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</a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Members_and_electoral_districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members_and_electoral_districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Members and electoral districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Members_and_electoral_districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prerequisites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prerequisites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prerequisites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prerequisites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qualifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qualifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Qualifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qualifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Officers_and_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Officers_and_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Officers and symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Officers_and_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procedure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Procedure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Committees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Committees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Committees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Committees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Legislative functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_the_Government_of_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_the_Government_of_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Relationship with the Government of Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_the_Government_of_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Current composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seating_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seating_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Seating plan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seating_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chamber_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chamber_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Chamber design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chamber_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renovations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renovations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Renovations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renovations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Offices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">House of Commons of Canada</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="مجلس العموم الكندي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجلس العموم الكندي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%88%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Палата абшчын Канады – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Палата абшчын Канады" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambra_dels_Comuns_del_Canad%C3%A0" title="Cambra dels Comuns del Canadà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cambra dels Comuns del Canadà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadsk%C3%A1_Doln%C3%AD_sn%C4%9Bmovna" title="Kanadská Dolní sněmovna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kanadská Dolní sněmovna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%B7%27r_Cyffredin_(Canada)" title="Tŷ'r Cyffredin (Canada) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tŷ'r Cyffredin (Canada)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underhuset_(Canada)" title="Underhuset (Canada) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Underhuset (Canada)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unterhaus_(Kanada)" title="Unterhaus (Kanada) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Unterhaus (Kanada)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%AE_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%AC" title="Βουλή των Κοινοτήτων του Καναδά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βουλή των Κοινοτήτων του Καναδά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1mara_de_los_Comunes_de_Canad%C3%A1" title="Cámara de los Comunes de Canadá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cámara de los Comunes de Canadá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ambro_de_Deputitoj_de_Kanado" title="Ĉambro de Deputitoj de Kanado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉambro de Deputitoj de Kanado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="مجلس عوام کانادا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مجلس عوام کانادا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambre_des_communes_du_Canada" title="Chambre des communes du Canada – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chambre des communes du Canada" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%90%EB%82%98%EB%8B%A4_%ED%95%98%EC%9B%90" title="캐나다 하원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캐나다 하원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="हाउस ऑफ़ कॉमन्स, कनाडा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हाउस ऑफ़ कॉमन्स, कनाडा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Rakyat_(Kanada)" title="Dewan Rakyat (Kanada) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dewan Rakyat (Kanada)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_dei_comuni_(Canada)" title="Camera dei comuni (Canada) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Camera dei comuni (Canada)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94" title="בית הנבחרים של קנדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בית הנבחרים של קנדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domus_Communium_Canadae" title="Domus Communium Canadae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Domus Communium Canadae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadai_K%C3%A9pvisel%C5%91h%C3%A1z" title="Kanadai Képviselőház – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kanadai Képviselőház" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="مجلس عموم كندا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مجلس عموم كندا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Rakyat_Kanada" title="Dewan Rakyat Kanada – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dewan Rakyat Kanada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagerhuis_(Canada)" title="Lagerhuis (Canada) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lagerhuis (Canada)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B6%E6%B0%91%E9%99%A2_(%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%80)" title="庶民院 (カナダ) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="庶民院 (カナダ)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underhuset_(Canada)" title="Underhuset (Canada) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Underhuset (Canada)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izba_Gmin_Kanady" title="Izba Gmin Kanady – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Izba Gmin Kanady" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2mara_dos_Comuns_do_Canad%C3%A1" title="Câmara dos Comuns do Canadá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Câmara dos Comuns do Canadá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_Comunelor_din_Canada" title="Camera Comunelor din Canada – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Camera Comunelor din Canada" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Палата общин Канады – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Палата общин Канады" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="House of Commons of Canada" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%9A%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Доњи дом Канаде – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Доњи дом Канаде" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadan_edustajainhuone" title="Kanadan edustajainhuone – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kanadan edustajainhuone" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadas_underhus" title="Kanadas underhus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kanadas underhus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Lower house of the Parliament of Canada</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%; border-top: 2px solid #006030; border-bottom: 2px solid #006030"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">House of Commons of Canada</div> <br /><div style="display:inline" class="nickname" lang="fr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Chambre des communes du Canada</i></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/44th_Canadian_Parliament" title="44th Canadian Parliament">44th Parliament</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons_Canada_rendition.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Commons_Canada_rendition.svg/75px-Commons_Canada_rendition.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Commons_Canada_rendition.svg/113px-Commons_Canada_rendition.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Commons_Canada_rendition.svg/150px-Commons_Canada_rendition.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #006030; border-bottom: 2px solid #006030">Type</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline" class="category"><a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #006030; border-bottom: 2px solid #006030">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1867<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1867</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #006030; border-bottom: 2px solid #006030">Leadership</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(Canada)" title="Speaker of the House of Commons (Canada)">Speaker</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Greg_Fergus" title="Greg Fergus">Greg Fergus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party (Canada)">Liberal</a> <br />since October 3, 2023 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a>, Liberal <br />since November 4, 2015 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Leader of the Opposition</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Pierre Poilievre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> <br />since September 10, 2022 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Government_in_the_House_of_Commons_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Government in the House of Commons of Canada">Government House Leader</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Karina_Gould" title="Karina Gould">Karina Gould</a>, Liberal <br />since July 26, 2023 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_House_Leader" title="Opposition House Leader">Opposition House Leader</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Scheer" title="Andrew Scheer">Andrew Scheer</a>, Conservative <br />since September 13, 2022 </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #006030; border-bottom: 2px solid #006030">Structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Seats</th><td class="infobox-data">338</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:44th_Canadian_Parliament.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/44th_Canadian_Parliament.svg/300px-44th_Canadian_Parliament.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/44th_Canadian_Parliament.svg/450px-44th_Canadian_Parliament.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/44th_Canadian_Parliament.svg/600px-44th_Canadian_Parliament.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="356" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Political groups</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><b><a href="/wiki/29th_Canadian_Ministry" title="29th Canadian Ministry">His Majesty's Government</a></b> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F08080; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> (153)</li></ul> <p><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_of_the_44th_Parliament_of_Canada" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet of the 44th Parliament of Canada">His Majesty's Loyal Opposition</a></b></span> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6495ED; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> (119)</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Official_party_status" title="Official party status">Parties with official status</a></b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#87CEFA; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> (33)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F4A560; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a> (25)</li></ul> <p><b>Parties without official status</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#99C955; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green</a> (2)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DDDDDD; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (4)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFFF; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> Vacant (2)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Salary</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="white-space: nowrap">CA$</span>194,600 (sessional indemnity effective March 31, 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #006030; border-bottom: 2px solid #006030">Elections</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Voting system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">First election</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1867_Canadian_federal_election" title="1867 Canadian federal election">August 7 – September 20, 1867</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Last election</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election" title="2021 Canadian federal election">September 20, 2021</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Next election</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/45th_Canadian_federal_election" title="45th Canadian federal election">On or before October 20, 2025</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #006030; border-bottom: 2px solid #006030">Meeting place</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Block_Temp_House_of_Commons,_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The House of Commons sits in the West Block in Ottawa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/West_Block_Temp_House_of_Commons%2C_2022.jpg/260px-West_Block_Temp_House_of_Commons%2C_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/West_Block_Temp_House_of_Commons%2C_2022.jpg/390px-West_Block_Temp_House_of_Commons%2C_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/West_Block_Temp_House_of_Commons%2C_2022.jpg/520px-West_Block_Temp_House_of_Commons%2C_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data label">House of Commons Chamber<br /><a href="/wiki/West_Block" title="West Block">West Block</a> - <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Parliament Hill</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a><br />Canada</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #006030; border-bottom: 2px solid #006030">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcommons.ca">www<wbr />.ourcommons<wbr />.ca</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #006030; border-bottom: 2px solid #006030">Constitution</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act, 1867</a></i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #006030; border-bottom: 2px solid #006030">Rules</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ourcommons.ca/procedure/standing-orders/SOPDF.pdf">Standing Orders of the House of Commons</a> (English, French)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>House of Commons of Canada</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Chambre des communes du Canada</i>) is the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a>. Together with the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada#Parliament_(King-in-Parliament)" title="Monarchy of Canada">Crown</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate of Canada</a>, they comprise the <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> legislature of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. </p><p>The House of Commons is a <a href="/wiki/Democratically" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratically">democratically</a> elected body whose members are known as <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">members of Parliament</a> (MPs). There have been up to 338 MPs since the most recent electoral district redistribution for the <a href="/wiki/2015_Canadian_federal_election" title="2015 Canadian federal election">2015 federal election</a>, which saw the addition of 30 seats.<sup id="cite_ref-GUIDE_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUIDE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-338news_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-338news-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members are elected <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">by simple plurality ("first-past-the-post" system)</a> in each of the country's <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)" title="Electoral district (Canada)">electoral districts</a>, which are colloquially known as <i>ridings</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MPs may hold office until Parliament is dissolved and serve for constitutionally limited terms of up to five years after an election. Historically, however, terms have ended before their expiry and the sitting government has typically dissolved parliament within four years of an election according to a long-standing convention. In any case, an act of Parliament now <a href="/wiki/Fixed_election_dates_in_Canada" title="Fixed election dates in Canada">limits each term to four years</a>. Seats in the House of Commons are distributed roughly in proportion to the population of each <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">province and territory</a>. However, some ridings are more populous than others, and the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Canadian constitution</a> contains provisions regarding provincial representation. As a result, there is some interprovincial and regional <a href="/wiki/Malapportionment" class="mw-redirect" title="Malapportionment">malapportionment</a> relative to the population. </p><p>The British North America Act 1867 (now called the <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act, 1867</a></i>) created the House of Commons, modelling it on the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">British House of Commons</a>. The lower of the two houses making up the parliament, the House of Commons, in practice holds far more power than the <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a>, the Senate. Although the approval of both chambers is necessary for legislation to become law, the Senate only occasionally amends bills passed by the House of Commons and rarely rejects them. Moreover, the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet</a> is <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible</a> primarily to the House of Commons. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">government</a> stays in office only so long as they retain the support, or "confidence", of the lower house. </p><p>The House of Commons meets in a temporary chamber in the <a href="/wiki/West_Block" title="West Block">West Block</a> of the parliament buildings on <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Parliament Hill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Block" title="Centre Block">Centre Block</a>, which houses the traditional Commons chamber, undergoes renovation. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Commons_of_Canada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a></div> <p>The term derives from the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> word <i>communes,</i> referring to the geographic and collective "communities" of their parliamentary representatives and not the <a href="/wiki/Third_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Third estate">third estate</a>, the commonality.