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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Compounds </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Compounds subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nickel(0)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nickel(0)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Nickel(0) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nickel(0)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nickel(I)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nickel(I)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Nickel(I) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nickel(I)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nickel(II)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nickel(II)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Nickel(II) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nickel(II)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nickel(III)_and_(IV)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nickel(III)_and_(IV)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Nickel(III) and (IV) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nickel(III)_and_(IV)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nickel(VI)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nickel(VI)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Nickel(VI) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nickel(VI)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coinage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coinage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Coinage </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Coinage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Coinage subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Coinage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Switzerland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Current use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 World production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Production </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Production subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mond_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mond_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Mond process </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mond_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market_value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Market value </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market_value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Biological role </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Toxicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nickel_in_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nickel_in_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Nickel in popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nickel_in_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Nickel</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 154 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-154" aria-hidden="true" > 154 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkel" title="Nikkel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nikkel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nickel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%92%E1%8A%AC%E1%88%8D" title="ኒኬል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኒኬል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2" title="निकल – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="निकल" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84" title="نيكل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيكل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADquel" title="Níquel – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Níquel" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%A7%D5%B2" title="Նիքէղ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Նիքէղ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichelu" title="Nichelu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Nichelu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADquel" title="Níquel – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Níquel" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="निकेल – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="निकेल" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nikel" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84" title="نیکل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیکل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Nikel" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="নিকেল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিকেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni-k%C3%A9-luh" title="Ni-ké-luh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ni-ké-luh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Нікель – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нікель" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Нікель – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нікель" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="निकेल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="निकेल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Nickel" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Никел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Никел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="དང་གཤའ་དཀར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དང་གཤའ་དཀར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikl" title="Nikl – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nikl" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nikel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADquel" title="Níquel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Níquel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Никель – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Никель" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikil" title="Nikil – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Nikil" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikl" title="Nikl – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nikl" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niyakari" title="Niyakari – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Niyakari" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichele" title="Nichele – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Nichele" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicel" title="Nicel – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nicel" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkel" title="Nikkel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nikkel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84" title="نيكل – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="نيكل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nickel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%B0" title="ނިކަލް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ނިކަލް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkel" title="Nikkel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nikkel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Νικέλιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νικέλιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Никель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Никель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADquel" title="Níquel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Níquel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikelo" title="Nikelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nikelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nikel" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84" title="نیکل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیکل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Nickel" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nickel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichel" title="Nichel – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Nichel" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicil" title="Nicil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nicil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickyl" title="Nickyl – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Nickyl" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niceal" title="Niceal – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Niceal" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADquel" title="Níquel – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Níquel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B2" title="નિકલ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નિકલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Nickel" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Никелион – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Никелион" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%BC%88" title="니켈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니켈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Նիկել – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիկել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2" title="निकल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निकल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikal" title="Nikal – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nikal" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikelo" title="Nikelo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nikelo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nikel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nickel" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Никель – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Никель" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INimbi" title="INimbi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INimbi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkel" title="Nikkel – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nikkel" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichel" title="Nichel – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nichel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C" title="ניקל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניקל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nikel" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C9%A9k%C9%9Bl%C9%A9" title="Nɩkɛlɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Nɩkɛlɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ನಿಕಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಿಕಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ნიკელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიკელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Никель – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Никель" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Nikel" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikeli" title="Nikeli – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nikeli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Никель – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Никель" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nik%C3%A8l" title="Nikèl – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nikèl" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AEkel" title="Nîkel – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nîkel" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Никель – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Никель" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Никель – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Никель" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccolum" title="Niccolum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Niccolum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C4%B7elis" title="Niķelis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Niķelis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9ckel" title="Néckel – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Néckel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikelis" title="Nikelis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nikelis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichel" title="Nichel – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Nichel" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkel" title="Nikkel – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Nikkel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikeli" title="Nikeli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Nikeli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/nikle" title="nikle – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="nikle" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ACchel" title="Nìchel – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Nìchel" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkel" title="Nikkel – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nikkel" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Никел – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Никел" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikela" title="Nikela – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nikela" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD" title="നിക്കൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിക്കൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konuk%C5%8Dreko" title="Konukōreko – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Konukōreko" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="निकेल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="निकेल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84" title="نيكل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيكل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nikel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngi%C4%95k" title="Ngiĕk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ngiĕk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Никели – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Никели" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Никель – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Никель" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="နီကယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နီကယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iztac_tepoztli" title="Iztac tepoztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Iztac tepoztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkel" title="Nikkel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nikkel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="निकेल – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="निकेल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AB" title="ニッケル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニッケル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nikel" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkel" title="Nikkel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nikkel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkel" title="Nikkel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nikkel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikele" title="Nikele – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Nikele" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niqu%C3%A8l" title="Niquèl – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Niquèl" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2" title="ନିକେଲ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ନିକେଲ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nikel" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2" title="ਨਿਕਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਿਕਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="निकेल – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="निकेल" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%84" title="نکل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نکل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="နီကယ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="နီကယ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%90%DA%A9%D9%84" title="نېکل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نېکل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ACchel" title="Nìchel – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Nìchel" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel_(Metall)" title="Nickel (Metall) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nickel (Metall)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikiel" title="Nikiel – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nikiel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADquel" title="Níquel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Níquel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichel" title="Nichel – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nichel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikil" title="Nikil – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nikil" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Никель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Никель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="निकेल – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="निकेल" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ACchel" title="Nìchel – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Nìchel" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkel" title="Nikkel – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Nikkel" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikeli" title="Nikeli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nikeli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichel" title="Nichel – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nichel" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nickel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nikel" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikelj" title="Nikelj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nikelj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Nikel" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%DA%B5" title="نیکڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیکڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB" title="Никл – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Никл" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikl" title="Nikl – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nikl" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Nikel" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkeli" title="Nikkeli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nikkeli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nickel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nikel" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நிக்கல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிக்கல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Никель – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Никель" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="నికెల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నికెల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5" title="นิกเกิล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิกเกิล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Никел – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Никел" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nikel" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Нікель – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нікель" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%84" title="نکل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نکل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%89%D9%83%DB%90%D9%84" title="نىكېل – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="نىكېل" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel%27" title="Nikel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Nikel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nickel" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Nikel" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8E%B3" title="鎳 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鎳" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nikel" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%8D" title="镍 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="镍" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C" title="ניקל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ניקל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Nickel" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8E%B3" title="鎳 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鎳" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%8D" title="镍 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="镍" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q744#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nickel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nickel (disambiguation)">Nickel (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 28 (Ni)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Nickel, 28Ni</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Nickel_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A pitted and lumpy piece of nickel, with the top surface cut flat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nickel_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/220px-Nickel_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nickel_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/330px-Nickel_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nickel_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/440px-Nickel_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Nickel</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">Lustrous, metallic, and silver with a gold tinge</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(Ni)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>58.6934±0.0004<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW-1">[1]</a></li><li>58.693±0.001 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Nickel in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" 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style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;">– ↑ Ni ↓ <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> ← nickel → <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">28</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">group 10</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">period 4</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#d-block" title="Block (periodic table)">d-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>] 3d8 4s2 or [Ar] 3d9 4s1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 16, 2 or 2, 8, 17, 1</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1728 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (1455 °C, 2651 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3003 K (2730 °C, 4946 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">8.907 g/cm3 <a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">7.81 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">17.48 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">379 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">26.07 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>1783 </td> <td>1950 </td> <td>2154 </td> <td>2410 </td> <td>2741 </td> <td>3184 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +2 −2,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> −1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-5">[5]</a> 0,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> +1,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> +3,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-5">[5]</a> +4<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 1.91 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 737.1 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1753.0 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 3395 kJ/mol </li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements#nickel" title="Molar ionization energies of the elements">more</a>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 124 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">124±4 pm </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_radius" title="Van der Waals radius">Van der Waals radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">163 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:28_(Ni_I)_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/28_%28Ni_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/240px-28_%28Ni_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/28_%28Ni_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/360px-28_%28Ni_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/28_%28Ni_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/480px-28_%28Ni_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of nickel</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">face-centered cubic</a> (fcc) (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">cF4</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubic-face-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Face-centered cubic crystal structure for nickel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/50px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/75px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/100px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="1002" /></a></div>a = 352.41 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12.83×10−6/K (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">90.9 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">69.3 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetism" title="Ferromagnetism">ferromagnetic</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">200 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">76 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">180 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">4900 m/s (at <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">r.t.</a>) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.31 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4.0 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vickers_hardness_test" title="Vickers hardness test">Vickers hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">638 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">667–1600 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-02-0 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a> and first isolation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Axel_Fredrik_Cronstedt" title="Axel Fredrik Cronstedt">Axel Fredrik Cronstedt</a> (1751)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_nickel" title="Isotopes of nickel">Isotopes of nickel</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_nickel_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox nickel isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_nickel_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox nickel isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-9">[9]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">58Ni </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">68.1% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">59Ni </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">trace</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">8.1×104 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt-59" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt-59">59Co</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">60Ni </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">26.2% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">61Ni </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">1.14% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel-62" title="Nickel-62">62Ni</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">3.63% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">63Ni </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">100 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Copper-63" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper-63">63Cu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">64Ni </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">0.926% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nickel" title="Category:Nickel">Category: Nickel</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_nickel" title="Template:Infobox nickel">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_nickel" title="Template talk:Infobox nickel">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_nickel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox nickel">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Nickel is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">symbol</a> Ni and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> with a slight golden tinge. Nickel is a hard and <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">ductile</a> <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metal</a>. Pure nickel is chemically reactive, but large pieces are slow to react with air under <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard conditions</a> because a <a href="/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry)" title="Passivation (chemistry)">passivation layer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_oxide" title="Nickel(II) oxide">nickel oxide</a> forms on the surface that prevents further corrosion. Even so, pure <a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">native</a> nickel is found in Earth's crust only in tiny amounts, usually in <a href="/wiki/Ultramafic_rock" title="Ultramafic rock">ultramafic rocks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> and in the interiors of larger <a href="/wiki/Iron_meteorite" title="Iron meteorite">nickel–iron meteorites</a> that were not exposed to oxygen when outside Earth's atmosphere. <a href="/wiki/Meteoric_iron" title="Meteoric iron">Meteoric nickel</a> is found in combination with <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, a reflection of the origin of those elements as major end products of <a href="/wiki/Supernova_nucleosynthesis" title="Supernova nucleosynthesis">supernova nucleosynthesis</a>. An iron–nickel mixture is thought to compose <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_outer_core" title="Earth's outer core">Earth's outer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_inner_core" title="Earth's inner core">inner cores</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Use of nickel (as natural <a href="/wiki/Meteoric_iron" title="Meteoric iron">meteoric</a> nickel–iron alloy) has been traced as far back as 3500 BCE. Nickel was first isolated and classified as an element in 1751 by <a href="/wiki/Axel_Fredrik_Cronstedt" title="Axel Fredrik Cronstedt">Axel Fredrik Cronstedt</a>, who initially mistook the <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a>, in the cobalt mines of <a href="/wiki/Los,_Sweden" title="Los, Sweden">Los, Hälsingland, Sweden</a>. The element's name comes from a mischievous sprite of German miner mythology, Nickel (similar to <a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity#Christian_tradition" title="Devil in Christianity">Old Nick</a>). Nickel minerals can be green, like copper ores, and were known as kupfernickel – Nickel's copper – because they produced no copper. Although most nickel in the earth's crust exists as oxides, economically more important nickel ores are sulfides, especially <a href="/wiki/Pentlandite" title="Pentlandite">pentlandite</a>. Major production sites include <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, Indonesia, the <a href="/wiki/Sudbury_Basin" title="Sudbury Basin">Sudbury region</a>, Canada (which is thought to be of <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteoric</a> origin), <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norilsk" title="Norilsk">Norilsk</a>, Russia.<a href="#cite_note-ullmann-1-13">[13]</a> Nickel is one of four elements (the others are <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CoeySkumryev1999-14">[14]</a> that are <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferromagnetic">ferromagnetic</a> at about room temperature. <a href="/wiki/Alnico" title="Alnico">Alnico</a> permanent <a href="/wiki/Magnets" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnets">magnets</a> based partly on nickel are of intermediate strength between iron-based permanent magnets and <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_magnet" title="Rare-earth magnet">rare-earth magnets</a>. The metal is used chiefly in <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> and corrosion-resistant plating. About 68% of world production is used in <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>. A further 10% is used for nickel-based and copper-based alloys, 9% for plating, 7% for alloy steels, 3% in foundries, and 4% in other applications such as in rechargeable batteries,<a href="#cite_note-Nickel_Use_In_Society-15">[15]</a> including those in <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicles</a> (EVs).<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Nickel is widely used in <a href="/wiki/Coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Coins">coins</a>, though nickel-plated objects sometimes provoke <a href="/wiki/Nickel_allergy" title="Nickel allergy">nickel allergy</a>. As a compound, nickel has a number of niche chemical manufacturing uses, such as a <a href="/wiki/Raney_nickel" title="Raney nickel">catalyst for hydrogenation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathodes</a> for rechargeable batteries, pigments and metal surface treatments.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Nickel is an essential nutrient for some microorganisms and plants that have <a href="/wiki/Enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymes">enzymes</a> with nickel as an <a href="/wiki/Active_site" title="Active site">active site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atomic_and_physical_properties">Atomic and physical properties</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ni@CNT2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ni%40CNT2.jpg/220px-Ni%40CNT2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ni%40CNT2.jpg/330px-Ni%40CNT2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ni%40CNT2.jpg/440px-Ni%40CNT2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Transmission electron microscopy">Electron micrograph</a> of a Ni nanocrystal inside a single wall <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotube" title="Carbon nanotube">carbon nanotube</a>; scale bar 5 nm<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></figcaption></figure> Nickel is a silvery-white metal with a slight golden tinge that takes a high polish. It is one of only four elements that are <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetism" title="Ferromagnetism">ferromagnetic</a> at or near room temperature; the others are iron, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Curie_temperature" title="Curie temperature">Curie temperature</a> is 355 °C (671 °F), meaning that bulk nickel is non-magnetic above this temperature.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-CoeySkumryev1999-14">[14]</a> The unit cell of nickel is a <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">face-centered cube</a>; it has lattice parameter of 0.352 nm, giving an <a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">atomic radius</a> of 0.124 nm. This crystal structure is stable to pressures of at least 70 GPa. Nickel is hard, malleable and <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">ductile</a>, and has a relatively high <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">electrical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">thermal conductivity</a> for transition metals.<a href="#cite_note-crc-21">[21]</a> The high <a href="/wiki/Compressive_strength" title="Compressive strength">compressive strength</a> of 34 GPa, predicted for ideal crystals, is never obtained in the real bulk material due to formation and movement of <a href="/wiki/Dislocation" title="Dislocation">dislocations</a>. However, it has been reached in Ni <a href="/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">nanoparticles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electron_configuration_dispute">Electron configuration dispute</h4></div> Nickel has two atomic <a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">electron configurations</a>, [Ar] 3d8 4s2 and [Ar] 3d9 4s1, which are very close in energy; [Ar] denotes the complete <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> core structure. There is some disagreement on which configuration has the lower energy.<a href="#cite_note-Scerri-23">[23]</a> Chemistry textbooks quote nickel's electron configuration as [Ar] 4s2 3d8,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> also written [Ar] 3d8 4s2.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> This configuration agrees with the <a href="/wiki/Madelung_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Madelung rule">Madelung energy ordering rule</a>, which predicts that 4s is filled before 3d. It is supported by the experimental fact that the lowest energy state of the nickel atom is a 3d8 4s2 energy level, specifically the 3d8(3F) 4s2 3F, J = 4 level.<a href="#cite_note-JPCRD-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-NIST-27">[27]</a> However, each of these two configurations splits into several energy levels due to <a href="/wiki/Fine_structure" title="Fine structure">fine structure</a>,<a href="#cite_note-JPCRD-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-NIST-27">[27]</a> and the two sets of energy levels overlap. The average energy of states with [Ar] 3d9 4s1 is actually lower than the average energy of states with [Ar] 3d8 4s2. Therefore, the research literature on atomic calculations quotes the ground state configuration as [Ar] 3d9 4s1.<a href="#cite_note-Scerri-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_nickel" title="Isotopes of nickel">Isotopes of nickel</a></div> The isotopes of nickel range in <a href="/wiki/Atomic_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic weight">atomic weight</a> from 48 <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic mass unit">u</a> (48 Ni) to 82 u (82 Ni).<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-9">[9]</a> Natural nickel is composed of five stable <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>, 58 Ni, 60 Ni, 61 Ni, 62 Ni and 64 Ni, of which 58 Ni is the most abundant (68.077% <a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">natural abundance</a>).<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nickel-62" title="Nickel-62">Nickel-62</a> has the highest <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_binding_energy" title="Nuclear binding energy">binding energy</a> per nucleon of any <a href="/wiki/Nuclide" title="Nuclide">nuclide</a>: 8.7946 MeV/nucleon.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Its binding energy is greater than both <a href="/wiki/Iron-56" title="Iron-56">56 Fe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron-58" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron-58">58 Fe</a>, more abundant nuclides often incorrectly cited as having the highest binding energy.<a href="#cite_note-aip1995-30">[30]</a> Though this would seem to predict nickel as the most abundant heavy element in the universe, the high rate of <a href="/wiki/Photodisintegration" title="Photodisintegration">photodisintegration</a> of nickel in stellar interiors causes iron to be by far the most abundant.<a href="#cite_note-aip1995-30">[30]</a> Nickel-60 is the daughter product of the <a href="/wiki/Extinct_radionuclide" title="Extinct radionuclide">extinct radionuclide</a> <a href="/wiki/Iron-60" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron-60">60 Fe</a> (half-life 2.6 million years). Due to the long half-life of 60 Fe, its persistence in materials in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> may generate observable variations in the isotopic composition of 60 Ni. Therefore, the abundance of 60 Ni in extraterrestrial material may give insight into the origin of the Solar System and its early history.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> At least 26 nickel <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotopes</a> have been characterized; the most stable are 59 Ni with <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> 76,000 years, 63 Ni (100 years), and 56 Ni (6 days). All other radioisotopes have half-lives less than 60 hours and most these have half-lives less than 30 seconds. This element also has one <a href="/wiki/Meta_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta state">meta state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-9">[9]</a> Radioactive nickel-56 is produced by the <a href="/wiki/Silicon_burning_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon burning process">silicon burning process</a> and later set free in large amounts in <a href="/wiki/Type_Ia_supernova" title="Type Ia supernova">type Ia</a> <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovae</a>. The shape of the <a href="/wiki/Light_curve" title="Light curve">light curve</a> of these supernovae at intermediate to late-times corresponds to the decay via <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a> of 56 Ni to <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>-56 and ultimately to iron-56.<a href="#cite_note-Nucleos-32">[32]</a> Nickel-59 is a long-lived <a href="/wiki/Cosmogenic_nuclide" title="Cosmogenic nuclide">cosmogenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">radionuclide</a>; half-life 76,000 years. 59 Ni has found many applications in <a href="/wiki/Isotope_geology" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotope geology">isotope geology</a>. 59 Ni has been used to date the terrestrial age of <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a> and to determine abundances of extraterrestrial dust in ice and <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a>. Nickel-78, with a half-life of 110 milliseconds, is believed an important isotope in <a href="/wiki/Supernova_nucleosynthesis" title="Supernova nucleosynthesis">supernova nucleosynthesis</a> of elements heavier than iron.