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3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrapper" id="wrapper"> <div class="container"> <main class="content primary" id="content" role="main"> <article class="relative-content"> <div class="menu-glossaire-wrapper sticky-top" id="menu-definition"><ul class="nav menu-glossaire menu-nb-4"><li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-auteur'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/Single-branding#auteur" data-target="#auteur"><span class="picto-round picto-auteur"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-auteur.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='20' height='19' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Author Definition</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-institution'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/Single-branding#institution" data-target="#institution"><span class="picto-round picto-institution"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-institution.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='18' height='16' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Institution Definition</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-references'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/Single-branding#references" data-target="#references"><span class="picto-round picto-references"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-references.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='15' height='18' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">References</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-index'><button class="btn btn-link collapsed" role="button" data-target="#index" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="index"><span class="picto-round picto-index"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-index.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='20' height='18' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Table of contents</span></button></li></ul></div> <header class="section section_primary section_cols section_cartouche"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="cartouche cartouche_glossaire"> <h1 class="cartouche__heading" id="start"> <span class="start-mire"></span> <span class="crayon article-titre-12306 ">Single branding </span> </h1> </div> </div> </header> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="auteur"> <span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-107818 apercu surlignable"><p>Single Branding is a strategy based on an agreement whereby a retailer, or wholesaler, is bound to purchase from a supplier in the knowledge that no other distributor will be appointed or receive supplies in particular geographic area.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-107818 texte surlignable"><p>Single branding agreements (so called in Europe) are vertical agreements that bind the customer to purchase all or most of a specific type of goods or services only from the dominant supplier (Article 102 TFEU). The term of the exclusivity agreement is applicable to an exclusive supply obligation, where there is a limitation for the supplier to supply to anyone other than the specific downstream customer and the other way around.</p> <p>It should be noted that the Commission stated in the guidelines on vertical restraints that binding agreements for the purchase of assets of 80% or more, will be taken in line with the meaning of the exclusive deals and could be found to be abusive (<i>Hoffmann-La Roche v Commission</i>).</p> <p>An exclusive purchase agreement is not in itself illegal under Article 102 (<i>Intel Corp Inc v European Commission</i>) and can only be considered abusive if it can have a foreclosure effect on equally efficient competitors and does not have a objective justification. Thus, a defense that the client voluntarily entered into an agreement will not be sufficient; the question is whether the deal could horizontally foreclose competitors efficiently (or more) than the dominant company in the market.</p> <p>Exclusive trade is not inherently or allegedly illegal (Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1-7; Clayton Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 12-27). Antitrust concerns about exclusivity agreements are based on the possibility that the execution of the agreement precludes competition in substantial proportion of the relevant line of business.</p> <p>To determine whether a particular exclusivity arrangement operates as an unlawful restriction on trade, courts apply the rule of reason articulated by Judge Brandeis in Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. US, 246 US 231 (1918). "<i>The real test of legality is whether the restriction imposed is such that it merely regulates and perhaps thereby promotes competition or whether it is such as to suppress or even destroy competition.</i>” To determine this question the court must normally consider the peculiar facts of the activity to which the restriction applies; its condition before and after the restriction was imposed; the nature of the restriction and its actual or probable effect.</p> <p>Most exclusivity agreements are beneficial because they encourage marketing support for the manufacturer’s brand. By becoming an expert in manufacturer’s products, the retailer is encouraged to specialize in promoting that manufacturer’s brand. This may include offering special services or services that cost money, such as an attractive shop, skilled salespeople, extended business hours, a handy product inventory, or quick warranty service.