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<li id="toc-Isotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Isotopes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermal_and_physical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermal_and_physical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Thermal and physical properties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermal_and_physical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 18th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hydrogen-lifted_airship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrogen-lifted_airship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Hydrogen-lifted airship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrogen-lifted_airship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deuterium_and_tritium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deuterium_and_tritium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Deuterium and tritium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deuterium_and_tritium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrogen-cooled_turbogenerator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrogen-cooled_turbogenerator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Hydrogen-cooled turbogenerator </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrogen-cooled_turbogenerator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nickel–hydrogen_battery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nickel–hydrogen_battery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 Nickel–hydrogen battery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nickel–hydrogen_battery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Chemistry </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Chemistry subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Laboratory_syntheses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laboratory_syntheses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Laboratory syntheses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laboratory_syntheses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions_of_H2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions_of_H2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Reactions of H2 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions_of_H2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrogen-containing_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrogen-containing_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Hydrogen-containing compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrogen-containing_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Hydrides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protons_and_acids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protons_and_acids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Protons and acids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protons_and_acids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Occurrence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Occurrence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cosmic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Cosmic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terrestrial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrestrial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Terrestrial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrestrial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_and_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_and_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Production and storage </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production_and_storage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Production and storage subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Production_and_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Industrial_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Industrial routes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Steam_reforming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steam_reforming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Steam reforming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steam_reforming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partial_oxidation_of_hydrocarbons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partial_oxidation_of_hydrocarbons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Partial oxidation of hydrocarbons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partial_oxidation_of_hydrocarbons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_electrolysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_electrolysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Water electrolysis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_electrolysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methane_pyrolysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methane_pyrolysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 Methane pyrolysis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methane_pyrolysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermochemical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermochemical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.5 Thermochemical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermochemical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Natural routes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biohydrogen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biohydrogen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Biohydrogen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biohydrogen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serpentinization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serpentinization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Serpentinization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serpentinization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Storage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Petrochemical_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petrochemical_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Petrochemical industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petrochemical_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrogenation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrogenation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Hydrogenation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrogenation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coolant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coolant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Coolant </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coolant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fuel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Fuel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fuel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semiconductor_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semiconductor_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Semiconductor industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semiconductor_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Niche_and_evolving_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niche_and_evolving_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Niche and evolving uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Niche_and_evolving_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_and_precautions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_and_precautions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Safety and precautions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_and_precautions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hydrogen</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 219 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-219" aria-hidden="true" > 219 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterstof" title="Waterstof – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Waterstof" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wasserstoff" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%80%E1%8B%AD%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%AE%E1%8C%85%E1%8A%95" title="ሀይድሮጅን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሀይድሮጅን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vety" title="Vety – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Vety" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="हाइड्रोजन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="हाइड्रोजन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A6tertimber" title="Wætertimber – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Wætertimber" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="هيدروجين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيدروجين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrocheno" title="Hidrocheno – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hidrocheno" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ջրածին – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ջրածին" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroghenu" title="Hidroghenu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Hidroghenu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="উদজান – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="উদজান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3xenu" title="Hidróxenu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hidróxenu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatavev%C3%BDi" title="Tatavevýi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tatavevýi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hidrogen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86" title="هیدروژن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیدروژن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrog%C3%A9n" title="Hidrogén – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Hidrogén" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="হাইড্রোজেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাইড্রোজেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BAi-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Chúi-sò͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chúi-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Водород – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Водород" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Вадарод – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вадарод" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Вадарод – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вадарод" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="हाइड्रोजन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हाइड्रोजन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrohino" title="Idrohino – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Idrohino" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Водород – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Водород" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassastoff" title="Wassastoff – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Wassastoff" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="ཡང་རླུང་། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཡང་རླུང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vodik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hidrogen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%88%D1%8D" title="Уһантүрэгшэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Уһантүрэгшэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hidrogen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC%C4%83%D1%88" title="Шывамăш – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шывамăш" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroheno" title="Hidroheno – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hidroheno" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vod%C3%ADk" title="Vodík – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vodík" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrogenu" title="Idrogenu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Idrogenu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brint" title="Brint – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brint" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="هيدروجين – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="هيدروجين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wasserstoff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%80%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%91%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%96%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ހައިޑްރަޖަން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ހައިޑްރަޖަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1%C3%A1ji%CA%BCjin" title="Háájiʼjin – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Háájiʼjin" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B3%C5%BAik" title="Wóźik – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Wóźik" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesinik" title="Vesinik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vesinik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Υδρογόνο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υδρογόνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idr%C3%B4gen" title="Idrôgen – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Idrôgen" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Ведь чачтый – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ведь чачтый" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3geno" title="Hidrógeno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hidrógeno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogeno" title="Hidrogeno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hidrogeno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idr%C3%B3genu" title="Idrógenu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Idrógenu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogeno" title="Hidrogeno – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hidrogeno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86" title="هیدروژن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیدروژن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrog%C3%A8ne" title="Hydrogène – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hydrogène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetterstof" title="Wetterstof – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wetterstof" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrogjen" title="Idrogjen – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Idrogjen" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrigin" title="Hidrigin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hidrigin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiddragien" title="Hiddragien – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Hiddragien" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haidridean" title="Haidridean – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Haidridean" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3xeno" title="Hidróxeno – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hidróxeno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" title="氫 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="氫" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%A8" title="હાઈડ્રોજન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હાઈડ્રોજન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khi%C3%A2ng" title="Khiâng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Khiâng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%97%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гидроҗен – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Гидроҗен" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%86%8C" title="수소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eawai" title="Eawai – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Eawai" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ջրածին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջրածին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="हाइड्रोजन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हाइड्रोजन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wod%C5%BAik" title="Wodźik – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wodźik" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vodik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidro" title="Hidro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hidro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroheno" title="Hidroheno – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Hidroheno" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hidrogen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogeno" title="Hydrogeno – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hydrogeno" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Hidrogen" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Донгуыр – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Донгуыр" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHwanzi" title="IHwanzi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IHwanzi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetni" title="Vetni – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vetni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrogeno" title="Idrogeno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Idrogeno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="מימן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מימן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hidrogen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%A9dr%C9%94z%C9%9Bn%C9%A9" title="Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%95" title="ಜಲಜನಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಲಜನಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="წყალბადი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წყალბადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8E%D9%86" title="ہایڈروجَن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ہایڈروجَن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Сутегі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сутегі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrojen" title="Hidrojen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hidrojen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrojeni" title="Hidrojeni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hidrojeni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Вачужысь – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Вачужысь" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idwoj%C3%A8n" title="Idwojèn – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Idwojèn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idroj%C3%A8n" title="Idrojèn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Idrojèn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AEdrojen" title="Hîdrojen – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hîdrojen" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Суутек – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Суутек" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Водород – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Водород" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrogen" title="Idrogen – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Idrogen" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%AE%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A3%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%99" title="ໄຮໂດຣເຈນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໄຮໂດຣເຈນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenium" title="Hydrogenium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hydrogenium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AAde%C5%86radis" title="Ūdeņradis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ūdeņradis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waasserstoff" title="Waasserstoff – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Waasserstoff" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Водород – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Водород" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenilis" title="Vandenilis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vandenilis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrogeno" title="Idrogeno – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Idrogeno" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterstof" title="Waterstof – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Waterstof" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idroj%C9%9B%CC%81n%C3%AD" title="Idrojɛ́ní – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Idrojɛ́ní" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrojen" title="Idrojen – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Idrojen" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vezisuadu" title="Vezisuadu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Vezisuadu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/cidro" title="cidro – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="cidro" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrogen" title="Idrogen – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Idrogen" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrog%C3%A9n" title="Hidrogén – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hidrogén" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Водород – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Водород" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidir%C3%B4zenina" title="Hidirôzenina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hidirôzenina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BB" title="ഹൈഡ്രജൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹൈഡ്രജൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idro%C4%A1enu" title="Idroġenu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Idroġenu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauwai_(p%C5%ABmotu)" title="Hauwai (pūmotu) – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Hauwai (pūmotu)" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="हायड्रोजन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हायड्रोजन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="წყარბადი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="წყარბადი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="هايدروجين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هايدروجين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hidrogen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯍꯥꯏꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯍꯥꯏꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%ADng" title="Kĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidrog%C3%A9nio" title="Heidrogénio – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Heidrogénio" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%84%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Ведьшачфты – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ведьшачфты" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%B3%D1%87" title="Устөрөгч – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Устөрөгч" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဟိုက်ဒရိုဂျင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟိုက်ဒရိုဂျင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayocoxqui" title="Ayocoxqui – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Ayocoxqui" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterstof_(element)" title="Waterstof (element) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Waterstof (element)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waeterstof" title="Waeterstof – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Waeterstof" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="हाइड्रोजन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हाइड्रोजन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="हाइद्रोजन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हाइद्रोजन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%B4%A0" title="水素 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Хилург – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Хилург" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weederstoof" title="Weederstoof – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Weederstoof" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiidrojen" title="Hiidrojen – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Hiidrojen" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogene" title="Hidrogene – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Hidrogene" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrog%C3%A8n" title="Idrogèn – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Idrogèn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D3%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6" title="Вӱдеж – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Вӱдеж" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ଉଦ୍‌ଜାନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଉଦ୍‌ଜାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haayidroojiinii" title="Haayidroojiinii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Haayidroojiinii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodorod" title="Vodorod – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vodorod" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8" title="ਹਾਈਡਰੋਜਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਾਈਡਰੋਜਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="हाइड्रोजन – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="हाइड्रोजन" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Wasserstoff" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86" title="ہائیڈروجن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہائیڈروجن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B2%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%85%E1%80%B2%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဟုဲက်ဒရိုစဲန် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဟုဲက်ဒရိုစဲန်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3geno" title="Hidrógeno – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Hidrógeno" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%89%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86" title="هايډروجن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هايډروجن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aijrojin" title="Aijrojin – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aijrojin" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Ваувтыр – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Ваувтыр" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%93" title="អ៊ីដ្រូសែន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អ៊ីដ្រូសែន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idr%C3%B2gen" title="Idrògen – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Idrògen" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterstoff" title="Waterstoff – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Waterstoff" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wod%C3%B3r" title="Wodór – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wodór" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Υδρογόνον – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Υδρογόνον" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrog%C3%A9nio" title="Hidrogénio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hidrogénio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodorod" title="Vodorod – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Vodorod" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidrogen" title="Gidrogen – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Gidrogen" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Wasserstoff" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hidrogen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakuchaq" title="Yakuchaq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yakuchaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%91%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гідроґен – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гідроґен" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Водород – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Водород" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Уулук – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Уулук" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="उदजन – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="उदजन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱳᱡᱟᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱳᱡᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86" title="ہائیڈروجن – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ہائیڈروجن" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrogenu" title="Idrogenu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Idrogenu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woaterstof" title="Woaterstof – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Woaterstof" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogjeni" title="Hidrogjeni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hidrogjeni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idr%C3%B2gginu" title="Idrògginu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Idrògginu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="හයිඩ්‍රජන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හයිඩ්‍රජන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DA%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86" title="ھائڊروجن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھائڊروجن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vod%C3%ADk" title="Vodík – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vodík" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vodik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8A" title="Водородъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Водородъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wod%C5%8Dr" title="Wodōr – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Wodōr" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haaydarojiin" title="Haaydarojiin – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Haaydarojiin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ھایدرۆجین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھایدرۆجین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Водоник – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Водоник" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vodik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrog%C3%A9n" title="Hidrogén – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hidrogén" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vety" title="Vety – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vety" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4te" title="Väte – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Väte" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrohino" title="Idrohino – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Idrohino" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஐதரசன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐதரசன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahidrujin" title="Ahidrujin – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ahidrujin" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hid%E1%B9%9Bujin" title="Hidṛujin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Hidṛujin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Водород – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Водород" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="హైడ్రోజన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హైడ్రోజన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99" title="ไฮโดรเจน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไฮโดรเจน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ҳидроген – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳидроген" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrojen" title="Hidrojen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hidrojen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Водород – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Водород" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Водень – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Водень" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86" title="ہائیڈروجن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہائیڈروجن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%DB%90%D9%86" title="ھىدروگېن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھىدروگېن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idr%C3%B2geno" title="Idrògeno – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Idrògeno" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vezinik" title="Vezinik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vezinik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydro" title="Hydro – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hydro" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrin" title="Hidrin – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Hidrin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrodjinne" title="Idrodjinne – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Idrodjinne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" title="氫 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="氫" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woaterstof" title="Woaterstof – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Woaterstof" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroheno" title="Hidroheno – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hidroheno" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="氢" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%9F" title="הידראגען – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="הידראגען" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" title="氫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="氫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrocen" title="Hidrocen – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hidrocen" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ond%C4%97nilis" title="Ondėnilis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ondėnilis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="氢" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Hidrogen" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%97%D0%BA" title="Водонїк – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Водонїк" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Руски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%80%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8A%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F" title="ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q556#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Hydrogen" rel="discussion" title="Discuss 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hydrogen (disambiguation)">Hydrogen (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 1 (H)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Hydrogen, 1H</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg/300px-Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg/450px-Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg/600px-Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Purple glow in its plasma state</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Hydrogen</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">Colorless gas</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(H)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>[1.00784, 1.00811]<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW-1">[1]</a></li><li>1.0080±0.0002 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Hydrogen in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" 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href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;">– ↑ H ↓ <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;">(none) ← hydrogen → <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data">group 1: hydrogen and <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">period 1</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#s-block" title="Block (periodic table)">s-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1s1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>H2) 13.99 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (−259.16 °C, −434.49 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2) 20.271 K (−252.879 °C, −423.182 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at STP)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.08988 g/L</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.07 g/cm3 (solid: 0.0763 g/cm3)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">b.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.07099 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Triple_point" title="Triple point">Triple point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13.8033 K, 7.041 kPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Critical_point_(thermodynamics)" title="Critical point (thermodynamics)">Critical point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">32.938 K, 1.2858 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2) 0.117 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2) 0.904 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2) 28.836 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>15 </td> <td>20 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: −1, +1 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 2.20 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 1312.0 kJ/mol </li><li> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">31±5 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_radius" title="Van der Waals radius">Van der Waals radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">120 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:1_(H_I)_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/1_%28H_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/240px-1_%28H_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/1_%28H_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/360px-1_%28H_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/1_%28H_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/480px-1_%28H_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of hydrogen</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal crystal system">hexagonal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">hP4</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constants</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexagonal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hexagonal crystal structure for hydrogen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/50px-Hexagonal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/75px-Hexagonal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/100px-Hexagonal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="304" /></a></div>a = 378.97 pm c = 618.31 pm (at triple point)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.1805 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diamagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamagnetic">diamagnetic</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">−3.98×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1310 <a href="/wiki/Metre_per_second" title="Metre per second">m/s</a> (gas, 27 °C)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12385-13-6 1333-74-0 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a> and first isolation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a> (1671)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Named by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stwertka-8">[8]</a> (1783)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognized as an <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">element</a> by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavendish" title="Henry Cavendish">Henry Cavendish</a><a href="#cite_note-Nostrand-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-nbb-10">[10]</a> (1766)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_hydrogen" title="Isotopes of hydrogen">Isotopes of hydrogen</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_hydrogen_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox hydrogen isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_hydrogen_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox hydrogen isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">1H </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">99.9855% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">2H</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">0.0145% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">3H</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">trace</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">12.32 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">3He</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hydrogen" title="Category:Hydrogen">Category: Hydrogen</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_hydrogen" title="Template:Infobox hydrogen">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_hydrogen" title="Template talk:Infobox hydrogen">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_hydrogen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox hydrogen">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Hydrogen is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">symbol</a> H and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 1. It is the lightest element and, at <a href="/wiki/Standard_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard conditions">standard conditions</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Diatomic_molecule" title="Diatomic molecule">diatomic molecules</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">formula</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2, sometimes called dihydrogen,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> hydrogen gas, molecular hydrogen, or simply hydrogen. It is colorless, odorless,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> non-toxic, and highly <a href="/wiki/Combustible" class="mw-redirect" title="Combustible">combustible</a>. Constituting about 75% of all <a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">normal</a> <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a>, hydrogen is the <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">most abundant</a> chemical element in the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Stars">Stars</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, mainly consist of hydrogen in a <a href="/wiki/Plasma_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma state">plasma state</a>, while on Earth, hydrogen is found in <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic compounds">organic compounds</a>, as the gas H2 (dihydrogen), and in other <a href="/wiki/Molecular_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular form">molecular forms</a>. The most common <a href="/wiki/Isotope_of_hydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotope of hydrogen">isotope of hydrogen</a> (protium, 1H) consists of one <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a>, and no <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Early_universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Early universe">early universe</a>, the formation of hydrogen's protons occurred in the first second after the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>; neutral hydrogen atoms only formed about 370,000 years later during the <a href="/wiki/Recombination_(cosmology)" title="Recombination (cosmology)">recombination epoch</a> as the universe expanded and plasma had cooled enough for electrons to remain bound to protons.