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3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrapper" id="wrapper"> <div class="container"> <main class="content primary" id="content" role="main"> <article class="relative-content"> <div class="menu-glossaire-wrapper sticky-top" id="menu-definition"><ul class="nav menu-glossaire menu-nb-4"><li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-auteur'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/echr?debut_articles_related=15#auteur" data-target="#auteur"><span class="picto-round picto-auteur"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-auteur.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='20' height='19' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Author Definition</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-institution'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/echr?debut_articles_related=15#institution" data-target="#institution"><span class="picto-round picto-institution"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-institution.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='18' height='16' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Institution Definition</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-references'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/echr?debut_articles_related=15#references" data-target="#references"><span class="picto-round picto-references"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-references.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='15' height='18' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">References</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-index'><button class="btn btn-link collapsed" role="button" data-target="#index" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="index"><span class="picto-round picto-index"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-index.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='20' height='18' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Table of contents</span></button></li></ul></div> <header class="section section_primary section_cols section_cartouche"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="cartouche cartouche_glossaire"> <h1 class="cartouche__heading" id="start"> <span class="start-mire"></span> <span class="crayon article-titre-86013 ">ECHR</span> </h1> </div> </div> </header> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="auteur"> <span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-111900 apercu surlignable"><p>The ECHR is an international treaty for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe. All 46 member countries of the Council of Europe, 27 of which are EU Member States, have ratified the ECHR and are committed to the regional system of protection that it establishes. It is a system based on subsidiarity, in that it requires the States Parties to the ECHR to apply the convention domestically, while keeping an avenue for individual applications directly to the European Court of Human Rights (the Court) open, for the event that the Convention rights of an individual physical or legal person have been violated and the individual has failed to achieve redress for an alleged violation in spite of having exhausted all domestic remedies. States Parties are bound by the decisions and judgments of the Court. If a violation of the ECHR is found, execution frequently implies payment of <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/damages">damages</a> to the victim, and amending the relevant national legislation or its implementation to prevent the violation from recurring.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-111900 texte surlignable"><p>The ECHR has dealt with over one million individual applications since it was established in 1950. (In force since 1953.) Very few of these applications were made by legal persons and most of them have concerned other rights than those normally associated with competition law, i.e. Article 6 (right to a fair trial), Article 13 (right to an effective remedy), as well as Article 1 of the 1st Protocol (protection of property). This is not surprising, considering the ECHR’s origins in the will to prevent for the future such atrocities as occurred before and during World War II – i.e. mainly the rights covered by Articles 2 (right to life), 3 (prohibition of torture), 4 (prohibition of slavery and forced labour), and 5 (right to liberty and security) – and the totalitarian regimes associated with them. These origins are manifested in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the principles of which the ECHR implements regionally in Europe.</p> <p>Although most applications under the ECHR pertain to physical persons, it is nevertheless worth noting that the applicants in several cases of jurisprudential significance are companies or shareholders of companies, that no doubt have had reason to consider not only their own compliance with relevant regulation, but also the compliance of the relevant State and its authorities with international obligations, including the ECHR. In <i>Dubus S.A. v. France</i> (5242/04), the applicant was an investment company that was investigated and later disciplinary sanctioned by the French Banking Commission.</p> <p>The fact that ECHR is applicable also for issues related to the coercive powers of public authority pertaining to competition law, is demonstrated through several instances of the Court’s caselaw. The <i>ratione materiae</i> relevant to competition law is likely to be linked to national sanctions procedures under competition regulations. The Court has viewed procedures, regardless of how they are categorized under national law, whereby public authorities exercise coercion vis-à-vis individuals (physical or legal) as falling under the first paragraph of Article 6. The right to the peaceful enjoyment of private property, Article 1 of the 1st Protocol, could also be of relevance here.