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> 48Ni, discovered in 1999, is the most proton-rich heavy element isotope known. With 28 <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> and 20 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>, 48Ni is "<a href="/wiki/Doubly_magic" class="mw-redirect" title="Doubly magic">doubly magic</a>", as is 78Ni with 28 protons and 50 neutrons. Both are therefore unusually stable for nuclei with so large a <a href="/wiki/Neutron%E2%80%93proton_ratio" title="Neutron–proton ratio">proton–neutron imbalance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Nickel-63 is a contaminant found in the support structure of nuclear reactors. It is produced through neutron capture by nickel-62. Small amounts have also been found near nuclear weapon test sites in the South Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ore_genesis" title="Ore genesis">Ore genesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Nickel_minerals" title="Category:Nickel minerals">Category:Nickel minerals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Widmanstatten_hand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Widmanstatten_hand.jpg/220px-Widmanstatten_hand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Widmanstatten_hand.jpg/330px-Widmanstatten_hand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Widmanstatten_hand.jpg/440px-Widmanstatten_hand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Widmanst%C3%A4tten_pattern" title="Widmanstätten pattern">Widmanstätten pattern</a> showing the two forms of nickel–iron, kamacite and taenite, in an octahedrite meteorite</figcaption></figure> Nickel ores are classified as oxides or sulfides. Oxides include <a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">laterite</a>, where the principal mineral mixtures are nickeliferous <a href="/wiki/Limonite" title="Limonite">limonite</a>, (Fe,Ni)O(OH), and <a href="/wiki/Garnierite" title="Garnierite">garnierite</a> (a mixture of various hydrous nickel and nickel-rich silicates).<a href="#cite_note-Mudd_2010_pp._9–26-36">[36]</a> Nickel sulfides commonly exist as solid solutions with iron in minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Pentlandite" title="Pentlandite">pentlandite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhotite" title="Pyrrhotite">pyrrhotite</a> with the formula Fe9−xNixS8 and Fe7−xNixS6, respectively. Other common Ni-containing minerals are <a href="/wiki/Millerite" title="Millerite">millerite</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arsenide" title="Arsenide">arsenide</a> <a href="/wiki/Niccolite" class="mw-redirect" title="Niccolite">niccolite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Identified land-based resources throughout the world averaging 1% nickel or greater comprise at least 130 million tons of nickel (about the double of known reserves). About 60% is in <a href="/wiki/Laterites" class="mw-redirect" title="Laterites">laterites</a> and 40% in sulfide deposits.<a href="#cite_note-USGSCS2019-39">[39]</a> On <a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">geophysical</a> evidence, most of the nickel on Earth is believed to be in Earth's <a href="/wiki/Outer_core" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer core">outer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inner_core" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner core">inner cores</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kamacite" title="Kamacite">Kamacite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taenite" title="Taenite">taenite</a> are naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> of iron and nickel. For kamacite, the alloy is usually in the proportion of 90:10 to 95:5, though impurities (such as <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> or <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>) may be present. Taenite is 20% to 65% nickel. Kamacite and taenite are also found in <a href="/wiki/Nickel_iron_meteorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel iron meteorite">nickel iron meteorites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Nickel is commonly found in <a href="/wiki/Iron_meteorite" title="Iron meteorite">iron meteorites</a> as the alloys <a href="/wiki/Kamacite" title="Kamacite">kamacite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taenite" title="Taenite">taenite</a>. Nickel in meteorites was first detected in 1799 by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Proust" title="Joseph Proust">Joseph-Louis Proust</a>, a French chemist who then worked in Spain. Proust analyzed samples of the meteorite from <a href="/wiki/Campo_del_Cielo" title="Campo del Cielo">Campo del Cielo</a> (Argentina), which had been obtained in 1783 by Miguel Rubín de Celis, discovering the presence in them of nickel (about 10%) along with iron.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compounds">Compounds</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nickel_compounds" title="Nickel compounds">Nickel compounds</a></div> The most common <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> of nickel is +2, but compounds of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>Ni0, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ni+, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ni3+ are well known, and the exotic oxidation states <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ni2− and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ni− have been characterized.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-42">[42]</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nickel(0)">Nickel(0)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nickel-tetracarbonyl-2D.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A nickel atom with four single bonds to carbonyl (carbon triple-bonded to oxygen; bonds via the carbon) groups that are laid out tetrahedrally around it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nickel-tetracarbonyl-2D.png/150px-Nickel-tetracarbonyl-2D.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nickel-tetracarbonyl-2D.png/225px-Nickel-tetracarbonyl-2D.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nickel-tetracarbonyl-2D.png/300px-Nickel-tetracarbonyl-2D.png 2x" data-file-width="1075" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Tetracarbonyl nickel</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Nickel_tetracarbonyl" title="Nickel tetracarbonyl">Nickel tetracarbonyl</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">(Ni(CO)4), discovered by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mond" title="Ludwig Mond">Ludwig Mond</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MondNa-43">[43]</a> is a volatile, highly toxic liquid at room temperature. On heating, the complex decomposes back to nickel and carbon monoxide: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ni(CO)4 ⇌ Ni + 4 CO</dd></dl> This behavior is exploited in the <a href="/wiki/Mond_process" title="Mond process">Mond process</a> for purifying nickel, as described above. The related nickel(0) complex <a href="/wiki/Bis(cyclooctadiene)nickel(0)" title="Bis(cyclooctadiene)nickel(0)">bis(cyclooctadiene)nickel(0)</a> is a useful catalyst in <a href="/wiki/Organonickel_chemistry" title="Organonickel chemistry">organonickel chemistry</a> because the <a href="/wiki/1,5-Cyclooctadiene" title="1,5-Cyclooctadiene">cyclooctadiene</a> (or cod) ligands are easily displaced.<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nickel(I)">Nickel(I)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Structure_of_hexacyanodinickelate(I)_ion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Structure_of_hexacyanodinickelate%28I%29_ion.png/220px-Structure_of_hexacyanodinickelate%28I%29_ion.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Structure_of_hexacyanodinickelate%28I%29_ion.png/330px-Structure_of_hexacyanodinickelate%28I%29_ion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Structure_of_hexacyanodinickelate%28I%29_ion.png/440px-Structure_of_hexacyanodinickelate%28I%29_ion.png 2x" data-file-width="1778" data-file-height="1036" /></a><figcaption>Structure of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[Ni2(CN)6]4− ion<a href="#cite_note-InorgChemH-44">[44]</a></figcaption></figure> Nickel(I) complexes are uncommon, but one example is the tetrahedral complex <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NiBr(PPh3)3. Many nickel(I) complexes have Ni–Ni bonding, such as the dark red <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamagnetic">diamagnetic</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">K4[Ni2(CN)6] prepared by reduction of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">K2[Ni2(CN)6] with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_amalgam" title="Sodium amalgam">sodium amalgam</a>. This compound is oxidized in water, liberating <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2.<a href="#cite_note-InorgChemH-44">[44]</a> It is thought that the nickel(I) oxidation state is important to nickel-containing enzymes, such as <a href="/wiki/NiFe_Hydrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="NiFe Hydrogenase">[NiFe]-hydrogenase</a>, which catalyzes the reversible reduction of <a href="/wiki/Protons" class="mw-redirect" title="Protons">protons</a> to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2.<a href="#cite_note-Housecroft_4th-45">[45]</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nickel(II)">Nickel(II)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Color_of_various_Ni(II)_complexes_in_aqueous_solution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Color_of_various_Ni%28II%29_complexes_in_aqueous_solution.jpg/450px-Color_of_various_Ni%28II%29_complexes_in_aqueous_solution.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Color_of_various_Ni%28II%29_complexes_in_aqueous_solution.jpg/675px-Color_of_various_Ni%28II%29_complexes_in_aqueous_solution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Color_of_various_Ni%28II%29_complexes_in_aqueous_solution.jpg/900px-Color_of_various_Ni%28II%29_complexes_in_aqueous_solution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7138" data-file-height="2325" /></a><figcaption>Color of various Ni(II) complexes in aqueous solution. From left to right, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[Ni(NH3)6]2+, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[Ni(<a href="/wiki/Ethylenediamine" title="Ethylenediamine">NH2CH2CH2NH2</a>)]2+, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[Ni(H2O)5Cl]+, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[Ni(H2O)6]2+</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nickel(II)-sulfate-hexahydrate-sample.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A small heap of cyan crystal particles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Nickel%28II%29-sulfate-hexahydrate-sample.jpg/180px-Nickel%28II%29-sulfate-hexahydrate-sample.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Nickel%28II%29-sulfate-hexahydrate-sample.jpg/270px-Nickel%28II%29-sulfate-hexahydrate-sample.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Nickel%28II%29-sulfate-hexahydrate-sample.jpg/360px-Nickel%28II%29-sulfate-hexahydrate-sample.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Crystals of <a href="/wiki/Water_of_hydration" class="mw-redirect" title="Water of hydration">hydrated</a> <a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_sulfate" title="Nickel(II) sulfate">nickel(II) sulfate</a></figcaption></figure> Nickel(II) forms compounds with all common anions, including <a href="/wiki/Nickel_sulfide" title="Nickel sulfide">sulfide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickel_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel sulfate">sulfate</a>, carbonate, hydroxide, carboxylates, and halides. <a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_sulfate" title="Nickel(II) sulfate">Nickel(II) sulfate</a> is produced in large amounts by dissolving nickel metal or oxides in <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>, forming both a hexa- and heptahydrate<a href="#cite_note-NiCmpds-46">[46]</a> useful for <a href="/wiki/Nickel_electroplating" title="Nickel electroplating">electroplating</a> nickel. Common salts of nickel, such as chloride, nitrate, and sulfate, dissolve in water to give green solutions of the <a href="/wiki/Metal_aquo_complex" title="Metal aquo complex">metal aquo complex</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[Ni(H2O)6]2+.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The four halides form nickel compounds, which are solids with molecules with octahedral Ni centres. <a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_chloride" title="Nickel(II) chloride">Nickel(II) chloride</a> is most common, and its behavior is illustrative of the other halides. Nickel(II) chloride is made by dissolving nickel or its oxide in <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>. It is usually found as the green hexahydrate, whose formula is usually written <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NiCl2·6H2O. When dissolved in water, this salt forms the <a href="/wiki/Metal_aquo_complex" title="Metal aquo complex">metal aquo complex</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[Ni(H2O)6]2+. Dehydration of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NiCl2·6H2O gives yellow anhydrous <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NiCl2.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Some tetracoordinate nickel(II) complexes, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Bis(triphenylphosphine)nickel_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Bis(triphenylphosphine)nickel chloride">bis(triphenylphosphine)nickel chloride</a>, exist both in tetrahedral and square planar geometries. The tetrahedral complexes are <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramagnetic">paramagnetic</a>; the square planar complexes are <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamagnetic">diamagnetic</a>. In having properties of magnetic equilibrium and formation of octahedral complexes, they contrast with the divalent complexes of the heavier group 10 metals, palladium(II) and platinum(II), which form only square-planar geometry.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nickelocene" title="Nickelocene">Nickelocene</a> has an <a href="/wiki/Electron_counting" title="Electron counting">electron count</a> of 20. Many chemical reactions of nickelocene tend to yield 18-electron products.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nickel(III)_and_(IV)">Nickel(III) and (IV)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nickel_antimonide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Nickel_antimonide.jpg/170px-Nickel_antimonide.