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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_and_academic_commentary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_and_academic_commentary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Judicial and academic commentary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_and_academic_commentary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overlap_with_other_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overlap_with_other_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Overlap with other powers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overlap_with_other_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_democratic_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_democratic_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Relationship with democratic rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_democratic_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_version_of_Constitution_Act,_1886" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_version_of_Constitution_Act,_1886"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>French version of <i>Constitution Act, 1886</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_version_of_Constitution_Act,_1886-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_amendments" 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class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Constitution_of_Canada" title="Category:Constitution of Canada">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:135%;font-weight:heavy;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution of Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0 0 1.0em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg/100px-Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg/150px-Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation (1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act (1774)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Act_1791" title="Constitutional Act 1791">Constitutional Act (1791)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1840" title="Act of Union 1840">Act of Union (1840)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act (1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Act" title="Supreme Court Act">Supreme Court Act (1875)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution Act (1886)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Acts" title="British North America Acts">British North America Acts (1867–1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster (1931)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implied_bill_of_rights" title="Implied bill of rights">Implied bill of rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Throne_Act_1937" class="mw-redirect" title="Succession to the Throne Act 1937">Succession to the Throne Act (1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_Patent,_1947" title="Letters Patent, 1947">Letters Patent (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Act_1982" title="Canada Act 1982">Canada Act (1982)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Throne_Act,_2013" title="Succession to the Throne Act, 2013">Succession to the Throne Act, 2013</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">British North America Act 1886</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act respecting the representation in the Parliament of Canada of territories which for the time being form part of the Dominion of Canada, but are not included in any province.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">49 & 50 Vict c. 35</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Territorial extent </span></th><td class="infobox-data">Canada</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25 June 1886</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coming_into_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Coming into force">Commencement</a></th><td class="infobox-data dtstart">25 June 1886</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ccffcc;">Status: Current legislation</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/49-50/35/contents/enacted">Text of statute as originally enacted</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/49-50/35/contents">Revised text of statute as amended</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Constitution Act, 1886</b></i> (UK), 58 & 59 Vict, c 35, (the <i>Act</i>) is an <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Parliament_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom">Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> that forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution of Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was originally known as the<i> <a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Acts" title="British North America Acts">British North America Act</a>, 1886</i>, but it was renamed <i>Constitution Act, 1886</i> by the <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Section 1 of the <i>Constitution Act, 1886</i> provides that "the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> may...make provision for the representation in the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>, or in either of them, of any <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Territories of Canada">territories</a> which for the time being form part of the Dominion of Canada, but are not included in any Province thereof." </p><p>Section 2 of the <i>Constitution Act, 1886</i> clarifies that Parliament can, by providing for the representation of the territories in the Senate, increase the normal and maximum total number of Senators under the <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act, 1867</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, by providing for the representation of the territories in the House of Commons, increase the number of members of the House of Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Section 2 also retroactively validates an 1886 law providing for the representation of the Northwest Territories in the House of Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Territorial_representation_in_Parliament">Territorial representation in Parliament</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1886&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Territorial representation in Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are currently three populated territories which are part of Canada, but which are not part of any province: the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a>. </p><p>Each territory is currently represented by one member of the Senate and one member of the House of Commons. This is in spite of their small populations relative to the provinces and indeed, relative to nearly all <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)" title="Electoral district (Canada)">federal electoral districts</a>. In 1915, <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Wilfrid Laurier</a> criticized the representation of the territories permitted by the <i>Constitution Act, 1886</i> as inconsistent with representation by population.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1987, the Chief Justice of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_British_Columbia" title="Supreme Court of British Columbia">Supreme Court of British Columbia</a> noted that "representation for the territories [in the House of Commons] has never been based strictly upon population".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Northwest Territories were represented in the Senate from 1888 until the creation of Alberta and Saskatchewan in 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yukon MP <a href="/wiki/Erik_Nielsen" title="Erik Nielsen">Erik Nielsen</a> first proposed the renewal of territorial representation in the Senate in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Northwest Territories and Yukon have been represented in the Senate since 1975 and Nunavut has been represented in the Senate since its creation in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Territorial senators are not considered part of a regional <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Senate_divisions" title="Canadian Senate divisions">division of the Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Part of the Northwest Territories were represented in the House of Commons from 1886 until the creation of Alberta and Saskatchewan in 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yukon_(electoral_district)" title="Yukon (electoral district)">Yukon</a> has been represented in the House of Commons since 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Yukon%E2%80%94Mackenzie_River" title="Yukon—Mackenzie River">Northwest Territories and Yukon</a> were represented by the same member of the House of Commons between 1949 and 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the 1952 election, the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories_(electoral_district)" title="Northwest Territories (electoral district)">western portion of the Northwest Territories</a> was represented by its own member; after the 1979 election, an additional member was added to the House of Commons to represent the <a href="/wiki/Nunavut_(electoral_district)" title="Nunavut (electoral district)">eastern portion of the Northwest Territories. Nunavut</a>, which was created from the eastern portion of the Northwest Territories, has been represented in the House of Commons since its creation in 1999. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/District_of_Keewatin" title="District of Keewatin">Keewatin</a> territory was never represented in the Senate or the House of Commons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1886&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although section 146 of the <i>Constitution Act, 1867</i> contemplated the admission of Rupert's Land and the North-western Territory to Canada, it did not provide for the territories' representation in the Senate the way section 147 did for Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland. Similarly, the <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1871" title="Constitution Act, 1871">Constitution Act, 1871</a></i> empowered Parliament to provide for the representation of new provinces in the Senate and the House of Commons, but not of territories.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Constitution Act, 1886</i> was enacted at the request of the government of Canada "on the basis of a formal address by both Houses of Parliament".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was in accordance with the precedent set concerning the <i>Constitution Act, 1871</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Constitution Act, 1915</i>, which increased the representation of Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba and Saskatchewan in the Senate, and established the Senate floor rule<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to which a province cannot have fewer members of the House of Commons than it has Senators, provided that it does not "affect the powers of the Canadian Parliament under the <i>Constitution Act, 1886</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Like the <i>Constitution Act, 1886</i>, the <i>Constitution Act, 1915</i> was enacted without provincial consultation or consent.) </p><p>Section 51 of the <i>British North America Act, 1867</i>, enacted by the <i>British North America Act, 1946</i>, required that Yukon be represented by one member and that "such other part of Canada not comprised within a province as may from time to time be defined by the Parliament of Canada" also be represented by one member. This requirement was later reenacted as subsection 51(2) by the Parliament of Canada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judicial_and_academic_commentary">Judicial and academic commentary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1886&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Judicial and academic commentary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1979, in the <i>Reference re Authority of Parliament in relation to the Upper House</i> (better known as the <i>Upper House Reference</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> noted that the actual granting of representation in the Senate and the House of Commons to the territories by virtue of section 1 of the <i>Constitution Act, 1886</i> "did not in any substantial way affect federal-provincial relationships".