</p> <p>Single branding can be seen as a barrier to entry, especially in markets operating under conditions of imperfect competition, monopoly or oligopoly, where there is price and product differentiation, as well as an imbalance of market power between incumbents, competitors and competitors due to the existence of vertical integrations within the market, which lead to market inefficiencies.</p> <p>The Chicago and TCE accounts of single branding suggest that the "workable competition" account of such agreements and antitrust’s resulting hostility toward them is not justified. Of course, this observation still begs the question of what purposes these restraints did serve. TCE fills this gap, providing possible explanations for agreements that seem ill-suited for causing anticompetitive harm.</p> <p>Indeed, at a more basic level, TCE’s recognition that exclusive dealing between separate firms is simply a particular form of nonstandard contracting, analogous to the nonstandard contract known as the firm, should immediately give pause to those who would pursue aggressive policies toward exclusive dealing agreements. One can reject the strong critique offered by Bork and other members of the Chicago school without contradicting their observation that many restraints once deemed unlawful by the courts arose in circumstance in which anticompetitive harm seemed quite unlikely, even during the inhospitality era (<i>FTC v. Brown Shoe Co.</i>). Absent some empirical or even theoretical showing, and I know of none, that "concerted" exclusive dealing produces more net harm than exclusivity that takes place "within the firm," pursuant to agreements between various actors, there seems to be no apparent rationale for the inhospitality era’s relative hostility toward such agreements. Any policy toward exclusive dealing, then, must rest upon a theoretical apparatus divorced from the workable competition model and its outmoded theory of the firm.</p> <p>The response of Transaction Cost Economics or TCE sought to undermine price theory itself, or at least its conception of the firm and other non-standard contracts. Unlike the Chicago School, TCE offered to explain how exclusive dealing within and between firms produced benefits. In particular, TCE argued that complete and partial integration was a method of reducing or eliminating the costs of relying upon unbridled markets to conduct economic activity, particularly costs flowing from anticipated opportunism. Exclusive dealing, it was said, was no exception, and economists have identified several beneficial effects that such contracts can create.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-107818 reference"><p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2017/the-eu-court-of-justice-issues-landmark-judgment-on-legal-treatment-of-fidelity">Case C-413/14 P Intel Corp Inc v European Commission, EU:C:2017:632</a></p> <p>Case C-85/76 Hoffmann-La Roche v Commission, EU:C:1979:36</p> <p>FTC v. Brown Shoe Co., 384 U.S. 316, 320-21 (1966)</p> <p>Brandeis in Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. US, 246 US 231 (1918)</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-107818 jurisprudence"><p>Meese, Alan J., Exclusive Dealing, the Theory of the Firm, and Raising Rivals’ Costs: Toward a New Synthesis, William & Mary Law School Faculty Publications (2005).</p> <p>Richard A. Posner, Antitrust Law 251-54, The University of Chicago Press (2d ed. 2001).</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/Single-branding#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/Single-branding#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/Single-branding#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/Single-branding#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/auteurs/isabella-carcione" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/auton122506-baa1d.jpg?1711359737) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Isabella Carcione</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">Accademia del Lusso (Milan)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Italy</span> <span class="articles"><em>4</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>7072</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Isabella Carcione, </span> <span class="entry-title">Single Branding </span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 12306</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">18343</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-12306 texte surlignable"><p>This term covers both non-compete obligations and quantity forcing. A non-compete obligation is an obligation or incentive scheme in a supply or distribution agreement which causes the buyer not to manufacture, purchase, sell or resell products which compete with the contract products or to purchase at least 80% of his requirements of that type of product from the supplier. Quantity forcing on the buyer is a weaker form of non-compete, where incentives or obligations agreed between the supplier and the buyer make the latter concentrate his purchases to a large extent, but less than 80%, on the brand(s) of one supplier. Single branding may take the form of a direct obligation not to purchase competing brands (often called "ties") but may for example also take the form of minimum purchase requirements, quantity rebate schemes or loyalty rebate schemes. The possible competition risks are foreclosure of the market to competing suppliers, facilitation of collusion between suppliers in case of cumulative use and, where the buyer is a retailer, a loss of in-store inter-brand competition. <strong><a href="IMG/pdf/european_commission_glossary_of_terms_used_in_eu_competition_policy_-_antitrust_and_control_of_concentrations.pdf?40143/c3774ee64935572d46552d77051b73fee53aeda168348c3575d30d9dabcc7a34" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'>European