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Nickel_antimonide.jpg/255px-Nickel_antimonide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Nickel_antimonide.jpg/340px-Nickel_antimonide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3152" data-file-height="2252" /></a><figcaption>Nickel(III) antimonide</figcaption></figure> Many Ni(III) compounds are known. Ni(III) forms simple salts with fluoride<a href="#cite_note-Ni(III)F-50">[50]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nickel(III)_oxide" title="Nickel(III) oxide">oxide</a> ions. Ni(III) can be stabilized by σ-donor ligands such as <a href="/wiki/Thiol" title="Thiol">thiols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organophosphine" title="Organophosphine">organophosphines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-InorgChemH-44">[44]</a> Ni(III) occurs in <a href="/wiki/Nickel_oxide_hydroxide" title="Nickel oxide hydroxide">nickel oxide hydroxide</a>, which is used as the <a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a> in many <a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery" title="Rechargeable battery">rechargeable batteries</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93cadmium_battery" title="Nickel–cadmium battery">nickel–cadmium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93iron_battery" title="Nickel–iron battery">nickel–iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93hydrogen_battery" title="Nickel–hydrogen battery">nickel–hydrogen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery" title="Nickel–metal hydride battery">nickel–metal hydride</a>, and used by certain manufacturers in <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">Li-ion batteries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Ni(IV) remains a rare oxidation state and very few compounds are known. Ni(IV) occurs in the mixed oxide <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">BaNiO3.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-NiIV_Science-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-NiIV_dap-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nickel(VI)">Nickel(VI)</h3></div> As of 2024, hexavalent nickel is known in the form of crystalline Ni(BeCp)6. Notably it is not octahedral, instead adopting C3v geometry. <a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> Unintentional use of nickel can be traced back as far as 3500 BCE. <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronzes</a> from what is now Syria have been found to contain as much as 2% nickel.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Some ancient Chinese manuscripts suggest that "white copper" (<a href="/wiki/Cupronickel" title="Cupronickel">cupronickel</a>, known as baitong) was used there in 1700–1400 BCE. This Paktong white copper was exported to Britain as early as the 17th century, but the nickel content of this alloy was not discovered until 1822.<a href="#cite_note-McNeil-58">[58]</a> Coins of nickel-copper alloy were minted by Bactrian kings <a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria" title="Agathocles of Bactria">Agathocles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_II" title="Euthydemus II">Euthydemus II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pantaleon" title="Pantaleon">Pantaleon</a> in the 2nd century BCE, possibly out of the Chinese cupronickel.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nickeline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Nickeline.jpg/220px-Nickeline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Nickeline.jpg/330px-Nickeline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Nickeline.jpg/440px-Nickeline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2452" data-file-height="1789" /></a><figcaption>Nickeline/niccolite</figcaption></figure> In medieval Germany, a metallic yellow mineral was found in the <a href="/wiki/Ore_Mountains" title="Ore Mountains">Ore Mountains</a> that resembled copper ore. But when miners were unable to get any copper from it, they blamed a mischievous sprite of German mythology, Nickel (similar to <a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Old Nick</a>), for besetting the copper. They called this ore Kupfernickel from German Kupfer 'copper'.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-JEC-I-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-JEC-II-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-JEC-III-63">[63]</a> This ore is now known as the mineral <a href="/wiki/Nickeline" title="Nickeline">nickeline</a> (formerly niccolite<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a>), a nickel <a href="/wiki/Arsenide" title="Arsenide">arsenide</a>. In 1751, Baron <a href="/wiki/Axel_Fredrik_Cronstedt" title="Axel Fredrik Cronstedt">Axel Fredrik Cronstedt</a> tried to extract copper from kupfernickel at a <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> mine in the village of <a href="/wiki/Los,_Sweden" title="Los, Sweden">Los, Sweden</a>, and instead produced a white metal that he named nickel after the spirit that had given its name to the mineral.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In modern German, Kupfernickel or Kupfer-Nickel designates the alloy <a href="/wiki/Cupronickel" title="Cupronickel">cupronickel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-crc-21">[21]</a> Originally, the only source for nickel was the rare Kupfernickel. Beginning in 1824, nickel was obtained as a byproduct of <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_blue" title="Cobalt blue">cobalt blue</a> production. The first large-scale smelting of nickel began in Norway in 1848 from nickel-rich <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhotite" title="Pyrrhotite">pyrrhotite</a>. The introduction of nickel in steel production in 1889 increased the demand for nickel; the nickel deposits of <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, discovered in 1865, provided most of the world's supply between 1875 and 1915. The discovery of the large deposits in the <a href="/wiki/Sudbury_Basin" title="Sudbury Basin">Sudbury Basin</a> in Canada in 1883, in <a href="/wiki/Norilsk" title="Norilsk">Norilsk</a>-Talnakh in Russia in 1920, and in the <a href="/wiki/Merensky_Reef" title="Merensky Reef">Merensky Reef</a> in South Africa in 1924 made large-scale nickel production possible.<a href="#cite_note-McNeil-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coinage">Coinage</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nickel2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Nickel2.jpg/220px-Nickel2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Nickel2.jpg/330px-Nickel2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Nickel2.jpg/440px-Nickel2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dutch_guilder" title="Dutch guilder">Dutch coins</a> made of pure nickel</figcaption></figure> Aside from the aforementioned Bactrian coins, nickel was not a component of coins until the mid-19th century.<a href="#cite_note-toxmetal-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Nickel_(Canadian_coin)" title="Nickel (Canadian coin)">99.9% nickel five-cent coins</a> were struck in Canada (the world's largest nickel producer at the time) during non-war years from 1922 to 1981; the metal content made these coins magnetic.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> During the war years 1942–1945, most or all nickel was removed from Canadian and US coins to save it for making armor.<a href="#cite_note-JEC-I-61">[61]</a> Canada used 99.9% nickel from 1968 in its higher-value coins until 2000.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3></div> Coins of nearly pure nickel were first used in 1881 in Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-anna-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div> Birmingham forged nickel coins in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1833 for trading in Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nickel_Prices.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Nickel_Prices.webp/300px-Nickel_Prices.webp.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Nickel_Prices.webp/450px-Nickel_Prices.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Nickel_Prices.webp/600px-Nickel_Prices.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Nickel prices 2018–2022 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2020s_commodities_boom" title="2020s commodities boom">2020s commodities boom</a></div></figcaption></figure> In the United States, the term "nickel" or "nick" originally applied to the copper-nickel <a href="/wiki/Flying_Eagle_cent" title="Flying Eagle cent">Flying Eagle cent</a>, which replaced copper with 12% nickel 1857–58, then the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Head_cent" title="Indian Head cent">Indian Head cent</a> of the same alloy from 1859 to 1864. Still later, in 1865, the term designated the <a href="/wiki/Three-cent_piece_(United_States_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-cent piece (United States coin)">three-cent nickel</a>, with nickel increased to 25%. In 1866, the <a href="/wiki/Nickel_(United_States_coin)#Shield_nickel_(1866–1883)" title="Nickel (United States coin)">five-cent shield nickel</a> (25% nickel, 75% copper) appropriated the designation, which has been used ever since for the subsequent 5-cent pieces. This alloy proportion is not <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferromagnetic">ferromagnetic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Nickel_(United_States_coin)" title="Nickel (United States coin)">US nickel coin</a> contains 0.04 ounces (1.1 g) of nickel, which at the April 2007 price was worth 6.5 cents, along with 3.75 grams of copper worth about 3 cents, with a total metal value of more than 9 cents. Since the face value of a nickel is 5 cents, this made it an attractive target for melting by people wanting to sell the metals at a profit. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint" title="United States Mint">United States Mint</a>, anticipating this practice, implemented new interim rules on December 14, 2006, subject to public comment for 30 days, which criminalized the melting and export of cents and nickels.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Violators can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000 and/or a maximum of five years in prison.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> As of September 19, 2013, the melt value of a US nickel (copper and nickel included) is $0.045 (90% of the face value).<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_use">Current use</h3></div> In the 21st century, the high price of nickel has led to some replacement of the metal in coins around the world. Coins still made with nickel alloys include one- and two-<a href="/wiki/Euro_coins" title="Euro coins">euro coins</a>, 5¢, 10¢, 25¢, 50¢, and $1 <a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_United_States_dollar" title="Coins of the United States dollar">U.S. coins</a>,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> and 20p, 50p, £1, and £2 <a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Coins of the pound sterling">UK coins</a>. From 2012 on the nickel-alloy used for 5p and 10p UK coins was replaced with nickel-plated steel. This ignited a public controversy regarding the problems of people with <a href="/wiki/Nickel_allergy" title="Nickel allergy">nickel allergy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-anna-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_production">World production</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nickel_world_production.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Nickel_world_production.svg/310px-Nickel_world_production.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Nickel_world_production.svg/465px-Nickel_world_production.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Nickel_world_production.svg/620px-Nickel_world_production.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Time trend of nickel production<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolution_minerai_nickel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Evolution_minerai_nickel.svg/310px-Evolution_minerai_nickel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Evolution_minerai_nickel.svg/465px-Evolution_minerai_nickel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Evolution_minerai_nickel.svg/620px-Evolution_minerai_nickel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1703" data-file-height="1192" /></a><figcaption>Nickel ores grade evolution in some leading nickel producing countries or regions</figcaption></figure> An estimated 3.6 million tonnes (t) of nickel per year are mined worldwide; <a href="/wiki/Nickel_mining_in_Indonesia" title="Nickel mining in Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (1,800,000 t), the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (400,000 t), <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (200,000 t), <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>) (230,000 t), <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (180,000 t) and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (160,000 t) are the largest producers as of 2023.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The largest nickel deposits in non-Russian Europe are in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>. Identified land-based sources averaging at least 1% nickel contain at least 130 million tonnes of nickel. About 60% is in laterites and 40% is in sulfide deposits. Also, extensive nickel sources are found in the depths of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, especially in an area called the <a href="/wiki/Clarion_Clipperton_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarion Clipperton Zone">Clarion Clipperton Zone</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Polymetallic_nodules" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymetallic nodules">polymetallic nodules</a> peppering the <a href="/wiki/Seafloor" class="mw-redirect" title="Seafloor">seafloor</a> at 3.5–6 km below <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>.<a href="#cite_note-usgs1-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> These nodules are composed of numerous <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare-earth metals">rare-earth metals</a> and are estimated to be 1.7% nickel.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> With advances in science and <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, regulation is currently being set in place by the <a href="/wiki/International_Seabed_Authority" title="International Seabed Authority">International Seabed Authority</a> to ensure that these nodules are collected in an environmentally conscientious manner while adhering to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The one place in the United States where nickel has been profitably mined is <a href="/wiki/Riddle,_Oregon" title="Riddle, Oregon">Riddle, Oregon</a>, with several square miles of nickel-bearing <a href="/wiki/Garnierite" title="Garnierite">garnierite</a> surface deposits. The mine closed in 1987.