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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swearing-in_ceremony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swearing-in_ceremony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Swearing-in ceremony </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swearing-in_ceremony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Role </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Role-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Role subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitutional_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Constitutional role </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceremonial_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceremonial_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Ceremonial role </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceremonial_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Residences_and_household" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residences_and_household"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Residences and household </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residences_and_household-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols_and_protocol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols_and_protocol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Symbols and protocol </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols_and_protocol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French_and_British_colonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_and_British_colonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 French and British colonies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_and_British_colonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Responsible_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responsible_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Responsible government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Responsible_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emerging_nationality_to_an_independent_kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emerging_nationality_to_an_independent_kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Emerging nationality to an independent kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emerging_nationality_to_an_independent_kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quebec_nationalism_and_constitutional_patriation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quebec_nationalism_and_constitutional_patriation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Quebec nationalism and constitutional patriation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quebec_nationalism_and_constitutional_patriation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Withering_and_renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Withering_and_renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Withering and renaissance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Withering_and_renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities_post-retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities_post-retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Activities post-retirement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities_post-retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spelling_of_the_title" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spelling_of_the_title"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Spelling of the title </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spelling_of_the_title-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Governor General of Canada</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" > 34 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="حاكم عام كندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حاكم عام كندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubernador_cheneral_de_Canad%C3%A1" title="Gubernador cheneral de Canadá – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gubernador cheneral de Canadá" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadan%C4%B1n_Ba%C5%9F_Qubernatoru" title="Kanadanın Baş Qubernatoru – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kanadanın Baş Qubernatoru" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governador_General_del_Canad%C3%A0" title="Governador General del Canadà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Governador General del Canadà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gener%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_guvern%C3%A9r_Kanady" title="Generální guvernér Kanady – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Generální guvernér Kanady" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadas_generalguvern%C3%B8r" title="Canadas generalguvernør – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Canadas generalguvernør" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalgouverneur_von_Kanada" title="Generalgouverneur von Kanada – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Generalgouverneur von Kanada" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobernador_general_de_Canad%C3%A1" title="Gobernador general de Canadá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gobernador general de Canadá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Cenerala_Guberniestro_de_Kanado" title="Ĝenerala Guberniestro de Kanado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝenerala Guberniestro de Kanado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="فرماندار کل کانادا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرماندار کل کانادا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouverneur_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_du_Canada" title="Gouverneur général du Canada – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gouverneur général du Canada" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%90%EB%82%98%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%98_%EC%B4%9D%EB%8F%85" title="캐나다의 총독 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캐나다의 총독" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guvernisto_di_Kanada" title="Guvernisto di Kanada – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Guvernisto di Kanada" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governatore_generale_del_Canada" title="Governatore generale del Canada – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Governatore generale del Canada" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94" title="המושל הכללי של קנדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המושל הכללי של קנדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabenor_Jeneral_Kanada" title="Gabenor Jeneral Kanada – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gabenor Jeneral Kanada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouverneur-generaal_van_Canada" title="Gouverneur-generaal van Canada – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gouverneur-generaal van Canada" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%80%E7%B7%8F%E7%9D%A3" title="カナダ総督 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カナダ総督" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadas_generalguvern%C3%B8r" title="Canadas generalguvernør – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Canadas generalguvernør" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governador_general_de_Canad%C3%A0" title="Governador general de Canadà – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Governador general de Canadà" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubernator_generalny_Kanady" title="Gubernator generalny Kanady – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gubernator generalny Kanady" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governador-geral_do_Canad%C3%A1" title="Governador-geral do Canadá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Governador-geral do Canadá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guvernatorul_General_al_Canadei" title="Guvernatorul General al Canadei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Guvernatorul General al Canadei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Генерал-губернатор Канады – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Генерал-губернатор Канады" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Governor General of Canada" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Генерални гувернер Канаде – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Генерални гувернер Канаде" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadan_kenraalikuvern%C3%B6%C3%B6ri" title="Kanadan kenraalikuvernööri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kanadan kenraalikuvernööri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadas_generalguvern%C3%B6r" title="Kanadas generalguvernör – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kanadas generalguvernör" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2" title="ผู้สำเร็จราชการแคนาดา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ผู้สำเร็จราชการแคนาดา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada_genel_valisi" title="Kanada genel valisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kanada genel valisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Генерал-губернатор Канади – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Генерал-губернатор Канади" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C3%A0n_quy%E1%BB%81n_Canada" title="Toàn quyền Canada – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Toàn quyền Canada" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E6%80%BB%E7%9D%A3" title="加拿大总督 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="加拿大总督" 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;">Governor General of Canada</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: normal;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Gouverneure générale du Canada</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;"><a href="/wiki/File:Badge_of_the_Governor-General_of_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Badge_of_the_Governor-General_of_Canada.svg/120px-Badge_of_the_Governor-General_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Badge_of_the_Governor-General_of_Canada.svg/180px-Badge_of_the_Governor-General_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Badge_of_the_Governor-General_of_Canada.svg/240px-Badge_of_the_Governor-General_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="610" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Badge of the governor general</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_Canada.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_Canada.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_Canada.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_governor_general_of_Canada" title="Flag of the governor general of Canada">Flag of the governor general</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Simon,_Governor_General_of_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mary_Simon%2C_Governor_General_of_Canada.jpg/220px-Mary_Simon%2C_Governor_General_of_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Mary_Simon%2C_Governor_General_of_Canada.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="425" /></a></div><div style="display:inline;font-weight:bold;">Incumbent <a href="/wiki/Mary_Simon" title="Mary Simon">Mary Simon</a> </div>since <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">26 July 2021</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">Her Excellency</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">the Right Honourable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">GG</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">Residence</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rideau_Hall" title="Rideau Hall">Rideau Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadelle_of_Quebec" title="Citadelle of Quebec">La Citadelle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>, Quebec</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarch_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarch of Canada">Monarch of Canada</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional_law)" title="Advice (constitutional law)">advice</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Canada">prime minister</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Term_of_office" title="Term of office">Term length</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/At_His_Majesty%27s_pleasure" title="At His Majesty's pleasure">At His Majesty's pleasure</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1867</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First holder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Monck,_4th_Viscount_Monck" title="Charles Monck, 4th Viscount Monck">The Viscount Monck</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Deputy of the Governor General of Canada">Deputies of the governor general</a> <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_to_the_Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Secretary to the Governor General of Canada">Secretary to the governor general</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Justices of the Supreme Court of Canada">Justices of the Supreme Court</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Salary</th><td class="infobox-data">$342,100 