438-2&rft.au=Krebs%2C+Robert+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyb9xTj72vNAC%26pg%3DPA300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-concise_encyclopedia-16"><a href="#cite_ref-concise_encyclopedia_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEagleson1994" class="citation book cs1">Eagleson, Mary (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Owuv-c9L_IMC&pg=PA1105">Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry</a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-011451-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-011451-5"><bdi>978-3-11-011451-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+Chemistry&rft.pages=1105&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-3-11-011451-5&rft.aulast=Eagleson&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOwuv-c9L_IMC%26pg%3DPA1105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmeléusSharpe1977" class="citation book cs1">Emeléus, H. J.; Sharpe, A. G. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=es-Pu2hI5swC">Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry</a>. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-057869-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-057869-9"><bdi>978-0-08-057869-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Inorganic+Chemistry+and+Radiochemistry&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-08-057869-9&rft.aulast=Emel%C3%A9us&rft.aufirst=H.+J.&rft.au=Sharpe%2C+A.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Des-Pu2hI5swC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cool-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cool_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cool_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemicool.com/elements/thulium.html">"Thulium"</a>. www.chemicool.com. Retrieved 2023-03-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chemicool.com&rft.atitle=Thulium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemicool.com%2Felements%2Fthulium.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PRL132.7-19"><a href="#cite_ref-PRL132.7_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarasovGadeFukushima2024" class="citation journal cs1">Tarasov, O. B.; Gade, A.; Fukushima, K.; et al. (2024). "Observation of New Isotopes in the Fragmentation of 198Pt at FRIB". Physical Review Letters. 132 (72501): 072501. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024PhRvL.132g2501T">2024PhRvL.132g2501T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.132.072501">10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.072501</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38427880">38427880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Observation+of+New+Isotopes+in+the+Fragmentation+of+%3Csup%3E198%3C%2Fsup%3EPt+at+FRIB&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=72501&rft.pages=072501&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38427880&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.132.072501&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024PhRvL.132g2501T&rft.aulast=Tarasov&rft.aufirst=O.+B.&rft.au=Gade%2C+A.&rft.au=Fukushima%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hand-20"><a href="#cite_ref-hand_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLide1998" class="citation book cs1">Lide, David R. (1998). "Section 11, Table of the Isotopes". Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0594-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0594-2"><bdi>0-8493-0594-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+11%2C+Table+of+the+Isotopes&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+FL&rft.edition=87th&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8493-0594-2&rft.aulast=Lide&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bellidecay-21"><a href="#cite_ref-bellidecay_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelliBernabeiDanevichIncicchitti2019" class="citation journal cs1">Belli, P.; Bernabei, R.; Danevich, F. A.; et al. (2019). "Experimental searches for rare alpha and beta decays". European Physical Journal A. 55 (8): 140–1–140–7. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.11458">1908.11458</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019EPJA...55..140B">2019EPJA...55..140B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1140%2Fepja%2Fi2019-12823-2">10.1140/epja/i2019-12823-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1434-601X">1434-601X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201664098">201664098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Physical+Journal+A&rft.atitle=Experimental+searches+for+rare+alpha+and+beta+decays&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=140-1-140-7&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201664098%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019EPJA...55..140B&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1908.11458&rft.issn=1434-601X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1140%2Fepja%2Fi2019-12823-2&rft.aulast=Belli&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Bernabei%2C+R.&rft.au=Danevich%2C+F.+A.&rft.au=Incicchitti%2C+A.&rft.au=Tretyak%2C+V.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nudat-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nudat_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nudat_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonzogni" class="citation web cs1">Sonzogni, Alejandro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201121010223/https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/reCenter.jsp?z=69&n=97">"Untitled"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Nuclear_Data_Center" title="National Nuclear Data Center">National Nuclear Data Center</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/reCenter.jsp?z=69&n=97">the original</a> on 2020-11-21. Retrieved 2013-02-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Untitled&rft.pub=National+Nuclear+Data+Center&rft.aulast=Sonzogni&rft.aufirst=Alejandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nndc.bnl.gov%2Fnudat2%2FreCenter.jsp%3Fz%3D69%26n%3D97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleve1879" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cleve, P. T. (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d00008409h;view=1up;seq=484">"Sur deux nouveaux éléments dans l'erbine"</a> [Two new elements in the oxide of erbium]. Comptes rendus (in French). 89: 478–480.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+rendus&rft.atitle=Sur+deux+nouveaux+%C3%A9l%C3%A9ments+dans+l%27erbine&rft.volume=89&rft.pages=478-480&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Cleve&rft.aufirst=P.