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This distinction is made clear in the official <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> name of the body, <i><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr">Chambre des communes</span></span></i>. Canada and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> remain the only countries to use the name "House of Commons" for a lower house of parliament. The body's formal name is: <b>The Honourable the Commons of Canada in Parliament assembled</b> (French: <i lang="fr">l’Honorable Chambre des communes du Canada, en Parlement assemblée</i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Commons_of_Canada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The House of Commons came into existence in 1867, when the <a href="/wiki/British_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parliament">British Parliament</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Act_1867" class="mw-redirect" title="British North America Act 1867">British North America Act 1867</a>, uniting the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a> (which was divided into <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> into a single federation called Canada. The new Parliament of Canada consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">monarch</a> (represented by the governor general, who also represented the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a>), the Senate and the House of Commons. The Parliament of Canada was based on the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster System">Westminster model</a> (that is, the model of the Parliament of the United Kingdom). Unlike the UK Parliament, the powers of the Parliament of Canada were limited in that other powers were assigned exclusively to the provincial <a href="/wiki/Legislatures" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislatures">legislatures</a>. The Parliament of Canada also remained subordinate to the British Parliament, the supreme legislative authority for the entire British Empire. Greater autonomy was granted by the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster 1931</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which new acts of the British Parliament did not apply to Canada, with some exceptions. These exceptions were removed by the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Act_1982" title="Canada Act 1982">Canada Act 1982</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1867, the Commons met in the chamber previously used by the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Assembly of Canada">Legislative Assembly of Canada</a> until the building was destroyed by fire in 1916. It relocated to the amphitheatre of the Victoria Memorial Museum — what is today the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Museum_of_Nature" title="Canadian Museum of Nature">Canadian Museum of Nature</a>, where it met until 1922. Until the end of 2018, the Commons sat in the Centre Block chamber. Starting with the final sitting before the 2019 federal election, the Commons sits in a temporary chamber in the West Block until at least 2028, while renovations are undertaken in the Centre Block of Parliament. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Members_and_electoral_districts">Members and electoral districts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Commons_of_Canada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Members and electoral districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)" title="Electoral district (Canada)">Electoral district (Canada)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament (Canada)</a></div> <p>The House of Commons has 338 <a href="/wiki/Canadian_MP" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian MP">members</a>, each of whom represents a single <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)" title="Electoral district (Canada)">electoral district</a> (also called a <i>riding</i>). The constitution specifies a basic minimum of 295 electoral districts, but additional seats are allocated according to various clauses. Seats are distributed among the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">provinces</a> in proportion to population, as determined by each decennial <a href="/wiki/Census_in_Canada" title="Census in Canada">census</a>, subject to the following exceptions made by the constitution. Firstly, the "senatorial clause" guarantees that each province will have at least as many MPs as <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">senators</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-constitution_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secondly, the "grandfather clause" guarantees each province has at least as many Members of Parliament now as it had in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-constitution_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (This was amended in 2021 to be the number of members in the <a href="/wiki/43rd_Canadian_Parliament" title="43rd Canadian Parliament">43rd Canadian Parliament</a>.) </p><p>As a result of these clauses, smaller provinces and territories that have experienced a relative decline in population have become over-represented in the House. Ontario, British Columbia, and Alberta are under-represented in proportion to their populations, while Quebec's representation is close to the national average. The other six provinces (Saskatchewan, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland and Labrador) are over-represented. Boundary commissions, appointed by the federal government for each province, have the task of drawing the boundaries of the electoral districts in each province. Territorial representation is independent of the population; each territory is entitled to only one seat. The <i>electoral quotient</i> was defined by legislation as 111,166 for the redistribution of seats after the <a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_census" title="2011 Canadian census">2011 census</a> and is adjusted following each decennial census by multiplying it by the average of the percentage of population change of each province since the previous decennial census.<sup id="cite_ref-C20_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C20-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population of the province is then divided by the electoral quotient to equal the base provincial-seat allocation.<sup id="cite_ref-constitution_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "special clauses" are then applied to increase the number of seats for certain provinces, bringing the total number of seats (with the three seats for the territories) to 338.<sup id="cite_ref-constitution_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most recent redistribution of seats occurred <a href="/wiki/2012_Canadian_federal_electoral_redistribution" title="2012 Canadian federal electoral redistribution">subsequent to the 2011 census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-constitution_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Fair_Representation_Act_(Canada)" title="Fair Representation Act (Canada)">Fair Representation Act</a></i> was passed and given <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> on December 16, 2011, and effectively allocated fifteen additional seats to Ontario, six new seats each to Alberta and British Columbia, and three more to Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-338news_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-338news-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-C20_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C20-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/2022_Canadian_federal_electoral_redistribution" title="2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution">new redistribution</a> began in October 2021 subsequent to the 2021 census, it is expected to go into effect at the earliest for any federal election called after April 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After initial controversy that Quebec would lose a seat in the redistribution under the existing representation formula established by the Fair Representation Act, the <i><a href="/wiki/Preserving_Provincial_Representation_in_the_House_of_Commons_Act" title="Preserving Provincial Representation in the House of Commons Act">Preserving Provincial Representation in the House of Commons Act</a></i> was passed and given royal assent on June 23, 2022, and effectively allocated three additional seats to Alberta and one new seat each to Ontario and British Columbia.<sup id="cite_ref-tabled_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabled-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-legisinfo_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legisinfo-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following tables summarize representation in the House of Commons by province and territory:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%;">Province </th> <th style="width:10%;">Population<br /><small>(2021 census)</small> </th> <th style="width:10%;">Total<br />seats<br />allocated<br /><small><a href="/wiki/2012_Canadian_federal_electoral_redistribution" title="2012 Canadian federal electoral redistribution">2012 redistribution</a></small> </th> <th style="width:10%;">Electoral quotient<br /><small>(average population per electoral district)</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> </td> <td align="right">14,223,942 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">121 </td> <td align="right">117,553 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> </td> <td align="right">8,501,833 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">78 </td> <td align="right">108,998 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> </td> <td align="right">5,000,879 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">42 </td> <td align="right">119,069 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> </td> <td align="right">4,262,635 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">34 </td> <td align="right">125,372 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> </td> <td align="right">1,342,153 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">14 </td> <td align="right">95,868 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> </td> <td align="right">1,132,505 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">14 </td> <td align="right">80,893 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> </td> <td align="right">969,383 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">11 </td> <td align="right">88,126 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> </td> <td align="right">775,610 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">10 </td> <td align="right">77,561 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> </td> <td align="right">510,550 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">7 </td> <td align="right">72,936 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> </td> <td align="right">154,331 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td align="right">38,583 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#faecc8" class="unsortable"> <td><b>Total for provinces</b> </td> <td align="right">36,873,821 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">335 </td> <td align="right">110,071 </td></tr> <tr class="unsortable"> <td><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> </td> <td align="right">41,070 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td align="right">41,070 </td></tr> <tr class="unsortable"> <td><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> </td> <td align="right">40,232 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td align="right">40,232 </td></tr> <tr class="unsortable"> <td><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a> </td> <td align="right">36,858 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td align="right">36,858 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#faecc8" class="unsortable"> <td><b>Total for territories</b> </td> <td align="right">118,160 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">39,387 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#CEF6F5" class="unsortable"> <td style="width:17%;"><b>National total</b> </td> <td style="width:10%; text-align:right;">36,991,981 </td> <td style="width:10%; text-align:center;">338 </td> <td style="width:10%; text-align:right;">109,444 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elections">Elections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Commons_of_Canada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_House_of_Commons_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Canadian_House_of_Commons_1916.jpg/300px-Canadian_House_of_Commons_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Canadian_House_of_Commons_1916.jpg/450px-Canadian_House_of_Commons_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Canadian_House_of_Commons_1916.jpg/600px-Canadian_House_of_Commons_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>The Canadian House of Commons, 1916</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/General_election" title="General election">General elections</a> occur whenever parliament is dissolved by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">governor general</a> on the monarch's behalf. The timing of the dissolution has historically been chosen by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime minister</a>. The <i>Constitution Act, 1867</i>, provides that a parliament last no longer than five years. Canadian election law requires that elections must be held on the third Monday in October in the fourth year after the last election, subject to the discretion of the Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Campaigns must be at least 36 days long. Candidates are usually nominated by <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Canada" title="List of political parties in Canada">political parties</a>. A candidate can run independently, although it is rare for such a candidate to win. Most successful independent candidates have been incumbents who were expelled from their political parties (for example, <a href="/wiki/John_Nunziata" title="John Nunziata">John Nunziata</a> in 1997 or <a href="/wiki/Jody_Wilson-Raybould" title="Jody Wilson-Raybould">Jody Wilson-Raybould</a> in 2019) or who failed to win their parties' nomination (for example, <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Cadman" title="Chuck Cadman">Chuck Cadman</a> in 2004). Most Canadian candidates are chosen in meetings called by their party's local association. In practice, the candidate who signs up the most local party members generally wins the nomination. </p><p>To run for a seat in the house, candidates must file nomination papers bearing the signatures of at least 50 or 100 constituents (depending on the size of the electoral district). Each electoral district returns one member using the <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post electoral system</a>, under which the candidate with a plurality of votes wins. To vote, one must be a citizen of Canada and at least eighteen years of age. Declining the ballot, which is possible in several provinces, is not an option under current federal regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once elected, a member of Parliament normally continues to serve until the next dissolution of parliament. If a member dies, resigns, or ceases to be qualified, their seat falls vacant. It is also possible for the House of Commons to expel a member, but this power is only exercised when the member has engaged in serious misconduct or criminal activity. Formerly, MPs appointed to the cabinet were expected to resign their seats, though this practice ceased in 1931. In each case, a vacancy may be filled by a <a href="/wiki/By-election" title="By-election">by-election</a> in the appropriate electoral district. The first-past-the-post system is used in by-elections, as in general elections.<sup id="cite_ref-ECPol_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECPol-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prerequisites">Prerequisites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Commons_of_Canada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prerequisites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>member of Parliament</i> is usually used only to refer to members of the House of Commons, even though the Senate is also a part of Parliament. Members of the House of Commons may use the post-nominal letters "MP". The annual salary of each MP, as of November 2024,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_of_Commons_of_Canada&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> was $203,100;<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> members may receive additional salaries in right of other offices they hold (for instance, the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada">speakership</a>). MPs rank immediately below senators in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence" title="Canadian order of precedence">order of precedence</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Qualifications">Qualifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Commons_of_Canada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Qualifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-doorway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Commons-doorway.jpg/220px-Commons-doorway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Commons-doorway.jpg/330px-Commons-doorway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Commons-doorway.jpg/440px-Commons-doorway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2805" data-file-height="3758" /></a><figcaption>The main doorway into the chamber of the House of Commons</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the <i>Constitution Act, 1867</i>, Parliament is empowered to determine the qualifications of members of the House of Commons. The present qualifications are outlined in the <i><a href="/wiki/Canada_Elections_Act" title="Canada Elections Act">Canada Elections Act</a></i>, which was passed in 2000. Under the Act, individuals must be eligible voters as of the day of nomination, to stand as a candidate. Thus, minors and individuals who are not <a href="/wiki/Canadian_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian citizenship">citizens of Canada</a> are not allowed to become candidates. The <i>Canada Elections Act</i> also bars prisoners from standing for election (although they may vote). Moreover, individuals found guilty of election-related crimes are prohibited from becoming members for five years (in some cases, seven years) after conviction. </p><p>The Act also prohibits certain officials from standing for the House of Commons. These officers include members of provincial and territorial legislatures (although this was not always the case), sheriffs, <a href="/wiki/Crown_attorney" title="Crown attorney">crown attorneys</a>, most judges, and election officers. The <a href="/wiki/Chief_Electoral_Officer_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Electoral Officer (Canada)">chief electoral officer</a> (the head of <a href="/wiki/Elections_Canada" title="Elections Canada">Elections Canada</a>, the federal agency responsible for conducting elections) is prohibited not only from standing as candidate but also from voting. Finally, under the <i>Constitution Act, 1867</i>, a member of the Senate may not also become a member of the House of Commons and MPs must give up their seats when appointed to the Senate or the bench. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Officers_and_symbols">Officers and symbols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Commons_of_Canada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Officers and symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-chamber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Commons-chamber.jpg/220px-Commons-chamber.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Commons-chamber.jpg/330px-Commons-chamber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Commons-chamber.jpg/440px-Commons-chamber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3781" data-file-height="2805" /></a><figcaption>The chamber of the House of Commons; the speaker's chair is at the rear and centre in the room.