</p> <p>The ECHR operates through <i>subsidiarity</i>, in that it allocates the main responsibility for enforcing the obligations arising from the Convention clearly with its States Parties themselves – it regards the Court as a court of last resort. Only when the States Parties have failed to implement the obligations does the ECHR system and its Court intervene in the process. Subsidiarity presents a procedural aspect, requiring individuals to exhaust domestic remedies before seizing the Court, and a substantive aspect, namely the presumption that States are generally in a better position to assess the necessity and proportionality of acts that may have interfered with specific rights. The execution under the ECHR system portrays a trilateral relationship between the Court, the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers (CM) and national authorities, where execution measures are detailed in the judgment first and the supervision of the execution measures by the national authorities is subsequently carried out by CM.</p> <p>The text of the Convention has been amended and supplemented over the seven decades of its existence, through 16 different protocols. Throughout this time, the Court has developed the processes and interpretative methods for establishing the standards emerging from the Convention in ways that reflect the societal developments in the States Parties over time. In establishing its living instrument doctrine, the Court stated that the ECHR “must be interpreted in the light of present-day conditions.” (<i>Tyrer v. United Kingdom</i> (5856/72) § 31.) Another important concept applied in jurisprudence is <i>European consensus</i>, which refers to the degree of uniformity in the legal frameworks of the States Parties on a specific issue. The Court engages this concept to justify a wide <i>margin of appreciation</i> – another central principle in ECHR jurisprudence – given to States Parties, in the absence of a consensus, and to justify the development of new standards where there is an emerging consensus among States Parties.</p> <p>As more than half of the States Parties to the ECHR are also EU Member States, the relationship between the two sets of treaty obligations is of paramount importance for several areas of law, including competition law. Significant for this relationship is the jurisprudence evolving from the judgment in <i>Bosphorus v. Ireland</i>, (45036/98) where the Court established that ECHR States Parties that also have membership obligations to the EU (or another international organisation) are fully liable under ECHR for “acts and omissions of its organs regardless of whether the act or omission in question was a consequence” of the obligations stemming from, in this case, EU membership. (§ 153) While reiterating full ECHR liability, the Court also stressed the “need to secure the proper functioning of international organisations” (§ 150) and it is the consequence of these two statements (cf. §§ 155 – 156) that has since been referred to as the Bosphorus presumption, an assumption of compliance, when reviewing the way obligations under e.g. EU law, that somehow approaches the rights under ECHR, have been implemented. As with assumptions in general, it remains in place throughout the review, and if nothing in the review suggests otherwise, it will be assumed throughout.</p> <p>The Court applies a similar approach to the relationship between obligations of States Parties to the ECHR, and their obligations stemming from the UN Charter. In <i>Al-Jedda v. the United Kingdom</i> [GC] (27021/08) the Court established the presumption that the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), acting under the UN Charter, would not impose any obligations on UN member states in breach of fundamental principles of human rights. (§ 102) In subsequent cases applying this presumption, the Court has found no normative conflict between UNSC resolutions and the ECHR, while finding a violation of ECHR with the manner in which a State Party was implementing the UNSC measures. (See e.g. <i>Nada v. Switzerland</i> [GC] (10593/08), and <i>Al-Dulimi and Montana Management Inc. v. Switzerland</i> [GC] (5809/08).)</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-111900 reference"><p><i>Fortum Corporation v. Finland</i> (32559/96)</p> <p><i>Lilly v. France</i> (53892/00)</p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/issues/no-4-2011/Case-Comments-1190/Art-6-p-1-CEDH-The-European-Court"><i>Menarini Diagnostics v. Italy</i> (43509/08)</a></p> <p><i>Dubus S.A. v. France</i> (5242/04)</p> <p><i>Tyrer v. United Kingdom</i> (5856/72)</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-111900 jurisprudence"><p>Forrester, I, ”A challenge for Europe’s judges: the review of fines in competition cases”, <i>European Law Review</i>, 2011, 36(2).</p> <p>Frison-Roche, M.-A. (dir.), <i>La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance</i>, coll."Régulations & Compliance", <i>Journal of Regulation & Compliance</i> (JoRC) et Dalloz.</p> <p>Morgan de Rivery, E., Chassaing, E, <i>Competition law and the ECHR: An overview of ECHR and EU case law</i>, 19 April 2016, e-Competitions ECHR, Art. N° 79009.</p> <p>Spano, R., “The Future of the European Court of Human Rights—Subsidiarity, Process-Based Review and the Rule of Law” in <i>Human Rights Law Review</i>, Volume 18, Issue 3, September 2018.</p> <p>Teleki, C., “Due Process and Fair Trial in EU Competition Law. The Impact of Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights”, <i>Nijhoff Studies in European Union Law</i>, Volume: 18, 2021.