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Eagle_mine_project" class="mw-redirect" title="Eagle mine project">Eagle mine project</a> is a new nickel mine in Michigan's <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Upper Peninsula of Michigan">Upper Peninsula</a>. Construction was completed in 2013, and operations began in the third quarter of 2014.<a href="#cite_note-eagle-83">[83]</a> In the first full year of operation, the Eagle Mine produced 18,000 t.<a href="#cite_note-eagle-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nickel_extraction.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Nickel_extraction.svg/220px-Nickel_extraction.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Nickel_extraction.svg/330px-Nickel_extraction.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Nickel_extraction.svg/440px-Nickel_extraction.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1623" data-file-height="1503" /></a><figcaption>Evolution of the annual nickel extraction, according to ores</figcaption></figure> Nickel is obtained through <a href="/wiki/Extractive_metallurgy" title="Extractive metallurgy">extractive metallurgy</a>: it is extracted from ore by conventional roasting and reduction processes that yield metal of greater than 75% purity. In many <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> applications, 75% pure nickel can be used without further purification, depending on impurities.<a href="#cite_note-NiCmpds-46">[46]</a> Traditionally, most sulfide ores are processed using <a href="/wiki/Pyrometallurgical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrometallurgical">pyrometallurgical</a> techniques to produce a <a href="/wiki/Matte_(metallurgy)" title="Matte (metallurgy)">matte</a> for further refining. <a href="/wiki/Hydrometallurgy" title="Hydrometallurgy">Hydrometallurgical techniques</a> are also used. Most sulfide deposits have traditionally been processed by concentration through a <a href="/wiki/Froth_flotation" title="Froth flotation">froth flotation</a> process followed by pyrometallurgical extraction. The nickel matte is further processed with the <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_extraction_techniques#Recovery_from_nickel-cobalt_sulfide_concentrates_(Sherritt_process)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt extraction techniques">Sherritt-Gordon process</a>. First, copper is removed by adding <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>, leaving a concentrate of cobalt and nickel. Then, solvent extraction is used to separate the cobalt and nickel, with the final nickel content greater than 86%.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> A second common refining process is leaching the metal matte into a nickel salt solution, followed by <a href="/wiki/Electrowinning" title="Electrowinning">electrowinning</a> the nickel from solution by plating it onto a cathode as electrolytic nickel.<a href="#cite_note-ASM-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mond_process">Mond process</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nickel_kugeln.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nickel_kugeln.jpg/220px-Nickel_kugeln.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nickel_kugeln.jpg/330px-Nickel_kugeln.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nickel_kugeln.jpg/440px-Nickel_kugeln.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Highly purified nickel spheres made by the <a href="/wiki/Mond_process" title="Mond process">Mond process</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mond_process" title="Mond process">Mond process</a></div> The purest metal is obtained from nickel oxide by the <a href="/wiki/Mond_process" title="Mond process">Mond process</a>, which gives a purity of over 99.99%. The process was patented by Ludwig Mond and has been in industrial use since before the beginning of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In this process, nickel is treated with <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> in the presence of a sulfur catalyst at around 40–80 °C to form <a href="/wiki/Nickel_carbonyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel carbonyl">nickel carbonyl</a>. In a similar reaction with iron, <a href="/wiki/Iron_pentacarbonyl" title="Iron pentacarbonyl">iron pentacarbonyl</a> can form, though this reaction is slow. If necessary, the nickel may be separated by distillation. <a href="/wiki/Dicobalt_octacarbonyl" title="Dicobalt octacarbonyl">Dicobalt octacarbonyl</a> is also formed in nickel distillation as a by-product, but it decomposes to <a href="/wiki/Tetracobalt_dodecacarbonyl" title="Tetracobalt dodecacarbonyl">tetracobalt dodecacarbonyl</a> at the reaction temperature to give a non-volatile solid.<a href="#cite_note-ullmann-1-13">[13]</a> Nickel is obtained from nickel carbonyl by one of two processes. It may be passed through a large chamber at high temperatures in which tens of thousands of nickel spheres (pellets) are constantly stirred. The carbonyl decomposes and deposits pure nickel onto the spheres. In the alternate process, nickel carbonyl is decomposed in a smaller chamber at 230 °C to create a fine nickel powder. The byproduct carbon monoxide is recirculated and reused. The highly pure nickel product is known as "carbonyl nickel".<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Market_value">Market value</h3></div> The market price of nickel surged throughout 2006 and the early months of 2007; as of April 5, 2007<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nickel&action=edit">[update]</a>, the metal was trading at <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US</a>$52,300/<a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a> or $1.47/oz.<a href="#cite_note-LME-88">[88]</a> The price later fell dramatically; as of September 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nickel&action=edit">[update]</a>, the metal was trading at $11,000/tonne, or $0.31/oz.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, worries about sanctions on Russian nickel exports triggered a <a href="/wiki/Short_squeeze" title="Short squeeze">short squeeze</a>, causing the price of nickel to quadruple in just two days, reaching US$100,000 per tonne.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The <a href="/wiki/London_Metal_Exchange" title="London Metal Exchange">London Metal Exchange</a> cancelled contracts worth $3.9 billion and suspended nickel trading for over a week.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Analyst Andy Home argued that such price shocks are exacerbated by the purity requirements imposed by metal markets: only Grade I (99.8% pure) metal can be used as a <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodity</a> on the exchanges, but most of the world's supply is either in <a href="/wiki/Ferro-nickel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferro-nickel">ferro-nickel</a> alloys or lower-grade purities.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ni_foam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ni_foam.jpg/220px-Ni_foam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="399" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ni_foam.jpg/330px-Ni_foam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ni_foam.jpg/440px-Ni_foam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption>Nickel foam (top) and its internal structure (bottom)</figcaption></figure> Global use of nickel is currently 68% in stainless steel, 10% in nonferrous <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a>, 9% <a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electroplating</a>, 7% alloy steel, 3% foundries, and 4% other (including batteries).<a href="#cite_note-Nickel_Use_In_Society-15">[15]</a> Nickel is used in many recognizable industrial and consumer products, including <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alnico" title="Alnico">alnico</a> magnets, coinage, <a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery" title="Rechargeable battery">rechargeable batteries</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93iron_battery" title="Nickel–iron battery">nickel–iron</a>), electric guitar strings, microphone capsules, plating on plumbing fixtures,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> and special alloys such as <a href="/wiki/Permalloy" title="Permalloy">permalloy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elinvar" title="Elinvar">elinvar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Invar" title="Invar">invar</a>. It is used for plating and as a green tint in glass. Nickel is preeminently an alloy metal, and its chief use is in nickel steels and nickel cast irons, in which it typically increases the tensile strength, toughness, and elastic limit. It is widely used in many other alloys, including nickel brasses and bronzes and alloys with copper, chromium, aluminium, lead, cobalt, silver, and gold (<a href="/wiki/Inconel" title="Inconel">Inconel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incoloy" title="Incoloy">Incoloy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monel" title="Monel">Monel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nimonic" title="Nimonic">Nimonic</a>).<a href="#cite_note-ASM-85">[85]</a> Nickel is traditionally used for <a href="/wiki/Kris" title="Kris">Kris</a> production in Southeastern Asia. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MagnetEZ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/MagnetEZ.jpg/220px-MagnetEZ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/MagnetEZ.jpg/330px-MagnetEZ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/MagnetEZ.jpg/440px-MagnetEZ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A "horseshoe magnet" made of <a href="/wiki/Alnico" title="Alnico">alnico</a> nickel alloy</figcaption></figure> Because nickel is resistant to corrosion, it was occasionally used as a substitute for decorative silver. Nickel was also occasionally used in some countries after 1859 as a cheap coinage metal (see above), but in the later years of the 20th century, it was replaced by cheaper stainless steel (i.e., iron) alloys, except in the United States and Canada.<a href="#cite_note-toxmetal-66">[66]</a> Nickel is an excellent alloying agent for certain precious metals and is used in the <a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_assay" title="Metallurgical assay">fire assay</a> as a collector of <a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">platinum group elements</a> (PGE). As such, nickel can fully collect all six PGEs from ores, and can partially collect gold. High-throughput nickel mines may also do PGE recovery (mainly <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a>); examples are Norilsk, Russia and the Sudbury Basin, Canada.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Metal_foam" title="Metal foam">Nickel foam</a> or nickel mesh is used in <a href="/wiki/Gas_diffusion_electrode" title="Gas diffusion electrode">gas diffusion electrodes</a> for <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_fuel_cell" title="Alkaline fuel cell">alkaline fuel cells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Nickel and its alloys are often used as catalysts for <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenation" title="Hydrogenation">hydrogenation</a> reactions. <a href="/wiki/Raney_nickel" title="Raney nickel">Raney nickel</a>, a finely divided nickel-aluminium alloy, is one common form, though related catalysts are also used, including Raney-type catalysts.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Nickel is naturally magnetostrictive: in the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a>, the material undergoes a small change in length.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Magnetostriction" title="Magnetostriction">magnetostriction</a> of nickel is on the order of 50 ppm and is negative, indicating that it contracts.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Nickel is used as a binder in the cemented <a href="/wiki/Tungsten_carbide" title="Tungsten carbide">tungsten carbide</a> or hardmetal industry and used in proportions of 6% to 12% by weight. Nickel makes the tungsten carbide magnetic and adds corrosion-resistance to the cemented parts, though the hardness is less than those with cobalt binder.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> 63 Ni, with a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 100.1 years, is useful in <a href="/wiki/Krytron" title="Krytron">krytron</a> devices as a <a href="/wiki/Beta_particle" title="Beta particle">beta particle</a> (high-speed <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a>) emitter to make <a href="/wiki/Ionization" title="Ionization">ionization</a> by the keep-alive electrode more reliable.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> It is being investigated as a power source for <a href="/wiki/Betavoltaic_device" title="Betavoltaic device">betavoltaic batteries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Around 27% of all nickel production is used for engineering, 10% for building and construction, 14% for tubular products, 20% for metal goods, 14% for transport, 11% for electronic goods, and 5% for other uses.<a href="#cite_note-Nickel_Use_In_Society-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Raney_nickel" title="Raney nickel">Raney nickel</a> is widely used for <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenation" title="Hydrogenation">hydrogenation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saturated_and_unsaturated_compounds" title="Saturated and unsaturated compounds">unsaturated</a> oils to make <a href="/wiki/Margarine" title="Margarine">margarine</a>, and substandard margarine and leftover oil may contain nickel as a <a href="/wiki/Contaminant" class="mw-redirect" title="Contaminant">contaminant</a>. Forte et al. found that type 2 diabetic patients have 0.89 ng/mL of Ni in the blood relative to 0.77 ng/mL in control subjects.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nickel_titanium" title="Nickel titanium">Nickel titanium</a> is an alloy of roughly equal atomic percentages of its constituent metals which exhibits two closely related and unique properties: the <a href="/wiki/Shape_memory_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shape memory effect">shape memory effect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superelasticity" class="mw-redirect" title="Superelasticity">superelasticity</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_role">Biological role</h2></div> It was not recognized until the 1970s, but nickel is known to play an important role in the biology of some plants, <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sigel-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sydor-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Nickel enzymes such as <a href="/wiki/Urease" title="Urease">urease</a> are considered virulence factors in some organisms.