annually</td></tr><tr><th 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0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border-style:ridge; border-width:2px; border-color:grey;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding:0 0.2em; font-size:150%; font-weight:heavy;"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarchy of Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Royal_Cypher_of_King_Charles_III_%28Canada%29.svg/80px-Royal_Cypher_of_King_Charles_III_%28Canada%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Royal_Cypher_of_King_Charles_III_%28Canada%29.svg/120px-Royal_Cypher_of_King_Charles_III_%28Canada%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Royal_Cypher_of_King_Charles_III_%28Canada%29.svg/160px-Royal_Cypher_of_King_Charles_III_%28Canada%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="2362" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border:none; font-size:88%;"> This article is part of a <a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Category:Monarchy of Canada">series</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0px 5px 5px 5px;border-top:1px solid #CC0000; font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">Canadian monarchical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_monarchs" title="List of Canadian monarchs">Sovereigns of Canada and their consorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Canadian_provinces" title="Monarchy in the Canadian provinces">Monarchy by provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_British_Columbia" title="Monarchy in British Columbia">BC</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Alberta" title="Monarchy in Alberta">AB</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Saskatchewan" title="Monarchy in Saskatchewan">SK</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Manitoba" title="Monarchy in Manitoba">MB</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Ontario" title="Monarchy in Ontario">ON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Quebec" title="Monarchy in Quebec">QC</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_New_Brunswick" title="Monarchy in New Brunswick">NB</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Nova_Scotia" title="Monarchy in Nova Scotia">NS</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Monarchy in Prince Edward Island">PE</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Monarchy in Newfoundland and Labrador">NL</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000; background:transparent; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; padding-left:5px; padding-top:3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroys</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Governor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_general_of_Canada" title="List of governors general of Canada">List of governors general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_(Canada)" title="Lieutenant Governor (Canada)">Lieutenant governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Canadian_lieutenant_governors_and_commissioners" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current Canadian lieutenant governors and commissioners">LGs by provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_British_Columbia" title="List of lieutenant governors of British Columbia">BC</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Alberta" title="List of lieutenant governors of Alberta">AB</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Saskatchewan" title="List of lieutenant governors of Saskatchewan">SK</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Manitoba" title="List of lieutenant governors of Manitoba">MB</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Ontario" title="List of lieutenant governors of Ontario">ON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Quebec" title="List of lieutenant governors of Quebec">QC</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_New_Brunswick" title="List of lieutenant governors of New Brunswick">NB</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Nova_Scotia" title="List of lieutenant governors of Nova Scotia">NS</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="List of lieutenant governors of Prince Edward Island">PE</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of governors of Newfoundland and Labrador">NL</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000; background:transparent; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; padding-left:5px; padding-top:3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_Houses_in_Canada" title="Government Houses in Canada">Residences</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada#Federal_residences_and_royal_household" title="Monarchy of Canada">household</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rideau_Hall" title="Rideau Hall">Rideau Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadelle_of_Quebec#Royal_and_viceregal_residence" title="Citadelle of Quebec">La Citadelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_House" title="Government House">Provincial residences or offices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_House_(British_Columbia)" title="Government House (British Columbia)">BC</a> <a href="/wiki/Government_House_(Alberta)" title="Government House (Alberta)">AB</a> <a href="/wiki/Government_House_(Saskatchewan)" title="Government House (Saskatchewan)">SK</a> <a href="/wiki/Government_House_(Manitoba)" title="Government House (Manitoba)">MB</a> <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Legislative_Building#Lieutenant_Governor's_Suite" title="Ontario Legislative Building">ON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89difice_Andr%C3%A9-Laurendeau" title="Édifice André-Laurendeau">QC</a> <a href="/wiki/Government_House_(New_Brunswick)" title="Government House (New Brunswick)">NB</a> <a href="/wiki/Government_House_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Government House (Nova Scotia)">NS</a> <a href="/wiki/Government_House_(Prince_Edward_Island)" title="Government House (Prince Edward Island)">PE</a> <a href="/wiki/Government_House_(Newfoundland_and_Labrador)" title="Government House (Newfoundland and Labrador)">NL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Secretary_to_the_King" title="Canadian Secretary to the King">Secretary to the King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_to_the_Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Secretary to the Governor General of Canada">Secretary to the Governor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police#Personal_Protection_Group" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">RCMP Personal Protection Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_Royal" title="Chapel