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dumn.31951d00008409h%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"> Cleve named thulium on p. 480: "Pour le radical de l'oxyde placé entre l'ytterbine et l'erbine, qui est caractérisé par la bande x dans la partie rouge du spectre, je propose la nom de thulium, dérivé de Thulé, le plus ancien nom de la Scandinavie." (For the radical of the oxide located between the oxides of ytterbium and erbium, which is characterized by the x band in the red part of the spectrum, I propose the name of "thulium", [which is] derived from Thule, the oldest name of Scandinavia.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleve1879" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cleve, P. T. (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d00008409h;view=1up;seq=714">"Sur l'erbine"</a> [On the oxide of erbium]. Comptes rendus (in French). 89: 708–709.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+rendus&rft.atitle=Sur+l%27erbine&rft.volume=89&rft.pages=708-709&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Cleve&rft.aufirst=P.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dumn.31951d00008409h%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleve1880" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cleve, P. T. (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d00008411u;view=1up;seq=332">"Sur le thulium"</a> [On thulium]. Comptes rendus (in French). 91: 328–329.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+rendus&rft.atitle=Sur+le+thulium&rft.volume=91&rft.pages=328-329&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Cleve&rft.aufirst=P.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dumn.31951d00008411u%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEagleson1994" class="citation book cs1">Eagleson, Mary (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Owuv-c9L_IMC&pg=PA1061">Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry</a>. 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Brachytherapy. 10 (6): 461–465. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brachy.2011.01.012">10.1016/j.brachy.2011.01.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21397569">21397569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brachytherapy&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+high%E2%80%93dose+rate+prostate+brachytherapy+dose+distributions+with+iridium-192%2C+ytterbium-169%2C+and+thulium-170+sources&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=461-465&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.brachy.2011.01.012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21397569&rft.aulast=Krishnamurthy&rft.aufirst=Devan&rft.au=Vivian+Weinberg&rft.au=J.+Adam+M.+Cunha&rft.au=I-Chow+Hsu&rft.au=Jean+Pouliot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyoubShani2009" class="citation book cs1">Ayoub, Amal; Shani, Gad (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-03474-9_1">"Development of New Radioactive Seeds Tm-170 for Brachytherapy"</a>. 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Retrieved 2023-04-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Development+of+New+Radioactive+Seeds+Tm-170+for+Brachytherapy&rft.btitle=World+Congress+on+Medical+Physics+and+Biomedical+Engineering%2C+September+7+-+12%2C+2009%2C+Munich%2C+Germany&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.series=IFMBE+Proceedings&rft.pages=1-4&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-03474-9_1&rft.isbn=978-3-642-03472-5&rft.aulast=Ayoub&rft.aufirst=Amal&rft.au=Shani%2C+Gad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-03474-9_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray,_Theodore_W.Mann,_Nick2009" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Theodore W. & Mann, Nick (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementsvisualex0000gray/page/159">The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom In The Universe</a>. Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementsvisualex0000gray/page/159">159</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57912-814-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57912-814-2"><bdi>978-1-57912-814-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements%3A+A+Visual+Exploration+of+Every+Known+Atom+In+The+Universe&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Black+Dog+%26+Leventhal+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-57912-814-2&rft.au=Gray%2C+Theodore+W.&rft.au=Mann%2C+Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felementsvisualex0000gray%2Fpage%2F159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Photochemistry-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Photochemistry_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardle2009" class="citation book cs1">Wardle, Brian (2009-11-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XAjIWgENf5UC&pg=PA75">Principles and Applications of Photochemistry</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-71013-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-71013-5"><bdi>978-0-470-71013-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+and+Applications+of+Photochemistry&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009-11-06&rft.isbn=978-0-470-71013-5&rft.aulast=Wardle&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXAjIWgENf5UC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards_2023-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Richards_2023_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardsHoward2023" class="citation journal cs1">Richards, Bryce S.; Howard, Ian A. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FD3EE00331K">"Luminescent solar concentrators for building integrated photovoltaics: opportunities and challenges"</a>. Energy & Environmental Science. 16 (8): 3214–3239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FD3EE00331K">10.1039/D3EE00331K</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1754-5692">1754-5692</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+%26+Environmental+Science&rft.atitle=Luminescent+solar+concentrators+for+building+integrated+photovoltaics%3A+opportunities+and+challenges&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=3214-3239&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FD3EE00331K&rft.issn=1754-5692&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Bryce+S.&rft.au=Howard%2C+Ian+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1039%252FD3EE00331K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyres2022" class="citation book cs1">Ayres, D. C. (15 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1301431003">Dictionary of environmentally important chemicals</a>. Desmond Hellier (1st ed.). United States: CRC Press. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-14115-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-14115-2"><bdi>978-1-315-14115-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1301431003">1301431003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+environmentally+important+chemicals&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=299&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2022-02-15&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1301431003&rft.isbn=978-1-315-14115-2&rft.aulast=Ayres&rft.aufirst=D.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1301431003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJha2014" class="citation book cs1">Jha, A. R. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/880825396">Rare Earth Materials : Properties and Applications</a>. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4665-6403-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4665-6403-9"><bdi>978-1-4665-6403-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/880825396">880825396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rare+Earth+Materials+%3A+Properties+and+Applications.&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F880825396&rft.isbn=978-1-4665-6403-9&rft.aulast=Jha&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F880825396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://periodic.lanl.gov/69.shtml">"Thulium"</a>. Los Alamos National Laboratory. Triad National Security, LLC. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Alamos+National+Laboratory&rft.atitle=Thulium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fperiodic.lanl.gov%2F69.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThermo_Fisher_Scientific_Chemicals,_Inc.2024" class="citation web cs1">Thermo Fisher Scientific Chemicals, Inc. (28 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fishersci.com/store/msds?partNumber=AA4416803&productDescription=THULIUM+PWR+-40+MESH+99.9%25+1G&vendorId=VN00024248&countryCode=US&language=en">"SAFETY DATA SHEET"</a>. fisher scientific. Section: 5. Fire-fighting measures. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fisher+scientific&rft.atitle=SAFETY+DATA+SHEET&rft.date=2024-03-28&rft.au=Thermo+Fisher+Scientific+Chemicals%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishersci.com%2Fstore%2Fmsds%3FpartNumber%3DAA4416803%26productDescription%3DTHULIUM%2BPWR%2B-40%2BMESH%2B99.9%2525%2B1G%26vendorId%3DVN00024248%26countryCode%3DUS%26language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Thulium" class="extiw" title="commons:Thulium">Thulium</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thulium" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:thulium">thulium</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoole,_Charles_P._Jr.2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_P._Poole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles P. Poole (page does not exist)">Poole, Charles P. Jr.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CXwrqM2hU0EC&pg=PA1395">Encyclopedic Dictionary of Condensed Matter Physics</a>. Academic Press. p. 1395. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-054523-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-054523-3"><bdi>978-0-08-054523-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedic+Dictionary+of+Condensed+Matter+Physics&rft.pages=1395&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-08-054523-3&rft.au=Poole%2C+Charles+P.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCXwrqM2hU0EC%26pg%3DPA1395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThulium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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aria-labelledby="Thulium_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thulium_compounds" title="Template:Thulium compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thulium_compounds" title="Template talk:Thulium compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thulium_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thulium compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thulium_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thulium_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Thulium compounds">Thulium compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tm(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thulium(II)_fluoride" title="Thulium(II) fluoride">TmF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulium(II)_chloride" title="Thulium(II) chloride">TmCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulium_dibromide" title="Thulium dibromide">TmBr2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulium(II)_iodide" title="Thulium(II) iodide">TmI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulium_monoselenide" title="Thulium monoselenide">TmSe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tm(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thulium(III)_acetate" title="Thulium(III) acetate">Tm(C2H3O2)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulium_acetylacetonate" title="Thulium acetylacetonate">Tm(C5H7O2)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulium(III)_fluoride" title="Thulium(III) fluoride">TmF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulium(III)_chloride" title="Thulium(III) chloride">TmCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulium(III)_bromide" title="Thulium(III) bromide">TmBr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulium_iodate" title="Thulium iodate">Tm(IO3)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulium(III)_iodide" title="Thulium(III) iodide">TmI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulium(III)_hydroxide" title="Thulium(III) hydroxide">Tm(OH)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulium(III)_nitrate" title="Thulium(III) nitrate">Tm(NO3)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulium(III)_oxide" title="Thulium(III) oxide">Tm2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulium(III)_oxalate" title="Thulium(III) oxalate">Tm2(C2O4)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulium_nitride" title="Thulium nitride">TmN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulium_phosphide" title="Thulium phosphide">TmP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulium(III)_selenide" title="Thulium(III) selenide">Tm2Se3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium(III)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thulium(III) sulfate (page does not exist)">Tm2(SO4)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulium(III)_selenate" title="Thulium(III) selenate">Tm2(SeO4)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulium(III)_telluride" title="Thulium(III) telluride">Tm2Te3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium(III)_sulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thulium(III) sulfide (page does not exist)">Tm2S3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a 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