Commission</a> </strong></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679lkEzyaLF5ivVc/7Pxy7e6GMOC6xMAQHP2TWCMC71euWnchs6SkjE8GQdaiLQWrIdVBlALjm5fs4B7u9e0KoeskNcwqHlVJFOXVgSUjW+dTdP5Z3csog8RLJ6JyF6DdovqiZ9Ccq8Xz9UgiUEkl9lH41xXGxr9eLfQY/4EDzenfIRfDuKjmP2Jj2V88bWPjQJWFJXuNQR9IZhFam7KD3SrSbgcfaNm9CF6Mt/QyhTZ0wleaIbt7Xeo2Lg2W49OWyTme72qifyYulOVoj1FkgFoYFNEefddfKpqWiztKDDVUnaWPow9ZMCJ15CuYGMZmI9kSwWZhtpU090mMQ02NplO' data-origin="//en/dictionary/Single-branding"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/rafael-baena">Rafael Baena</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/pablo-velasco">Pablo Velasco</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/javier-torrecilla-perez">Javier Torrecilla Pérez</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/november-2019/the-spanish-competition-authority-fines-eur77-1-million-two-companies-for" rel="bookmark">The Spanish Competition Authority fines €77.1 million two companies for developing commercial policies to consolidate their position in the marketing of television advertising sector <em>(Mediaset / Atresmedia)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-11-12T23:00:00Z">13 November 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-95616 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 13 November 2019, the Spanish Competition Authority ("CNMC") announced that it had fined Mediaset and Atresmedia €77.1 million in total for antitrust practices in the marketing of television advertising. Both companies have been required to cease their behaviour and adapt their commercial and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/andrzej-kmiecik">Andrzej Kmiecik</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/november-2019/the-spanish-competition-authority-imposes-fines-totalling-eur77-million-on-two" rel="bookmark">The Spanish Competition Authority imposes fines totalling €77 million on two national leading TV channel operators for restricting other channels’ abilities to compete for advertising revenue <em>(Mediaset / Atresmedia)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-11-11T23:00:00Z">12 November 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-92925 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 12 November 2019, the Spanish Competition Authority (“CNMC”) fined Spain’s two leading TV channel operators Mediaset and Atresmedia a total of € 77 million for imposing single-branding obligations in their agreements with television advertisers. <br class='autobr' /> The CNMC concluded that the two TV channel (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/candela-sotes-macaya">Candela Sotés Macaya</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/patricia-linan-hernandez">Patricia Liñán Hernandez</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/november-2019/the-spanish-competition-authority-fines-eur77-2-million-the-largest-media" rel="bookmark">The Spanish Competition Authority fines €77,2 million the largest media companies for including clauses in their contracts that foreclosed the access of competitors to the television advertising market <em>(Mediaset / Atresmedia)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-11-11T23:00:00Z">12 November 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-93738 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 12 November 2019, the Spanish Competition Authority ("CNMC") imposed a total fine of EUR 77.2 million on Mediaset and Atresmedia, the largest media companies in Spain, for including clauses in their contracts with advertisers and media agencies that foreclosed the access of competitors to the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2017/alerts/abuse-of-dominant-position-the-general-court-of-the-european-union-confirms-the" rel="bookmark"><strong>Abuse of dominant position</strong>: The General Court of the European Union confirms the lack of EU interest in conducting further investigation relating to practices on the market for collectibles relating to the World Cup and Euro tournaments <i>(Gascogne)</i></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-01-10T23:00:00Z">11 January 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-84104 introduction entry-content"> <p>On January 11, 2017, the General Court of the European Union handed down a judgment in Case T-699/14 (Topps Europe Ltd v. European Commission). In this case, the appellant, Topps Europe Ltd, which is a company that markets collectibles in Europe, a competitor of the Panini company, had lodged (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Lia-Vitzilaiou">Lia Vitzilaiou</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/august-2015/the-hellenic-competition-authority-accepts-commitments-from-petrol-product-en" rel="bookmark">The Hellenic Competition Authority accepts commitments from petrol product suppliers regarding long term exclusive cooperation agreements with petrol stations <em>(BP Hellas / Shell Hellas)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-08-10T22:00:00Z">11 August 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-92114 introduction entry-content"> <p>By its decision No. 602/11.08.2015, the Hellenic Competition Commission (the “HCC”) unanimously accepted the commitments offered by nine (9) petrol product suppliers, to cease presumed violations of Art. 1 L. 703/77 and Art. 101 TFEU. This decision (the “HCC decision”), which was the first HCC (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/hungarian-competition-authority">Hungarian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2015/the-hungarian-competition-authority-accepts-the-commitments-offered-by-two-en" rel="bookmark">The Hungarian Competition Authority accepts the commitments offered by two companies operating in the market of card payment services and closes the cartel proceedings <em>(MasterCard / OTP)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-06-07T22:00:00Z">8 