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Hydrogen gas was first produced artificially in the early 16th century by the reaction of acids with metals. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavendish" title="Henry Cavendish">Henry Cavendish</a>, in 1766–81, identified hydrogen gas as a distinct substance<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> and discovered its property of producing water when burned; hence its name means "water-former" in Greek. Understanding the colors of light absorbed and emitted by hydrogen was a crucial part of developing <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>. Hydrogen, typically <a href="/wiki/Nonmetallic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonmetallic">nonmetallic</a> except under <a href="/wiki/High_pressure" title="High pressure">extreme pressure</a>, readily forms <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalent bonds">covalent bonds</a> with most nonmetals, contributing to the formation of compounds like water and various organic substances. Its role is crucial in <a href="/wiki/Acid-base_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-base reactions">acid-base reactions</a>, which mainly involve proton exchange among soluble molecules. In <a href="/wiki/Ionic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic compounds">ionic compounds</a>, hydrogen can take the form of either a negatively charged <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anion</a>, where it is known as <a href="/wiki/Hydride" title="Hydride">hydride</a>, or as a positively charged <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cation</a>, H+, called a proton. Although tightly bonded to water molecules, protons strongly affect the behavior of <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">aqueous solutions</a>, as reflected in the importance of pH. Hydride on the other hand, is rarely observed because it tends to deprotonate solvents, yielding H2. Industrial <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_production" title="Hydrogen production">hydrogen production</a> occurs through <a href="/wiki/Steam_reforming" title="Steam reforming">steam reforming</a> of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>. It can also be produced from electricity by <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a>, however this process is more expensive and the efficiency of energy conversion is inherently low.<a href="#cite_note-Evans-2020-16">[16]</a> Its main industrial uses include <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> processing, such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrocracking" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocracking">hydrocracking</a> and hydrodesulfurization. <a href="/wiki/Ammonia_production" title="Ammonia production">Ammonia production</a> also is a major consumer of hydrogen. <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cells</a> for electricity generation from hydrogen is rapidly emerging.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combustion">Combustion</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/19._%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85.webm/220px--19._%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="29" data-mwtitle="19._Експлозија_на_смеса_од_водород_и_воздух.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:19._%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/19._%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85.webm/19._%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; 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codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/19._%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85.webm/19._%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/19._%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85.webm/19._%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Combustion of hydrogen with the oxygen in the air. When the bottom cap is removed, allowing air to enter at the bottom, the hydrogen in the container rises out of top and burns as it mixes with the air.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shuttle_Main_Engine_Test_Firing_cropped_edited_and_reduced.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black inverted funnel with blue glow emerging from its opening." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Shuttle_Main_Engine_Test_Firing_cropped_edited_and_reduced.jpg/220px-Shuttle_Main_Engine_Test_Firing_cropped_edited_and_reduced.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Shuttle_Main_Engine_Test_Firing_cropped_edited_and_reduced.jpg/330px-Shuttle_Main_Engine_Test_Firing_cropped_edited_and_reduced.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Shuttle_Main_Engine_Test_Firing_cropped_edited_and_reduced.jpg/440px-Shuttle_Main_Engine_Test_Firing_cropped_edited_and_reduced.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1612" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Main_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Shuttle Main Engine">Space Shuttle Main Engine</a> burning hydrogen with oxygen, produces a nearly invisible flame at full thrust.</figcaption></figure> Hydrogen gas is highly flammable: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(l) (572 kJ/2 mol = 286 kJ/mol = 141.865 MJ/kg)<a href="#cite_note-18">[note 1]</a></dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_combustion" class="mw-redirect" title="Enthalpy of combustion">Enthalpy of combustion</a>: −286 kJ/mol.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Hydrogen gas forms explosive mixtures with air in concentrations from 4–74%<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> and with chlorine at 5–95%. The hydrogen <a href="/wiki/Autoignition_temperature" title="Autoignition temperature">autoignition temperature</a>, the temperature of spontaneous ignition in air, is 500 °C (932 °F).<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flame">Flame</h4></div> Hydrogen flames emit faint blue and <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> light.<a href="#cite_note-:1-22">[21]</a> They are nearly invisible to the naked eye in daylight.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> The detection of a burning hydrogen leak may require a <a href="/wiki/Flame_detector" title="Flame detector">flame detector</a>; such leaks can be very dangerous <a href="#cite_note-:1-22">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electron_energy_levels">Electron energy levels</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_atom" title="Hydrogen atom">Hydrogen atom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrogen_atom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of a light-gray large sphere with a cut off quarter and a black small sphere and numbers 1.7×10−5 illustrating their relative diameters." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hydrogen_atom.svg/220px-Hydrogen_atom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hydrogen_atom.svg/330px-Hydrogen_atom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hydrogen_atom.svg/440px-Hydrogen_atom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="246" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of a hydrogen atom with size of central proton shown, and the atomic diameter shown as about twice the <a href="/wiki/Bohr_model" title="Bohr model">Bohr model</a> radius (image not to scale)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Ground_state" title="Ground state">ground state</a> <a href="/wiki/Energy_level" title="Energy level">energy level</a> of the electron in a hydrogen atom is −13.6 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">eV</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> equivalent to an <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> of roughly 91 nm wavelength.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> The energy levels of hydrogen are referred to by consecutive <a href="/wiki/Quantum_number" title="Quantum number">quantum numbers</a>, with <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=1}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d9ec7e1edc2e6d98f5aec2a39ae5f1c99d1e1425" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=1}"> being the ground state. The <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_spectral_series" title="Hydrogen spectral series">hydrogen spectral series</a> corresponds to emission of light due to transitions from higher to lower energy levels.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a>: 105  The energy levels of hydrogen can be calculated fairly accurately using the <a href="/wiki/Bohr_model" title="Bohr model">Bohr model</a> of the atom, in which the electron "orbits" the proton, like how Earth orbits the Sun. However, the electron and proton are held together by electrostatic attraction, while planets and celestial objects are held by <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>. Due to the discretization of <a href="/wiki/Angular_momentum" title="Angular momentum">angular momentum</a> postulated in early <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> by Bohr, the electron in the Bohr model can only occupy certain allowed distances from the proton, and therefore only certain allowed energies.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> An accurate description of the hydrogen atom comes from a quantum analysis that uses the <a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Schrödinger equation">Schrödinger equation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dirac_equation" title="Dirac equation">Dirac equation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a> <a href="/wiki/Path_integral_formulation" title="Path integral formulation">path integral formulation</a> to calculate the <a href="/wiki/Probability_amplitude" title="Probability amplitude">probability density</a> of the electron around the proton.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> The most complex formulas include the small effects of <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_polarization" title="Vacuum polarization">vacuum polarization</a>. In the quantum mechanical treatment, the electron in a ground state hydrogen atom has no angular momentum—illustrating how the "planetary orbit" differs from electron motion.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spin_isomers">Spin isomers</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spin_isomers_of_hydrogen" title="Spin isomers of hydrogen">Spin isomers of hydrogen</a></div> Molecular <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2 exists as two <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" title="Nuclear isomer">nuclear isomers</a> that differ in the <a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">spin states</a> of their nuclei.<a href="#cite_note-uigi-29">[28]</a> In the orthohydrogen form, the spins of the two nuclei are parallel, forming a spin <a href="/wiki/Triplet_state" title="Triplet state">triplet state</a> having a <a href="/wiki/Spin_quantum_number#Total_spin_of_an_atom_or_molecule" title="Spin quantum number">total molecular spin</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S=1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>S</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S=1}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d5e2b58c1aaaf2718fb801e97bf21d1f72726372" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.76ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S=1}">; in the parahydrogen form the spins are antiparallel and form a spin <a href="/wiki/Singlet_state" title="Singlet state">singlet state</a> having spin <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>S</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ae0fc3192b864f55a46749d8a64e7cf7783d04c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.76ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S=0}">. The equilibrium ratio of ortho- to para-hydrogen depends on temperature. At room temperature or warmer, equilibrium hydrogen gas contains about 25% of the para form and 75% of the ortho form.<a href="#cite_note-Green2012-30">[29]</a> The ortho form is an <a href="/wiki/Excited_state" title="Excited state">excited state</a>, having higher energy than the para form by 1.455 kJ/mol,<a href="#cite_note-PlanckInstitut-31">[30]</a> and it converts to the para form over the course of several minutes when cooled to low temperature.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> The thermal properties of these isomers differ because each has distinct <a href="/wiki/Rotational%E2%80%93vibrational_spectroscopy" title="Rotational–vibrational spectroscopy">rotational quantum states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-33">[32]</a> The ortho-to-para ratio in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2 is an important consideration in the <a href="/wiki/Liquefaction" title="Liquefaction">liquefaction</a> and storage of <a href="/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen" title="Liquid hydrogen">liquid hydrogen</a>: the conversion from ortho to para is <a href="/wiki/Exothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Exothermic">exothermic</a> and produces sufficient heat to evaporate most of the liquid if not converted first to parahydrogen during the cooling process.<a href="#cite_note-Amos98-34">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">Catalysts</a> for the ortho-para interconversion, such as <a href="/wiki/Ferric_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferric oxide">ferric oxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">activated carbon</a> compounds, are used during hydrogen cooling to avoid this loss of liquid.<a href="#cite_note-Svadlenak-35">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phases">Phases</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrogen_ampoule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hydrogen_ampoule.jpg/220px-Hydrogen_ampoule.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hydrogen_ampoule.jpg/330px-Hydrogen_ampoule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hydrogen_ampoule.jpg/440px-Hydrogen_ampoule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2920" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Hydrogen gas is colorless and transparent, here contained in a glass <a href="/wiki/Ampoule" title="Ampoule">ampoule</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phase_diagram_of_hydrogen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Phase diagram of hydrogen on logarithmic scales. Lines show boundaries between phases, with the end of the liquid-gas line indicating the critical point. The triple point of hydrogen is just off-scale to the left." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Phase_diagram_of_hydrogen.png/220px-Phase_diagram_of_hydrogen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Phase_diagram_of_hydrogen.png/330px-Phase_diagram_of_hydrogen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Phase_diagram_of_hydrogen.png/440px-Phase_diagram_of_hydrogen.png 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phase_diagram" title="Phase diagram">Phase diagram</a> of hydrogen. The temperature and pressure scales are <a href="/wiki/Logarithmic_scale" title="Logarithmic scale">logarithmic</a>, so one unit corresponds to a 10× change. The left edge corresponds to 105 Pa, or about one atmosphere.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">image reference needed</a>]</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen" title="Liquid hydrogen">Liquid hydrogen</a> can exist at temperatures below hydrogen's <a href="/wiki/Critical_point_(thermodynamics)" title="Critical point (thermodynamics)">critical point</a> of 33 <a href="/wiki/Kelvins" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelvins">K</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> However, for it to be in a fully liquid state at <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a>, H2 needs to be cooled to 20.28 K (−252.87 °C; −423.17 °F). Hydrogen was liquefied by <a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a> in 1898 by using <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_cooling" title="Regenerative cooling">regenerative cooling</a> and his invention, the <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_flask" title="Vacuum flask">vacuum flask</a>. <a href="/wiki/Solid_hydrogen" title="Solid hydrogen">Solid hydrogen</a> can be made at <a href="/wiki/Standard_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard pressure">standard pressure</a>, by decreasing the temperature below hydrogen's <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> of 14.01 K (−259.14 °C; −434.45 °F). It was collected for the first time by <a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a> in 1899.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Multiple distinct solid phases exist, known as Phase I through Phase V, each exhibiting a characteristic molecular arrangement.<a href="#cite_note-Helled2020-37">[36]</a> Liquid and solid phases can exist in combination at the <a href="/wiki/Triple_point" title="Triple point">triple point</a>, a substance known as <a href="/wiki/Slush_hydrogen" title="Slush hydrogen">slush hydrogen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Metallic_hydrogen" title="Metallic hydrogen">Metallic hydrogen</a>, a phase obtained at extremely high pressures (in excess of 400 gigapascals (3,900,000 atm; 58,000,000 psi)), is an electrical conductor. It is believed to exist deep within <a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">giant planets</a> like <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Helled2020-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Ionization" title="Ionization">ionized</a>, hydrogen becomes a <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a>. This is the form in which hydrogen exists within <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_hydrogen" title="Isotopes of hydrogen">Isotopes of hydrogen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0530_HydrogenIsotopes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram showing the structure of each of Hydrogen-1 (mass number 1, 1 electron, 1 proton), Hydrogen-2 or deuterium (mass number 2, 1 electron, 1 proton, 1 neutron), and Hydrogen-3 or tritium (mass number 3, 1 electron, 1 proton, 2 neutrons)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Blausen_0530_HydrogenIsotopes.png/220px-Blausen_0530_HydrogenIsotopes.