Royal">Chapels royal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000; background:transparent; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; padding-left:5px; padding-top:3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/King-in-Council" title="King-in-Council">King-in-Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King-in-Parliament" title="King-in-Parliament">King-in-Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">King-on-the-Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_(law)" title="Peace (law)">King's peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Canadian Armed Forces">Crown and the Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debate_on_the_monarchy_in_Canada" title="Debate on the monarchy in Canada">Monarchical debate</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000; background:transparent; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; padding-left:5px; padding-top:3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">Legal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_charter#Canada" title="Royal charter">Royal charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_royal_commissions" title="List of Canadian royal commissions">Royal commissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_corporation" title="Crown corporation">Crown corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_copyright" title="Crown copyright">Crown copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Printer" title="King's Printer">King's Printer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Collection" title="Crown Collection">Crown Collection</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000; background:transparent; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; padding-left:5px; padding-top:3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">Symbols</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Canadian royal symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_Canada" title="Great Seal of Canada">Great Seal of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada" title="Coat of arms of Canada">Royal Coat of Arms of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_eponyms_in_Canada" title="Royal eponyms in Canada">Royal eponyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_monuments_in_Canada" title="Royal monuments in Canada">Royal monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_organizations_with_royal_patronage" title="List of Canadian organizations with royal patronage">Royal patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_organizations_with_royal_prefix" title="List of Canadian organizations with royal prefix">Royal prefix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Canada#Dominion_of_Canada,_Victorian_period" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Canada">Royal stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Swans" title="Royal Swans">Royal Swans</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000; background:transparent; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; padding-left:5px; padding-top:3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Related links</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Style_and_title_of_the_Canadian_sovereign" title="Style and title of the Canadian sovereign">Style and title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrones_of_Canada" title="Thrones of Canada">Thrones of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_Royal" title="Chapel Royal">Chapels Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_tours_of_Canada" title="Royal tours of Canada">Royal tours of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_standards_of_Canada" title="Royal standards of Canada">Royal standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Edward%27s_Crown" title="St Edward's Crown">St Edward's Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_cypher" title="Royal cypher">Royal cypher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">Royal anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_toast" title="Loyal toast">Loyal toast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Day" title="Victoria Day">Victoria Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_Day" title="Coronation Day">Coronation Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Coronation_Contingent" title="Canadian Coronation Contingent">Coronation Contingent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Jubilee_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria">Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria#Golden_and_Diamond_Jubilees" title="Queen Victoria">Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Jubilee_of_George_V" title="Silver Jubilee of George V">Silver Jubilee of George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Ruby Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Ruby Jubilee of Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchy_of_Canada_sidebar" title="Template:Monarchy of Canada sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchy_of_Canada_sidebar" title="Template talk:Monarchy of Canada sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchy_of_Canada_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchy of Canada sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The governor general of Canada (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: gouverneure générale du Canada)<a href="#cite_note-1">[n 1]</a> is the federal representative of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canadian monarch</a>, currently King <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>. The king or queen of Canada is also monarch and head of state of 14 other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a> and lives in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. The monarch, on the <a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional_law)" title="Advice (constitutional law)">advice</a> of his or her <a href="/wiki/Canadian_prime_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian prime minister">Canadian prime minister</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> appoints a <a href="/wiki/Governor_general" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor general">governor general</a> to administer the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">government of Canada</a> in the monarch's name. The commission is for an indefinite period—known as serving <a href="/wiki/At_His_Majesty%27s_pleasure" title="At His Majesty's pleasure">at His Majesty's pleasure</a>—though, five years is the usual length of term. Since 1959, it has also been traditional to alternate between <a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Canada" title="French language in Canada">francophone</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="English language in Canada">anglophone</a> officeholders. The 30th and current governor general is <a href="/wiki/Mary_Simon" title="Mary Simon">Mary Simon</a>, who was sworn in on 26 July 2021. An <a href="/wiki/Inuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuk">Inuk</a> leader from <a href="/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik">Nunavik</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, Simon is the first <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">aboriginal person</a> to hold the office.