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guy Tremblay and André Grenier took the view that the <i>Constitution Act, 1886</i> did not detract from provincial legislative authority because it transferred to Parliament part of the residual authority retained by the Parliament of the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In their dissenting opinion in the <a href="/wiki/Patriation_Reference" title="Patriation Reference">Reference re Resolution to amend the Constitution</a> (better known as the <i>Patriation Reference</i>) in 1981, Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Bora_Laskin" title="Bora Laskin">Laskin</a> and Justices <a href="/wiki/Willard_Estey" title="Willard Estey">Estey</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_McIntyre_(judge)" title="William McIntyre (judge)">McIntyre</a> noted that the <i>Constitution Act, 1886</i> was enacted "without provincial consultation and consent" despite its effects on provincial interests.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The judges were presumably referring to the risk that Parliament would use the power to dilute the provincial representation in the Senate, undermining one of its fundamental features.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Senator <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Forsey" title="Eugene Forsey">Eugene Forsey</a> seems to share the dissenting judges' concern.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This concern was noted by W.H.P. Clement as early as 1892; Clement warned that "it is in the power of the Dominion government to swamp the Senate, so long as the additional members are appointed to represent the [territories]".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James Ross Hurley, a former senior public servant, noted that "a radical increase in territorial senators could, at some point, be challenged as a violation of the federal principle".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, Jesse Hartery warned that "any increase to the number of seats provided to the territories [in the House of Commons beyond the existing one seat each]...may result in major distortions to the principle of representation by population".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overlap_with_other_powers">Overlap with other powers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1886&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Overlap with other powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <i>Upper House Reference</i>, the Supreme Court suggested that Parliament's power under section 1 of the <i>Constitution Act, 1886</i> overlaps with Parliament's broader power to make laws in relation to the "amendment...of the Constitution of Canada" (subject to certain exceptions) under subsection 91(1) of the <i>British North America Act, 1867</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That power was conferred to Parliament by section 1 of the <i>British North America Act, 1949</i> <i>(No. 2)</i> and repealed by subsection 53(1) of and the Schedule to the <i>Constitution Act, 1982</i>. </p><p>Subsection 91(1) of the <i>British North America Act, 1867</i> has since been replaced by section 44 of the <i>Constitution Act, 1982</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which empowers Parliament to make laws amending the Constitution of Canada in relation to the Senate and the House of Commons. </p><p>The <i>Constitution Act, 1886</i> was not repealed by the <i>Constitution Act, 1982</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so presumably continues to coexist with section 44 of the <i>Constitution Act, 1982</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_democratic_rights">Relationship with democratic rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1886&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Relationship with democratic rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parliament's power to "make provision for the representation in the...House of Commons...of any territor[y]" is very likely limited by the democratic rights guaranteed by the <i>Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</i>. <a href="/wiki/Section_33_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Section 3</a> of the <i>Charter</i> guarantees to Canadian citizens residing in each territory "right to vote in an election of members of the House of Commons...and to be qualified for membership therein".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Section 3 applies to "the Parliament...of Canada in respect of all matters within the authority of Parliament <i>including all matters relating to the Yukon Territory and Northwest Territories</i>" (emphasis added) by virtue of <a href="/wiki/Section_32_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 32 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">paragraph 32(1)(a)</a> of the <i>Charter</i>. </p><p>Jesse Hartery suggests that section 3 of the <i>Charter</i> requires that each territory be represented by its own member of the House of Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French_version_of_Constitution_Act,_1886"><span id="French_version_of_Constitution_Act.2C_1886"></span>French version of <i>Constitution Act, 1886</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1886&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: French version of Constitution Act, 1886"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the <i>Constitution Act, 1886</i> was enacted in English by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, there is no official French version of the <i>Act</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Section 55 of the <i>Constitution Act, 1982</i> requires the Minister of Justice to <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982#English_and_French_versions" title="Constitution Act, 1982">prepare a translation of the Act and that it be brought forward for enactment</a>. Although a translation was prepared in 1990, it has not been brought forward for enactment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_amendments">Proposed amendments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1886&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Proposed amendments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Constitution Act, 1886</i> would not have been repealed by the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Charter" title="Victoria Charter">Victoria Charter</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord" title="Meech Lake Accord">Meech Lake Accord</a>, two unsuccessful attempts to reform the Constitution of Canada. </p><p>A third attempt, the <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Accord" title="Charlottetown Accord">Charlottetown Accord</a>, would have (at least impliedly) repealed the <i>Constitution Act, 1886</i> in part and added a paragraph 21(1)(b) to the <i>Constitution Act, 1867</i>, which would have provided that "one [Senator] shall be elected for each territory, namely the Yukon Territory and the Northwest Territories". The Accord also proposed subsection 21(2), which would have provided that "where a new province is established from the Yukon Territory or the Northwest Territories, the new province shall be entitled to the same representation in the Senate as the territory had." </p><p>As interveners in the <i>Senate Reform Reference</i>, the Attorneys General of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut took the position that the federal government must consult the territorial governments before abolishing or reforming the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Court did not comment on the territorial attorneys general's arguments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_other_federations">Comparison with other federations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1886&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Comparison with other federations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Australia, <a href="/wiki/Section_122_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 122 of the Constitution of Australia">section 122 of the Constitution</a> provides that Parliament "may allow the representation of such territory in either House of the Parliament to the extent and on the terms which it thinks fit". <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">Territories</a> are represented in both the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Australian Senate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">Australian House of Representatives</a>. The <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a> confirmed the constitutional validity of the representation of the territories in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia_v_Commonwealth_(1975)" title="Western Australia v Commonwealth (1975)">Western Australia v Commonwealth (1975)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queensland_v_Commonwealth" title="Queensland v Commonwealth">Queensland v Commonwealth</a>. </p><p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> does not contemplate the representation of <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">territories</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>. Territories are not represented in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>. Territories are represented in a limited manner in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> by <a href="/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives">Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1886&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Full text of the <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1886_(annotated)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Constitution Act, 1886 (annotated)">Constitution Act, 1886</a></i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gc.ca/fra/pr-rp/sjc-csj/constitution/loireg-lawreg/p1t91.html">French version of the Constitution Act, 1886</a> proposed by the French Constitutional Drafting committee. An alternative French version was published in the Revised Statutes of Canada in 1985 and reprinted in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2176&context=rso">Revised Statutes of Ontario in 1990</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_territorial_senators" title="List of Canadian territorial senators">List of Canadian territorial senators</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1886&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Constitution Act</i>, 1982, s 52(2)(<i>b</i>) and Schedule, Item 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Constitution Act, 1982</i>, s 53 and Schedule, Item 9; <i>Constitution Act, 1886</i>, s 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The maximum total number of Senators under section 28 of the <i>Constitution Act, 1867</i> (presently 113) is the normal number set out in sections 21 and 22 (presently 105) plus the eight Senators who can be appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a> on the advice of the Prime Minister <i>and</i> with the approval of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">King of Canada</a> under section 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The maximum number of members of the House of Commons is 338. The minimum number of members of the House of Commons is equivalent the number of Senators by virtue of section 51A of the <i>Constitution Act, 1867</i> and paragraph 41(<i>b</i>) of the <i>Constitution Act, 1982</i>. The current number of members is determined under section 51 of the <i>Constitution Act, 1867</i> and the <i>Electoral Boundaries Readjustment Act</i>, RSC 1985, c E-3 and is set out in the <i>Proclamation Declaring the Representation Order to be in Force Effective on the First Dissolution of Parliament that Occurs after May 1, 2014</i> (<abbr>SI</abbr>/2013-102). Once Parliament is dissolved after April 22, 2024, the maximum number of members of the House of Commons will be 343, as set out in the <i>Proclamation Declaring the Representation Orders to be in Force Effective on the First Dissolution of Parliament that Occurs after April 22, 2024</i> (SI/2023-57).