June 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-73956 introduction entry-content"> <p>The case of MasterCard and OTP is closed by the acceptance of commitments* <br class='autobr' /> The Hungarian Competition Authority (Gazdasági Versenyhivatal – GVH) accepted the commitments offered by MasterCard Europe Sprl (MasterCard) and OTP Bank Nyrt. (OTP), through the implementation of which the undertakings (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/paulius-mencas">Paulius Mencas</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/april-2014/The-Supreme-Administrative-Court-66152" rel="bookmark">The Lithuanian Supreme Administrative Court confirms the presence of fault being an absolute precondition for competition law liability <em>(G4S / DNB / SEB / Swedbank)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-04-07T22:00:00Z">8 April 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-66152 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 8 April 2014, the Supreme Administrative Court of Lithuania (‘Supreme Administrative Court’ or the ‘Court’) delivered its judgment in case G4S, DNB bank, SEB bank and Swedbank v. Competition Council . <br class='autobr' /> The case concerned the decision by the Competition Council of the Republic of Lithuania (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/howard-m-ullman">Howard Ullman</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/august-2013/the-us-district-court-of-northern-california-rejects-the-defendants-motion-to-en" rel="bookmark">The US District Court for the Northern District of California rejects the defendants’ motion to dismiss challenging antitrust claims arising out of an exclusive license deal <em>(Patrick Dang / San Francisco Forty Niners)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2013-08-01T22:00:00Z">2 August 2013</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-54782 introduction entry-content"> <p>Single-Brand Market Claims Are Not Dead* <br class='autobr' /> Modern antitrust law’s focus on inter-brand competition has made it much more difficult to plead and prove single-brand market claims. The law’s concern with inter-brand competition is so strong that some observers have all but written off such claims (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/irish-competition-authority">Irish Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/april-2013/The-Irish-Competition-Authority-58038" rel="bookmark">The Irish Competition Authority issues an enforcement decision concerning previously established commitments to cease the anticompetitive practices on the retail market for body sportwear <em>(FitFlops)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2013-04-18T22:00:00Z">19 April 2013</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-58038 introduction entry-content"> <p>Competition Authority reminder to businesses: resale price maintenance is against the law <br class='autobr' /> The Competition Authority advises businesses to be aware that resale price maintenance is against the law and that it will take enforcement action against anyone engaging in the practice. The advice is (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/paulius-mencas">Paulius Mencas</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/december-2012/the-lithuanian-competition-council-fines-security-services-provider-and-three-en" rel="bookmark">The Lithuanian Competition Authority fines security services provider and three banks for anticompetitive agreements concerning cash handling and cash-in-transit services <em>(G4S / DNB / SEB bank / Swedbank)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2012-12-19T23:00:00Z">20 December 2012</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-50879 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Lithuanian Competition Council (the Council) imposed a total fine of over EUR 16 million on G4S Lietuva (G4S), a provider of security services, and three major banks in Lithuania - DNB bank, SEB bank and Swedbank (collectively - the Banks) – for vertical agreements restrictive of competition (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/vikas-kathuria">Vikas Kathuria</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/november-2012/The-Competition-Commission-of-50331" rel="bookmark">The Competition Commission of India holds that a big production house movie does not constitute a separate relevant product market <em>(Ajay Devgan Films / Yash Raj Films)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2012-11-04T23:00:00Z">5 November 2012</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-50331 introduction entry-content"> <p>Background <br class='autobr' /> In a recent ruling the Competition Commission of India (CCI), in the matter of Ajay Devgan Films v. Yash Raj Films Private Limited &Ors, refused to accept that a big production house movie may constitute a separate relevant product market in itself. It held that no enterprise (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/lucas-peeperkorn">Lucas Peeperkorn</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/march-2012/the-eu-court-of-justice-affirms-the-application-of-a-consumer-oriented-effects-en" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice affirms the application of a consumer-oriented effects-based approach to exclusionary pricing practices of dominant undertakings and the "as efficient competitor test" <em>(Post Danmark)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2012-03-26T22:00:00Z">27 March 2012</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-48816 introduction entry-content"> <p>The author is Principal Expert in Antitrust Policy at DG Competition, European Commission. The views expressed in this article are his own and do not necessarily