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Blausen_0530_HydrogenIsotopes.png/330px-Blausen_0530_HydrogenIsotopes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Blausen_0530_HydrogenIsotopes.png/440px-Blausen_0530_HydrogenIsotopes.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>The three naturally-occurring isotopes of hydrogen: hydrogen-1 (protium), hydrogen-2 (deuterium), and hydrogen-3 (tritium)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg/220px-Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg/330px-Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg/440px-Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Hydrogen discharge (spectrum) tube</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deuterium_discharge_tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Deuterium_discharge_tube.jpg/220px-Deuterium_discharge_tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Deuterium_discharge_tube.jpg/330px-Deuterium_discharge_tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Deuterium_discharge_tube.jpg/440px-Deuterium_discharge_tube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Deuterium discharge (spectrum) tube</figcaption></figure> Hydrogen has three naturally occurring isotopes, denoted 1 H, 2 H and 3 H. Other, highly unstable nuclei (4 H to 7 H) have been synthesized in the laboratory but not observed in nature.<a href="#cite_note-Gurov-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Korsheninnikov-41">[40]</a> <ul><li>1 H is the most common hydrogen isotope, with an abundance of >99.98%. Because the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">nucleus</a> of this isotope consists of only a single proton, it is given the descriptive but rarely used formal name protium.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> It is the only stable isotope with no neutrons; see <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_helium#Helium-2_(diproton)" title="Isotopes of helium">diproton</a> for a discussion of why others do not exist.</li> <li>2 H, the other stable hydrogen isotope, is known as <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a> and contains one proton and one <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> in the nucleus. Nearly all deuterium in the universe is thought to have been produced at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>, and has endured since then. Deuterium is not radioactive, and is not a significant toxicity hazard. Water enriched in molecules that include deuterium instead of normal hydrogen is called <a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">heavy water</a>. Deuterium and its compounds are used as a non-radioactive label in chemical experiments and in solvents for 1 H-<a href="/wiki/NMR_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="NMR spectroscopy">NMR spectroscopy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Heavy water is used as a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">neutron moderator</a> and coolant for nuclear reactors. Deuterium is also a potential fuel for commercial <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a></li> <li>3 H is known as <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a> and contains one proton and two neutrons in its nucleus. It is radioactive, decaying into <a href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">helium-3</a> through <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 12.32 years.<a href="#cite_note-Miessler-45">[44]</a> It is radioactive enough to be used in <a href="/wiki/Radioluminescent_paint" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioluminescent paint">luminous paint</a> to enhance the visibility of data displays, such as for painting the hands and dial-markers of watches. The watch glass prevents the small amount of radiation from escaping the case.<a href="#cite_note-Traub95-46">[45]</a> Small amounts of tritium are produced naturally by cosmic rays striking atmospheric gases; tritium has also been released in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear testing">nuclear weapons tests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> It is used in nuclear fusion,<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> as a tracer in <a href="/wiki/Isotope_geochemistry" title="Isotope geochemistry">isotope geochemistry</a>,<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> and in specialized <a href="/wiki/Self-powered_lighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-powered lighting">self-powered lighting</a> devices.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> Tritium has also been used in chemical and biological labeling experiments as a <a href="/wiki/Radiolabel" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiolabel">radiolabel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-holte-51">[50]</a></li></ul> Unique among the elements, distinct names are assigned to its isotopes in common use. During the early study of radioactivity, heavy radioisotopes were given their own names, but these are mostly no longer used. The symbols D and T (instead of 2 H and 3 H) are sometimes used for deuterium and tritium, but the symbol P was already used for <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> and thus was not available for protium.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> In its <a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC nomenclature">nomenclatural</a> guidelines, the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> (IUPAC) allows any of D, T, 2 H, and 3 H to be used, though 2 H and 3 H are preferred.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Exotic_atom" title="Exotic atom">exotic atom</a> <a href="/wiki/Muonium" title="Muonium">muonium</a> (symbol Mu), composed of an anti<a href="/wiki/Muon" title="Muon">muon</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a>, can also be considered a light radioisotope of hydrogen.<a href="#cite_note-Gold-54">[53]</a> Because muons decay with lifetime 2.2 <a href="/wiki/Microsecond" title="Microsecond">µs</a>, muonium is too unstable for observable chemistry.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes-55">[54]</a> Nevertheless, muonium compounds are important test cases for <a href="/wiki/Quantum_simulator" title="Quantum simulator">quantum simulation</a>, due to the mass difference between the antimuon and the proton,<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> and IUPAC nomenclature incorporates such hypothetical compounds as muonium chloride (MuCl) and sodium muonide (NaMu), analogous to <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">hydrogen chloride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydride" title="Sodium hydride">sodium hydride</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-iupac-57">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antihydrogen" title="Antihydrogen">Antihydrogen</a> ( H ) is the <a href="/wiki/Antimatter" title="Antimatter">antimatter</a> counterpart to hydrogen. It consists of an <a href="/wiki/Antiproton" title="Antiproton">antiproton</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">positron</a>. Antihydrogen is the only type of antimatter atom to have been produced as of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-char15-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keller15-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermal_and_physical_properties">Thermal and physical properties</h3></div> Table of thermal and physical properties of hydrogen (H2) at atmospheric pressure:<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <td>Temperature (K) </td> <td>Density (kg/m^3) </td> <td>Specific heat (kJ/kg K) </td> <td>Dynamic viscosity (kg/m s) </td> <td>Kinematic viscosity (m^2/s) </td> <td>Thermal conductivity (W/m K) </td> <td>Thermal diffusivity (m^2/s) </td> <td>Prandtl Number </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 </td> <td>0.24255 </td> <td>11.23 </td> <td>4.21E-06 </td> <td>1.74E-05 </td> <td>6.70E-02 </td> <td>2.46E-05 </td> <td>0.707 </td></tr> <tr> <td>150 </td> <td>0.16371 </td> <td>12.602 </td> <td>5.60E-06 </td> <td>3.42E-05 </td> <td>0.0981 </td> <td>4.75E-05 </td> <td>0.718 </td></tr> <tr> <td>200 </td> <td>0.1227 </td> <td>13.54 </td> <td>6.81E-06 </td> <td>5.55E-05 </td> <td>0.1282 </td> <td>7.72E-05 </td> <td>0.719 </td></tr> <tr> <td>250 </td> <td>0.09819 </td> <td>14.059 </td> <td>7.92E-06 </td> <td>8.06E-05 </td> <td>0.1561 </td> <td>1.13E-04 </td> <td>0.713 </td></tr> <tr> <td>300 </td> <td>0.08185 </td> <td>14.314 </td> <td>8.96E-06 </td> <td>1.10E-04 </td> <td>0.182 </td> <td>1.55E-04 </td> <td>0.706 </td></tr> <tr> <td>350 </td> <td>0.07016 </td> <td>14.436 </td> <td>9.95E-06 </td> <td>1.42E-04 </td> <td>0.206 </td> <td>2.03E-04 </td> <td>0.697 </td></tr> <tr> <td>400 </td> <td>0.06135 </td> <td>14.491 </td> <td>1.09E-05 </td> <td>1.77E-04 </td> <td>0.228 </td> <td>2.57E-04 </td> <td>0.69 </td></tr> <tr> <td>450 </td> <td>0.05462 </td> <td>14.499 </td> <td>1.18E-05 </td> <td>2.16E-04 </td> <td>0.251 </td> <td>3.16E-04 </td> <td>0.682 </td></tr> <tr> <td>500 </td> <td>0.04918 </td> <td>14.507 </td> <td>1.26E-05 </td> <td>2.57E-04 </td> <td>0.272 </td> <td>3.82E-04 </td> <td>0.675 </td></tr> <tr> <td>550 </td> <td>0.04469 </td> <td>14.532 </td> <td>1.35E-05 </td> <td>3.02E-04 </td> <td>0.292 </td> <td>4.52E-04 </td> <td>0.668 </td></tr> <tr> <td>600 </td> <td>0.04085 </td> <td>14.537 </td> <td>1.43E-05 </td> <td>3.50E-04 </td> <td>0.315 </td> <td>5.31E-04 </td> <td>0.664 </td></tr> <tr> <td>700 </td> <td>0.03492 </td> <td>14.574 </td> <td>1.59E-05 </td> <td>4.55E-04 </td> <td>0.351 </td> <td>6.90E-04 </td> <td>0.659 </td></tr> <tr> <td>800 </td> <td>0.0306 </td> <td>14.675 </td> <td>1.74E-05 </td> <td>5.69E-04 </td> <td>0.384 </td> <td>8.56E-04 </td> <td>0.664 </td></tr> <tr> <td>900 </td> <td>0.02723 </td> <td>14.821 </td> <td>1.88E-05 </td> <td>6.90E-04 </td> <td>0.412 </td> <td>1.02E-03 </td> <td>0.676 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000 </td> <td>0.02424 </td> <td>14.99 </td> <td>2.01E-05 </td> <td>8.30E-04 </td> <td>0.448 </td> <td>1.23E-03 </td> <td>0.673 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1100 </td> <td>0.02204 </td> <td>15.17 </td> <td>2.13E-05 </td> <td>9.66E-04 </td> <td>0.488 </td> <td>1.46E-03 </td> <td>0.662 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1200 </td> <td>0.0202 </td> <td>15.37 </td> <td>2.26E-05 </td> <td>1.12E-03 </td> <td>0.528 </td> <td>1.70E-03 </td> <td>0.659 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1300 </td> <td>0.01865 </td> <td>15.59 </td> <td>2.39E-05 </td> <td>1.28E-03 </td> <td>0.568 </td> <td>1.96E-03 </td> <td>0.655 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1400 </td> <td>0.01732 </td> <td>15.81 </td> <td>2.51E-05 </td> <td>1.45E-03 </td> <td>0.61 </td> <td>2.23E-03 </td> <td>0.65 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1500 </td> <td>0.01616 </td> <td>16.02 </td> <td>2.63E-05 </td> <td>1.63E-03 </td> <td>0.655 </td> <td>2.53E-03 </td> <td>0.643 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1600 </td> <td>0.0152 </td> <td>16.28 </td> <td>2.74E-05 </td> <td>1.80E-03 </td> <td>0.697 </td> <td>2.82E-03 </td> <td>0.639 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1700 </td> <td>0.0143 </td> <td>16.58 </td> <td>2.85E-05 </td> <td>1.99E-03 </td> <td>0.742 </td> <td>3.13E-03 </td> <td>0.637 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1800 </td> <td>0.0135 </td> <td>16.96 </td> <td>2.96E-05 </td> <td>2.19E-03 </td> <td>0.786 </td> <td>3.44E-03 </td> <td>0.639 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1900 </td> <td>0.0128 </td> <td>17.49 </td> <td>3.07E-05 </td> <td>2.40E-03 </td> <td>0.835 </td> <td>3.73E-03 </td> <td>0.643 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>0.0121 </td> <td>18.25 </td> <td>3.18E-05 </td> <td>2.63E-03 </td> <td>0.878 </td> <td>3.98E-03 </td> <td>0.661 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_hydrogen_technologies" title="Timeline of hydrogen technologies">Timeline of hydrogen technologies</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portret_van_Robert_Boyle,_RP-P-OB-4578_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Portret_van_Robert_Boyle%2C_RP-P-OB-4578_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Portret_van_Robert_Boyle%2C_RP-P-OB-4578_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Portret_van_Robert_Boyle%2C_RP-P-OB-4578_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Portret_van_Robert_Boyle%2C_RP-P-OB-4578_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Portret_van_Robert_Boyle%2C_RP-P-OB-4578_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Portret_van_Robert_Boyle%2C_RP-P-OB-4578_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1363" data-file-height="1749" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a>, who discovered the reaction between <a href="/wiki/Iron_filings" title="Iron filings">iron filings</a> and dilute acids</figcaption></figure> In 1671, Irish scientist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a> discovered and described the reaction between <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> filings and dilute <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a>, which results in the production of hydrogen gas.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> Boyle did not note that the gas was inflammable, but hydrogen would play a key role in overturning the <a href="/wiki/Phlogiston_theory" title="Phlogiston theory">phlogiston theory</a> of combustion.<a href="#cite_note-Ramsay-1896-64">[63]</a> In 1766, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavendish" title="Henry Cavendish">Henry Cavendish</a> was the first to recognize hydrogen gas as a discrete substance, by naming the gas from a <a href="/wiki/Metal-acid_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal-acid reaction">metal-acid reaction</a> "inflammable air". He speculated that "inflammable air" was in fact identical to the hypothetical substance "<a href="/wiki/Phlogiston_theory" title="Phlogiston theory">phlogiston</a>"<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-cav766-66">[65]</a> and further finding in 1781 that the gas produces water when burned. He is usually given credit for the discovery of hydrogen as an element.<a href="#cite_note-Nostrand-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-nbb-10">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoine-Laurent_Lavoisier_by_Louis_Jean_Desire_Delaistre_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Antoine-Laurent_Lavoisier_by_Louis_Jean_Desire_Delaistre_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Antoine-Laurent_Lavoisier_by_Louis_Jean_Desire_Delaistre_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Antoine-Laurent_Lavoisier_by_Louis_Jean_Desire_Delaistre_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Antoine-Laurent_Lavoisier_by_Louis_Jean_Desire_Delaistre_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Antoine-Laurent_Lavoisier_by_Louis_Jean_Desire_Delaistre_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Antoine-Laurent_Lavoisier_by_Louis_Jean_Desire_Delaistre_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1330" data-file-height="2150" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a>, who identified the element that came to be known as hydrogen</figcaption></figure> In 1783, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> identified the element that came to be known as hydrogen<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> when he and <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Laplace</a> reproduced Cavendish's finding that water is produced when hydrogen is burned.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-10">[10]</a> Lavoisier produced hydrogen for his experiments on mass conservation by treating metallic <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> with a steam of H2 through an incandescent iron tube heated in a fire. Anaerobic oxidation of iron by the protons of water at high temperature can be schematically represented by the set of following reactions: <dl><dd>1) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Fe + H2O → FeO + H2</dd></dl> <dl><dd>2) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Fe + 3 H2O → Fe2O3 + 3 H2</dd></dl> <dl><dd>3) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Fe + 4 H2O → Fe3O4 + 4 H2</dd></dl> Many metals react similarly with water leading to the production of hydrogen.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> In some situations, this H2-producing process is problematic as is the case of zirconium cladding on nuclear fuel rods.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3></div> By 1806 hydrogen was used to fill balloons.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Isaac_de_Rivaz" title="François Isaac de Rivaz">François Isaac de Rivaz</a> built the first <a href="/wiki/De_Rivaz_engine" title="De Rivaz engine">de Rivaz engine</a>, an internal combustion engine powered by a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen in 1806. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Daniel_Clarke" title="Edward Daniel Clarke">Edward Daniel Clarke</a> invented the hydrogen gas blowpipe in 1819. The <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6bereiner%27s_lamp" title="Döbereiner's lamp">Döbereiner's lamp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limelight" title="Limelight">limelight</a> were invented in 1823.Hydrogen was <a href="/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen" title="Liquid hydrogen">liquefied</a> for the first time by <a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a> in 1898 by using <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_cooling" title="Regenerative cooling">regenerative cooling</a> and his invention, the <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_flask" title="Vacuum flask">vacuum flask</a>. He produced <a href="/wiki/Solid_hydrogen" title="Solid hydrogen">solid hydrogen</a> the next year.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-10">[10]</a> One of the first <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum</a> effects to be explicitly noticed (but not understood at the time) was <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a>'s observation that the <a href="/wiki/Specific_heat_capacity" title="Specific heat capacity">specific heat capacity</a> of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2 unaccountably departs from that of a <a href="/wiki/Diatomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomic">diatomic</a> gas below room temperature and begins to increasingly resemble that of a monatomic gas at cryogenic temperatures. According to quantum theory, this behavior arises from the spacing of the (quantized) rotational energy levels, which are particularly wide-spaced in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2 because of its low mass. These widely spaced levels inhibit equal partition of heat energy into rotational motion in hydrogen at low temperatures. Diatomic gases composed of heavier atoms do not have such widely spaced levels and do not exhibit the same effect.<a href="#cite_note-Berman-71">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> The existence of the <a href="/wiki/Hydride" title="Hydride">hydride anion</a> was suggested by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis">Gilbert N. Lewis</a> in 1916 for group 1 and 2 salt-like compounds. In 1920, Moers electrolyzed molten <a href="/wiki/Lithium_hydride" title="Lithium hydride">lithium hydride</a> (LiH), producing a <a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">stoichiometric</a> quantity of hydrogen at the anode.<a href="#cite_note-Moers-72">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emission_spectrum-H_labeled.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A line spectrum showing black background with narrow lines superimposed on it: one violet, one blue, one cyan, and one red." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Emission_spectrum-H_labeled.svg/220px-Emission_spectrum-H_labeled.