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/echr?debut_articles_related=15#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/echr?debut_articles_related=15#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/echr?debut_articles_related=15#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/echr?debut_articles_related=15#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/authors/erik-wennerstrom" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/auton163256-54879.png?1711434628) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Erik Wennerström</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">European Court of Human Rights (Strasbourg)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">France</span> <span class="articles"><em>2</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>1840</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Erik Wennerström, </span> <span class="entry-title">European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 86013</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">1840</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-86013 texte surlignable"><p>The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, better known as the European Convention on Human Rights, was opened for signature in Rome on 4 November 1950 and came into force in 1953. It was the first instrument to give effect to certain of the rights stated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and make them binding. Since its adoption in 1950 the Convention has been amended a number of times and supplemented with many rights in addition to those set forth in the original text. <strong>©</strong> <a href="IMG/pdf/echr_convention_eng.pdf?40466/486d29215a0df045b8dbab7f56a9929b62482066131ae8909d12a70c5524769a" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'><strong>European Court of Human Rights</strong></a></p> <p>Although the EU Courts appraise the legality of EU acts in light of the ECHR, the fact remains that such acts are essentially shielded from ECtHR scrutiny. This is because the EU is not a signatory to the ECHR, and Member State implementation of EU law, to a large extent, remains protected from oversight by the ECtHR. Under the current state of the law, as a non-signatory to the Convention, the EU cannot be brought before the ECtHR. The EU’s accession to the ECHR, as previously considered during the 1990s, would be the most obvious way of holding the EU accountable before the ECtHR. However, under the realm of the Maastricht version of the Treaties, the Court of Justice considered, in Opinion 2/94, that the European Community was not competent to accede to the ECHR. In particular, the EC legal system did not, at that time, contain any legal provision enabling the EC to take measures in the field of human rights.In addition, Member State implementation of EU law is largely protected from ECtHR scrutiny. <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/fr/bulletin/special-issues/echr/">Excerpt from the e-Competitions special issue "Competition law and the ECHR: An overview of ECHR and EU case law"</a></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yV/QlK9uygO93Nn1PyT7CFzAkHWDavob5dcmMJCXq4zIGvGG3s7s3iUgufG/GWaovjTIt7sGbRqYfBC7Ezt78pQp+2cZTqhWe71KHsys1+0I9pkS7iAstIdvxEu1WvZTnA+pjYixssmmpL0UAHHMA6oKQdiKvdLjtHi8K1f8L/wveE34Zb6wa8y9D3D8XQM5QJX9xWCz+0LfKBhib0STvbriocxHEHtz6nIfXK/qjThxKQUiMx7rx+CZ5VZIZzK0lCDd7lWLZZKiTqr0o7mdaSbheqcr+oVMd8oOzPX4Jo5/nyE2OpEfOWlPfydzP+ej0/luunLHfA4MiR6o4RzDNnO2enDAnDb' data-origin="//en/dictionary/echr?debut_articles_related=15"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christophe-lemaire">Christophe Lemaire</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/simon-naudin">Simon Naudin</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2015/chroniques/voluntary-interventions-the-french-judiciary-supreme-court-annuls-the-paris" rel="bookmark"><strong>Voluntary interventions</strong> : The French Judiciary Supreme Court annuls the Paris Court of Appeals’ judgment for having stated that voluntary interventions were of no relevance due to the reformation of the conviction they were in support of <em>(Le Crédit lyonnais)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-04-14T13:31:00Z">14 April 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-75113 introduction entry-content"> <p>Brief mention should be made of the ruling handed down by the Court of Cassation on 24 April 2015 in the case of image-cheque exchange commissions. It is known that the interbank commissions in question gave rise to a sanction decision by the Authority (Aut. conc., dec. no. 10-D-28, dec. no. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alexandre-g-verheyden">Alexandre G. Verheyden</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/eric-barbier-de-la-serre">Eric Barbier de la Serre</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/eric-morgan-de-rivery">Eric Morgan de Rivery</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/april-2015/the-eu-court-of-human-rights-rules-that-dawn-raids-carried-out-at-the-premises-en" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Human Rights rules that the French Department for Competition, Consumer Protection and Fraud’s dawn raids carried out at the premises of two companies violate both the rights of defence and the right to privacy <em>(Vinci / GTM)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-04-01T22:00:00Z">2 April 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-72606 introduction entry-content"> <p>The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) recently ruled that dawn raids carried out at the premises of two French construction companies by the DGCCRF (French Department for Competition, Consumer Protection and Fraud) violated both the rights of defense and the right to privacy, due to (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jacquelyn-maclennan">Jacquelyn MacLennan</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-paul-tran-thiet">Jean-Paul Tran Thiet</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/mark-powell">Mark Powell</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/april-2015/the-eu-court-of-human-rights-rules-that-french-dawn-raids-breached-fundamental-en" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Human Rights rules that French dawn raids breached fundamental rights <em>(Vinci / GTM)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-04-01T22:00:00Z">2 April 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-73958 introduction