reflect those of DG Competition or the European Commission. The author expresses its thanks Ekaterina Rousseva and Carles Esteva Mosso (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nathalie-jalabert-doury">Nathalie Jalabert-Doury</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2012/case-comments/Exclusivity-Resale-price" rel="bookmark"><strong>Exclusivity – Resale price maintenance</strong>: The French Competition Authority imposes € 35 million fines on the main suppliers of pet food for significantly reducing competition between their distributors <em>(Pet food)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2012-03-19T23:00:00Z">20 March 2012</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-45857 introduction entry-content"> <p>Council Decision No. 12-D-10 of 20 March 2012 on practices in the dog and cat food sector <br class='autobr' /> On 20 March 2012, the Competition Authority imposed fines totalling €35 million on the three main producers of dry dog and cat food operating in France. Nestlé Purina Petcare France SAS (Nestlé), Royal (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/elise-provost">Elise Provost</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2010/the-paris-court-of-appeal-rejects-the-applicability-of-art-101-and-102-teu-but-en" rel="bookmark">The Paris Court of Appeal rejects the applicability of Article 101 and 102 TEU but upholds the findings that two telecom operators had abused their dominant positions in the telephony markets <em>(Orange Caraïbe / France Telecom)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2010-09-22T22:00:00Z">23 September 2010</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-33595 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Court of Appeal ruled on 23 September 2010 in the Orange Caraïbe case. It mainly upheld the findings of the French Competition Authority. Nonetheless, ruling out the applicability of Article 101 and 102 on doubtful grounds, it also quashed the decision insofar it found a margin squeeze in (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2010/alerts/Motor-vehicle-distribution-The-EU" rel="bookmark"><strong>Motor vehicle distribution</strong>: The EU Commission adopts revised competition rules for motor vehicle distribution and repair</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2010-05-26T22:00:00Z">27 May 2010</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-60852 introduction entry-content"> <p>Yesterday, May 27, 2010, the Commission adopted Regulation (EU) No 461/2010 on the application of Article 101(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices in the motor vehicle sector, which is intended to replace (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/Single-branding?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvRhW9uyjRg789A+EwFleyOV04aSNxLbB1HMYQDLlevybAHz9ZoJb/eUf7g9P9Aksbn+trLz+tOpXmZeYCjAiyKIB8irqebVtQbVQ55vOwcfmH0iIjvo9HPWnGtzenfzI/bBRW3AzDgnd7P9y5Qn5omuB3YKNXrQlfwV3SpMa8PZqDG9ism0GxbFPQEUq1+mBTyeLxrbFeY8Hllb49PHIJ7IIAAAsbDZZLzPHRJ9MdRmWWz+UVx9lB0O8PNpKExbTS8no62ll6mz00FSUgSo3RywsZknNVhvFqLoeE7Spb4aPEq9RGJz92k+7ysEEhkEFttM+utK4TjsGqB5IBWt3ZIfM=' data-origin="//en/dictionary/Single-branding"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/lucas-peeperkorn">Lucas Peeperkorn</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2015/articles/Conditional-pricing-Why-the-70835" rel="bookmark">Conditional pricing: Why the General Court is wrong in Intel and what the Court of Justice can do to rebalance the assessment of rebates</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-12-31T23:00:00Z">January 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-70835 introduction entry-content"> <p>This article provides arguments why in Intel the General Court is wrong in denying the relevance of the effects-based approach for the assessment of exclusivity rebates. Conditional rebates, including exclusivity rebates, and single branding/exclusive purchasing and tying obligations, should not (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marc-abenhaim">Marc Abenhaïm</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicolas-petit">Nicolas Petit</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2009/articles/Exclusive-dealing-market-shares" rel="bookmark">Exclusive dealing, market shares and the safe harbour of EC Reg. 2790/1999: Time for a rethink?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2009-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2009</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-26714 introduction entry-content"> <p>The present paper discusses whether the market share thresholds enshrined in Regulation 2790/1999 correctly apprehend the foreclosure risks arising from single branding and exclusive purchasing obligations. As far as the risks of customer foreclosure arising from single branding obligations are (…)</p> </div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679lKGravml+vb1jCx1MC6G7mMKC6xMAQHP2xUvAarc7x8OAAQWOPDUnbz/X5EX3heX8j8mPjZL57NhIzSQHhw60wU4wqGn1rR+Phs82f/pbjF+7c//nhQ6fOFyVOb2zSzbhNAe6RGSAnU9wC61JEZGQZzqlpR6/Jarj3fqg7nEOCPyKxLXR5AHO4PRdVHGjXwbrCAn/RUlxMfbnffsvFqaJrjJSZC5Makj6VLqswWQi7G/Pqwcq7Xfo2AX7Cbh99PCghzx0NWWz+e+9grFFlSHomI8iXa/VcXYL2DzuKLjcEuExM5DjB8e+Y7S2SIuvpQcfy/NiOiuQDYPzWha7' data-origin="//en/dictionary/Single-branding"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Francesco-Rosati">Francesco Rosati</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/joseph-vogel">Joseph Vogel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/louis-vogel">Louis Vogel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-dewulf-647">Stéphane Dewulf</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thibaud-verge">Thibaud