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Emission_spectrum-H_labeled.svg/330px-Emission_spectrum-H_labeled.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Emission_spectrum-H_labeled.svg/440px-Emission_spectrum-H_labeled.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="121" /></a><figcaption>Hydrogen emission spectrum lines in the four visible lines of the <a href="/wiki/Balmer_series" title="Balmer series">Balmer series</a></figcaption></figure> Because of its simple atomic structure, consisting only of a proton and an electron, the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_atom" title="Hydrogen atom">hydrogen atom</a>, together with the spectrum of light produced from it or absorbed by it, has been central to the development of the theory of <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atomic</a> structure.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> Hydrogen's unique position as the only neutral atom for which the <a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Schrödinger equation">Schrödinger equation</a> can be directly solved, has significantly contributed to the understanding of quantum mechanics through the exploration of its energetics.<a href="#cite_note-Laursen04-74">[73]</a> Furthermore, study of the corresponding simplicity of the hydrogen molecule and the corresponding cation <a href="/wiki/H2%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="H2+"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H+2</a> brought understanding of the nature of the chemical bond, which followed shortly after the quantum mechanical treatment of the hydrogen atom had been developed in the mid-1920s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hydrogen-lifted_airship">Hydrogen-lifted airship</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindenburg_over_New_York_1937_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Airship Hindenburg over New York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hindenburg_over_New_York_1937_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Hindenburg_over_New_York_1937_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hindenburg_over_New_York_1937_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Hindenburg_over_New_York_1937_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hindenburg_over_New_York_1937_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Hindenburg_over_New_York_1937_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hindenburg-class_airship" title="Hindenburg-class airship">Hindenburg</a> over <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in 1937</figcaption></figure> The first hydrogen-filled <a href="/wiki/Balloon" title="Balloon">balloon</a> was invented by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Charles" title="Jacques Charles">Jacques Charles</a> in 1783. Hydrogen provided the lift for the first reliable form of air-travel following the 1852 invention of the first hydrogen-lifted <a href="/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">airship</a> by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Giffard" title="Henri Giffard">Henri Giffard</a>. German count <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Zeppelin" title="Ferdinand von Zeppelin">Ferdinand von Zeppelin</a> promoted the idea of rigid airships lifted by hydrogen that later were called <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin" title="Zeppelin">Zeppelins</a>; the first of which had its maiden flight in 1900.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-10">[10]</a> Regularly scheduled flights started in 1910 and by the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, they had carried 35,000 passengers without a serious incident. Hydrogen-lifted airships were used as observation platforms and bombers during the war.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The first non-stop transatlantic crossing was made by the British airship <a href="/wiki/R34_(airship)" class="mw-redirect" title="R34 (airship)">R34</a> in 1919. Regular passenger service resumed in the 1920s and the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> reserves in the United States promised increased safety, but the U.S. government refused to sell the gas for this purpose. Therefore, hydrogen was used in the <a href="/wiki/LZ_129_Hindenburg" title="LZ 129 Hindenburg">Hindenburg</a> airship, which caught fire over <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> on 6 May 1937.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-10">[10]</a> The hydrogen that filled the airship was ignited, possibly by static electricity, and burst into flames.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> The visible flames in the photographs of the disaster were the result of the airship skin burning.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Hindenburg_disaster" title="Hindenburg disaster">Hindenberg disaster</a>, commercial hydrogen airship travel <a href="/wiki/Rigid_airship#Demise" title="Rigid airship">ceased</a>. Hydrogen is still used, in preference to non-flammable but more expensive helium, as a lifting gas for <a href="/wiki/Weather_balloon#Materials_and_equipment" title="Weather balloon">weather balloons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deuterium_and_tritium">Deuterium and tritium</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">Deuterium</a> was discovered in December 1931 by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a> was prepared in 1934 by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant">Mark Oliphant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Harteck" title="Paul Harteck">Paul Harteck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nostrand-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">Heavy water</a>, which consists of deuterium in the place of regular hydrogen, was discovered by Urey's group in 1932.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hydrogen-cooled_turbogenerator">Hydrogen-cooled turbogenerator</h4></div> The first <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-cooled_turbogenerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen-cooled turbogenerator">hydrogen-cooled turbogenerator</a> went into service using gaseous hydrogen as a <a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">coolant</a> in the rotor and the stator in 1937 at <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton</a>, Ohio, owned by the Dayton Power & Light Co.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> This was justified by the high thermal conductivity and very low viscosity of hydrogen gas, thus lower drag than air. This is the most common coolant used for generators 60 MW and larger; smaller generators are usually <a href="/wiki/Air_cooling" title="Air cooling">air-cooled</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nickel–hydrogen_battery">Nickel–hydrogen battery</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93hydrogen_battery" title="Nickel–hydrogen battery">nickel–hydrogen battery</a> was used for the first time in 1977 aboard the U.S. Navy's Navigation technology satellite-2 (NTS-2).<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>,<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">Mars Odyssey</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> are equipped with nickel-hydrogen batteries. In the dark part of its orbit, the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> is also powered by nickel-hydrogen batteries, which were finally replaced in May 2009,<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> more than 19 years after launch and 13 years beyond their design life.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laboratory_syntheses">Laboratory syntheses</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2 is produced in labs, often as a by-product of other reactions. Many metals react with water to produce <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2, but the rate of hydrogen evolution depends on the metal, the pH, and the presence of alloying agents. Most often, hydrogen evolution is induced by acids. The alkali and alkaline earth metals, aluminium, zinc, manganese, and iron react readily with aqueous acids. This reaction is the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Kipp%27s_apparatus" title="Kipp's apparatus">Kipp's apparatus</a>, which once was used as a laboratory gas source: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Zn + 2 H+ → Zn2+ + H2</dd></dl> In the absence of acid, the evolution of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2 is slower. Because iron is widely used structural material, its <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_corrosion" title="Anaerobic corrosion">anaerobic corrosion</a> is of technological significance: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Fe + 2 H2O → Fe(OH)2 + H2</dd></dl> Many metals, such as <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, are slow to react with water because they form passivated oxide coatings of oxides. An alloy of aluminium and <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a>, however, does react with water.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> At high pH, aluminium can produce <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">2 Al + 6 H2O + 2 OH− → 2 [Al(OH)4]− + 3 H2</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactions_of_H2">Reactions of H2</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HFe_H2_dppe_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/HFe_H2_dppe_2.svg/220px-HFe_H2_dppe_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/HFe_H2_dppe_2.svg/330px-HFe_H2_dppe_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/HFe_H2_dppe_2.svg/440px-HFe_H2_dppe_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1859" data-file-height="1175" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Dihydrogen_complex" title="Dihydrogen complex">dihydrogen complex</a> of iron, [HFe(H2)(dppe)2]+.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2 is relatively unreactive. The thermodynamic basis of this low reactivity is the very strong H–H bond, with a <a href="/wiki/Bond_dissociation_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bond dissociation energy">bond dissociation energy</a> of 435.7 kJ/mol.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> It does form coordination complexes called <a href="/wiki/Dihydrogen_complex" title="Dihydrogen complex">dihydrogen complexes</a>. These species provide insights into the early steps in the interactions of hydrogen with metal catalysts. According to <a href="/wiki/Neutron_diffraction" title="Neutron diffraction">neutron diffraction</a>, the metal and two H atoms form a triangle in these complexes. The H-H bond remains intact but is elongated. They are acidic.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Although exotic on Earth, the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H+3 ion is common in the universe. It is a triangular species, like the aforementioned dihydrogen complexes. It is known as <a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">protonated molecular hydrogen</a> or the trihydrogen cation.<a href="#cite_note-Carrington-88">[87]</a> Hydrogen directly reacts with chlorine, fluorine and bromine to give <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">HF</a>, <a href="/wiki/HCl" class="mw-redirect" title="HCl">HCl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bromide" title="Hydrogen bromide">HBr</a>, respectively. The conversion involves a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radical_chain_mechanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radical chain mechanism (page does not exist)">radical chain mechanism</a>. With heating, H2 reacts efficiently with the alkali and alkaline earth metals to give the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saline_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saline hydride (page does not exist)">saline hydrides</a> of the formula MH and MH2, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-UllmannH2-89">[88]</a> One of the striking properties of H2 is its inertness toward unsaturated organic compounds, such as <a href="/wiki/Alkene" title="Alkene">alkenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkyne" title="Alkyne">alkynes</a>. These species only react with H2 in the presence of catalysts. Especially active catalysts are the <a href="/wiki/Platinum_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum metal">platinum metals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a>, etc.). A major driver for the mining of these rare and expensive elements is their use as catalysts.<a href="#cite_note-UllmannH2-89">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrogen-containing_compounds">Hydrogen-containing compounds</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_compounds" title="Hydrogen compounds">Hydrogen compounds</a></div> Most known compounds contain hydrogen, not as H2, but as covalently bonded H atoms. This interaction is the basis of <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>.Hydrogen forms many compounds with <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, called the <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a>. Hydrocarbons are called <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a>. In nature, they almost always contain "<a href="/wiki/Heteroatom" title="Heteroatom">heteroatoms</a>" such as nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.<a href="#cite_note-hydrocarbon-90">[89]</a> The study of their properties is known as <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> and their study in the context of living <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> is called <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> By some definitions, "organic" compounds are only required to contain carbon. However, most of them also contain hydrogen, and because it is the carbon-hydrogen bond that gives this class of compounds most of its particular chemical characteristics, carbon-hydrogen bonds are required in some definitions of the word "organic" in chemistry.<a href="#cite_note-hydrocarbon-90">[89]</a> Millions of <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a> are known, and they are usually formed by complicated pathways that seldom involve elemental hydrogen.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrides">Hydrides</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hydride" title="Hydride">Hydride</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NaH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/NaH.jpg/220px-NaH.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/NaH.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption>A sample of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydride" title="Sodium hydride">sodium hydride</a></figcaption></figure> Hydrogen forms compounds with less electronegative elements, such as <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Main_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Main group">main group</a> elements. In these compounds, hydrogen takes on a partial negative charge. The term "hydride" suggests that the H atom has acquired a negative or anionic character, denoted <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H−. Usually hydride refers to hydrogen in a compound with a more <a href="/wiki/Electropositive" class="mw-redirect" title="Electropositive">electropositive</a> element. For hydrides other than group 1 and 2 metals, the term can be misleading, considering the low electronegativity of hydrogen. A well known hydride is <a href="/wiki/Lithium_aluminium_hydride" title="Lithium aluminium hydride">lithium aluminium hydride</a>, the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[AlH4]− anion carries hydridic centers firmly attached to the Al(III).<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> Perhaps the most extensive series of hydrides are the <a href="/wiki/Boranes" title="Boranes">boranes</a>, compounds consisting only of boron and hydrogen.<a href="#cite_note-Downs-94">[93]</a> Hydrides can bond to these electropositive elements not only as a terminal <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligand</a> but also as <a href="/wiki/Bridging_ligand" title="Bridging ligand">bridging ligands</a>. In diborane (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">B2H6), four H's are terminal and two bridge between the two B atoms.<a href="#cite_note-Miessler-45">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protons_and_acids">Protons and acids</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_reaction" title="Acid–base reaction">Acid–base reaction</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Base_pair_AT.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Base_pair_AT.svg/282px-Base_pair_AT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="282" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Base_pair_AT.svg/423px-Base_pair_AT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Base_pair_AT.svg/564px-Base_pair_AT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption> An "A-T base pair" in DNA illustrating how hydrogen bonds are critical to the <a href="/wiki/Genetic_code" title="Genetic code">genetic code</a>. The drawing illustrates that in many chemical depictions, C-H bonds are not always shown explicitly, an indication of their pervasiveness.</figcaption></figure> When bonded to a more electronegative element, particularly <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, hydrogen can participate in a form of medium-strength noncovalent bonding with another electronegative element with a lone pair, a phenomenon called <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonding</a> that is critical to the stability of many biological molecules.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H+ can also be obtained by oxidation of H2. Under the <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B8nsted%E2%80%93Lowry_acid%E2%80%93base_theory" title="Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory">Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory</a>, acids are proton donors, while bases are proton acceptors.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A bare proton, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H+ essentially cannot exist in anything other than a vacuum. Otherwise it attaches to other atoms, ions, or molecules. Even species as inert as methane can be protonated. The term 'proton' is used loosely and metaphorically to refer to refer to solvated <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H+" without any implication that any single protons exist freely as a species. To avoid the implication of the naked proton in solution, acidic aqueous solutions are sometimes considered to contain the "<a href="/wiki/Hydronium" title="Hydronium">hydronium</a> ion" (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[H3O]+) or still more accurately, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[H9O4]+.<a href="#cite_note-Okumura-97">[96]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Oxonium_ion" title="Oxonium ion">oxonium ions</a> are found when water is in acidic solution with other solvents.<a href="#cite_note-Perdoncin-98">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmic">Cosmic</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nursery_of_New_Stars_-_GPN-2000-000972.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A white-green cotton-like clog on black background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nursery_of_New_Stars_-_GPN-2000-000972.jpg/220px-Nursery_of_New_Stars_-_GPN-2000-000972.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nursery_of_New_Stars_-_GPN-2000-000972.jpg/330px-Nursery_of_New_Stars_-_GPN-2000-000972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nursery_of_New_Stars_-_GPN-2000-000972.jpg/440px-Nursery_of_New_Stars_-_GPN-2000-000972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1127" data-file-height="1201" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NGC_604" title="NGC 604">NGC 604</a>, a giant <a href="/wiki/H_II_region" title="H II region">region of ionized hydrogen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Triangulum_Galaxy" title="Triangulum Galaxy">Triangulum Galaxy</a></figcaption></figure> Hydrogen, as atomic H, is the most <a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundant</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a> in the universe, making up 75% of <a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">normal matter</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> and >90% by number of atoms.