<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> As the sovereign's representative, the governor general carries out the day-to-day constitutional and ceremonial duties of the monarch. The constitutional duties include appointing <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor (Canada)">lieutenant governors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a> justices, and <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">senators</a>; signing <a href="/wiki/Orders-in-council" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders-in-council">orders-in-council</a>; summoning, <a href="/wiki/Prorogation_in_Canada" title="Prorogation in Canada">proroguing</a>, and dissolving the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">federal parliament</a>; granting <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> to bills; calling elections; and signing commissions for officers of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Canadian Armed Forces</a>. The ceremonial duties include delivering the <a href="/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne#Commonwealth_realms" title="Speech from the throne">speech from the throne</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Opening_of_the_Canadian_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Opening of the Canadian parliament">state opening of parliament</a>; accepting <a href="/wiki/Letters_of_credence" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters of credence">letters of credence</a> from incoming ambassadors; and distributing <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Canada" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Canada">honours, decorations, and medals</a>. Per the tenets of <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a>, the governor general acts almost always (except on the matter of honours) on the advice of the prime minister. The office began in the 17th century, when the French Crown appointed governors of the <a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">colony of Canada</a> and, following the British conquest of the colony in 1763, the British monarch appointed governors of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Province of Quebec</a> (later <a href="/wiki/The_Canadas" title="The Canadas">the Canadas</a>). Consequently, the office is, along with the Crown, the oldest continuous institution in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-MacLeod34-4">[3]</a> The present version of the office emerged with <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a> and the passing of the <a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Act,_1867" class="mw-redirect" title="British North America Act, 1867">British North America Act, 1867</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> Although the post initially still represented the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">government of the United Kingdom</a> (that is, the monarch <a href="/wiki/King-in-Council" title="King-in-Council">in his British council</a>), the office was gradually Canadianized until, with the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster,_1931" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute of Westminster, 1931">Statute of Westminster, 1931</a>, and the establishment of a separate and uniquely Canadian monarchy, the governor general became the direct personal representative of the independently Canadian sovereign (the monarch in his Canadian council).<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-GGParl-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-MacLeod35-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-DCH3-9">[8]</a> Throughout this process of gradually increasing Canadian independence, the role of governor general took on additional responsibilities, such as acting as <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces">Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian militia</a> in the monarch's stead,<a href="#cite_note-GGCinC-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-CA1867-15-11">[10]</a> and, in 1927, the first official international visit by a governor general was made.<a href="#cite_note-Hubbard166-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> In 1947, King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> issued <a href="/wiki/Letters_Patent,_1947" title="Letters Patent, 1947">letters patent</a> allowing the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a> to exercise almost all powers on behalf of the monarch. As a matter of law, however, the governor general is not in the same constitutional position as the sovereign;<a href="#cite_note-walters-14">[13]</a> the office itself does not independently possess any powers of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogative</a>. Any constitutional amendment that affects <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a>, including the office of governor general, requires the unanimous consent of each provincial legislative assembly as well as the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appointment">Appointment</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Letters_Patent_1947_page1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Letters Patent 1947" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Letters_Patent_1947_page1.png/220px-Letters_Patent_1947_page1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Letters_Patent_1947_page1.png/330px-Letters_Patent_1947_page1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Letters_Patent_1947_page1.png/440px-Letters_Patent_1947_page1.