entry-content"> <p>The European Court of Human Rights (the “ECtHR”) has ruled in the Vinci case that the circumstances surrounding the electronic removal of documents and computer files during a dawn raid violated two companies’ privacy rights enshrined in the European Convention on Human Rights (“ECHR”) . The (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2015/alerts/Dawn-raids-The-European-Court-of" rel="bookmark"><strong>Dawn raids</strong>: The European Court of Human Rights finds that searches and seizures in a competition investigation were disproportionate to their goal and in violation if article 8 of the Convention, and demands that targeted companies have an effective remedy in cases of seizures of documents unrelated to the investigation or protected by lawyer-client confidentiality <i>(Vinci/GTM)</i></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-04-01T22:00:00Z">2 April 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-75277 introduction entry-content"> <p>European Court of Human Rights, 2 April 2015, Cases Nos. 63629/10 and 60567/10 (Vinci/GTM v. France). <br class='autobr' /> On 2 April 2015, the European Court of Human Rights handed down a judgment in two cases concerning search and seizure operations (Vinci construction and GTM génie civil et services v. France). (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/arthur-braun">Arthur Braun</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/march-2015/the-czech-competition-authority-announces-that-it-will-recommence-dawn-raids-en" rel="bookmark">The Czech Competition Authority announces that it will recommence dawn raids</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-03-17T23:00:00Z">18 March 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-72561 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Prohibition on Dawn Raids in the Czech Republic has Ended* <br class='autobr' /> Last autumn, the Czech Antitrust Office had announced that it halted its dawn raids. The decision came from – what many felt – was a surprise decision of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg (ECHR) dated 2 October 2014 (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alexandre-lacresse">Alexandre Lacresse</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2015/chroniques/echr-inspections-the-european-court-of-human-rights-rules-that-an-inspection" rel="bookmark"><strong>ECHR - Inspections</strong> : The European Court of Human Rights rules that an inspection carried out by a competition authority on the premises of an undertaking must be subject to an effective ex post facto review when there was no prior judicial review <em>(Delta Pekárny/Czech Republic)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-10-02T17:46:00Z">2 October 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-71380 introduction entry-content"> <p>In this case, the Czech Competition Authority had carried out an inspection at the premises of a company in search of evidence of a cartel practice. <br class='autobr' /> This inspection had been authorized by the Competition Authority itself and had been carried out by several of its agents in the offices of the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2015/alertes/Inspections-The-European-Court-of-71734" rel="bookmark"><strong>Inspections</strong>: The European Court of Human Rights rules that a procedure allowing inspections to be carried without prior judicial authorisation but denying any effective judicial review is in violation of article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights providing a right to respect for one’s home and correspondence <i>(Delta Pekarny)</i></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-10-01T22:00:00Z">2 October 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-71734 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 2 October 2014, the European Court of Human Rights delivered a very interesting judgment in a case Delta Pekarny a.s. v. Czech Republic.. In that judgment, the Court of First Instance held, by 4 votes to 3, that there had been a breach of Article 8 of the Convention, which is intended to (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/maria-moustakali">Maria Moustakali</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2014/The-EU-Court-of-Justice-reiterates" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice reiterates that effective judicial protection is a general principle of law and finds no error in the examination of the evidence related to abuse of dominance in the telecom sector <em>(Telefónica)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-07-09T22:00:00Z">10 July 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-68050 introduction entry-content"> <p>Case C-295 P Telefónica SA v Commission: the EU judicature’s unlimited jurisdiction in competition cases* <br class='autobr' /> The Court of Justice (“CoJ”) handed down its judgment in a very interesting abuse of dominance case, namely Case C-295/12 P Telefónica SA v Commission on 10 July 2014. The judgment deals (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/albert-sanchez-graells">Albert Sánchez Graells</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2014/the-eu-general-court-upholds-the-commission-decision-in-consideration-of-two-en" rel="bookmark">The EU General Court upholds the Commission’s decision in consideration of two exclusionary practices on the market for the supply of CPUs, opening the door to a further appeal to the Court of Justice and a possible application before the ECtHR <em>(Intel)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-06-11T22:00:00Z">12 June 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-67162 introduction entry-content"> <p>Could Intel challenge its 1bn Euro fine on grounds of ’corporate human rights’* <br class='autobr' /> After last week’s General Court Judgment in Intel v Commission, T-286/09, EU:T:2014:475, the 2 month period for Intel to appeal the confirmation of its 1bn Euro fine before the Court of Justice of the EU on points (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emanuela-matei">Emanuela Matei</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2014/the-eu-general-court-holds-that-a-duty-to-procure-specific-documents-might-be-en" rel="bookmark">The EU General Court holds that a duty to procure specific documents might be imposed on the Commission at the request of an undertaking which is the subject to an antitrust investigation under certain circumstances <em>(Intel)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-06-11T22:00:00Z">12 June 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-67176 introduction entry-content"> <p>Access to documents not to be found in the Commission’s possession <br class='autobr' /> I. Background <br class='autobr' /> The Intel Cases have occupied the international arena of antitrust litigation for the past ten years and a definitive resolution has not been reached yet. The administrative proceeding initiated by the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/lars-wiethaus">Lars Wiethaus</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Rainer-Nitsche">Rainer Nitsche</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/special-issues/margin-squeeze/margin-squeeze-an-overview-of-eu-and-national-case-law" rel="bookmark"><strong>Margin squeeze: An overview of EU and national case law</strong></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-04-15T14:06:59Z">15 April 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-65238 introduction entry-content"> <p>This article has been nominated for the 2015 Antitrust Writing Awards. Click here to learn more about the Antitrust Writing Awards. <br class='autobr' /> 1. Introduction <br class='autobr' /> Formally, a margin squeeze occurs if a dominant provider in the (upstream) input market sets its wholesale price (too high) and retail prices (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Xavier-Lewis">Xavier Lewis</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/march-2014/the-eu-court-of-justice-reduces-the-fines-imposed-on-the-appellant-for-failure" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice reduces the fines imposed on the appellant for the failure of the General Court to take sufficient account of a substantive problem with the Commission’s decision relating to the company’s rights of defence <em>(Ballast Nedam)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-03-26T23:00:00Z">27 March 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-64527 introduction entry-content"> <p>Case C-612/12 P Ballast Nedam NV: Competition law, rights of the defence and reduction of fine.* <br class='autobr' /> The Court of Justice does not often reduce a fine imposed by the Commission on an undertaking for a breach of the competition rules when the amount of the fine has been upheld by the General Court. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Matthias-Lang">Matthias Lang</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/march-2014/The-German-Federal-Constitutional-65272" rel="bookmark">The German Federal Constitutional Court declares the inadmissibility of a complaint challenging a provision of the Energy Act which obliges operators of private power plants to reduce power input on request of the grid operator in return for compensation <em>(German Electricity Grid)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-03-12T23:00:00Z">13 March 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-65272 introduction entry-content"> <p>Constitutional Court Declares Complaint Against Curtailment Provision in Energy Act Inadmissible* <br class='autobr' /> In a recent decision the Federal Constitutional Court (BVerfG) declared a constitutional complaint (Verfassungsbeschwerde) inadmissible that challenged a provision in the German Energy Act (EnWG) (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/albert-sanchez-graells">Albert Sánchez Graells</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/march-2014/the-eu-court-of-justice-refuses-to-apply-the-charter-of-fundamental-rights-to-a-en" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice refuses to apply the Charter of Fundamental Rights to a purely national situation <em>(Cruciano Siragusa / Soprintendenza Beni Culturali e Ambientali di Palermo)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-03-05T23:00:00Z">6 March 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-64479 introduction entry-content"> <p>CJEU clearly indicates total lack of will to effectively become EU’s constitutional court (C-206/13)* <br class='autobr' /> In its Judgment of 6 March 2014 in case C-206/13 Siragusa, the Court of Justice of the EU has continued developing its case law on the lack of applicability / jurisdiction to interpret the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/geoffroy-van-de-walle">Geoffroy Van De Walle</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jose-rivas">José Rivas</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/special-issues/exchange-of-information/Concerted-practices-and-Exchange" rel="bookmark"><strong>Concerted practices and Exchange of information: An overview of EU and national case law</strong></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-02-26T13:54:20Z">26 February 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-43913 introduction entry-content"> <p>This article has been nominated for the 2013 Antitrust Writing Awards. Click here to learn more about the Antitrust Writing Awards. <br class='autobr' /> It could be said that exchange of information is one of the few areas in which the decisional practice of certain National Competition Authorities ("NCAs") is (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/echr?debut_articles_related=30#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yV/QhWtpygOp5UnpHLPP7A5NoQtEQmlSQWiCMWETpRz3xTZEk+7538BiCSLABM4wa3ViqABbxxHA8bPaJz4woOD4i6kYpui7H5Su+BdZ5w4so9VVQjMWq3u5Kp4v71KqdUqpTajxs8mmpLxtuz3xP8/D5CSwQSlYC2/0bCrx6pv/MJRJUA6c84XbNPQrR8hAImxyeb5nDHGYcjHGf0eOnMN7wIYAgsZHf5PX88brt9wm2bKkq3JxgAhcgXimcCgDXR1Vm3T2L9OW+TG2QJJhzoSXz/K8DiXIFoVH+fc7xmn0rVufoNwMR0hx+aqAhA1BxM/aUnW1WpYdqr7SBrDih9KQSw=' data-origin="//en/dictionary/echr?debut_articles_related=15"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/george-a-cumming">George