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> In astrophysics, neutral hydrogen in the <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a> is called H I and ionized hydrogen is called H II.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> Radiation from stars ionizes H I to H II, creating <a href="/wiki/Str%C3%B6mgren_sphere" title="Strömgren sphere">spheres</a> of ionized H II around stars. In the <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe" title="Chronology of the universe">chronology of the universe</a> neutral hydrogen dominated until the birth of stars during the era of <a href="/wiki/Reionization" title="Reionization">reionization</a> led to bubbles of ionized hydrogen that grew and merged over 500 million of years.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> They are the source of the 21-cm <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_line" title="Hydrogen line">hydrogen line</a> at 1420 MHz that is detected in order to probe primordial hydrogen. The large amount of neutral hydrogen found in the <a href="/wiki/Damped_Lyman-alpha_system" title="Damped Lyman-alpha system">damped Lyman-alpha systems</a> is thought to dominate the <a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">cosmological</a> <a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">baryonic</a> density of the universe up to a <a href="/wiki/Redshift" title="Redshift">redshift</a> of z = 4.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Hydrogen is found in great abundance in stars and <a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">gas giant</a> planets. <a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular clouds</a> of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2 are associated with <a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">star formation</a>. Hydrogen plays a vital role in powering <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Proton-proton_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton-proton reaction">proton-proton reaction</a> in lower-mass stars, and through the <a href="/wiki/CNO_cycle" title="CNO cycle">CNO cycle</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a> in case of stars more massive than the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Hydrogen <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> states have properties quite distinct from those of molecular or atomic hydrogen. As a plasma, hydrogen's electron and proton are not bound together, resulting in very high electrical conductivity and high emissivity (producing the light from the Sun and other stars). The charged particles are highly influenced by magnetic and electric fields. For example, in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a> they interact with the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetosphere</a> giving rise to <a href="/wiki/Birkeland_current" title="Birkeland current">Birkeland currents</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aurora" title="Aurora">aurora</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A molecular form called <a href="/wiki/Protonated_molecular_hydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Protonated molecular hydrogen">protonated molecular hydrogen</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H+3) is found in the interstellar medium, where it is generated by ionization of molecular hydrogen from <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a>. This ion has also been observed in the <a href="/wiki/Primary_atmosphere" title="Primary atmosphere">upper atmosphere of Jupiter</a>. The ion is long-lived in outer space due to the low temperature and density. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H+3 is one of the most abundant ions in the universe, and it plays a notable role in the chemistry of the interstellar medium.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> Neutral <a href="/wiki/Triatomic_hydrogen" title="Triatomic hydrogen">triatomic hydrogen</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H3 can exist only in an excited form and is unstable.<a href="#cite_note-couple-105">[104]</a> By contrast, the positive <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_molecular_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen molecular ion">hydrogen molecular ion</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H+2) is a rare in the universe.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terrestrial">Terrestrial</h3></div> Hydrogen is the third most abundant element on the Earth's surface,<a href="#cite_note-ArgonneBasic-106">[105]</a> mostly in the form of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compounds</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a> and water.<a href="#cite_note-Miessler-45">[44]</a> Elemental hydrogen is normally in the form of a gas, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2. It is present in a very low concentration in Earth's atmosphere (around 0.53 <a href="/wiki/Part_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Part per million">ppm</a> on a molar basis<a href="#cite_note-Grinter-107">[106]</a>) because of its light weight, which enables it to <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_escape" title="Atmospheric escape">escape the atmosphere</a> more rapidly than heavier gases. Despite its low concentration in our atmosphere, terrestrial hydrogen is sufficiently abundant to support the metabolism of several bacteria.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> Large underground deposits of hydrogen gas have been discovered in several countries including <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-109">[108]</a> As of 2024, it is uncertain how much underground hydrogen can be extracted economically.<a href="#cite_note-:0-109">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_and_storage">Production and storage</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_production" title="Hydrogen production">Hydrogen production</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_routes">Industrial routes</h3></div> Nearly all of the world's current supply of hydrogen gas (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2) is created from fossil fuels.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-rosenow-2022-111">[110]</a>: 1  Many methods exist for producing H2, but three dominate commercially: steam reforming often coupled to water-gas shift, partial oxidation of hydrocarbons, and water electrolysis.<a href="#cite_note-KO-112">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Steam_reforming">Steam reforming</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SMR%2BWGS-1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/SMR%2BWGS-1.png/220px-SMR%2BWGS-1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/SMR%2BWGS-1.png/330px-SMR%2BWGS-1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/SMR%2BWGS-1.png/440px-SMR%2BWGS-1.png 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1230" /></a><figcaption>Inputs and outputs of steam reforming (SMR) and water gas shift (WGS) reaction of natural gas, a process used in hydrogen production</figcaption></figure> Hydrogen is mainly produced by <a href="/wiki/Steam_reforming" title="Steam reforming">steam methane reforming</a> (SMR), the reaction of water and methane.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-rotech-114">[113]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Oxtoby-115">[114]</a> Thus, at high temperature (1000–1400 K, 700–1100 °C or 1300–2000 °F), steam (water vapor) reacts with <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> to yield <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2. <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CH4 + H2O → CO + 3 H2</dd></dl> Steam reforming is also used for the industrial preparation of ammonia.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This reaction is favored at low pressures, Nonetheless, conducted at high pressures (2.0 MPa, 20 atm or 600 <a href="/wiki/InHg" class="mw-redirect" title="InHg">inHg</a>) because high-pressure <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2 is the most marketable product, and <a href="/wiki/Pressure_swing_adsorption" title="Pressure swing adsorption">pressure swing adsorption</a> (PSA) purification systems work better at higher pressures. The product mixture is known as "<a href="/wiki/Synthesis_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthesis gas">synthesis gas</a>" because it is often used directly for the production of <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a> and many other compounds. <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">Hydrocarbons</a> other than methane can be used to produce synthesis gas with varying product ratios. One of the many complications to this highly optimized technology is the formation of coke or carbon: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CH4 → C + 2 H2</dd></dl> Therefore, steam reforming typically employs an excess of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2O. Additional hydrogen can be recovered from the steam by using carbon monoxide through the <a href="/wiki/Water_gas_shift_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Water gas shift reaction">water gas shift reaction</a> (WGS). This process requires an <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxide</a> catalyst:<a href="#cite_note-Oxtoby-115">[114]</a> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CO + H2O → CO2 + H2</dd></dl> Hydrogen is sometimes produced and consumed in the same industrial process, without being separated. In the <a href="/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">Haber process</a> for <a href="/wiki/Ammonia_production" title="Ammonia production">ammonia production</a>, hydrogen is generated from natural gas.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Partial_oxidation_of_hydrocarbons">Partial oxidation of hydrocarbons</h4></div> Other methods for CO and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2 production include partial oxidation of hydrocarbons:<a href="#cite_note-uigi-29">[28]</a> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">2 CH4 + O2 → 2 CO + 4 H2</dd></dl> Although less important commercially, coal can serve as a prelude to the shift reaction above:<a href="#cite_note-Oxtoby-115">[114]</a> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">C + H2O → CO + H2</dd></dl> Olefin production units may produce substantial quantities of byproduct hydrogen particularly from cracking light feedstocks like <a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">ethane</a> or <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water_electrolysis">Water electrolysis</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrogen_production_via_Electrolysis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hydrogen_production_via_Electrolysis.png/220px-Hydrogen_production_via_Electrolysis.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hydrogen_production_via_Electrolysis.png/330px-Hydrogen_production_via_Electrolysis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hydrogen_production_via_Electrolysis.png/440px-Hydrogen_production_via_Electrolysis.png 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Inputs and outputs of the electrolysis of water production of hydrogen</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis_of_water" title="Electrolysis of water">Electrolysis of water</a> is a conceptually simple method of producing hydrogen. <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">2 H2O(l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)</dd></dl> Commercial <a href="/wiki/Electrolyzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrolyzer">electrolyzers</a> use <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>-based catalysts in strongly alkaline solution. Platinum is a better catalyst but is expensive.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">Electrolysis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brine</a> to yield <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> also produces high purity hydrogen as a co-product, which is used for a variety of transformations such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenation" title="Hydrogenation">hydrogenations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> process is more expensive than producing hydrogen from methane without <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">carbon capture and storage</a> and the efficiency of energy conversion is inherently low.<a href="#cite_note-Evans-2020-16">[16]</a> Innovation in <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis_of_water" title="Electrolysis of water">hydrogen electrolyzers</a> could make large-scale production of hydrogen from electricity more cost-competitive.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> Hydrogen produced in this manner could play a significant role in decarbonizing energy systems where there are challenges and limitations to replacing fossil fuels with direct use of electricity.<a href="#cite_note-IPCC-2022-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Methane_pyrolysis">Methane pyrolysis</h4></div> Hydrogen can be produced by <a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">pyrolysis</a> of natural gas (methane), producing hydrogen gas and solid carbon with the aid a catalyst and 74 kJ/mol input heat: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CH4(g) → C(s) + 2 H2(g) (ΔH° = 74 kJ/mol)</dd></dl> The carbon may be sold as a manufacturing feedstock or fuel, or landfilled. This route could have a lower carbon footprint than existing hydrogen production processes, but mechanisms for removing the carbon and preventing it from reacting with the catalyst remain obstacles for industrial scale use.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a>: 17 <a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thermochemical">Thermochemical</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Water_splitting" title="Water splitting">Water splitting</a> is the process by which water is decomposed into its components. Relevant to the biological scenario is this simple equation: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">2 H2O → 4 H+ + O2 + 4e−</dd></dl> The reaction occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Light-dependent_reactions" title="Light-dependent reactions">light reactions</a> in all <a href="/wiki/Photosynthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photosynthetic">photosynthetic</a> organisms. A few organisms, including the alga <a href="/wiki/Chlamydomonas_reinhardtii" title="Chlamydomonas reinhardtii">Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a>, have evolved a second step in the <a href="/wiki/Dark_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark reaction">dark reactions</a> in which protons and electrons are reduced to form <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2 gas by specialized hydrogenases in the <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> Efforts have been undertaken to genetically modify cyanobacterial hydrogenases to more efficiently generate <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2 gas even in the presence of oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> Efforts have also been undertaken with genetically modified <a href="/wiki/Biological_hydrogen_production_(Algae)" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological hydrogen production (Algae)">alga in a bioreactor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> Relevant to the thermal water-splitting scenario is this simple equation: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">2 H2O → 2 H2 + O2</dd></dl> More than 200 thermochemical cycles can be used for <a href="/wiki/Water_splitting" title="Water splitting">water splitting</a>. Many of these cycles such as the <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide_cycle" title="Iron oxide cycle">iron oxide cycle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerium(IV)_oxide%E2%80%93cerium(III)_oxide_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle">cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc_zinc-oxide_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc zinc-oxide cycle">zinc zinc-oxide cycle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur-iodine_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur-iodine cycle">sulfur-iodine cycle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper-chlorine_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper-chlorine cycle">copper-chlorine cycle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_sulfur_cycle" title="Hybrid sulfur cycle">hybrid sulfur cycle</a> have been evaluated for their commercial potential to produce hydrogen and oxygen from water and heat without using electricity.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> A number of labs (including in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>) are developing thermochemical methods to produce hydrogen from solar energy and water.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_routes">Natural routes</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biohydrogen">Biohydrogen</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Biohydrogen" title="Biohydrogen">Biohydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biological_hydrogen_production_(Algae)" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological hydrogen production (Algae)">Biological hydrogen production (Algae)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2 is produced by enzymes called <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenase" title="Hydrogenase">hydrogenases</a>. This process allows the host organism to use <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">fermentation</a> as a source of energy.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> These same enzymes also can oxidize H2, such that the host organisms can subsist by reducing oxidized substrates using electrons extracted from H2.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The hydrogenase enzyme feature <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>-iron centers at their <a href="/wiki/Active_site" title="Active site">active sites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> The natural cycle of hydrogen production and consumption by organisms is called the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cycle" title="Hydrogen cycle">hydrogen cycle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rhee6-132">[131]</a> Some bacteria such as <a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_smegmatis" title="Mycobacterium smegmatis">Mycobacterium smegmatis</a> can use the small amount of hydrogen in the atmosphere as a source of energy when other sources are lacking. Their hydrogenase are designed with small channels that exclude oxygen and so permits the reaction to occur even though the hydrogen concentration is very low and the oxygen concentration is as in normal air.<a href="#cite_note-Grinter-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> Confirming the existence of hydrogenases in the human gut, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2 occurs in human breath. The concentration in the breath of fasting people at rest is typically less than 5 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">parts per million</a> (ppm) but can be 50 ppm when people with intestinal disorders consume molecules they cannot absorb during diagnostic <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_breath_test" title="Hydrogen breath test">hydrogen breath tests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Serpentinization">Serpentinization</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Serpentinization" title="Serpentinization">Serpentinization</a> is a geological mechanism that produce highly <a href="/wiki/Reduction_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduction (chemistry)">reducing</a> conditions.<a href="#cite_note-FrostBeard2007-135">[134]</a> Under these conditions, water is capable of oxidizing ferrous (Fe2+ ) ions in fayalite. The process is of interest because it generates hydrogen gas:<a href="#cite_note-Dincer-2015-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Fe2SiO4 + H2O → 2 Fe3O4 + SiO2 +H2</dd></dl> Closely related to this geological process is the <a href="/wiki/Schikorr_reaction" title="Schikorr reaction">Schikorr reaction</a>: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">3 Fe(OH)2 → Fe3O4 + 2 H2O + H2</dd></dl> This process also is relevant to the corrosion of <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">oxygen-free</a> <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> and in reducing <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soils</a> below the <a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage">Storage</h3></div> Hydrogen produced when there is a surplus of <a href="/wiki/Variable_renewable_energy" title="Variable renewable energy">variable renewable electricity</a> could in principle be stored and later used to generate heat or to re-generate electricity.