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centre_Block_and_Library_of_Parliament,_Ottawa,_West_view_20170422_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Centre_Block_and_Library_of_Parliament%2C_Ottawa%2C_West_view_20170422_2.jpg/220px-Centre_Block_and_Library_of_Parliament%2C_Ottawa%2C_West_view_20170422_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Centre_Block_and_Library_of_Parliament%2C_Ottawa%2C_West_view_20170422_2.jpg/330px-Centre_Block_and_Library_of_Parliament%2C_Ottawa%2C_West_view_20170422_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Centre_Block_and_Library_of_Parliament%2C_Ottawa%2C_West_view_20170422_2.jpg/440px-Centre_Block_and_Library_of_Parliament%2C_Ottawa%2C_West_view_20170422_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4254" data-file-height="4988" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Centre_Block" title="Centre Block">Centre Block</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, where the House of Commons met until 13 December 2018.</figcaption></figure> <p>The House of Commons elects a presiding officer, known as the speaker,<sup id="cite_ref-GUIDE_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUIDE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the beginning of each new parliamentary term, and also whenever a vacancy arises. Formerly, the prime minister determined who would serve as speaker. Although the House voted on the matter, the voting constituted a mere formality. Since 1986, however, the House has elected speakers by secret ballot. The speaker is assisted by a deputy speaker, who also holds the title of chair of Committees of the Whole. Two other deputies—the deputy chair of Committees of the Whole and the assistant deputy chair of Committees of the Whole—also preside. The duties of presiding over the House are divided between the four officers aforementioned; however, the speaker usually presides over <a href="/wiki/Question_Period" title="Question Period">Question Period</a> and over the most important debates. </p><p>The speaker controls debates by calling on members to speak. If a member believes that a rule (or standing order) has been breached, they may raise a "<a href="/wiki/Point_of_order" title="Point of order">point of order</a>", on which the speaker makes a ruling that is not subject to any debate or appeal. The speaker may also discipline members who fail to observe the rules of the House. When presiding, the speaker must remain impartial. The speaker also oversees the administration of the House and is chair of the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Internal_Economy" title="Board of Internal Economy">Board of Internal Economy</a>, the governing body for the House of Commons. The current speaker of the House of Commons is <a href="/wiki/Greg_Fergus" title="Greg Fergus">Greg Fergus</a>. </p><p>The member of the Government responsible for steering legislation through the House is <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Government_in_the_House_of_Commons_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Government in the House of Commons (Canada)">leader of the Government in the House of Commons</a>. The <i>government house leader</i> (as they are more commonly known) is a member of Parliament selected by the prime minister and holds cabinet rank. The leader manages the schedule of the House of Commons and attempts to secure the Opposition's support for the Government's legislative agenda. </p><p>Officers of the House who are not members include the <a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_House_of_Commons_(Canada)" title="Clerk of the House of Commons (Canada)">clerk of the House of Commons</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Clerk_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Deputy Clerk of the House of Commons">deputy clerk</a>, the law clerk and parliamentary counsel, and several other clerks. These officers advise the speaker and members on the rules and procedure of the House in addition to exercising senior management functions within the House administration. Another important officer is the <a href="/wiki/Sergeant-at-arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergeant-at-arms">sergeant-at-arms</a>, whose duties include the maintenance of order and security on the House's premises and inside the buildings of the parliamentary precinct. (The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a> patrol Parliament Hill but are not allowed into the buildings unless asked by the speaker). The sergeant-at-arms also carries the <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_mace" title="Ceremonial mace">ceremonial mace</a>, a symbol of the authority of the Crown and the House of Commons, into the House each sitting. The House is also staffed by <a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Page_Program" title="Canadian House of Commons Page Program">parliamentary pages</a>, who carry messages to the members in the chamber and otherwise provide assistance to the House. </p><p>The Commons' mace has the shape of a <a href="/wiki/Mace_(bludgeon)" title="Mace (bludgeon)">medieval mace</a> which was used as a weapon, but in brass and ornate in detail and symbolism. At its bulbous head is a replica of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_State_Crown" title="Imperial State Crown">Imperial State Crown</a>;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the choice of this crown for the Commons' mace differentiates it from the Senate's mace, which has <a href="/wiki/St._Edward%27s_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Edward's Crown">St. Edward's Crown</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> at its apex. The Commons mace is placed upon the table in front of the speaker for the duration of the sitting with the crown pointing towards the prime minister and the other cabinet ministers, who advise the monarch and governor general and are accountable to this chamber (in the Senate chamber, the mace points towards the throne, where the king has the right to sit himself). </p><p>Carved above the speaker's chair is the <a href="/wiki/Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal arms of the United Kingdom">royal arms of the United Kingdom</a>. This chair was a gift from the United Kingdom Branch of the Empire Parliamentary Association in 1921, to replace the chair that was destroyed by the fire of 1916, and was a replica of the chair in the British House of Commons at the time. These arms at its apex were considered the royal arms for general purposes throughout the British Empire at the time. Since 1931, however, Canada has been an independent country and the <a href="/wiki/Arms_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms of Canada">Canadian coat of arms</a> are now understood to be the royal arms of the monarch. <a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">Escutcheons</a> of the same original royal arms can be found on each side of the speaker's chair held by a lion and a unicorn. </p><p>In response to a campaign by Bruce Hicks for the Canadianization of symbols of royal authority and to advance the identity of parliamentary institutions,<sup id="cite_ref-Hicks2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hicks2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a proposal that was supported by speakers of the House of Commons <a href="/wiki/John_Allen_Fraser" title="John Allen Fraser">John Fraser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Parent" title="Gilbert Parent">Gilbert Parent</a>, a Commons committee was eventually struck following a motion by MP <a href="/wiki/Derek_Lee_(politician)" title="Derek Lee (politician)">Derek Lee</a>, before which Hicks and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Watt_(officer_of_arms)" title="Robert Watt (officer of arms)">Robert Watt</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Chief_herald_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief herald of Canada">chief herald of Canada</a>, was called as the only two expert witnesses, though Senator <a href="/wiki/Serge_Joyal" title="Serge Joyal">Serge Joyal</a> joined the committee on behalf of the Senate. Commons' speaker <a href="/wiki/Peter_Milliken" title="Peter Milliken">Peter Milliken</a> then asked the governor general to authorize such a symbol. In the United Kingdom, the House of Commons and the House of Lords use the royal badge of the <a href="/wiki/Portcullis" title="Portcullis">portcullis</a>, in green and red respectively,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to represent those institutions and to distinguish them from the government, the courts and the monarch. The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Heraldic_Authority" title="Canadian Heraldic Authority">Canadian Heraldic Authority</a> on April 15, 2008, granted the House of Commons, as an institution, a badge consisting of the chamber's mace (as described above) behind the escutcheon of the shield of the royal arms of Canada (representing the monarch, in whose name the House of Commons deliberates).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedure">Procedure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Commons_of_Canada&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/House of Commons of Canada">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22House+of+Commons+of+Canada%22">"House of Commons of Canada"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22House+of+Commons+of+Canada%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22House+of+Commons+of+Canada%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22House+of+Commons+of+Canada%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22House+of+Commons+of+Canada%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22House+of+Commons+of+Canada%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-seats.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Commons-seats.jpg/220px-Commons-seats.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Commons-seats.jpg/330px-Commons-seats.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Commons-seats.jpg/440px-Commons-seats.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The governing party sits to the Speaker's right in the House of Commons.</figcaption></figure> <p>Like the Senate, the House of Commons meets on Parliament Hill in Ottawa. The Commons Chamber is modestly decorated in green, in contrast with the more lavishly furnished red Senate Chamber. The arrangement is similar to the design of the Chamber of the British House of Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seats are evenly divided between both sides of the Chamber, three sword-lengths apart (about three metres).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The speaker's chair (which can be adjusted for height) is at the north end of the Chamber. In front of it is the Table of the House, on which rests the ceremonial mace. Various "table officers"—clerks and other officials—sit at the table, ready to advise the speaker on procedure when necessary. Members of the Government sit on the benches on the speaker's right, while members of the Opposition occupy the benches on the speaker's left. Government ministers sit around the prime minister, who is traditionally assigned the 11th seat in the front row on the speaker's right-hand side. The leader of the Official Opposition sits directly across from the prime minister and is surrounded by a Shadow Cabinet or critics for the government portfolios. The remaining party leaders sit in the front rows. Other members of Parliament who do not hold any kind of special responsibilities are known as "backbenchers". </p><p>The House usually sits Monday to Friday from late January to mid-June and from mid-September to mid-December according to an established calendar, though it can modify the calendar if additional or fewer sittings are required.<sup id="cite_ref-GUIDE_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUIDE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During these periods, the House generally rises for one week per month to allow members to work in their constituencies. Sittings of the House are open to the public. Proceedings are broadcast over cable and satellite television and over live <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming video</a> on the Internet by <a href="/wiki/CPAC_(TV_channel)" title="CPAC (TV channel)">CPAC</a> owned by a consortium of Canadian cable companies. They are also recorded in text form in print and online in <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a>, the official report of parliamentary debates. </p><p>The <i>Constitution Act, 1867</i> establishes a <a href="/wiki/Quorum" title="Quorum">quorum</a> of twenty members (including the member presiding) for the House of Commons. Any member may request a count of the members to ascertain the presence of a quorum; if however, the speaker feels that at least twenty members are clearly in the Chamber, the request may be denied. If a count does occur, and reveals that fewer than twenty members are present, the speaker orders bells to be rung, so that other members on the parliamentary precincts may come to the Chamber. If, after a second count, a quorum is still not present, the speaker must adjourn the House until the next sitting day. </p><p>During debates, members may only speak if called upon by the speaker (or, as is most often the case, the deputy presiding). The speaker is responsible for ensuring that members of all parties have an opportunity to be heard. The speaker also determines who is to speak if two or more members rise simultaneously, but the decision may be altered by the House. Motions must be moved by one member and seconded by another before debate may begin. Some motions, however, are non-debatable. </p><p>Speeches<sup id="cite_ref-GUIDE_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUIDE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may be made in either of Canada's official languages (English and French), and it is customary for bilingual members of parliament to respond to these in the same language they were made in. It is common for bilingual MPs to switch between languages during speeches. Members must address their speeches to the presiding officer, not the House, using the words "Mr. Speaker" (French: <i lang="fr">Monsieur le Président</i>) or "Madam Speaker" (French: <i lang="fr">Madame la Présidente</i>). Other members must be referred to in the third person. Traditionally, members do not refer to each other by name, but by constituency or cabinet post, using forms such as "the honourable member for [electoral district]" or "the minister of..." Members' names are routinely used only during roll call votes, in which members stand and are named to have their vote recorded; at that point they are referred to by title (<i>Ms.</i> or <i>mister</i> for Anglophones and <i>madame</i>, <i>mademoiselle</i>, or <i>monsieur</i> for Francophones) and last name, except where members have the same or similar last names, at which point they would be listed by their name and riding (<i>"M. Massé, Avignon—La Mitis—Matane—Matapédia; Mr. Masse, Windsor West....</i>). </p><p>No member may speak more than once on the same question (except that the mover of a motion is entitled to make one speech at the beginning of the debate and another at the end). Moreover, tediously repetitive or irrelevant remarks are prohibited, as are written remarks read into the record (although this behaviour is creeping into the modern debate). The speaker may order a member making such remarks to cease speaking. The Standing Orders of the House of Commons prescribe time limits for speeches. The limits depend on the nature of the motion but are most commonly between ten and twenty minutes. However, under certain circumstances, the prime minister, the Opposition leader, and others are entitled to make longer speeches. The debate may be further restricted by the passage of "time allocation" motions. Alternatively, the House may end debate more quickly by passing a motion for "<a href="/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture">closure</a>". </p><p>When the debate concludes, the motion in question is put to a vote. The House first votes by voice vote; the presiding officer puts the question, and members respond either "yea" (in favour of the motion) or "nay" (against the motion). The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote, but five or more members may challenge the assessment, thereby forcing a recorded vote (known as a <a href="/wiki/Division_(vote)" class="mw-redirect" title="Division (vote)">division</a>, although, in fact, the House does not divide for votes the way the British House of Commons does). First, members in favour of the motion rise, so that the clerks may record their names and votes. Then, the same procedure is repeated for members who oppose the motion. There are no formal means for recording an abstention, though a member may informally abstain by remaining seated during the division. If there is an equality of votes, the speaker has a casting vote. </p><p>The outcome of most votes is largely known beforehand since political parties normally instruct members on how to vote. A party normally entrusts some members of Parliament, known as <a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">whips</a>, with the task of ensuring that all party members vote as desired. Members of Parliament do not tend to vote against such instructions since those who do so are unlikely to reach higher political ranks in their parties. Errant members may be deselected as official party candidates during future elections, and, in serious cases, may be expelled from their parties outright. Thus, the independence of members of Parliament tends to be extremely low, and "backbench rebellions" by members discontent with their party's policies are rare. In some circumstances, however, parties announce "free votes", allowing members to vote as they please. This may be done on moral issues and is routine on <a href="/wiki/Private_members%27_bills" class="mw-redirect" title="Private members' bills">private members' bills</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Committees">Committees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Commons_of_Canada&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Committees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Standing_committee_(Canada)" title="Standing committee (Canada)">Standing committee (Canada)</a></div> <p>The Parliament of Canada uses committees for a variety of purposes. Committees consider bills in detail and may make amendments. Other committees scrutinize various Government agencies and ministries. </p><p>Potentially, the largest of the Commons committees are the Committees of the Whole, which, as the name suggests, consist of all the members of the House. A Committee of the Whole meets in the Chamber of the House but proceeds under slightly modified rules of debate. (For example, a member may make more than one speech on a motion in a Committee of the Whole, but not during a normal session of the House.) Instead of the speaker, the chair, deputy chair, or assistant deputy chair presides. The House resolves itself into a Committee of the Whole to discuss appropriation bills, and sometimes for other legislation. </p><p>The House of Commons also has several standing committees, each of which has responsibility for a particular area of government (for example, finance or transport). These committees oversee the relevant government departments, may hold hearings and collect evidence on governmental operations and review departmental spending plans. Standing committees may also consider and amend bills. Standing committees consist of between sixteen and eighteen members each, and elect their chairs. </p><p>Some bills are considered by legislative committees, each of which consists of up to fifteen members. The membership of each legislative committee roughly reflects the strength of the parties in the whole House. A legislative committee is appointed on an <i>ad hoc</i> basis to study and amend a specific bill. Also, the chair of a legislative committee is not elected by the members of the committee but is instead appointed by the speaker, normally from among the speaker's deputies. Most bills, however, are referred to standing committees rather than legislative committees. </p><p>The House may also create <i>ad hoc</i> committees to study matters other than bills. Such committees are known as special committees. Each such body, like a legislative committee, may consist of no more than fifteen members. Other committees include joint committees, which include both members of the House of Commons and senators; such committees may hold hearings and oversee government, but do not revise legislation. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Standing_Committee_on_Aboriginal_Affairs_and_Northern_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development">Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Standing_Committee_on_Access_to_Information,_Privacy_and_Ethics" title="Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Access to Information, Privacy and Ethics">Access to Information, Privacy and Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Standing_Committee_on_Agriculture_and_Agri-Food" title="Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Agriculture and Agri-Food">Agriculture and Agri-Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Standing_Committee_on_Canadian_Heritage" title="Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage">Canadian Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Standing_Committee_on_Citizenship_and_Immigration" title="Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Citizenship and Immigration">Citizenship and Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Special_Committee_on_Electoral_Reform" title="Canadian House of Commons Special Committee on Electoral Reform">Electoral Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Standing_Committee_on_Environment_and_Sustainable_Development" title="Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Environment and Sustainable Development">Environment and Sustainable Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Standing_Committee_on_Finance" title="Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Standing_Committee_on_Fisheries_and_Oceans" title="Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Fisheries and Oceans">Fisheries and Oceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Standing_Committee_on_Foreign_Affairs_and_International_Development" title="Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development">Foreign Affairs and International Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Standing_Committee_on_Government_Operations_and_Estimates" title="Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Government Operations and Estimates">Government Operations and Estimates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Standing_Committee_on_Health" title="Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Standing_Committee_on_Human_Resources,_Skills_and_Social_Development_and_the_Status_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Human Resources, Skills and Social Development and the Status of Persons with Disabilities">Human Resources, Social Development and the Status of Persons with Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Standing_Committee_on_Industry,_Science_and_Technology" title="Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Industry, Science and Technology">Industry, Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Standing_Committee_on_International_Trade" title="Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on International Trade">International Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Standing_Committee_on_Justice_and_Human_Rights" title="Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights">Justice and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Liaison_Committee" title="Canadian House of Commons Liaison Committee">Liaison Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Standing_Committee_on_National_Defence" title="Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on National Defence">National Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Standing_Committee_on_Natural_Resources" title="Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Natural Resources">Natural Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Standing_Committee_on_Official_Languages" title="Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Official Languages">Official Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Standing_Committee_on_Procedure_and_House_Affairs" title="Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs">Procedure and House Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Standing_Committee_on_Public_Accounts" title="Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Public Accounts">Public Accounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Standing_Committee_on_Public_Safety_and_National_Security" title="Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Public Safety and National Security">Public Safety and National Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Standing_Committee_on_the_Status_of_Women" title="Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on the Status of Women">Status of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Standing_Committee_on_Transport,_Infrastructure_and_Communities" title="Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Transport, Infrastructure and Communities">Transport, Infrastructure and Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Standing_Committee_on_Veterans_Affairs" title="Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Veterans Affairs">Veterans Affairs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislative_functions">Legislative functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Commons_of_Canada&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legislative functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">Act of Parliament</a></div> <p>Although legislation may be introduced in either chamber, most bills originate in the House of Commons. </p><p>In conformity with the British model, the Lower House alone is authorized to originate bills imposing taxes or appropriating public funds. This restriction on the power of the Senate is not merely a matter of convention, but is explicitly stated in the <i>Constitution Act, 1867</i>. Otherwise, the power of the two Houses of Parliament is theoretically equal; the approval of each is necessary for a bill's passage. </p><p>In practice, however, the House of Commons is the dominant chamber of Parliament, with the Senate very rarely exercising its powers in a way that opposes the will of the democratically elected chamber. The last major bill defeated in the Senate came in 2010, when a bill passed by the Commons concerning <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> was rejected in the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A clause in the <i>Constitution Act, 1867</i> permits the governor general (with the approval of the monarch) to appoint up to eight extra senators to resolve a deadlock between the two houses. The clause was invoked only once, in 1990, when Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a> advised the appointment of an additional eight senators to secure the Senate's approval for the <a href="/wiki/Goods_and_Services_Tax_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goods and Services Tax (Canada)">Goods and Services Tax</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_the_Government_of_Canada">Relationship with the Government of Canada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Commons_of_Canada&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Relationship with the Government of Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/House of Commons of Canada">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As a Westminster democracy, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a>, or more specifically the <a href="/wiki/King-in-Council" title="King-in-Council">Governor-in-Council</a>, exercising the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive power</a> on behalf of the prime minister and Cabinet, enjoys a complementary relationship with the House of Commons—similar to the UK model, and in contrast to the US model of <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>. Though it does not formally elect the prime minister, the House of Commons indirectly controls who becomes prime minister. By convention, the prime minister is answerable to and must maintain the support of, the House of Commons. Thus, whenever the office of prime minister falls vacant, the governor general has the duty of appointing the person most likely to command the support of the House—normally the leader of the largest party in the lower house, although the system allows a coalition of two or more parties. This has not happened in the Canadian federal parliament but has occurred in Canadian provinces. The leader of the second-largest party (or in the case of a coalition, the largest party out of government) usually becomes the leader of the Official Opposition. Moreover, the prime minister is, by unwritten convention, a member of the House of Commons, rather than of the Senate. Only two prime ministers governed from the Senate: <a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Caldwell_Abbott" class="mw-redirect" title="John Joseph Caldwell Abbott">Sir John Abbott</a> (1891–1892) and <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Sir Mackenzie Bowell</a> (1894–1896). Both men got the job following the death of a prime minister and did not contest elections. </p><p>The prime minister stays in office by retaining the confidence of the House of Commons. The lower house may indicate its lack of support for the government by rejecting a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion of confidence">motion of confidence</a>, or by passing a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">motion of no confidence</a>. Important bills that form a part of the government's agenda are generally considered matters of confidence, as is any taxation or spending bill and the annual budget. When a government has lost the confidence of the House of Commons, the prime minister is obliged to either resign or request the governor general to dissolve parliament, thereby precipitating a general election. The governor general may theoretically refuse to dissolve parliament, thereby forcing the prime minister to resign. <a href="/wiki/King-Byng_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="King-Byng Affair">The last instance</a> of a governor general refusing to grant a dissolution was in 1926. </p><p>Except when compelled to request a dissolution by an adverse vote on a confidence issue, the prime minister is allowed to choose the timing of dissolutions, and consequently the timing of general elections. The time chosen reflects political considerations, and is generally most opportune for the prime minister's party. However, no parliamentary term can last for more than five years from the first sitting of Parliament; a dissolution is automatic upon the expiry of this period. Normally, Parliaments do not last for full five-year terms; prime ministers typically ask for dissolutions after about three or four years. In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Stephen_Harper" title="Premiership of Stephen Harper">Harper government</a> introduced a bill to set <a href="/wiki/Fixed_election_dates_in_Canada#Federal" title="Fixed election dates in Canada">fixed election dates every four years</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Snap_election" title="Snap election">snap elections</a> are still permitted. The bill was approved by Parliament and has now become law. </p><p>Whatever the reason—the expiry of parliament's five-year term, the choice of the prime minister, or a government defeat in the House of Commons—a dissolution is followed by general elections. If the prime minister's party retains its majority in the House of Commons, then the prime minister may remain in power. On the other hand, if their party has lost its majority, the prime minister may resign or may attempt to stay in power by winning support from members of other parties. A prime minister may resign even if he or she is not defeated at the polls (for example, for personal health reasons); in such a case, the new leader of the outgoing prime minister's party becomes prime minister. </p><p>The House of Commons scrutinizes the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crown" title="Minister of the Crown">ministers of the Crown</a> through <i>Question Period</i>, a daily forty-five-minute period during which members have the opportunity to ask questions of the prime minister and other Cabinet ministers. Questions must relate to the responding minister's official government activities, not to their activities as a party leader or as a private Member of Parliament. Members may also question committee chairmen on the work of their respective committees. Members of each party are entitled to the number of questions proportional to the party caucus' strength in the house. In addition to questions asked orally during Question Period, Members of Parliament may also make inquiries in writing. </p><p>In times where there is a majority government, the House of Commons' scrutiny of the government is weak. Since elections use the first-past-the-post electoral system, the governing party tends to enjoy a large majority in the Commons; there is often limited need to compromise with other parties. (<a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">Minority governments</a>, however, are not uncommon.) Modern Canadian political parties are so tightly organized that they leave relatively little room for free action by their MPs. In many cases, MPs may be expelled from their parties for voting against the instructions of party leaders. As well, the major parties require candidates' nominations to be signed by party leaders, thus giving the leaders the power to, effectively, end a politician's career.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Thus, defeats of majority governments on issues of confidence are very rare. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Paul Martin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> minority government lost a <a href="/wiki/Vote_of_no_confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote of no confidence">vote of no confidence</a> in 2005; the last time this had occurred was in 1979, when <a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Joe Clark</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> minority government was defeated after a term of just six months. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_composition">Current composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Commons_of_Canada&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Current composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_44th_Parliament_of_Canada" title="List of House members of the 44th Parliament of Canada">List of House members of the 44th Parliament of Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_by-elections_in_Canada" title="List of federal by-elections in Canada">List of federal by-elections in Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian44thParliamentbyGender.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Canadian44thParliamentbyGender.png" decoding="async" width="198" height="198" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="198" /></a><figcaption>A pie chart showing the gender of members of the Canadian House of Commons.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;">Party<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th valign="top">Seats </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#EA6D6A; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> </td> <td align="right">153 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#6495ED; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> </td> <td align="right">119 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#87CEFA; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> </td> <td align="right">33 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#F4A460; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a> </td> <td align="right">25 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#99C955; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green</a> </td> <td align="right">2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#DCDCDC; width: 16px">  </td> <td>Independent </td> <td align="right">4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#FFFFFF; width: 16px">  </td> <td>Vacant </td> <td align="right">2 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <b>Total</b> </td> <td align="right"><b>338</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seating_plan">Seating plan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Commons_of_Canada&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Seating plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seating plan for the current House of Commons:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Party leaders are italicized. Bold indicates cabinet minister.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1255269319">.mw-parser-output #floorplan{table-layout:fixed;border-spacing:1px;width:165em;text-align:center;font-size:0.8em;line-height:1}.mw-parser-output #floorplan td{height:4ex}.mw-parser-output #floorplan td a{color:#FFF}.mw-parser-output #floorplan .vacant{outline:1px solid black;outline-offset:-1px}</style> <table id="floorplan"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Chris_d%27Entremont" title="Chris d'Entremont">d'Entremont</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Rob_Morrison_(politician)" title="Rob Morrison (politician)">Morrison</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Terry_Dowdall" title="Terry Dowdall">Dowdall</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Albas" title="Dan Albas">Albas</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Dalton" title="Marc Dalton">Dalton</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Carrie" title="Colin Carrie">Carrie</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Len_Webber" title="Len Webber">Webber</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Raquel_Dancho" title="Raquel Dancho">Dancho</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lake_(politician)" title="Mike Lake (politician)">Lake</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Viersen" title="Arnold Viersen">Viersen</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Ruff" title="Alex Ruff">Ruff</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Fast" title="Ed Fast">Fast</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Liepert" title="Ron Liepert">Liepert</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Arpan_Khanna" title="Arpan Khanna">Khanna</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Branden_Leslie" title="Branden Leslie">Leslie</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Shuvaloy_Majumdar" title="Shuvaloy Majumdar">Majumdar</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Don_Stewart_(Ontario_politician)" title="Don Stewart (Ontario politician)">Stewart</a> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA"><a href="/wiki/Maxime_Blanchette-Joncas" title="Maxime Blanchette-Joncas">Blanchette-Joncas</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA"><a href="/wiki/Sylvie_B%C3%A9rub%C3%A9" title="Sylvie Bérubé">Bérubé</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA"><a href="/wiki/Luc_Desilets" title="Luc Desilets">Desilets</a> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460"><a href="/wiki/Carol_Hughes_(politician)" title="Carol Hughes (politician)">Hughes</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cannings_(British_Columbia_politician)" title="Richard Cannings (British Columbia politician)">Cannings</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460"><a href="/wiki/Niki_Ashton" title="Niki Ashton">Ashton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Earl_Dreeshen" title="Earl Dreeshen">Dreeshen</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kitchen" title="Robert Kitchen">Kitchen</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kram" title="Michael Kram">Kram</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Tolmie" title="Fraser Tolmie">Tolmie</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Cathay_Wagantall" title="Cathay Wagantall">Wagantall</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Rosemarie_Falk" title="Rosemarie Falk">R. Falk</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bragdon" title="Richard Bragdon">Bragdon</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Dean_Allison" title="Dean Allison">Allison</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Rempel_Garner" title="Michelle Rempel Garner">Garner</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/John_Nater" title="John Nater">Nater</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Soroka" title="Gerald Soroka">Soroka</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Greg_McLean_(politician)" title="Greg McLean (politician)">McLean</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Doug_Shipley" title="Doug Shipley">Shipley</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Maguire" title="Larry