A. Cumming</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2012/books/merger-decisions-and-the-rules-of-procedure-of-the-european-community-courts" rel="bookmark">Merger Decisions and the Rules of Procedure of the European Community Courts, George CUMMING</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2012-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2012</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-105054 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thomas-bombois">Thomas Bombois</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2012/books/la-protection-des-droits-fondamentaux-des-entreprises-en-droit-europeen-105058" rel="bookmark">La protection des droits fondamentaux des entreprises en droit européen répressif de la concurrence? Thomas BOMBOIS</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2012-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2012</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-105058 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bastien-thomas">Bastien Thomas</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christelle-adjemian">Christelle Adjémian</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emmanuel-frot">Emmanuel Frot</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2012/journals/revue-des-revues-european-competition-law-review-world-competition-european" rel="bookmark">Competition journals: Jan. - March 2012</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2012-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2012</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-45429 introduction entry-content"> <p>1. General - Scope of application <br class='autobr' /> Pay television and competition law, an eventful recent history, F. AMIEL (RLC 2011/29, No. 1954, P. 94) <br class='autobr' /> At a time when the Competition Authority is examining the future of pay-TV in the context of the in-depth examination of the acquisition of TPS and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-rodrigues">Stéphane Rodrigues</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2012/books/safeguarding-companies-rights-in-competition-and-anti-dumping-anti-subsidies-45538" rel="bookmark">Safeguarding Companies’ Rights in Competition and Anti-dumping / Anti-Subsidies</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2012-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2012</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-45538 introduction entry-content"> <p>Focusing on the rules safeguarding procedural due process in the administrative procedures of the Commission, this fully updated edition of a widely used handbook covers the four principal fields that entail enforcement of substantive competition rules: antitrust, merger, (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-francois-bellis">Jean-François Bellis</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2012/foreword/the-last-word-is-always-to-the-defendant" rel="bookmark">The last word is always to the defendant</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2012-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2012</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-41673 introduction entry-content"> <p>The European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union have clarified in two decisions the relationship between administrative competition proceedings and fundamental rights. The Strasbourg Court holds that an administrative authority, which is not an independent and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/wouter-wils">Wouter Wils</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2011/Articles-1153/EU-antitrust-enforcement-powers" rel="bookmark">EU antitrust enforcement powers and procedural rights and guarantees: The interplay between EU law, national law, the Charter of fundamental rights of the EU and the ECHR</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2011-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2011</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-35620 introduction entry-content"> <p>Cet article traite des pouvoirs de la Commission européenne et des autorités de concurrence des États membres dans l’application des articles 101 et 102 du TFUE ainsi que des droits et garanties qui encadrent ou limitent ces pouvoirs. L’auteur se concentre en particulier sur l’interaction entre (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bruno-lasserre">Bruno Lasserre</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-paul-tran-thiet">Jean-Paul Tran Thiet</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nils-wahl">Nils Wahl</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/wouter-wils">Wouter Wils</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2011/conferences/procedural-fairness-how-much-remains-to-be-done-new-frontiers-of-antitrust-35834" rel="bookmark">Procedural fairness: How much remains to be done? <em>(New Frontiers of Antitrust Conference - Paris, 11 February 2011)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2011-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2011</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-35834 introduction entry-content"> <p>This fourth roundtable of the conference "New frontiers of Antitrust", Paris, 11 February 2011, is dedicated to the procedural fairness. In the first contribution, Nils Wahl, Judge of the General Court of the European Union examines the judge’s role in the competition proceedings. In the second (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/wouter-wils">Wouter Wils</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2005/Articles-66/Self-incrimination-in-EC-antitrust-34888" rel="bookmark">Self-incrimination in EC antitrust enforcement: A legal and economic analysis</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2005-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2005</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-34888 introduction entry-content"> <p>This article analyses, from a legal and economic perspective, the ways in which the European Commission and the competition authorities of the Member States can obtain intelligence and evidence of violations of Articles 81 or 82 EC from the undertakings that committed these violations or from (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/matthieu-poujol">Matthieu Poujol</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2011/books/towards-an-optimal-enforcement-of-competition-rules-in-europe-time-for-a-review-34072" rel="bookmark">Towards an Optimal Enforcement of Competition Rules in Europe: Time for a Review of Regulation 1/2003?