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>An Act respecting the representation of the North-West Territories in the Senate of Canada</i>, SC 1887, c 3, s 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmith2003" class="citation book cs1">Smith, David E (2003). <i>The Canadian Senate in Bicameral Perspective</i>. University of Toronto Press. p. 72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Senate+in+Bicameral+Perspective&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+Act%2C+1886" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canlii.org/en/bc/bcsc/doc/1987/1987canlii2547/1987canlii2547.html?autocompleteStr=1987%20canlii%202547&autocompletePos=1">Campbell v Canada (Attorney General)</a>, 1987 CanLII 2547 (BCSC) at para 7 <i>per</i> McEachern CJSC, aff'd 1988 CanLII 3043 (BCCA).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>An Act respecting the representation of the North-West Territories in the Senate of Canada</i>, SC 1887, c 3, s 1; <i>An Act to increase the representation of the North-west Territories in the Senate</i>, SC 1903, c 42, s 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunz1965" class="citation book cs1">Kunz, FA (1965). <i>The Modern Senate of Canada, 1925-1963: A Reappraisal</i>. University of Toronto Press. p. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Senate+of+Canada%2C+1925-1963%3A+A+Reappraisal&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Kunz&rft.aufirst=FA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+Act%2C+1886" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warren J Newman, "Constitutional Amendment by Legislation" in Emmett Macfarlane, ed, Constitutional Amendment in Canada, University of Toronto Press, 2016 105 at 108-109. See also <i>Constitution Act, 1999</i> (Nunavut), SC 1997-98, c 15; <i>Constitution Act, 1975 (No 2)</i>, SC 1975, c 53. The <i>Constitution Act, 1999</i> arguably impliedly repeals the <i>Constitution Act, 1975 (No 2)</i>. The qualifications required of Senators under section 23 of the <i>Constitution Act, 1867</i> were adapted for those representing the territories so that they could fulfill their real property requirement and be resident in their territory: <i>Constitution Act, 1867</i>, ss 23(3), (5), 31(5), 128, Fifth Schedule.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenate_of_Canada2015" class="citation book cs1">Senate of Canada (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sencanada.ca/media/93509/spip-psep-full-complet-e.pdf"><i>Senate Procedure in Practice</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Senate of Canada. pp. <span class="nowrap">7–</span>8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Senate+Procedure+in+Practice&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=Senate+of+Canada&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Senate+of+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsencanada.ca%2Fmedia%2F93509%2Fspip-psep-full-complet-e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+Act%2C+1886" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>North-West Territories Representation Act, 1886</i>, SC 1886, c 24. The <i>North-West Territories Representation Act, 1886</i> was retroactively validated by s 2 of the <i>Constitution Act, 1886</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Yukon Territory Representation Act, 1902</i>, SC 1902, c 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Representation Act, 1947</i>, SC 1947, c 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGérin-Lajoie1950" class="citation book cs1">Gérin-Lajoie, Paul (1950). <i>Constitutional Amendment in Canada</i>. University of Toronto Press. p. 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Amendment+in+Canada&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=G%C3%A9rin-Lajoie&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+Act%2C+1886" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guy Favreau, <i>The Amendment of the Constitution of Canada</i>, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, 1965.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGérin-Lajoie1950" class="citation book cs1">Gérin-Lajoie, Paul (1950). <i>Constitutional Amendment in Canada</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">60–</span>61, 145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Amendment+in+Canada&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E61%2C+145&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=G%C3%A9rin-Lajoie&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+Act%2C+1886" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Senate floor rule is now reflected in paragraph 41(<i>b</i>) of the <i>Constitution Act, 1982</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution Act, 1915 (UK), 5 & 6 Geo V, c 45, s 1(1)(vii).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/5637/index.do">Reference re Authority of Parliament in relation to the Upper House</a>, [1980] 1 SCR 54 at 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTremblay1991" class="citation journal cs1">Tremblay, Guy (1991). "Les compétences qui devraient être confiées aux provinces par suite de l'adoption de la Charte canadienne des droits". <i>Cahiers de droit</i>. <b>31</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">812–</span>813.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+de+droit&rft.atitle=Les+comp%C3%A9tences+qui+devraient+%C3%AAtre+confi%C3%A9es+aux+provinces+par+suite+de+l%27adoption+de+la+Charte+canadienne+des+droits&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E812-%3C%2Fspan%3E813&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Tremblay&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+Act%2C+1886" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/2519/index.do?r=AAAAAQAQWzE5ODFdIDEgU0NSIDc1MwE">Reference re Resolution to amend the Constitution</a>, [1981] 1 SCR 753 at 864. See also Renvoi relatif à un projet de résolution portant adresse commune à Sa Majesté la Reine concernant la Constitution du Canada (Dans l'affaire du), [1981] CA 80 (QC) at para 438 <i>per</i> Turgeon JA.