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="1061" /></a><figcaption>First page of the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Letters_Patent,_1947" title="Letters Patent, 1947">Letters Patent, 1947</a>, as published in the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Gazette" title="Canada Gazette">Canada Gazette</a></figcaption></figure> The position of governor general is mandated by both the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act, 1867</a> (formerly known as the British North America Act, 1867), and the <a href="/wiki/Letters_Patent,_1947" title="Letters Patent, 1947">letters patent issued in 1947</a> by King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GVII-15">[14]</a> As such, on the recommendation of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_prime_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian prime minister">Canadian prime minister</a>, the Canadian monarch appoints the governor general by commission, prepared in Canada, and issued under the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_Canada" title="Great Seal of Canada">Great Seal of Canada</a> and with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_sign-manual" title="Royal sign-manual">royal sign-manual</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GoC105-16">[15]</a> (Until the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Massey" title="Vincent Massey">Vincent Massey</a> in 1952, the royal commission was authorized by the monarch's signature and <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">signet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GoC105-16">[15]</a>) That individual is, from then until being sworn in, referred to as the governor general-designate.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> Besides the administration of the oaths of office, there is no set formula for the swearing-in of a governor general-designate.<a href="#cite_note-DCHGGDes-19">[18]</a> Though there may therefore be variations to the following, the appointee will usually travel to <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, there receiving an official welcome and taking up residence at <a href="/wiki/7_Rideau_Gate" title="7 Rideau Gate">7 Rideau Gate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-DCHGGDes-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> and will begin preparations for their upcoming role, meeting with various high-level officials to ensure a smooth transition between governors general. The sovereign will also hold an <a href="/wiki/Audience_(meeting)" title="Audience (meeting)">audience</a> with the appointee and will at that time induct both the governor general-designate and their spouse into the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">Order of Canada</a> as Companions, as well as appointing the former as a Commander of both the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Military_Merit_(Canada)" title="Order of Military Merit (Canada)">Order of Military Merit</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Police_Forces" title="Order of Merit of the Police Forces">Order of Merit of the Police Forces</a> (should either person not have already received either of those honours).<a href="#cite_note-DCHGGDes-19">[18]</a> The incumbent will generally serve for at least five years; though, this is only a developed <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">convention</a> and has been criticized as too short for an office meant to represent a Crown and sovereign meant to embody continuity.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> The governor general serves "<a href="/wiki/At_His_Majesty%27s_pleasure" title="At His Majesty's pleasure">at His Majesty's pleasure</a>" (or the royal pleasure),<a href="#cite_note-Gaz139-25">[24]</a> meaning the prime minister may recommend to the King that the viceroy remain in his service for a longer period of time; some governors general have been in office for more than seven years.<a href="#cite_note-Term1-26">[n 2]</a> No additional formalities are necessary for such an "extension"; the governor general carries on until death,<a href="#cite_note-Term3-27">[n 3]</a> resignation,<a href="#cite_note-Term2-28">[n 4]</a> or the appointment of his or her successor.<a href="#cite_note-GoC106-29">[25]</a> Only once, with the <a href="/wiki/Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis">Earl Alexander of Tunis</a>, has a royal proclamation been issued to end a governor general's incumbency.<a href="#cite_note-Alex-30">[n 5]</a> Should a governor general die, resign, or leave the country for longer than one month, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_justice_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief justice of Canada">chief justice of Canada</a> (or, if that position is vacant or unavailable, the senior puisne justice of the Supreme Court) serves as the <a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Government_of_Canada" title="Administrator of the Government of Canada">administrator of the government of Canada</a> and exercises all powers of the governor general.<a href="#cite_note-Admin-31">[n 6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selection">Selection</h3></div> In a speech on the subject of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a>, made in 1866 to the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada">Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a> said of the planned governor, "we place no restriction on Her Majesty's prerogative in the selection of her representative ... The sovereign has unrestricted freedom of choice ... We leave that to Her Majesty in all confidence."<a href="#cite_note-32">[26]</a> However, between 1867 and 1931, governors general were appointed by the monarch on the advice of the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">British Cabinet</a>; until 1890, by the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_for_the_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of state for the colonies">secretary of state for the colonies</a> for approval by the prime minister. After that, a policy of consulting the Canadian Cabinet was established; though, this process was not always followed.<a href="#cite_note-Lib-33">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1926" title="Balfour Declaration of 1926">Balfour Declaration of 1926</a> recognized the governor general as no longer a stand-in for the British government, but, rather a direct representative of the Crown. At the <a href="/wiki/1930_Imperial_Conference" title="1930 Imperial Conference">Imperial Conference in 1930</a>, it was decided that the Commonwealth ministers would "tender their formal advice after informal consultation with His Majesty," thereby settling the current procedure wherein the monarch appoints the governor general on the advice of the Canadian prime minister only.