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2011-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2011</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-34072 introduction entry-content"> <p>The purpose of the present book is to contribute in a timely manner to the Commission’s own assessment of possible needs for the reform of Regulation 1/2003. Taking stock of five years of experience under Regulation 1, this book examines the problems that arose from its implementation and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/fabien-zivy">Fabien Zivy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/irene-luc">Irène Luc</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2010/Articles-1116/Procedural-fairness-before-the" rel="bookmark">Procedural fairness before the French Competition Authority</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2010-11-30T23:00:00Z">December 2010</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-32747 introduction entry-content"> <p>The roundtables organized earlier this year by the Competition Committee of the OECD have shown that competition authorities share the common goal of ensuring the fairness of their procedures, but also that the legal and practical means of achieving this procedural fairness may legitimately (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ian-forrester">Ian Forrester</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-paul-tran-thiet">Jean-Paul Tran Thiet</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Sean-Heather">Sean Heather</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2010/on-topic/due-process-in-competition-proceedings" rel="bookmark">Due process in competition proceedings</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2010-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2010</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-31874 introduction entry-content"> <p>In 2009 and 2010, important fora decided to address the question of due process in competition proceedings. The USCIB, the ICC, the OECD, the European Commission and all the prominent business organizations in Europe have commented on this issue. This is the logical consequence of the high fines (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-rodrigues">Stéphane Rodrigues</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2009/books/droit-economique-et-droits-de-l-homme-laurence-boy-jean-baptiste-racine-fabrice-29536" rel="bookmark">Droit économique et droits de l’homme</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2009-11-30T23:00:00Z">December 2009</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-29536 introduction entry-content"> <p>Bringing together economic law and human rights may seem provocative. This is not the purpose of this book, which is the fruit of the reflections of jurists from very different intellectual and geographical backgrounds. The meeting of economic law and human rights is more natural than it seems. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Stephan-Wernicke">Stephan Wernicke</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2009/articles/in-defence-of-the-rights-of-defence-competition-law-procedure-and-the-changing" rel="bookmark">“In Defence of the Rights of Defence”: Competition law procedure and the changing role of the Hearing officer</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2009-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2009</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-25764 introduction entry-content"> <p>“One of the functions of procedure is to limit power - not just the power to be unfair, but the power to act in a political mode, or the power to act at all. [...] The indissoluble link between procedure and power ... must determine when and how procedures are made.”, Antonin Scalia <br class='autobr' /> I. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/francesco-martucci">Francesco Martucci</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2009/books/eu-competition-enforcement-and-human-rights-a-andreangeli" rel="bookmark">EU Competition Enforcement and Human Rights</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2009-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2009</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-23350 introduction entry-content"> <p>This book discusses the procedural rights enjoyed by those being investigated under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty and of the Merger Control Regulation, and their right to challenge the Commission’s decision in the Community Courts. It further assesses how their rights to ‘due process’ in (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christelle-adjemian">Christelle Adjémian</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/umberto-berkani">Umberto Berkani</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2008/journals/european-competition-law-review-world-competition-european-competition-journal-21223" rel="bookmark">Competition journals: March - June 2008 </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2008-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2008</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-21223 