Vergé</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/upcoming-events/economic-aspects-of-suppliers-distributors-relationships" rel="bookmark">Economic aspects of suppliers / distributors relationships</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2010-10-22T10:00:00Z">22 October 2010</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-32711 introduction entry-content"><p>Frederic Jenny<br/>Francesco Rosati<br/>Joseph Vogel<br/>Louis Vogel</p></div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsections_books related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-books"> <span>Books</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXTRhKtp6jRgLdd9woxts8kOO5cIc6S7dt480dyCODxYcRDoerBsiOPqIAsprn5ktxRT+j7c4u7Ff9gKGr8ev9qFkmjA9UAuYqPdCzaJB7FgFuFlSlMGMrPRWNYNb/ksg8ooNeEWUbKW836S6dCUGw+8KUb+c4dk1NG816jLxCEb3bVCjxsGZbSScVb20lp/XBSr+UKWU/f/Jo1Xf1bYhxu+sNiBvS7yjqAOUsT6+fXaPxpCXtkC7KkX1ceXFId9io/R6w26iNp5Vq7vfm52fXkvSEA5e3jnCYc1MZJJGUo4t54RaSDX9uM48i+sznK4x8VpGElMlcthNMs0u25H/qeXNR+4GosQg==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/Single-branding"> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christian-bovet">Christian Bovet</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/why-competition-voices-from-the-antitrust-community-and-beyond-1493#id=131983" rel="bookmark">Why Competition? Voices from the Antitrust Community and Beyond <small>From Cola to GAFAM. Defining Markets in Competition Law and Sector-Specific Regulations</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-21T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">22 </span><span class="m">Nov</span></span><span class="y"> 2024</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">479Why Competition? From Cola to GAFAM: Defining Markets in Competition Law and Sector-Specific RegulationsChristian Bovet * University of Geneva I. Introduction Probably all competition law professors around the world stress during their first classes the significance of market definition in (…)</div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_related sticky-top" id="related-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/Single-branding#related-jurisprudence" data-target="#related-jurisprudence">Case Comments</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/Single-branding#related-articles" data-target="#related-articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/Single-branding#related-events" data-target="#related-events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/Single-branding#related-books" data-target="#related-books">Books</a></li> </ul> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <div class="index-overlay collapse" id="index"> <span class="arrow-top"></span> <button class="close">×</button> <div class="glossaire-index"> <div class="main"> <div class="index"> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Single-branding#a" data-anchor="#a">a</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Single-branding#b" data-anchor="#b">b</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Single-branding#c" data-anchor="#c">c</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Single-branding#d" data-anchor="#d">d</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Single-branding#e" data-anchor="#e">e</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Single-branding#f" data-anchor="#f">f</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Single-branding#g" data-anchor="#g">g</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Single-branding#h" data-anchor="#h">h</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Single-branding#i" data-anchor="#i">i</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Single-branding#j" data-anchor="#j">j</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Single-branding#k" data-anchor="#k">k</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Single-branding#l" data-anchor="#l">l</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Single-branding#m" data-anchor="#m">m</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Single-branding#n" data-anchor="#n">n</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Single-branding#o" data-anchor="#o">o</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Single-branding#p" data-anchor="#p">p</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Single-branding#r" data-anchor="#r">r</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Single-branding#s" data-anchor="#s">s</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Single-branding#t" data-anchor="#t">t</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Single-branding#u" data-anchor="#u">u</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Single-branding#v" data-anchor="#v">v</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Single-branding#w" data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/withdrawal-of-the-benefit-of-a-block-exemption">Withdrawal (of the benefit of a block exemption)</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function(){ // hack on appelle 1 scrollspy sur body et 1 sur window pour pas les melanger jQuery(window).scrollspy({ target: '#menu-definition', offset: 130 }); jQuery('body').scrollspy({ target: '#definition-index', offset: 130 }); jQuery(document).scrollspy({ target: '#related-index', offset: 130 }); // Affichage de l'index var $btn_index = jQuery('[data-target="#index"]'); var $index = jQuery('#index'); $btn_index.on('click', function(e) { e.stopPropagation(); var me = jQuery(this); if (me.is('.collapsed')) { $btn_index.removeClass('in'); me.addClass('in'); var $container = $index.closest('.relative-content'); var y = me.offset().top - $container.offset().top + me.outerHeight(); var picto = me.find('.picto-round'); if (!picto.length) { picto = me; } var h = jQuery(window).height() 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