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/5637/index.do?r=AAAAAQAPWzE5ODBdIDEgU0NSIDU0AQ">Reference re Authority of Parliament in relation to the Upper House</a>, [1980] 1 SCR 54 at 76; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/13614/index.do">Reference re Senate Reform</a>, 2014 SCC 32 at para 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eugene Forsey, "The Courts and the Conventions of the Constitution" (1984) 33 University of New Brunswick Law Journal 11 at 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">WHP Clement, <i>The Law of Canadian Constitution</i>, Toronto: Carswell, 1892 at 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Ross1996" class="citation book cs1">James Ross, Hurley (1996). <i>Amending Canada's Constitution: History, Processes, Problems and Prospects</i>. Ottawa: Government of Canada. p. 82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amending+Canada%27s+Constitution%3A+History%2C+Processes%2C+Problems+and+Prospects&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=James+Ross&rft.aufirst=Hurley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+Act%2C+1886" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartery2019" class="citation journal cs1">Hartery, Jesse (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3479459">"Reforming the Federal Electoral System in Canada: The Road to Unilateral Amendment"</a>. <i>Journal of Parliamentary and Political Law</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Parliamentary+and+Political+Law&rft.atitle=Reforming+the+Federal+Electoral+System+in+Canada%3A+The+Road+to+Unilateral+Amendment&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Hartery&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3479459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+Act%2C+1886" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrun2014" class="citation book cs1">Brun, Henri (2014). <i>Droit constitutionnel</i> (6th ed.). Cowansville, Quebec: Editions Yvon Blais. p. 227.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Droit+constitutionnel&rft.place=Cowansville%2C+Quebec&rft.pages=227&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Editions+Yvon+Blais&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Brun&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+Act%2C+1886" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogg" class="citation journal cs1">Hogg, Peter W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1627&context=scholarly_works">"Constitutional Law -- Federal Power to Amend the Constitution of Canada -- Reform of the Senate"</a>. <i>Canadian Bar Review</i>. <b>58</b> (3): 635.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Bar+Review&rft.atitle=Constitutional+Law+--+Federal+Power+to+Amend+the+Constitution+of+Canada+--+Reform+of+the+Senate&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=635&rft.aulast=Hogg&rft.aufirst=Peter+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1627%26context%3Dscholarly_works&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+Act%2C+1886" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt-Hilaire" class="citation journal cs1">St-Hilaire, Maxime. "Henderson c Procureure générale du Québec". <i>Journal of Parliamentary and Political Law</i>. <b>13</b>: 164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Parliamentary+and+Political+Law&rft.atitle=Henderson+c+Procureure+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=164&rft.aulast=St-Hilaire&rft.aufirst=Maxime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+Act%2C+1886" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/scc/doc/2014/2014scc32/2014scc32.html">Reference re Senate Reform</a>, 2014 SCC 32 at paras 46, 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Constitution Act, 1982</i>, s 53(1) & Schedule, Item 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strictly speaking, the residency requirement is set out in Part I of the <i>Canada Elections Act</i>, SC 2000, c 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warren J Newman, "The Duty to Prepare and Put Forward for Enactment the French-Language Version of Certain Constitutional Instruments: From the Bertrand Case to the Langlois Case" (November 6, 2015) at 14: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.capitaldocumentation.ca/documents/NewmanW6nov2015en.pdf">http://www.capitaldocumentation.ca/documents/NewmanW6nov2015en.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729004926/http://www.capitaldocumentation.ca/documents/NewmanW6nov2015en.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-07-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.scc-csc.ca/WebDocuments-DocumentsWeb/35203/FM050_Intervener_Attorney-General-of-Nunavut.pdf">https://www.scc-csc.ca/WebDocuments-DocumentsWeb/35203/FM050_Intervener_Attorney-General-of-Nunavut.pdf</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.scc-csc.ca/WebDocuments-DocumentsWeb/35203/FM080_Intervener_Attorney-General-of-Northwest-Territories.pdf">https://www.scc-csc.ca/WebDocuments-DocumentsWeb/35203/FM080_Intervener_Attorney-General-of-Northwest-Territories.pdf</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1886&oldid=1252843444">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1886&oldid=1252843444</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Constitution_of_Canada" title="Category:Constitution of Canada">Constitution of Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Acts_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_concerning_Canada" title="Category:Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning Canada">Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning Canada</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2022">Use dmy dates from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 October 2024, at 05:08<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; 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