Maguire">Maguire</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Scott_Reid_(politician)" title="Scott Reid (politician)">Reid</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Shields" title="Martin Shields">Shields</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Falk" title="Ted Falk">T. Falk</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Glen_Motz" title="Glen Motz">Motz</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/John_Williamson_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Williamson (Canadian politician)">Williamson</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Mel_Arnold" title="Mel Arnold">Arnold</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Beaulieu" title="Mario Beaulieu">Beaulieu</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Lemire" title="Sébastien Lemire">Lemire</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA"><a href="/wiki/Nathalie_Sinclair-Desgagn%C3%A9" title="Nathalie Sinclair-Desgagné">Sinclair-Desgagné</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA"><a href="/wiki/Louise_Chabot" title="Louise Chabot">Chabot</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Trudel" title="Denis Trudel">Trudel</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA"><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Desbiens" title="Caroline Desbiens">Desbiens</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460"><a href="/wiki/Bonita_Zarrillo" title="Bonita Zarrillo">Zarrillo</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460"><a href="/wiki/Randall_Garrison" title="Randall Garrison">Garrison</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Vidal" title="Gary Vidal">Vidal</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Muys" title="Dan Muys">Muys</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Brad_Redekopp" title="Brad Redekopp">Redekopp</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Tako_van_Popta" title="Tako van Popta">Popta</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Waugh" title="Kevin Waugh">Waugh</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Steinley" title="Warren Steinley">Steinley</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Blaine_Calkins" title="Blaine Calkins">Calkins</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Lianne_Rood" title="Lianne Rood">Rood</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lehoux" title="Richard Lehoux">Lehoux</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9reux" title="Bernard Généreux">Généreux</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Matt_Jeneroux" title="Matt Jeneroux">Jeneroux</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Lobb" title="Ben Lobb">Lobb</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Mazier" title="Dan Mazier">Mazier</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Vecchio" title="Karen Vecchio">Vecchio</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Martel" title="Richard Martel">Martel</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Gourde" title="Jacques Gourde">Gourde</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Damien_Kurek" title="Damien Kurek">Kurek</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Dave_Epp" title="Dave Epp">Epp</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Caputo" title="Frank Caputo">Caputo</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Zimmer" title="Bob Zimmer">Zimmer</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA"><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Barsalou-Duval" title="Xavier Barsalou-Duval">Barsalou-Duval</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Plamondon" title="Louis Plamondon">Plamondon</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA"><a href="/wiki/Julie_Vignola" title="Julie Vignola">Vignola</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA"><a href="/wiki/Simon-Pierre_Savard-Tremblay" title="Simon-Pierre Savard-Tremblay">Savard-Tremblay</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA"><a href="/wiki/Monique_Pauz%C3%A9" title="Monique Pauzé">Pauzé</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Champoux" title="Martin Champoux">Champoux</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460"><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Marie_Barron" title="Lisa Marie Barron">Barron</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460"><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Bachrach" title="Taylor Bachrach">Bachrach</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Brad_Vis" title="Brad Vis">Vis</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Todd_Doherty" title="Todd Doherty">Doherty</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Kelly_McCauley" title="Kelly McCauley">McCauley</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Dane_Lloyd" title="Dane Lloyd">Lloyd</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Scott_Aitchison" title="Scott Aitchison">Aitchison</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/John_Brassard" title="John Brassard">Brassard</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Laila_Goodridge" title="Laila Goodridge">Goodridge</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Lewis_(politician)" title="Chris Lewis (politician)">C. Lewis</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Lawrence_(politician)" title="Philip Lawrence (politician)">Lawrence</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%ABl_Godin" title="Joël Godin">Godin</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Vien" title="Dominique Vien">Vien</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Marty_Morantz" title="Marty Morantz">Morantz</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Williams_(Canadian_politician)" title="Ryan Williams (Canadian politician)">Williams</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Melillo" title="Eric Melillo">Melillo</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Corey_Tochor" title="Corey Tochor">Tochor</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Gladu" title="Marilyn Gladu">Gladu</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Chambers_(politician)" title="Adam Chambers (politician)">Chambers</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Shelby_Kramp-Neuman" title="Shelby Kramp-Neuman">Kramp-Neuman</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Roberts" title="Anna Roberts">Roberts</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Patzer" title="Jeremy Patzer">Patzer</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Gallant" title="Cheryl Gallant">Gallant</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Villemure" title="René Villemure">Villemure</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA"><a href="/wiki/Luc_Th%C3%A9riault" title="Luc Thériault">Thériault</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA"><a href="/wiki/Marie-H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Gaudreau" title="Marie-Hélène Gaudreau">Gaudreau</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9anne_Larouche" title="Andréanne Larouche">Larouche</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA"><a href="/wiki/Yves_Perron" title="Yves Perron">Perron</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460"><a href="/wiki/Leah_Gazan" title="Leah Gazan">Gazan</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Green_(Canadian_politician)" title="Matthew Green (Canadian politician)">Green</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460"><a href="/wiki/Alistair_MacGregor" title="Alistair MacGregor">MacGregor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Pat_Kelly_(politician)" title="Pat Kelly (politician)">Kelly</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Baldinelli" title="Tony Baldinelli">Baldinelli</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cooper_(politician)" title="Michael Cooper (politician)">Cooper</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Randy_Hoback" title="Randy Hoback">Hoback</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Scot_Davidson" title="Scot Davidson">Davidson</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Garnett_Genuis" title="Garnett Genuis">Genuis</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Small" title="Clifford Small">Small</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Brock" title="Larry Brock">Brock</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Blake_Richards" title="Blake Richards">Richards</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Duncan_(politician)" title="Eric Duncan (politician)">E. Duncan</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Luc_Berthold" title="Luc Berthold">Berthold</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Warkentin" title="Chris Warkentin">Warkentin</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Kerry-Lynne_Findlay" title="Kerry-Lynne Findlay">Findlay</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chong" title="Michael Chong">Chong</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Ziad_Aboultaif" title="Ziad Aboultaif">Aboultaif</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Kusie" title="Stephanie Kusie">Kusie</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Kyle_Seeback" title="Kyle Seeback">Seeback</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Ferreri" title="Michelle Ferreri">Ferreri</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Block" title="Kelly Block">Block</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Jake_Stewart_(politician)" title="Jake Stewart (politician)">Stewart</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Strahl" title="Mark Strahl">Strahl</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Denis_Garon" title="Jean-Denis Garon">Garon</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA"><a href="/wiki/Maril%C3%A8ne_Gill" title="Marilène Gill">Gill</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA"><a href="/wiki/Claude_DeBellefeuille" title="Claude DeBellefeuille">DeBellefeuille</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA"><a href="/wiki/Kristina_Michaud" title="Kristina Michaud">Michaud</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA"><a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%A9al_Fortin" title="Rhéal Fortin">Fortin</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA"><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Brunelle-Duceppe" title="Alexis Brunelle-Duceppe">Brunelle-Duceppe</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460"><a href="/wiki/Gord_Johns" title="Gord Johns">Johns</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460"><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Blaney" title="Rachel Blaney">Blaney</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460"><a href="/wiki/Lori_Idlout" title="Lori Idlout">Idlout</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Jamie_Schmale" title="Jamie Schmale">Schmale</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/James_Bezan" title="James Bezan">Bezan</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Kmiec" title="Tom Kmiec">Kmiec</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perkins" title="Rick Perkins">Perkins</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Rachael_Thomas" title="Rachael Thomas">Thomas</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Deltell" title="Gérard Deltell">Deltell</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Stubbs" title="Shannon Stubbs">Stubbs</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul-Hus" title="Pierre Paul-Hus">Paul-Hus</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Scheer" title="Andrew Scheer">Scheer</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Uppal" title="Tim Uppal">Uppal</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><i><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Poilievre</a></i> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Melissa_Lantsman" title="Melissa Lantsman">Lantsman</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Jasraj_Hallan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jasraj Hallan">Hallan</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Leslyn_Lewis" title="Leslyn Lewis">L. Lewis</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barrett_(Canadian_politician)" title="Michael Barrett (Canadian politician)">Barrett</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Tracy_Gray" title="Tracy Gray">Gray</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/John_Barlow_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Barlow (Canadian politician)">Barlow</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Rob_Moore_(politician)" title="Rob Moore (politician)">Moore</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Ellis_(politician)" title="Stephen Ellis (politician)">Ellis</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Ste-Marie" title="Gabriel Ste-Marie">Ste-Marie</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA"><i><a href="/wiki/Yves-Fran%C3%A7ois_Blanchet" title="Yves-François Blanchet">Blanchet</a></i> </td> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Therrien" title="Alain Therrien">Therrien</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA"><a href="/wiki/Christine_Normandin" title="Christine Normandin">Normandin</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Simard" title="Mario Simard">Simard</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA"><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Bergeron" title="Stéphane Bergeron">Bergeron</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Masse" title="Brian Masse">Masse</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460"><i><a href="/wiki/Jagmeet_Singh" title="Jagmeet Singh">Singh</a></i> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Julian" title="Peter Julian">Julian</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460"><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Kwan" title="Jenny Kwan">Kwan</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460"><a href="/wiki/Laurel_Collins" title="Laurel Collins">L. Collins</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 4ex"> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Greg_Fergus" title="Greg Fergus">Fergus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_MacAulay" title="Lawrence MacAulay">MacAulay</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Harjit_Sajjan" title="Harjit Sajjan">Sajjan</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Bill_Blair_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Blair (politician)">Blair</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Seamus_O%27Regan" title="Seamus O'Regan">O'Regan</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Mark_Holland" title="Mark Holland">Holland</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Duclos" title="Jean-Yves Duclos">Duclos</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ng" title="Mary Ng">Ng</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Rodriguez_(Canadian_politician)" title="Pablo Rodriguez (Canadian politician)">Rodriguez</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Dominic_LeBlanc" title="Dominic LeBlanc">LeBlanc</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Steven_MacKinnon" title="Steven MacKinnon">MacKinnon</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Trudeau</a></b></i> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland" title="Chrystia Freeland">Freeland</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Philippe_Champagne" title="François-Philippe Champagne">Champagne</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Anita_Anand" title="Anita Anand">Anand</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Steven_Guilbeault" title="Steven Guilbeault">Guilbeault</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Wilkinson" title="Jonathan Wilkinson">Wilkinson</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Sean_Fraser_(politician)" title="Sean Fraser (politician)">Fraser</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Randy_Boissonnault" title="Randy Boissonnault">Boissonnault</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Gudie_Hutchings" title="Gudie Hutchings">Hutchings</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Filomena_Tassi" title="Filomena Tassi">Tassi</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Arif_Virani" title="Arif Virani">Virani</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Ya%27ara_Saks" title="Ya'ara Saks">Saks</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Jenna_Sudds" title="Jenna Sudds">Sudds</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Karina_Gould" title="Karina Gould">Gould</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Bardish_Chagger" title="Bardish Chagger">Chagger</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Murray" title="Joyce Murray">Murray</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460"><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Boulerice" title="Alexandre Boulerice">Boulerice</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460"><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Angus" title="Charlie Angus">Angus</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460"><a href="/wiki/Don_Davies" title="Don Davies">Davies</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460"><a href="/wiki/Lindsay_Mathyssen" title="Lindsay Mathyssen">Mathyssen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Fry" title="Hedy Fry">Fry</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/John_McKay_(politician)" title="John McKay (politician)">McKay</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Judy_Sgro" title="Judy Sgro">Sgro</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/David_McGuinty" title="David McGuinty">McGuinty</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Scarpaleggia" title="Francis Scarpaleggia">Scarpaleggia</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Sean_Casey_(Canadian_politician)" title="Sean Casey (Canadian politician)">Casey</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Dan_Vandal" title="Dan Vandal">Vandal</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Khera" title="Kamal Khera">Khera</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Pascale_St-Onge" title="Pascale St-Onge">St-Onge</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Carla_Qualtrough" title="Carla Qualtrough">Qualtrough</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Patty_Hajdu" title="Patty Hajdu">Hajdu</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Marc_Miller_(politician)" title="Marc Miller (politician)">Miller</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Sahota" title="Ruby Sahota">Sahota</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lanie_Joly" title="Mélanie Joly">Joly</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Marci_Ien" title="Marci Ien">Ien</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Diane_Lebouthillier" title="Diane Lebouthillier">Lebouthillier</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Marie-Claude_Bibeau" title="Marie-Claude Bibeau">Bibeau</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hussen" title="Ahmed Hussen">Hussen</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Ginette_Petitpas_Taylor" title="Ginette Petitpas Taylor">Taylor</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Gary_Anandasangaree" title="Gary Anandasangaree">Anandasangaree</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Terry_Beech" title="Terry Beech">Beech</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Soraya_Martinez_Ferrada" title="Soraya Martinez Ferrada">Ferrada</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><b><a href="/wiki/Rechie_Valdez" title="Rechie Valdez">Valdez</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Omar_Alghabra" title="Omar Alghabra">Alghabra</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Marco_Mendicino" title="Marco Mendicino">Mendicino</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Helena_Jaczek" title="Helena Jaczek">Jaczek</a> </td> <td class="vacant"><i>Vacant</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Sukh_Dhaliwal" title="Sukh Dhaliwal">Dhaliwal</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460"><a href="/wiki/Blake_Desjarlais" title="Blake Desjarlais">Desjarlais</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460"><a href="/wiki/Heather_McPherson_(politician)" title="Heather McPherson (politician)">McPherson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Dubourg" title="Emmanuel Dubourg">Dubourg</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Kirsty_Duncan" title="Kirsty