introduction entry-content"> <p>1. General - Scope of application <br class='autobr' /> Interactions between competition and consumer policy, M. Armstrong (Competition policy international, spring 2008, vol. 4, issue 1, p. 97). <br class='autobr' /> The author gives us here a rich and interesting reflection on the relationship between competition and consumer (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/echr?debut_articles_related=30#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' 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<strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/human-rights-and-competition-law-83559" rel="bookmark">Human rights and competition law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-03-01T11:00:00Z">1 March 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83559 introduction entry-content"><p>Lunchtalk organised by Concurrences Review in partnership with White & Case.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ian-forrester">Ian Forrester</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-paul-tran-thiet">Jean-Paul Tran Thiet</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Sean-Heather">Sean Heather</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/upcoming-events/due-process-in-competition-law-proceedings" 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<small>Are There Any ‘Limits to Unlimited Jurisdiction’? – Judicial Review of Commission Discretion in Setting Fines for Breaches of EU Competition Rules</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-04-18T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">19 </span><span class="m">Apr</span></span><span class="y"> 2023</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">109Judicial Review of Competition Cases Are There Any ‘Limits to Unlimited Jurisdiction'? – Judicial Review of Commission Discretion in Setting Fines for Breaches of EU Competition Rules Juliane Kokott Hanns Peter Nehl * Court of Justice of the European Union Abstract The present article (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bibek-mukherjee">Bibek Mukherjee</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/hugh-mercer-kc">Hugh Mercer KC</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/judicial-review-of-competition-cases-1344#id=108544" rel="bookmark">Judicial Review of Competition Cases <small>Rights of Defence and the Right to Be Heard in Competition Cases: Perspectives from English and EU Law</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-04-18T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">19 </span><span class="m">Apr</span></span><span class="y"> 2023</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">371Judicial Review of Competition Cases Rights of Defence and the Right to Be Heard in Competition Cases: Perspectives from English and EU Law Hugh Mercer KC * Essex Court Chambers | Alphalex-Avocats GEIE Bibek Mukherjee ** Essex Court Chambers Abstract Most systems of administrative law contain (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> 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The (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/karen-williams">Karen Williams</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/ian-forrester-a-scot-without-borders-liber-amicorum-vol-ii-29#id=43219" rel="bookmark">Ian Forrester - A Scot Without Borders Liber Amicorum Vol. II <small>The current role oh the Hearing Officer: another step change</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-11-30T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">1 </span><span class="m">Dec</span></span><span class="y"> 2015</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">405Ian S. Forrester | A Scot without Borders - Liber Amicorum - Volume II The current role of the Hearing Offlcer : another step change KAREN WILLIAMS * I.Introduction Competition lawyers dealing with cases involving the European Commission's antitrust proceedings pursuant to Articles 101 and (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-francois-bellis">Jean-François Bellis</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/william-e-kovacic-an-antitrust-tribute-liber-amicorum-vol-i-5#id=43712" rel="bookmark">William E. Kovacic: An Antitrust Tribute Liber Amicorum Vol. I <small>Article 102 TFEU: The Case for a Remedial Enforcement Model along the Lines of Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2012-12-11T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">12 </span><span class="m">Dec</span></span><span class="y"> 2012</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">GO TO TABLE OF CONTENT 341William E. Kovacic | An Antitrust Tribute - Liber Amicorum - Volume I Article 102 TFEU: The Case for a Remedial Enforcement Model along the Lines of Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act JEAN-FRANCOIS BELLIS jfbellis@vbb.com Partner, Van Bael & Bellis Professor, (…)</div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_related sticky-top" id="related-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/echr?debut_articles_related=15#related-jurisprudence" data-target="#related-jurisprudence">Case Comments</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/echr?debut_articles_related=15#related-articles" data-target="#related-articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/echr?debut_articles_related=15#related-events" data-target="#related-events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/echr?debut_articles_related=15#related-books" data-target="#related-books">Books</a></li> </ul> </div> </aside> 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href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/withdrawal-of-the-benefit-of-a-block-exemption">Withdrawal (of the benefit of a block exemption)</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function(){ // hack on appelle 1 scrollspy sur body et 1 sur window pour pas les melanger jQuery(window).scrollspy({ target: 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