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> The hydrogen created through electrolysis using renewable energy is commonly referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Green_hydrogen" title="Green hydrogen">green hydrogen</a>".<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> It can be further transformed into <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fuel" title="Synthetic fuel">synthetic fuels</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> Disadvantages of hydrogen as an energy carrier include high costs of storage and distribution due to hydrogen's explosivity, its large volume compared to other fuels, and its tendency to make pipes brittle.<a href="#cite_note-Griffiths-2021-142">[141]</a> If H2 is to used as an energy source, its storage is important. It dissolves only poorly in solvents. For example, at room temperature and 0.1 M<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">pascal</a>, ca. 0.05 moles dissolves in one kilogram of <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">diethyl ether</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UllmannH2-89">[88]</a> The H2 can be stored in compressed form, although compressing costs energy. Liquifaction is impractical given its low <a href="/wiki/Critical_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical temperature">critical temperature</a>. In contrast, ammonia and many hydrocarbons can be liquified at room temperature under pressure. For these reasons, hydrogen carriers - materials that reversibly bind H2 - have attracted much attention. The key question is then the weight percent of H2-equivalents within the carrier material. For example, hydrogen can be reversibly absorbed into many <a href="/wiki/Rare_earth_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare earth element">rare earth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metals</a><a href="#cite_note-Takeshita-143">[142]</a> and is soluble in both nanocrystalline and <a href="/wiki/Amorphous_metal" title="Amorphous metal">amorphous metals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kirchheim1-144">[143]</a> Hydrogen <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">solubility</a> in metals is influenced by local distortions or impurities in the <a href="/wiki/Crystal_lattice" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal lattice">crystal lattice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kirchheim2-145">[144]</a> These properties may be useful when hydrogen is purified by passage through hot <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a> disks, but the gas's high solubility is also a metallurgical problem, contributing to the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_embrittlement" title="Hydrogen embrittlement">embrittlement</a> of many metals,<a href="#cite_note-Rogers_1999_1057–1064-146">[145]</a> complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks.<a href="#cite_note-Christensen-147">[146]</a> The most problematic aspect of metal hydrides for storage is their modest H2 content, often on the order of 1%. For this reason, there is interest in storage of H2 in compounds of low <a href="/wiki/Molecular_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular weight">molecular weight</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Ammonia_borane" title="Ammonia borane">ammonia borane</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H3N−BH3) contains 19.8 weight percent of H2. The problem with this material is that after release of H2, the resulting boron nitride does not re-add H2, i.e. ammonia borane is an irreversible hydrogen carrier.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> More attractive, somewhat ironically, are <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydroquinoline" title="Tetrahydroquinoline">tetrahydroquinoline</a>, which reversibly release some H2 when heated in the presence of a catalyst:<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">C9H10NH ⇌ C9H7N + 2H2</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_economy" title="Hydrogen economy">Hydrogen economy</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hydrogen_Ladder,_Version_5.0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_Hydrogen_Ladder%2C_Version_5.0.jpg/520px-The_Hydrogen_Ladder%2C_Version_5.0.jpg" decoding="async" width="520" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/The_Hydrogen_Ladder%2C_Version_5.0.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Some projected uses in the medium term, but analysts disagree<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Petrochemical_industry">Petrochemical industry</h3></div> Large quantities of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2 are used in the "upgrading" of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>. Key consumers of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2 include <a href="/wiki/Hydrodesulfurization" title="Hydrodesulfurization">hydrodesulfurization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hydrocracking" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocracking">hydrocracking</a>. Many of these reactions can be classified as <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenolysis" title="Hydrogenolysis">hydrogenolysis</a>, i.e., the cleavage of bonds by hydrogen. Illustrative is the separation of sulfur from liquid fossil fuels:<a href="#cite_note-KO-112">[111]</a> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">R2S + 2 H2 → H2S + 2 RH</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrogenation">Hydrogenation</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenation" title="Hydrogenation">Hydrogenation</a>, the addition of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2 to various substrates, is done on a large scale. Hydrogenation of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">N2 to produce ammonia by the <a href="/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">Haber process</a>, consumes a few percent of the energy budget in the entire industry. The resulting ammonia is used to supply most of the protein consumed by humans.<a href="#cite_note-Smil_2004_Enriching-151">[150]</a> Hydrogenation is used to convert <a href="/wiki/Unsaturated_fat" title="Unsaturated fat">unsaturated fats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">oils</a> to saturated fats and oils. The major application is the production of <a href="/wiki/Margarine" title="Margarine">margarine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a> is produced by hydrogenation of carbon dioxide. It is similarly the source of hydrogen in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2 is also used as a <a href="/wiki/Reducing_agent" title="Reducing agent">reducing agent</a> for the conversion of some <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ores</a> to the metals.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coolant">Coolant</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-cooled_turbo_generator" title="Hydrogen-cooled turbo generator">Hydrogen-cooled turbo generator</a></div> Hydrogen is commonly used in power stations as a coolant in generators due to a number of favorable properties that are a direct result of its light diatomic molecules. These include low <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a>, low <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a>, and the highest <a href="/wiki/Specific_heat" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific heat">specific heat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">thermal conductivity</a> of all gases.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fuel">Fuel</h3></div> Hydrogen (H2) is widely discussed as a carrier of energy with potential to help to decarbonize economies and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.<a href="#cite_note-IPCC-2022-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Evans-2020-16">[16]</a> This scenario requires the efficient production and storage of hydrogen. Hydrogen fuel can produce the intense heat required for industrial production of steel, cement, glass, and chemicals, thus contributing to the decarbonisation of industry alongside other technologies, such as <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc_furnace" title="Electric arc furnace">electric arc furnaces</a> for steelmaking.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> However, it is likely to play a larger role in providing industrial feedstock for cleaner production of ammonia and organic chemicals.<a href="#cite_note-IPCC-2022-122">[121]</a> For example, in <a href="/wiki/Steelmaking" title="Steelmaking">steelmaking</a>, hydrogen could function as a clean energy carrier and also as a low-carbon catalyst, replacing coal-derived <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a> (carbon):<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">2FeO + C → 2Fe + CO2 <dl><dd><dl><dd>vs</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">FeO + H2 → Fe + H2O</dd></dl> Hydrogen used to decarbonise transportation is likely to find its largest applications in shipping, aviation and, to a lesser extent, heavy goods vehicles, through the use of hydrogen-derived synthetic fuels such as <a href="/wiki/Green_ammonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Green ammonia">ammonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_methanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Green methanol">methanol</a> and fuel cell technology.<a href="#cite_note-IPCC-2022-122">[121]</a> For light-duty vehicles including cars, hydrogen is far behind other <a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">alternative fuel vehicles</a>, especially compared with the rate of adoption of <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery electric vehicles">battery electric vehicles</a>, and may not play a significant role in future.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen" title="Liquid hydrogen">Liquid hydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid oxygen</a> together serve as <a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_propellant" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic propellant">cryogenic propellants</a> in <a href="/wiki/Liquid-propellant_rocket" title="Liquid-propellant rocket">liquid-propellant rockets</a>, as in the <a href="/wiki/RS-25" title="RS-25">Space Shuttle main engines</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> has investigated the use of <a href="/wiki/Rocket_propellant" title="Rocket propellant">rocket propellant</a> made from atomic hydrogen, boron or carbon that is frozen into solid molecular hydrogen particles suspended in liquid helium. Upon warming, the mixture vaporizes to allow the atomic species to recombine, heating the mixture to high temperature.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semiconductor_industry">Semiconductor industry</h3></div> Hydrogen is employed to saturate broken ("dangling") bonds of <a href="/wiki/Amorphous_silicon" title="Amorphous silicon">amorphous silicon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amorphous_carbon" title="Amorphous carbon">amorphous carbon</a> that helps stabilizing material properties.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> It is also a potential <a href="/wiki/Electron_donor" title="Electron donor">electron donor</a> in various oxide materials, including <a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">ZnO</a>,<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tin_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin dioxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">SnO2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_oxide" title="Cadmium oxide">CdO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">MgO</a>,<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_dioxide" title="Zirconium dioxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">ZrO2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hafnium(IV)_oxide" title="Hafnium(IV) oxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">HfO2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum(III)_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanum(III) oxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">La2O3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yttrium(III)_oxide" title="Yttrium(III) oxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Y2O3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">TiO2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strontium_titanate" title="Strontium titanate"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">SrTiO3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum_aluminate" title="Lanthanum aluminate"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">LaAlO3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">SiO2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Al2O3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">ZrSiO4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hafnon" title="Hafnon"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">HfSiO4</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Strontium_zirconate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strontium zirconate (page does not exist)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">SrZrO3</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Niche_and_evolving_uses">Niche and evolving uses</h3></div> <ul><li>Shielding gas: Hydrogen is used as a <a href="/wiki/Shielding_gas" title="Shielding gas">shielding gas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">welding</a> methods such as <a href="/wiki/Atomic_hydrogen_welding" title="Atomic hydrogen welding">atomic hydrogen welding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Cryogenic research: Liquid <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2 is used in <a href="/wiki/Cryogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic">cryogenic</a> research, including <a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconductivity</a> studies.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Buoyant lifting: Because <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2 is only 7% the density of air, it was once widely used as a <a href="/wiki/Lifting_gas" title="Lifting gas">lifting gas</a> in balloons and <a href="/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">airships</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Almqvist03-165">[164]</a></li> <li>Leak detection: Pure or mixed with nitrogen (sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Forming_gas" title="Forming gas">forming gas</a>), hydrogen is a <a href="/wiki/Tracer_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracer gas">tracer gas</a> for <a href="/wiki/Leak_detection" title="Leak detection">detection</a> of minute leaks. Applications can be found in the automotive, chemical, power generation, aerospace, and telecommunications industries.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> Hydrogen is an authorized food additive (E 949) that allows food package leak testing, as well as having anti-oxidizing properties.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Neutron moderation: <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">Deuterium</a> (hydrogen-2) is used in <a href="/wiki/CANDU_reactor" title="CANDU reactor">nuclear fission applications</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">moderator</a> to slow <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>.</li> <li>Nuclear fusion fuel: Deuterium is used in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a> reactions.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-10">[10]</a></li> <li>Isotopic labeling: Deuterium compounds have applications in chemistry and biology in studies of <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_isotope_effect" title="Kinetic isotope effect">isotope effects</a> on reaction rates.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Tritium uses: <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">Tritium</a> (hydrogen-3), produced in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a>, is used in the production of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen bomb">hydrogen bombs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> as an isotopic label in the biosciences,<a href="#cite_note-holte-51">[50]</a> and as a source of <a href="/wiki/Beta_particle" title="Beta particle">beta radiation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tritium_radioluminescence" title="Tritium radioluminescence">radioluminescent paint</a> for instrument dials and emergency signage.<a href="#cite_note-Traub95-46">[45]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety_and_precautions">Safety and precautions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_safety" title="Hydrogen safety">Hydrogen safety</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268415487">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Hydrogen </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">GHS labelling</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS02: Flammable"><img alt="GHS02: Flammable" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div> </td> <td>Danger </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H220: Extremely flammable gas">H220</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P202: Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood.">P202</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P210: Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking.">P210</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P271: Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.">P271</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P377: Leaking gas fire – do not extinguish unless leak can be stopped safely.">P377</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P381: In case of leakage, eliminate all ignition sources.">P381</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P403: Store in a well ventilated place.">P403</abbr><a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_7ade4992f18edab5" /><map name="ImageMap_7ade4992f18edab5"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" title="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 4: Will rapidly or completely vaporize at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature, or is readily dispersed in air and will burn readily. Flash point below 23 °C (73 °F). E.g. propane" title="Flammability 4: Will rapidly or completely vaporize at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature, or is readily dispersed in air and will burn readily. Flash point below 23 °C (73 °F). E.g. propane" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Flammability 4: Will rapidly or completely vaporize at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature, or is readily dispersed in air and will burn readily. Flash point below 23 °C (73 °F). E.g. propane" class="notheme mw-no-invert">4</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> Hydrogen poses few hazards to human safety. The chief hazards are for <a href="/wiki/Detonation" title="Detonation">detonations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asphyxiant_gas" title="Asphyxiant gas">asphyxiation</a>, but both are mitigated by its high diffusivity.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]Because hydrogen has been intensively investigated as a fuel, there is extensive documentation on the risks.<a href="#cite_note-NASAH2-171">[170]</a> Hydrogen gas is non-toxic.