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Urease catalyzes hydrolysis of <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">carbamate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sydor-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sigel-107">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/NiFe_hydrogenase" title="NiFe hydrogenase">NiFe hydrogenases</a> can catalyze oxidation of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a>2 to form protons and electrons; and also the reverse reaction, the reduction of protons to form hydrogen gas.<a href="#cite_note-Sydor-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sigel-107">[107]</a> A nickel-tetrapyrrole coenzyme, <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_F430" title="Cofactor F430">cofactor F430</a>, is present in methyl <a href="/wiki/Coenzyme_M" title="Coenzyme M">coenzyme M</a> reductase, which can catalyze the formation of methane, or the reverse reaction, in <a href="/wiki/Methanogen" title="Methanogen">methanogenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a> (in +1 oxidation state).<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> One of the carbon monoxide dehydrogenase enzymes consists of an <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a>-Ni-<a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> cluster.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Other nickel-bearing enzymes include a rare bacterial class of <a href="/wiki/Superoxide_dismutase" title="Superoxide dismutase">superoxide dismutase</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glyoxalase_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Glyoxalase I">glyoxalase I</a> enzymes in bacteria and several eukaryotic <a href="/wiki/Trypanosomatid" class="mw-redirect" title="Trypanosomatid">trypanosomal</a> parasites<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> (in other organisms, including yeast and mammals, this enzyme contains divalent <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a>2+).<a href="#cite_note-aronsson_1978-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-ridderstroem_1996-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Dietary nickel may affect human health through infections by nickel-dependent bacteria, but nickel may also be an essential nutrient for bacteria living in the large intestine, in effect functioning as a <a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_(nutrition)" title="Prebiotic (nutrition)">prebiotic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The US Institute of Medicine has not confirmed that nickel is an essential nutrient for humans, so neither a <a href="/wiki/Recommended_Dietary_Allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Recommended Dietary Allowance">Recommended Dietary Allowance</a> (RDA) nor an Adequate Intake have been established. The <a href="/wiki/Tolerable_upper_intake_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolerable upper intake level">tolerable upper intake level</a> of dietary nickel is 1 mg/day as soluble nickel salts. Estimated dietary intake is 70 to 100 μg/day; less than 10% is absorbed. What is absorbed is excreted in urine.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Relatively large amounts of nickel – comparable to the estimated average ingestion above – <a href="/wiki/Leaching_(chemistry)" title="Leaching (chemistry)">leach</a> into food cooked in stainless steel. For example, the amount of nickel leached after 10 cooking cycles into one serving of tomato sauce averages 88 μg.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Nickel released from <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Traps" title="Siberian Traps">Siberian Traps</a> volcanic eruptions is suspected of helping the growth of <a href="/wiki/Methanosarcina" title="Methanosarcina">Methanosarcina</a>, a genus of euryarchaeote archaea that produced <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian–Triassic extinction event</a>, the biggest known <a href="/wiki/Mass_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass extinction">mass extinction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nickel_allergy" title="Nickel allergy">Nickel allergy</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268415487">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Nickel </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">GHS labelling</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS08: Health hazard"><img alt="GHS08: Health hazard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS07: Exclamation mark"><img alt="GHS07: Exclamation mark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS09: Environmental hazard"><img alt="GHS09: Environmental hazard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div> </td> <td>Danger </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction">H317</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H351: Suspected of causing cancer">H351</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure">H372</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects">H412</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P201: Obtain special instructions before use.">P201</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P202: Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood.">P202</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P260: Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.">P260</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P264: Wash ... thoroughly after handling.">P264</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P270: Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.">P270</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P272: Contaminated work clothing should not be allowed out of the workplace.">P272</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P273: Avoid release to the environment.">P273</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P280: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.">P280</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P302+P352: IF ON SKIN: Wash with soap and water.">P302+P352</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P308+P313: IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention.">P308+P313</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P333+P313: If skin irritation or a rash occurs: Get medical advice/attention.">P333+P313</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P363: Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.">P363</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P405: Store locked up.">P405</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P501: Dispose of contents/container to ...">P501</abbr><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_b27845110d7e52b0" /><map name="ImageMap_b27845110d7e52b0"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroform" title="Health 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroform" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704">2</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> The major source of nickel exposure is oral consumption, as nickel is essential to plants.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Typical background concentrations of nickel do not exceed 20 ng/m3 in air, 100 mg/kg in soil, 10 mg/kg in vegetation, 10 μg/L in freshwater and 1 μg/L in seawater.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Environmental concentrations may be increased by human <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>. For example, nickel-plated <a href="/wiki/Faucet" class="mw-redirect" title="Faucet">faucets</a> may contaminate water and soil; <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> and smelting may dump nickel into <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a>; nickel–steel <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> cookware and nickel-pigmented dishes may release nickel into food. Air may be polluted by nickel ore refining and <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> combustion. Humans may absorb nickel directly from <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoke" title="Tobacco smoke">tobacco smoke</a> and skin contact with jewelry, <a href="/wiki/Shampoo" title="Shampoo">shampoos</a>, detergents, and <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coins</a>. A less common form of chronic exposure is through <a href="/wiki/Hemodialysis" title="Hemodialysis">hemodialysis</a> as traces of nickel ions may be absorbed into the plasma from the <a href="/wiki/Chelating" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelating">chelating</a> action of <a href="/wiki/Albumin" title="Albumin">albumin</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The average daily exposure is not a threat to human health. Most nickel absorbed by humans is removed by the kidneys and passed out of the body through urine or is eliminated through the gastrointestinal tract without being absorbed. Nickel is not a cumulative poison, but larger doses or chronic inhalation exposure may be toxic, even <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogenic</a>, and constitute an <a href="/wiki/Occupational_hazard" title="Occupational hazard">occupational hazard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Nickel compounds are classified as human carcinogens<a href="#cite_note-Nickel_and_nickel_compounds-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reg_1272/2008-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-GHS-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carcinogens-133">[133]</a> based on increased respiratory cancer risks observed in epidemiological studies of sulfidic ore refinery workers.<a href="#cite_note-Nickel_Carcinogenesis_in_Man-134">[134]</a> This is supported by the positive results of the NTP bioassays with Ni sub-sulfide and Ni oxide in rats and mice.<a href="#cite_note-Studies_of_Nickel_Subsulfide-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The human and animal data consistently indicate a lack of carcinogenicity via the oral route of exposure and limit the carcinogenicity of nickel compounds to respiratory tumours after inhalation.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Nickel metal is classified as a suspect carcinogen;<a href="#cite_note-Nickel_and_nickel_compounds-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reg_1272/2008-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-GHS-132">[132]</a> there is consistency between the absence of increased respiratory cancer risks in workers predominantly exposed to metallic nickel<a href="#cite_note-Nickel_Carcinogenesis_in_Man-134">[134]</a> and the lack of respiratory tumours in a rat lifetime inhalation carcinogenicity study with nickel metal powder.<a href="#cite_note-Inhalation_carcinogenicity-139">[139]</a> In the rodent inhalation studies with various nickel compounds and nickel metal, increased lung inflammations with and without bronchial lymph node hyperplasia or fibrosis were observed.<a href="#cite_note-Carcinogens-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Studies_of_Nickel_Subsulfide-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Inhalation_carcinogenicity-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> In rat studies, oral ingestion of water-soluble nickel salts can trigger perinatal mortality in pregnant animals.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Whether these effects are relevant to humans is unclear as epidemiological studies of highly exposed female workers have not shown adverse developmental toxicity effects.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> People can be exposed to nickel in the workplace by inhalation, ingestion, and contact with skin or eye. The <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) has set the legal limit (<a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">permissible exposure limit</a>) for the workplace at 1 mg/m3 per 8-hour workday, excluding nickel carbonyl. The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) sets the <a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">recommended exposure limit</a> (REL) at 0.015 mg/m3 per 8-hour workday. At 10 mg/m3, nickel is <a href="/wiki/Immediately_dangerous_to_life_and_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Immediately dangerous to life and health">immediately dangerous to life and health</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nickel_carbonyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel carbonyl">Nickel carbonyl</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[Ni(CO)4] is an extremely toxic gas. The toxicity of metal carbonyls is a function of both the toxicity of the metal and the off-gassing of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> from the carbonyl functional groups; nickel carbonyl is also explosive in air.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sensitization_(immunology)" title="Sensitization (immunology)">Sensitized</a> persons may show a skin contact <a href="/wiki/Nickel_allergy_(nickel_allergic_contact_dermatitis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel allergy (nickel allergic contact dermatitis)">allergy to nickel</a> known as a contact <a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">dermatitis</a>. Highly sensitized persons may also react to foods with high nickel content.<a href="#cite_note-aad-146">[146]</a> Patients with <a href="/wiki/Dyshidrosis" title="Dyshidrosis">pompholyx</a> may also be sensitive to nickel. Nickel is the top confirmed contact allergen worldwide, partly due to its use in jewelry for <a href="/wiki/Pierced_ear" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierced ear">pierced ears</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Nickel allergies affecting pierced ears are often marked by itchy, red skin. Many earrings are now made without nickel or with low-release nickel<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> to address this problem. The amount allowed in products that contact human skin is now regulated by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. In 2002, researchers found that the nickel released by 1 and 2 euro coins, far exceeded those standards. This is believed to be due to a <a href="/wiki/Galvanization" title="Galvanization">galvanic</a> reaction.