Duncan">K. Duncan</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Arseneault" title="René Arseneault">Arseneault</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Arya" title="Chandra Arya">Arya</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Marie-France_Lalonde" title="Marie-France Lalonde">Lalonde</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Romanado" title="Sherry Romanado">Romanado</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Terry_Sheehan" title="Terry Sheehan">Sheehan</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Jones" title="Yvonne Jones">Jones</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_O%27Connell" title="Jennifer O'Connell">O'Connell</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Rob_Oliphant" title="Rob Oliphant">Oliphant</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Bendayan" title="Rachel Bendayan">Bendayan</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Gerretsen" title="Mark Gerretsen">Gerretsen</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Lamoureux" title="Kevin Lamoureux">Lamoureux</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Mona_Fortier" title="Mona Fortier">Fortier</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fragiskatos" title="Peter Fragiskatos">Fragiskatos</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Bittle" title="Chris Bittle">Bittle</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Julie_Dabrusin" title="Julie Dabrusin">Dabrusin</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Adam_van_Koeverden" title="Adam van Koeverden">Koeverden</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Battiste" title="Jaime Battiste">Battiste</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Lauzon" title="Stéphane Lauzon">Lauzon</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Irek_Kusmierczyk" title="Irek Kusmierczyk">Kusmierczyk</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Bryan_May" title="Bryan May">B. May</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Rota" title="Anthony Rota">Rota</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Shaun_Chen_(politician)" title="Shaun Chen (politician)">Chen</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Serge_Cormier" title="Serge Cormier">Cormier</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Anju_Dhillon" title="Anju Dhillon">Dhillon</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Julie_Dzerowicz" title="Julie Dzerowicz">Dzerowicz</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Ehsassi" title="Ali Ehsassi">Ehsassi</a> </td> <td class="vacant"><i>Vacant</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Fay%C3%A7al_El-Khoury" title="Fayçal El-Khoury">El-Khoury</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Erskine-Smith" title="Nathaniel Erskine-Smith">Erskine-Smith</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Andy_Fillmore" title="Andy Fillmore">Fillmore</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fonseca" title="Peter Fonseca">Fonseca</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Hardie" title="Ken Hardie">Hardie</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Iacono" title="Angelo Iacono">Iacono</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Yasir_Naqvi" title="Yasir Naqvi">Naqvi</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drouin" title="Francis Drouin">Drouin</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Maninder_Sidhu" title="Maninder Sidhu">M. Sidhu</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Vance_Badawey" title="Vance Badawey">Badawey</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Pam_Damoff" title="Pam Damoff">Damoff</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sousa" title="Charles Sousa">Sousa</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Terry_Duguid" title="Terry Duguid">Duguid</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Jenica_Atwin" title="Jenica Atwin">Atwin</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/James_Maloney_(Canadian_politician)" title="James Maloney (Canadian politician)">Maloney</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Housefather" title="Anthony Housefather">Housefather</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Randeep_Sarai" title="Randeep Sarai">Sarai</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Kelloway" title="Mike Kelloway">Kelloway</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Anita_Vandenbeld" title="Anita Vandenbeld">Vandenbeld</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Darrell_Samson" title="Darrell Samson">Samson</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Serr%C3%A9" title="Marc Serré">Serré</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Annie_Koutrakis" title="Annie Koutrakis">Koutrakis</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Bri%C3%A8re" title="Élisabeth Brière">Brière</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Darren_Fisher" title="Darren Fisher">Fisher</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Majid_Jowhari" title="Majid Jowhari">Jowhari</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%ABl_Lightbound" title="Joël Lightbound">Lightbound</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#99C955"><i><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_May" title="Elizabeth May">E. May</a></i> </td> <td bgcolor="#99C955"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Morrice" title="Mike Morrice">Morrice</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Long" title="Wayne Long">Long</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Longfield" title="Lloyd Longfield">Longfield</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Ken_McDonald_(politician)" title="Ken McDonald (politician)">McDonald</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Ron_McKinnon" title="Ron McKinnon">McKinnon</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Michael_McLeod_(politician)" title="Michael McLeod (politician)">McLeod</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Morrissey" title="Bobby Morrissey">Morrissey</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Yves_Robillard" title="Yves Robillard">Robillard</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Schiefke" title="Peter Schiefke">Schiefke</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Shanahan_(politician)" title="Brenda Shanahan (politician)">Shanahan</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Sameer_Zuberi" title="Sameer Zuberi">Zuberi</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Hepfner" title="Lisa Hepfner">Hepfner</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Turnbull_(politician)" title="Ryan Turnbull (politician)">Turnbull</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Taleeb_Noormohamed" title="Taleeb Noormohamed">Noormohamed</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Iqra_Khalid" title="Iqra Khalid">Khalid</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Chiang_(politician)" title="Paul Chiang (politician)">Chiang</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sidhu" title="Sonia Sidhu">S. Sidhu</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Sorbara" title="Francesco Sorbara">Sorbara</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Salma_Zahid" title="Salma Zahid">Zahid</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Emmanuella_Lambropoulos" title="Emmanuella Lambropoulos">Lambropoulos</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Churence_Rogers" title="Churence Rogers">Rogers</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Yip" title="Jean Yip">Yip</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Yvan_Baker" title="Yvan Baker">Baker</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Kody_Blois" title="Kody Blois">Blois</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Lattanzio" title="Patricia Lattanzio">Lattanzio</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Louis_(Ontario_politician)" title="Tim Louis (Ontario politician)">Louis</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#DCDCDC"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Vuong" title="Kevin Vuong"><span style="color:black;">Vuong</span></a> </td> <td bgcolor="#DCDCDC"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Rayes" title="Alain Rayes"><span style="color:black;">Rayes</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Mend%C3%A8s" title="Alexandra Mendès">Mendès</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Powlowski" title="Marcus Powlowski">Powlowski</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Van_Bynen" title="Tony Van Bynen">Bynen</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Weiler" title="Patrick Weiler">Weiler</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Shafqat_Ali" title="Shafqat Ali">Ali</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Parm_Bains" title="Parm Bains">Bains</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Bradford" title="Valerie Bradford">Bradford</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/George_Chahal" title="George Chahal">Chahal</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Chatel" title="Sophie Chatel">Chatel</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Chad_Collins_(politician)" title="Chad Collins (politician)">C. Collins</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Coteau" title="Michael Coteau">Coteau</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Lena_Diab" title="Lena Diab">Diab</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Iqwinder_Gaheer" title="Iqwinder Gaheer">Gaheer</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Hanley" title="Brendan Hanley">Hanley</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Arielle_Kayabaga" title="Arielle Kayabaga">Kayabaga</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Viviane_Lapointe" title="Viviane Lapointe">Lapointe</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Heath_MacDonald" title="Heath MacDonald">MacDonald</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Miao" title="Wilson Miao">Miao</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Leah_Taylor_Roy" title="Leah Taylor Roy">Roy</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Thompson_(politician)" title="Joanne Thompson (politician)">Thompson</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Carr_(politician)" title="Ben Carr (politician)">Carr</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Gainey" title="Anna Gainey">Gainey</a> </td> <td class="vacant"><i>Vacant</i> </td> <td class="vacant"><i>Vacant</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#DCDCDC"><a href="/wiki/Han_Dong_(politician)" title="Han Dong (politician)"><span style="color:black;">Dong</span></a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chamber_design">Chamber design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Commons_of_Canada&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chamber design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current and original Canadian House of Commons <a href="/wiki/Debating_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Debating chamber">chamber</a> was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">British House of Commons</a> <a href="/wiki/Debating_chamber#rectangular" class="mw-redirect" title="Debating chamber">rectangular layout</a> and that of the original <a href="/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Chapel" title="St Stephen's Chapel">St Stephen's Chapel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difference from the British layout is with the use of individual chairs and tables for members, absent in the British Commons' design. </p><p>With the exception of the legislatures in <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Nunavut" title="Legislative Assembly of Nunavut">Nunavut</a> (circular seating), the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> (circular seating), and <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Manitoba" title="Legislative Assembly of Manitoba">Manitoba</a> (U-shaped seating), all other Canadian provincial legislatures share the common design of the Canadian House of Commons. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stripped_House_of_Commons,_December_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Stripped_House_of_Commons%2C_December_2018.jpg/220px-Stripped_House_of_Commons%2C_December_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Stripped_House_of_Commons%2C_December_2018.jpg/330px-Stripped_House_of_Commons%2C_December_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Stripped_House_of_Commons%2C_December_2018.jpg/440px-Stripped_House_of_Commons%2C_December_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3021" /></a><figcaption>House of Commons Chamber after desks were removed for renovations, December 2018.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Public_Works_and_Government_Services_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Works and Government Services Canada">Department of Public Works and Government Services</a> undertook work during the 41st Parliament to determine how the seating arrangement could be modified to accommodate the additional 30 seats added in the 2015 election. Ultimately, new "theatre" seats were designed, with five seats in a row at one desk, the seats pulling down for use. Such seat sets now form almost the entire length of the last two rows on each side of the chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Renovations">Renovations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Commons_of_Canada&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Renovations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current chamber is currently undergoing an estimated decade-long restoration and renovation, which began in December 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-centertowest_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-centertowest-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parliamentarians have relocated to the courtyard of the 159-year-old <a href="/wiki/West_Block" title="West Block">West Block</a> which also underwent seven years of renovations and repairs to get ready for the move.<sup id="cite_ref-centertowest_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-centertowest-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> marked the closing of the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Block" title="Centre Block">Centre Block</a> on December 12, 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final sittings of both the House of Commons and the Senate in Centre Block took place on December 13, 2018. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Commons_of_Canada&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_federal_electoral_districts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian federal electoral districts">List of Canadian federal electoral districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_federal_general_elections" title="List of Canadian federal general elections">List of Canadian federal general elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Canada" title="List of political parties in Canada">List of political parties in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Canada_by_representation" title="List of political parties in Canada by representation">List of political parties in Canada by representation</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Parliaments and members</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_federal_parliaments" title="List of Canadian federal parliaments">List of Canadian federal parliaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_officers_and_senior_officials_of_the_Parliament_of_Canada" title="Procedural officers and senior officials of the Parliament of Canada">Procedural officers and senior officials of the Parliament of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Block" title="Centre Block">Centre Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_address_(Canada)" title="Joint address (Canada)">Joint Address</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Offices">Offices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Commons_of_Canada&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Offices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Off Parliament Hill, MPs have some offices at the <a href="/wiki/Justice_Building" title="Justice Building">Justice Building</a> or <a href="/wiki/Confederation_Building_(Ottawa)" title="Confederation Building (Ottawa)">Confederation Building</a> down Wellington Street near the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Commons_of_Canada&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Salaries">"Indemnities, Salaries and Allowances"</a>. <i>Parlinfo</i>. Parliament of Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712224652/https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Salaries">Archived</a> from the original on July 12, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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November 9, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226191026/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/west-block-parliament-renovations-photos-1.4897864">Archived</a> from the original on December 26, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=cbc.ca&rft.atitle=The+replacement+House+of+Commons+is+just+about+ready&rft.date=2018-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fottawa%2Fwest-block-parliament-renovations-photos-1.4897864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Commons+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenier2018" class="citation news cs1">Grenier, Eric (December 12, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/grenier-centre-block-qp-1.4942674">"Trudeau, Scheer spar for what might be the last time in Parliament's Centre Block"</a>. <i>cbc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226191033/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/grenier-centre-block-qp-1.4942674">Archived</a> from the original on December 26, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=cbc.ca&rft.atitle=Trudeau%2C+Scheer+spar+for+what+might+be+the+last+time+in+Parliament%27s+Centre+Block&rft.date=2018-12-12&rft.aulast=Grenier&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fgrenier-centre-block-qp-1.4942674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Commons+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanadianPM2018" class="citation web cs1">@CanadianPM (December 12, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/CanadianPM/status/1072953154977714176">"Prime Minister Justin Trudeau marks the closing of Centre Block today in the House of Commons"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prime+Minister+Justin+Trudeau+marks+the+closing+of+Centre+Block+today+in+the+House+of+Commons&rft.date=2018-12-12&rft.au=CanadianPM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FCanadianPM%2Fstatus%2F1072953154977714176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Commons+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Commons_of_Canada&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_E._Smith2007" class="citation book cs1">David E. Smith (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zELUZRd7PXcC&pg=PP1"><i>The people's House of Commons: theories of democracy in contention</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9465-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9465-0"><bdi>978-0-8020-9465-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+people%27s+House+of+Commons%3A+theories+of+democracy+in+contention&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-9465-0&rft.au=David+E.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzELUZRd7PXcC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Commons+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/const/">Department of Justice. (2004). Constitution Acts, 1867 to 1982.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050321091505/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/const/">Archived</a> March 21, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson1962" class="citation book cs1">Dawson, W F (1962). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/procedureincanad0000daws"><i>Procedure in the Canadian House of Commons</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802070494" title="Special:BookSources/9780802070494"><bdi>9780802070494</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/502155">502155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Procedure+in+the+Canadian+House+of+Commons&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F502155&rft.isbn=9780802070494&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=W+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprocedureincanad0000daws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Commons+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span> Also under <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/252298936">252298936</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parl.gc.ca/compendium/web-content/c_a_index-e.htm">House of Commons Table Research Branch. (2006). <i>Compendium of Procedure</i>.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100209183509/http://www.parl.gc.ca/compendium/web-content/c_a_index-e.htm">Archived</a> February 9, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parl.ca/">The Parliament of Canada. Official Website.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170514062052/https://www.parl.ca/">Archived</a> May 14, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/house-of-commons/">Canada's House of Commons from <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170924231140/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/house-of-commons/">Archived</a> September 24, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.ipu.org/parliament/ca?chamber_id=13360">About parliament - House of Commons</a>, Inter-Parliamentary Union</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Commons_of_Canada&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcommons.ca/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383590#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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Canada">Sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">House of Commons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_federal_parliaments" title="List of Canadian federal parliaments">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_assemblies_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories" title="Legislative assemblies of Canadian provinces and territories">Legislative assemblies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta" title="Legislative Assembly of Alberta">Alberta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alberta_Legislature" title="Alberta Legislature">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_British_Columbia" title="Legislative Assembly of British Columbia">British Columbia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_British_Columbia" title="Legislature of British Columbia">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Manitoba" title="Legislative Assembly of Manitoba">Manitoba</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Legislature" title="Manitoba Legislature">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_New_Brunswick" title="Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick_Legislature" title="New Brunswick Legislature">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador_House_of_Assembly" title="Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="General Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Northwest_Territories_Legislative_Assemblies" title="List of Northwest Territories Legislative Assemblies">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_House_of_Assembly" title="Nova Scotia House of Assembly">Nova Scotia</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Nova_Scotia" title="General Assembly of Nova Scotia">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Nunavut" title="Legislative Assembly of Nunavut">Nunavut</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Nunavut_Legislative_Assemblies" title="List of Nunavut Legislative Assemblies">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Ontario" title="Legislative Assembly of Ontario">Ontario</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Ontario_Legislative_Assemblies" title="List of Ontario Legislative Assemblies">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="General Assembly of Prince Edward Island">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="National Assembly of Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Saskatchewan" title="Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Legislature" title="Saskatchewan Legislature">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_Legislative_Assembly" title="Yukon Legislative Assembly">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous assemblies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Haida_Nation" title="Council of the Haida Nation">Haida Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_of_the_Crees" title="Grand Council of the Crees">Grand Council of the Crees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a#Government" title="Nisga'a">Nisgaʼa Lisims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunatsiavut_Assembly" title="Nunatsiavut Assembly">Nunatsiavut Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_of_the_Grand_River_Elected_Council" title="Six Nations of the Grand River Elected Council">Six Nations Elected Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provincial upper houses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Manitoba" title="Legislative Council of Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_New_Brunswick" title="Legislative Council of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Newfoundland" title="Legislative Council of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Legislative Council of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Legislative Council of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Quebec" title="Legislative Council of Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territorial bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Keewatin (<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Keewatin" title="Council of Keewatin">Council</a>)</li> <li>Northwest Territories (<a href="/wiki/Temporary_North-West_Council" title="Temporary North-West Council">Temporary Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/1st_Council_of_the_North-West_Territories" title="1st Council of the North-West Territories">1st Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/2nd_Council_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="2nd Council of the Northwest Territories">2nd Council</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Confederation bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>British Columbia colonies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Assembly_of_British_Columbia" title="Colonial Assembly of British Columbia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Legislative Assembly of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_British_Columbia" title="Legislative Council of British Columbia">United Colony</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lower Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lower_Canada" title="Parliament of Lower Canada">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Lower_Canada" title="Legislative Council of Lower Canada">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Lower_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Council_of_Lower_Canada" title="Special Council of Lower Canada">Special Council</a></li></ul></li> <li>Newfoundland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Commission_of_Government" title="Newfoundland Commission of Government">Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li>Province of Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Parliament of the Province of Canada">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Legislative Council of the Province of Canada">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada">Assembly</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Province of Quebec <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_the_Affairs_of_the_Province_of_Quebec" title="Council for the Affairs of the Province of Quebec">Council</a></li></ul></li> <li>Red River Colony <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Assiniboia" title="Council of Assiniboia">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Assiniboia" title="Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li>Upper Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Upper_Canada" title="Parliament of Upper Canada">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Upper_Canada" title="Legislative Council of Upper Canada">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Upper_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada">Assembly</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canada_topics" title="Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canada_topics" title="Template talk:Canada topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canada_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">Year list</a></b> <br />(<b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_history" title="Timeline of Canadian history">timeline</a>)</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the indigenous peoples of Canada">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France (1534–1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1763%E2%80%931867)" title="History of Canada (1763–1867)">British Canada (1763–1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Post-Confederation (1867–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_world_wars_and_interwar_period" title="Canada in the world wars and interwar period">World wars and interwar period (1914–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" title="History of Canada (1945–1960)">1945–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="History of Canada (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Canada (1982–present)">since 1982</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#History_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy" title="History of Canadian foreign policy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">Monarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">Persons of significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces<br />and territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada" title="Geography of Canada">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(west to east)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#Geography_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Canada" title="List of cities in Canada">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Canada" title="List of earthquakes in Canada">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Canada" title="List of islands of Canada">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_Canada" title="Mountain peaks of Canada">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Canada" title="National parks of Canada">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Canada" title="List of rivers of Canada">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Canada" title="Wildlife of Canada">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Canada" title="Volcanism of Canada">Volcanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">House of Commons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government in Canada">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Politics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Canada" title="LGBTQ rights in Canada">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Canada" title="Firearms regulation in Canada">Firearms regulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Canada" title="Agriculture in Canada">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada" title="Dairy farming in Canada">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Floriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Canada" title="Banking in Canada">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Canada" title="List of companies of Canada">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Canada" title="Energy policy of Canada">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Canada" title="Fishing industry in Canada">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Canada" title="Oil reserves in Canada">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="Petroleum industry in Canada">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada" title="Taxation in Canada">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Canada" title="Tourism in Canada">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Canada" title="Transportation in Canada">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Canada" title="Science and technology in Canada">Science and tech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Ethnicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">Metropolitan areas and agglomerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the largest population centres in Canada">Population centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada" title="Higher education in Canada">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">Euthanasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Canada" title="Crime in Canada">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Canada" title="Corruption in Canada">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Canada" title="Terrorism in Canada">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Canada" title="Homelessness in Canada">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canada" title="Social programs in Canada">Social programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Values</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Canada" title="Architecture of Canada">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_art" title="Canadian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_folklore" title="Canadian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Canada" title="Public holidays in Canada">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_inventions,_innovations,_and_discoveries" title="List of Canadian inventions, innovations, and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Canadians" title="Lists of Canadians">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Canada" title="Theatre of Canada">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Symbols" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">Symbols</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada" title="Coat of arms of Canada">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Provincial and territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heraldry" title="Canadian heraldry">Heraldic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_tartans_of_Canada" title="Regional tartans of Canada">Tartans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Canada-related_articles" title="Index of Canada-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canada-related_topics_by_provinces_and_territories" title="List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories">Topics by provinces and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada" title="Bibliography of Canada">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_historians" title="List of Canadian historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_studies" title="Canadian studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Canada" title="International rankings of Canada">Indices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Canada" title="Category:Canada">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Parliament_Hill" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#355E3B; color:#D8CB05;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parliament_Hill" title="Template:Parliament Hill"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#D8CB05">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parliament_Hill" title="Template talk:Parliament Hill"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#D8CB05">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parliament_Hill" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parliament Hill"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#D8CB05">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Parliament_Hill" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill"><span style="color:#D8CB05;">Parliament Hill</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada"><span style="color:black;">Parliament of Canada</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Block" title="West Block">West Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Block" title="Centre Block">Centre Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Block" title="East Block">East Block</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament-Ottawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Parliament-Ottawa.jpg/100px-Parliament-Ottawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Parliament-Ottawa.jpg/150px-Parliament-Ottawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Parliament-Ottawa.jpg/200px-Parliament-Ottawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="863" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;"><a href="/wiki/Centre_Block" title="Centre Block"><span style="color:black;">Centre Block</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Tower" title="Peace Tower">Peace Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Parliament" title="Library of Parliament">Library of Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Police_and_Peace_Officers%27_Memorial" title="Canadian Police and Peace Officers' Memorial">Canadian Police and Peace Officers' Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Flame" title="Centennial Flame">Centennial Flame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gates" title="Queen's Gates">Queen's Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Tower_(Canada)" title="Victoria Tower (Canada)">Victoria Tower Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812_Monument" title="War of 1812 Monument">War of 1812 Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill#Statues_and_monuments" title="Parliament Hill">Statues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;">Parliamentary Precinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_Building_(Ottawa)" title="Confederation Building (Ottawa)">Confederation Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Annex" title="Justice Annex">Justice Annex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Building" title="Justice Building">Justice Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_and_Privy_Council" title="Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council">Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_A._Macdonald_Building" title="Sir John A. Macdonald Building">Sir John A. Macdonald Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Building_(Ottawa)" title="Victoria Building (Ottawa)">Victoria Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington_Building" title="Wellington Building">Wellington Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/144_Wellington_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="144 Wellington Street">144 Wellington Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill_Rehabilitation" title="Parliament Hill Rehabilitation">Parliament Hill Rehabilitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill_cat_colony" title="Parliament Hill cat colony">Parliament Hill cat colony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lower_houses_of_national_legislatures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_lower_houses" title="Template:National lower houses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_lower_houses" title="Template talk:National lower houses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_lower_houses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National lower houses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lower_houses_of_national_legislatures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower houses</a> of national <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislatures</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Chamber_of_Deputies" title="Argentine Chamber of Deputies">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Austria)" title="National Council (Austria)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_(Belgium)" title="Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="House of Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Brazil)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)">Brazil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peoples%27_Representatives" title="House