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_cycle_hydrogen_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined cycle hydrogen power plant">Combined cycle hydrogen power plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_economy" title="Hydrogen economy">Hydrogen economy</a> – Using hydrogen to decarbonize more sectors</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_production" title="Hydrogen production">Hydrogen production</a> – Industrial production of molecular hydrogen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_safety" title="Hydrogen safety">Hydrogen safety</a> – Procedures for safe production, handling and use of hydrogen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_technologies" title="Hydrogen technologies">Hydrogen technologies</a> – Technologies that relating to the production & use of hydrogen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_transport" title="Hydrogen transport">Hydrogen transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methane_pyrolysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Methane pyrolysis">Methane pyrolysis</a> – Thermal decomposition of materialsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets (for hydrogen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_hydrogen" title="Natural hydrogen">Natural hydrogen</a> – Molecular hydrogen naturally occurring on Earth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">Pyrolysis</a> – Thermal decomposition of materials</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> 286 kJ/mol: energy per mole of the combustible material (molecular hydrogen). </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW-1"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/hydrogen.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Hydrogen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Hydrogen&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fhydrogen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite 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Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiberg,_EgonWiberg,_NilsHolleman,_Arnold_Frederick2001" class="citation book cs1">Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils; Holleman, Arnold Frederick (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vEwj1WZKThEC&pg=PA240">Inorganic chemistry</a>. Academic Press. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0123526519" title="Special:BookSources/978-0123526519"><bdi>978-0123526519</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inorganic+chemistry&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0123526519&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rft.au=Holleman%2C+Arnold+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvEwj1WZKThEC%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster_2018-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. 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Olive</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_A._Peacock" title="John A. Peacock">John A. Peacock</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1">Presenter: Professor Jim Al-Khalili (21 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00q2mk5">"Discovering the Elements"</a>. Chemistry: A Volatile History. 25:40 minutes in. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Four" title="BBC Four">BBC Four</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100125010949/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00q2mk5">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2010. 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Physica C: Superconductivity. 388–389: 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PhyC..388....1H">2003PhyC..388....1H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0921-4534%2802%2902591-1">10.1016/S0921-4534(02)02591-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physica+C%3A+Superconductivity&rft.atitle=From+H2+to+cryogenic+H+masers+to+HiTc+superconductors%3A+An+unlikely+but+rewarding+path&rft.volume=388%E2%80%93389&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0921-4534%2802%2902591-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003PhyC..388....1H&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=W.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Almqvist03-165"><a href="#cite_ref-Almqvist03_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlmqvist2003" class="citation book cs1">Almqvist, Ebbe (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OI0fTJhydh4C">History of industrial gases</a>. New York, N.Y.: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. pp. 47–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-47277-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-47277-0"><bdi>978-0-306-47277-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+industrial+gases&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic%2FPlenum+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-306-47277-0&rft.aulast=Almqvist&rft.aufirst=Ebbe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOI0fTJhydh4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlock2004" class="citation conference cs1">Block, M. (3 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090108102521/http://www.ndt.net/abstract/wcndt2004/523.htm">Hydrogen as Tracer Gas for Leak Detection</a>. 16th WCNDT 2004. Montreal, Canada: Sensistor Technologies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndt.net/abstract/wcndt2004/523.htm">the original</a> on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=16th+WCNDT+2004&rft.atitle=Hydrogen+as+Tracer+Gas+for+Leak+Detection&rft.date=2004-09-03&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndt.net%2Fabstract%2Fwcndt2004%2F523.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sfp/addit_flavor/flav15_en.pdf">"Report from the Commission on Dietary Food Additive Intake"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216050325/http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sfp/addit_flavor/flav15_en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2008. 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Chem. 255 (19): 9093–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2970531-6">10.1016/S0021-9258(19)70531-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7410413">7410413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Biol.+Chem.&rft.atitle=The+deuterium+isotope+effect+upon+the+reaction+of+fatty+acyl-CoA+dehydrogenase+and+butyryl-CoA&rft.volume=255&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9093-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2970531-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7410413&rft.aulast=Reinsch&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Katz%2C+A.&rft.au=Wean%2C+J.&rft.au=Aprahamian%2C+G.&rft.au=MacFarland%2C+J.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0021-9258%252819%252970531-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergeron2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bergeron, K. D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://find.galegroup.com/itx/start.do?prodId=SPJ.SP06">"The Death of no-dual-use"</a>. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 60 (1): 15–17. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004BuAtS..60a..15B">2004BuAtS..60a..15B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2968%2F060001004">10.2968/060001004</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080419051641/http://find.galegroup.com/itx/start.do?prodId=SPJ.SP06">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2008. Retrieved 13 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=The+Death+of+no-dual-use&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2968%2F060001004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004BuAtS..60a..15B&rft.aulast=Bergeron&rft.aufirst=K.+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffind.galegroup.com%2Fitx%2Fstart.do%3FprodId%3DSPJ.SP06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001070437/http://isolab.ess.washington.edu/isolab/images/documents/msds_sds/hydrogen.pdf">"MyChem: Chemical"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isolab.ess.washington.edu/isolab/images/documents/msds_sds/hydrogen.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MyChem%3A+Chemical&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisolab.ess.washington.edu%2Fisolab%2Fimages%2Fdocuments%2Fmsds_sds%2Fhydrogen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASAH2-171"><a href="#cite_ref-NASAH2_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown,_W._J.1997" class="citation web cs1">Brown, W. J.; et al. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19970033338.pdf">"Safety Standard for Hydrogen and Hydrogen Systems"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. NSS 1740.16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170501105215/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19970033338.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Safety+Standard+for+Hydrogen+and+Hydrogen+Systems&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Brown%2C+W.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19970033338.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Department_of_Energy" class="citation web cs1">US Department of Energy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-safe">"Is hydrogen safe?"</a>. Retrieved 9 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+hydrogen+safe%3F&rft.au=US+Department+of+Energy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.energy.gov%2Feere%2Ffuelcells%2Fhydrogen-safe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Hydrogen <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Hydrogen&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Hydrogen">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Hydrogen&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/III_12.html">The Hyperfine Splitting in Hydrogen - The Feynman Lectures on Physics</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuclidechart.com/">Chart of the Nuclides</a> (17th ed.). Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9843653-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9843653-0-2"><bdi>978-0-9843653-0-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chart+of+the+Nuclides&rft.edition=17th&rft.pub=Knolls+Atomic+Power+Laboratory&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-9843653-0-2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nuclidechart.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton1994" class="citation book cs1">Newton, David E. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemicalelements00newt">The Chemical Elements</a>. New York: Franklin Watts. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-531-12501-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-531-12501-4"><bdi>978-0-531-12501-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemical+Elements&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Franklin+Watts&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-531-12501-4&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemicalelements00newt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRigden2002" class="citation book cs1">Rigden, John S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemicalelements00newt">Hydrogen: The Essential Element</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-531-12501-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-531-12501-4"><bdi>978-0-531-12501-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hydrogen%3A+The+Essential+Element&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-531-12501-4&rft.aulast=Rigden&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemicalelements00newt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomm,_Joseph_J.2004" class="citation book cs1">Romm, Joseph J. (2004). <a href="/wiki/The_Hype_about_Hydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hype about Hydrogen">The Hype about Hydrogen, Fact and Fiction in the Race to Save the Climate</a>. Island Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55963-703-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55963-703-9"><bdi>978-1-55963-703-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hype+about+Hydrogen%2C+Fact+and+Fiction+in+the+Race+to+Save+the+Climate&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-55963-703-9&rft.au=Romm%2C+Joseph+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScerri2007" class="citation book cs1">Scerri, Eric (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/periodictableits0000scer">The Periodic System, Its Story and Its Significance</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530573-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530573-9"><bdi>978-0-19-530573-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Periodic+System%2C+Its+Story+and+Its+Significance&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530573-9&rft.aulast=Scerri&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperiodictableits0000scer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060612225336/http://www.physics.drexel.edu/~tim/open/hydrofin/">Basic Hydrogen Calculations of Quantum Mechanics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/001.htm">Hydrogen</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militzer.berkeley.edu/diss/node5.html">High temperature hydrogen phase diagram</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/quantum/hydwf.html#c3">Wavefunction of hydrogen</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/19px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/29px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/38px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/20px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/30px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, 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.sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Hydrogen at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Hydrogen_atom" class="extiw" title="v:Hydrogen atom">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table18" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; 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aria-labelledby="Hydrogen_compounds22" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hydrogen_compounds" title="Template:Hydrogen compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hydrogen_compounds" title="Template talk:Hydrogen compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hydrogen_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hydrogen compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hydrogen_compounds22" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_compounds" title="Hydrogen compounds">Hydrogen compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arsenous_acid" title="Arsenous acid">H3AsO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_acid" title="Arsenic acid">H3AsO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argon_fluorohydride" title="Argon fluorohydride">HArF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_astatide" title="Hydrogen astatide">HAt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorosulfuric_acid" title="Fluorosulfuric acid">HSO3F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoroboric_acid" title="Fluoroboric acid">H[BF4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bromide" title="Hydrogen bromide">HBr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypobromous_acid" title="Hypobromous acid">HBrO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromous_acid" title="Bromous acid">HBrO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromic_acid" title="Bromic acid">HBrO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perbromic_acid" title="Perbromic acid">HBrO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">HCl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypochlorous_acid" title="Hypochlorous acid">HClO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorous_acid" title="Chlorous acid">HClO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloric_acid" title="Chloric acid">HClO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perchloric_acid" title="Perchloric acid">HClO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">HCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulminic_acid" title="Fulminic acid">HCNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromic_acid" title="Chromic acid">H2CrO4/H2Cr2O7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">H2CO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocarbonic_acid" title="Thiocarbonic acid">H2CS3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">HF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypofluorous_acid" title="Hypofluorous acid">HFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_iodide" title="Hydrogen iodide">HI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoiodous_acid" title="Hypoiodous acid">HIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodous_acid" title="Iodous acid">HIO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodic_acid" title="Iodic acid">HIO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_acid" title="Periodic acid">HIO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanganic_acid" title="Permanganic acid">HMnO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganic acid">H2MnO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdic_acid" title="Molybdic acid">H2MoO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">HNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">NaHCO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">HNCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">HNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_acid" title="Nitrous acid">HNO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">HNO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyponitrous_acid" title="Hyponitrous acid">H2N2O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrosylsulfuric_acid" title="Nitrosylsulfuric acid">HNO5S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfamic_acid" title="Sulfamic acid">H3NSO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">H2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">H2O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trioxidane" title="Trioxidane">H2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraoxidane" title="Tetraoxidane">H2O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaoxidane" title="Pentaoxidane">H2O5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypophosphorous_acid" title="Hypophosphorous acid">H3PO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorous_acid" title="Phosphorous acid">H3PO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">H3PO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrophosphoric_acid" title="Pyrophosphoric acid">H4P2O7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphosphoric_acid" title="Triphosphoric acid">H5P3O10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroplatinic_acid" title="Chloroplatinic acid">H2[PtCl6]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">H2S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_disulfide" title="Hydrogen disulfide">H2S2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_selenide" title="Hydrogen selenide">H2Se</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenous_acid" title="Selenous acid">H2SeO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenic_acid" title="Selenic acid">H2SeO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicic_acid" title="Silicic acid">H4SiO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexafluorosilicic_acid" title="Hexafluorosilicic acid">H2[SiF6]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">HSCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isothiocyanic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Isothiocyanic acid">HNCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfurous_acid" title="Sulfurous acid">H2SO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">H2SO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxymonosulfuric_acid" title="Peroxymonosulfuric acid">H2SO5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiosulfuric_acid" title="Thiosulfuric acid">H2S2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_oxide" title="Trihydrogen oxide">H3O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dithionic_acid" title="Dithionic acid">H2S2O6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfuric_acid" title="Disulfuric acid">H2S2O7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxydisulfuric_acid" title="Peroxydisulfuric acid">H2S2O8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triflic_acid" title="Triflic acid">CF3SO3H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_telluride" title="Hydrogen telluride">H2Te</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellurous_acid" title="Tellurous acid">H2TeO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telluric_acid" title="Telluric acid">H6TeO6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_acid" title="Titanic acid">H4TiO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_hydride" title="Polonium hydride">H2Po</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_tetracarbonyl_hydride" title="Cobalt tetracarbonyl hydride">H[Co(CO)4]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1397" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q556#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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