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Nickel was voted <a href="/wiki/Allergen_of_the_Year" title="Allergen of the Year">Allergen of the Year</a> in 2008 by the American Contact Dermatitis Society.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> In August 2015, the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Dermatology" title="American Academy of Dermatology">American Academy of Dermatology</a> adopted a position statement on the safety of nickel: "Estimates suggest that contact dermatitis, which includes nickel sensitization, accounts for approximately $1.918 billion and affects nearly 72.29 million people."<a href="#cite_note-aad-146">[146]</a> Reports show that both the nickel-induced activation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1) and the up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible genes are caused by depletion of intracellular <a href="/wiki/Ascorbate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascorbate">ascorbate</a>. The addition of ascorbate to the culture medium increased the intracellular ascorbate level and reversed both the metal-induced stabilization of HIF-1- and HIF-1α-dependent gene expression.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nickel_in_popular_culture">Nickel in popular culture</h2></div> In the second Oz book, <a href="/wiki/The_Marvelous_Land_of_Oz" title="The Marvelous Land of Oz">The Marvelous Land of Oz</a> (by L. Frank Baum, published by <a href="/wiki/Reilly_%26_Britton" title="Reilly & Britton">Reilly & Britton</a>, 1904), the Tin Woodman states that he has had his tin body nickel-plated. He is thereafter very careful not to allow his nickel plating to get scratched, nicked, or marred.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW-1"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/nickel.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Nickel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Nickel&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fnickel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProhaskaIrrgeherBenefieldBöhlke2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (May 4, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9"><bdi>978-1-62708-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Values+of+the+Crystallographic+Properties+of+Elements&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62708-155-9&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Ni(–2) is known in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ni(COD)2−2; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE28-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Ni(0) is known in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ni(CO)4; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfirrmannLimbergHerwigStößer2009" class="citation journal cs1">Pfirrmann, Stefan; Limberg, Christian; Herwig, Christian; Stößer, Reinhard; Ziemer, Burkhard (2009). "A Dinuclear Nickel(I) Dinitrogen Complex and its Reduction in Single-Electron Steps". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (18): 3357–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200805862">10.1002/anie.200805862</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19322853">19322853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=A+Dinuclear+Nickel%28I%29+Dinitrogen+Complex+and+its+Reduction+in+Single-Electron+Steps&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3357-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.200805862&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19322853&rft.aulast=Pfirrmann&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.au=Limberg%2C+Christian&rft.au=Herwig%2C+Christian&rft.au=St%C3%B6%C3%9Fer%2C+Reinhard&rft.au=Ziemer%2C+Burkhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarnesBuccellaChenRamirez2009" class="citation journal cs1">Carnes, Matthew; Buccella, Daniela; Chen, Judy Y.-C.; Ramirez, Arthur P.; Turro, Nicholas J.; Nuckolls, Colin; Steigerwald, Michael (2009). "A Stable Tetraalkyl Complex of Nickel(IV)". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (2): 290–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200804435">10.1002/anie.200804435</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19021174">19021174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=A+Stable+Tetraalkyl+Complex+of+Nickel%28IV%29&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E290-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.200804435&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19021174&rft.aulast=Carnes&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Buccella%2C+Daniela&rft.au=Chen%2C+Judy+Y.-C.&rft.au=Ramirez%2C+Arthur+P.&rft.au=Turro%2C+Nicholas+J.&rft.au=Nuckolls%2C+Colin&rft.au=Steigerwald%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NUBASE2020-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_9-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKondevWangHuangNaimi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf">"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"</a> (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae">10.1088/1674-1137/abddae</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Physics+C&rft.atitle=The+NUBASE2020+evaluation+of+nuclear+properties&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=030001&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae&rft.aulast=Kondev&rft.aufirst=F.+G.&rft.au=Wang%2C+M.&rft.au=Huang%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Naimi%2C+S.&rft.au=Audi%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-nds.iaea.org%2Famdc%2Fame2020%2FNUBASE2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony,_John_W.Bideaux,_Richard_A.Bladh,_Kenneth_W.Nichols,_Monte_C.1990" class="citation book cs1">Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C., eds. 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Nature. 59 (1516): 63–64. 1898. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1898Natur..59...63.">1898Natur..59...63.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F059063a0">10.1038/059063a0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+Extraction+of+Nickel+from+its+Ores+by+the+Mond+Process&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1516&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=1898&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F059063a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1898Natur..59...63.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F059063a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-InorgChemH-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-InorgChemH_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-InorgChemH_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-InorgChemH_44-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHousecroftSharpe2008" class="citation book cs1">Housecroft, C. 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(September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M403057200">"Depletion of intracellular ascorbate by the carcinogenic metal nickel and cobalt results in the induction of hypoxic stress"</a>. 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Retrieved August 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Medical+Research&rft.atitle=Nickel%2C+its+adverse+health+effects+and+oxidative+stress&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19106437&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=K.+K.&rft.au=Das%2C+S.+N.&rft.au=Dhundasi%2C+S.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icmr.nic.in%2Fijmr%2F2008%2Foctober%2F1005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> The Marvelous Land of Oz, L. Frank Baum. Chapter: "A Nickel-Plated Emperor", p. 121 and following </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nickel" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:nickel">nickel</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/028.htm">Nickel video</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_Videos" title="Periodic Videos">Periodic Videos</a> series (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0445.html">Nickel</a> entry (last reviewed October 30, 2019) in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards published by the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp15.pdf">Toxicological Profile for Nickel (draft for public comment)</a> (PDF) (August 2023) – 422-page report from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">United States Department of Health and Human Services</a>, Public Health Service, <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry" title="Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-32749262">The metal that brought you cheap flights</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> (2015)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table18" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table18" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8;color:inherit; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nickel_compounds81" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nickel_compounds" title="Template:Nickel compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nickel_compounds" title="Template talk:Nickel compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nickel_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nickel compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nickel_compounds81" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nickel</a> <a href="/wiki/Nickel_compounds" title="Nickel compounds">compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nickel(0)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_tetracarbonyl" title="Nickel tetracarbonyl">Ni(CO)4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bis(cyclooctadiene)nickel(0)" title="Bis(cyclooctadiene)nickel(0)">Ni(COD)2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nickel(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_fluoride" title="Nickel(II) fluoride">NiF2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_tetrafluoronickelate" title="Potassium tetrafluoronickelate">K2NiF4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoronickelate" title="Fluoronickelate">NiF2− 4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_chloride" title="Nickel(II) chloride">NiCl2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachloronickelate" title="Tetrachloronickelate">NiCl2− 4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_bromide" title="Nickel(II) bromide">NiBr2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrabromonickelate" title="Tetrabromonickelate">NiBr2− 4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_iodide" title="Nickel(II) iodide">NiI2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetraiodonickelate" title="Tetraiodonickelate">NiI2− 4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_dicyanide" title="Nickel dicyanide">Ni(CN)2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_tetracyanonickelate" title="Potassium tetracyanonickelate">K2Ni(CN)4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_thiocyanate" title="Nickel(II) thiocyanate">Ni(SCN)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_oxide" title="Nickel(II) oxide">NiO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_hydroxide" title="Nickel(II) hydroxide">Ni(OH)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_carbonate" title="Nickel(II) carbonate">NiCO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_sulfate" title="Nickel(II) sulfate">NiSO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_phosphate" title="Nickel(II) phosphate">Ni3(PO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_chromate" title="Nickel(II) chromate">NiCrO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_titanate" title="Nickel(II) titanate">NiTiO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_selenate" title="Nickel(II) selenate">NiSeO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_sulfide" title="Nickel sulfide">NiS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_selenide" title="Nickel selenide">NiSe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_perchlorate" title="Nickel(II) perchlorate">Ni(ClO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_nitrate" title="Nickel(II) nitrate">Ni(NO3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_nitrite" title="Nickel(II) nitrite">Ni(NO2)2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitronickelate" title="Nitronickelate">Ni(NO2)3− 5 / Ni(NO2)4− 6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_formate" title="Nickel formate">Ni(CO2H)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_laurate" title="Nickel(II) laurate">C 24H 46NiO 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_stearate" title="Nickel(II) stearate">C 36H 70NiO 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_bis(acetylacetonate)" title="Nickel(II) bis(acetylacetonate)">Ni(acac)2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nickel(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(III)_fluoride" title="Nickel(III) fluoride">NiF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(III)_oxide" title="Nickel(III) oxide">Ni2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_oxide_hydroxide" title="Nickel oxide hydroxide">NiOOH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nickel(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_tetrafluoride" title="Nickel tetrafluoride">NiF4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hexafluoronickelate(IV)" title="Potassium hexafluoronickelate(IV)">K2NiF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickelate">MNiOx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1493" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1493" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4042133-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85091772">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119445481">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119445481">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568497">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph123294&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000216326&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007531440305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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