of Peoples' Representatives">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Rakyat" title="Dewan Rakyat">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Mexico)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Nepal)" title="House of Representatives (Nepal)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Nigeria)" title="House of Representatives (Nigeria)">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Somalia#House_of_the_People" title="Federal Parliament of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Legislative_Assembly_(South_Sudan)" title="National Legislative Assembly (South Sudan)">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Sudan" title="National Assembly of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Switzerland)" title="National Council (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Assembly" title="People's National Assembly">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="House of Representatives (Antigua and Barbuda)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Bahamas#House_of_Assembly" title="Parliament of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_(Bahrain)" title="Council of Representatives (Bahrain)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Barbados" title="House of Assembly of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Belarus)" title="House of Representatives (Belarus)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Belize)" title="House of Representatives (Belize)">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Bhutan)" title="National Assembly (Bhutan)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Bolivia)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Bolivia)">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Burundi)" title="National Assembly (Burundi)">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Cambodia)" title="National Assembly (Cambodia)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Cameroon)" title="National Assembly (Cameroon)">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Central_African_Republic)" title="National Assembly (Central African Republic)">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Chile" title="Chamber of Deputies of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_of_Colombia" title="Chamber of Representatives of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="National Assembly (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="National Assembly (Republic of the Congo)">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Chamber of Deputies of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Egypt)" title="House of Representatives (Egypt)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Equatorial_Guinea)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Equatorial Guinea)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Eswatini" title="House of Assembly of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Gabon" title="National Assembly of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Grenada#House_of_Representatives" title="Parliament of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Haiti)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Haiti)">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Indonesia)" title="House of Representatives (Indonesia)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Ivory_Coast)" title="National Assembly (Ivory Coast)">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Jamaica" title="Parliament of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Jordan)" title="House of Representatives (Jordan)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4jilis" title="Mäjilis">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Kenya)" title="National Assembly (Kenya)">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Lesotho)" title="National Assembly (Lesotho)">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Liberia" title="House of Representatives of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Madagascar)" title="National Assembly (Madagascar)">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Morocco)" title="House of Representatives (Morocco)">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyithu_Hluttaw" title="Pyithu Hluttaw">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Namibia)" title="National Assembly (Namibia)">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)" title="House of Representatives (Netherlands)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_(Oman)" title="Consultative Assembly (Oman)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Delegates_of_Palau" title="House of Delegates of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Paraguay" title="Chamber of Deputies of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Romania)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Romania)">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Rwanda)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Rwanda)">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Saint_Lucia" title="House of Assembly of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Slovenia)" title="National Assembly (Slovenia)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_South_Africa" title="National Assembly of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies" title="Congress of Deputies">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Representatives_(Tajikistan)" title="Assembly of Representatives (Tajikistan)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Thailand)" title="House of Representatives (Thailand)">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Trinidad_and_Tobago)" title="House of Representatives (Trinidad and Tobago)">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_of_Uruguay" title="Chamber of Representatives of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Chamber_of_Uzbekistan" title="Legislative Chamber of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Yemen)" title="House of Representatives (Yemen)">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Zimbabwe" title="National Assembly of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent and<br />other territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_House_of_Representatives" title="American Samoa House of Representatives">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Bermuda" title="House of Assembly of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Keys" title="House of Keys">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands_House_of_Representatives" title="Northern Mariana Islands House of Representatives">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Puerto_Rico" title="House of Representatives of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">Non-UN states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Somaliland)" title="House of Representatives (Somaliland)">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolished_lower_houses" title="List of abolished lower houses">Defunct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cuba_(1902%E2%80%931959)#Constitution_of_1940" title="Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Fiji" title="House of Representatives of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_(British_Guiana)" title="Legislative Assembly (British Guiana)">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Hungary#House_of_Representatives" title="Diet of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Commons" title="Irish House of Commons">Kingdom of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Dáil Éireann (Irish Free State)">Irish Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(South_Korea)" title="House of Representatives (South Korea)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Nicaragua#Presidents_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies_before_1979" title="National Congress of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Northern_Ireland" title="House of Commons of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru#History" title="Congress of the Republic of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Portugal_(1822%E2%80%931910)" title="Chamber of Deputies of Portugal (1822–1910)">Portugal (Kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Portugal_(1910%E2%80%931926)" title="Chamber of Deputies of Portugal (1910–1926)">Portugal (Republic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andra_kammaren" title="Andra kammaren">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Chamber_of_Deputies" title="Venezuelan Chamber of Deputies">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">Bicameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">Unicameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricameralism" title="Tricameralism">Tricameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicameralism" title="Multicameralism">Multicameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolished_lower_houses" title="List of abolished lower houses">List of abolished lower houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legislatures_by_country" title="List of legislatures by country">List of legislatures by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_upper_houses" title="Template:National upper houses">National upper houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_bicameral_legislatures" title="Template:National bicameral legislatures">National bicameral legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_unicameral_legislatures" title="Template:National unicameral legislatures">National unicameral legislatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_past_and_present_members_of_the_House_of_Commons_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lists_of_members_of_the_Canadian_House_of_Commons" title="Template:Lists of members of the Canadian House of Commons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lists_of_members_of_the_Canadian_House_of_Commons" title="Template talk:Lists of members of the Canadian House of Commons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lists_of_members_of_the_Canadian_House_of_Commons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lists of members of the Canadian House of Commons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_past_and_present_members_of_the_House_of_Commons_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists of past and present members of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">House of Commons of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parliament</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_1st_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 1st Parliament of Canada">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_2nd_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 2nd Parliament of Canada">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_3rd_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 3rd Parliament of Canada">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_4th_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 4th Parliament of Canada">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_5th_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 5th Parliament of Canada">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_6th_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 6th Parliament of Canada">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_7th_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 7th Parliament of Canada">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_8th_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 8th Parliament of Canada">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_9th_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 9th Parliament of Canada">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_10th_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 10th Parliament of Canada">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_11th_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 11th Parliament of Canada">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_12th_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 12th Parliament of Canada">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_13th_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 13th Parliament of Canada">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_14th_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 14th Parliament of Canada">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_15th_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 15th Parliament of Canada">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_16th_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 16th Parliament of Canada">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_17th_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 17th Parliament of Canada">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_18th_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 18th Parliament of Canada">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_19th_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 19th Parliament of Canada">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_20th_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 20th Parliament of Canada">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_21st_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 21st Parliament of Canada">21st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_22nd_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 22nd Parliament of Canada">22nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_23rd_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 23rd Parliament of Canada">23rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_24th_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 24th Parliament of Canada">24th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_25th_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 25th Parliament of Canada">25th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_26th_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 26th Parliament of Canada">26th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_27th_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 27th Parliament of Canada">27th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_28th_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 28th Parliament of Canada">28th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_29th_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 29th Parliament of Canada">29th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_30th_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 30th Parliament of Canada">30th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_31st_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 31st Parliament of Canada">31st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_32nd_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 32nd Parliament of Canada">32nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_33rd_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 33rd Parliament of Canada">33rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_34th_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 34th Parliament of Canada">34th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_35th_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of House members of the 35th Parliament of Canada">35th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_36th_Parliament_of_Canada" title="List of House members of the 36th Parliament of Canada">36th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_37th_Parliament_of_Canada" title="List of House members of the 37th Parliament of Canada">37th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_38th_Parliament_of_Canada" title="List of House members of the 38th Parliament of Canada">38th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_39th_Parliament_of_Canada" title="List of House members of the 39th Parliament of Canada">39th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_40th_Parliament_of_Canada" title="List of House members of the 40th Parliament of Canada">40th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_41st_Parliament_of_Canada" title="List of House members of the 41st Parliament of Canada">41st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_42nd_Parliament_of_Canada" title="List of House members of the 42nd Parliament of Canada">42nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_43rd_Parliament_of_Canada" title="List of House members of the 43rd Parliament of Canada">43rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_44th_Parliament_of_Canada" title="List of House members of the 44th Parliament of Canada">44th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surname</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Canadian_House_of_Commons_(A)" title="List of members of the Canadian House of Commons (A)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Canadian_House_of_Commons_(B)" title="List of members of the Canadian House of Commons (B)">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Canadian_House_of_Commons_(C)" title="List of members of the Canadian House of Commons (C)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Canadian_House_of_Commons_(D)" title="List of members of the Canadian House of Commons (D)">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Canadian_House_of_Commons_(E)" title="List of members of the Canadian House of Commons (E)">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Canadian_House_of_Commons_(F)" title="List of members of the Canadian House of Commons (F)">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Canadian_House_of_Commons_(G)" title="List of members of the Canadian House of Commons (G)">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Canadian_House_of_Commons_(H)" title="List of members of the Canadian House of Commons (H)">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Canadian_House_of_Commons_(I)" title="List of members of the Canadian House of Commons (I)">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Canadian_House_of_Commons_(J)" title="List of members of the Canadian House of Commons (J)">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Canadian_House_of_Commons_(K)" title="List of members of the Canadian House of Commons (K)">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Canadian_House_of_Commons_(L)" title="List of members of the Canadian House of Commons (L)">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Canadian_House_of_Commons_(M)" title="List of members of the Canadian House of Commons (M)">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Canadian_House_of_Commons_(N)" title="List of members of the Canadian House of Commons (N)">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Canadian_House_of_Commons_(O)" title="List of members of the Canadian House of Commons (O)">O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Canadian_House_of_Commons_(P)" title="List of members of the Canadian House of Commons (P)">P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Canadian_House_of_Commons_(Q)" title="List of members of the Canadian House of Commons (Q)">Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Canadian_House_of_Commons_(R)" title="List of members of the Canadian House of Commons (R)">R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Canadian_House_of_Commons_(S)" title="List of members of the Canadian House of Commons (S)">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Canadian_House_of_Commons_(T)" title="List of members of the Canadian House of Commons (T)">T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Canadian_House_of_Commons_(U)" title="List of members of the Canadian House of Commons (U)">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Canadian_House_of_Commons_(V)" title="List of members of the Canadian House of Commons (V)">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Canadian_House_of_Commons_(W)" title="List of members of the Canadian House of Commons (W)">W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Canadian_House_of_Commons_(Y)" title="List of members of the Canadian House of Commons (Y)">Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Canadian_House_of_Commons_(Z)" title="List of members of the Canadian House of Commons (Z)">Z</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383590#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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