<a href="#cite_note-Lib-33">[27]</a> This was codified in the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster,_1931" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute of Westminster, 1931">Statute of Westminster, 1931</a>. How many names the prime minister puts forward to the sovereign has varied. <a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Richard Bennett</a> suggested a number of names in an informal letter to King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> in 1930, all of which the King approved, leading Bennett to pick <a href="/wiki/Vere_Ponsonby,_9th_Earl_of_Bessborough" title="Vere Ponsonby, 9th Earl of Bessborough">Vere Ponsonby, 9th Earl of Bessborough</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Mackenzie King">Mackenzie King</a> in 1945 gave three names to King George VI, who chose <a href="/wiki/Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis">Harold Alexander</a> (later the Viscount Alexander of Tunis). Mackenzie King then made the formal recommendation to the King, which was accepted. <a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">Louis St. Laurent</a>, however, gave only one name—Massey's—to George VI.<a href="#cite_note-GoC105-16">[15]</a> There is typically informal consultation between the prime minister and sovereign, either directly or via the incumbent governor general, on the appointment of the next viceroy before the prime minister gives his official advice to the monarch.<a href="#cite_note-GoC105-16">[15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RoyalVisitChateauLaurier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/RoyalVisitChateauLaurier.jpg/220px-RoyalVisitChateauLaurier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/RoyalVisitChateauLaurier.jpg/330px-RoyalVisitChateauLaurier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/RoyalVisitChateauLaurier.jpg/440px-RoyalVisitChateauLaurier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>(Left to right) <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Crerar" title="Thomas Crerar">Thomas Crerar</a>, King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a>, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen Elizabeth</a>, and Governor General <a href="/wiki/John_Buchan" title="John Buchan">Lord Tweedsmuir</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Laurier" title="Château Laurier">Château Laurier</a> hotel in Ottawa, 1939. Mackenzie King was the only leader of the opposition to ever be involved in the appointment of a governor general, in 1935 deciding with then-Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Richard Bennett</a> to choose Tweedsmuir.</figcaption></figure> The only time the leader of the opposition was consulted on the choice of name to put forward to the monarch for appointment as viceroy was when <a href="/wiki/John_Buchan" title="John Buchan">Lord Tweedsmuir</a>'s predecessor, Bessborough, wished to resign as governor general coincidentally just ahead of Parliament reaching the end of its maximum five year life in July 1935, after which an election was required. Mackenzie King, at the time <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">leader of the opposition</a>, expected to win a majority in the upcoming election and stated he would not accept a governor general recommended by then-Prime Minister Bennett, which was a constitutionally unjustifiable position for Mackenzie King to take. King George V became concerned and instructed Bessborough to either remain in office until after the election or bring Bennett and Mackenzie King together to agree on a nominee for his replacement. The Governor General consulted with the Prime Minister and Leader of the Opposition and settled on Tweedsmuir.<a href="#cite_note-34">[28]</a> Until 1952, all governors general were members of the British aristocracy or former British military officers, diplomats, or politicians raised to the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">peerage</a>. These viceroys had spent no or little time in Canada prior to their appointment; though it was claimed as their travel schedules were so extensive that they could "learn more about Canada in five years than many Canadians in a lifetime".<a href="#cite_note-35">[29]</a> The idea of a Canadian being appointed governor general was raised as early as 1919, when, at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a>, Canadian prime minister Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Robert Borden</a>, consulted with South African prime minister <a href="/wiki/Louis_Botha" title="Louis Botha">Louis Botha</a>, and the two agreed that the viceregal appointees should be long-term residents of their respective <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[30]</a> Calls for just such an individual to be made viceroy came again in the late 1930s,<a href="#cite_note-37">[31]</a> but, it was not until Massey's appointment by King George VI in 1952 that the position was filled by a Canadian-born individual. The prime minister at the time, Louis St. Laurent, wrote in a letter to the media, "[i]t seems to me no one of the King's subjects, wherever he resides, should be considered unworthy to represent the King, provided he has the personal qualifications and a position in the community which are consonant with the dignity and responsibility of that office."<a href="#cite_note-Lib-33">[27]</a> Massey stated of this, "a Canadian [as governor general] makes it far easier to look on the Crown as our own and on the Sovereign as Queen of Canada."<a href="#cite_note-38">[32]</a> This practice continued until 1999, when Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> commissioned as her representative <a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Clarkson" title="Adrienne Clarkson">Adrienne Clarkson</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>-born <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a> to Canada. Moreover, the practice of alternating between <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">francophone</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="English Canadian">anglophone</a> Canadians was instituted with the appointment of Vanier, a francophone who succeeded the anglophone Massey. All persons whose names are put forward to the King for approval must first undergo <a href="/wiki/Background_check" title="Background check">background checks</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="Canadian Security Intelligence Service">Canadian Security Intelligence Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBCPremiers-40">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massey-moccasins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Massey-moccasins.jpg/220px-Massey-moccasins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Massey-moccasins.jpg/330px-Massey-moccasins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Massey-moccasins.jpg/440px-Massey-moccasins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Massey" title="Vincent Massey">Vincent Massey</a> (left), the first Canadian-born viceroy since <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a></figcaption></figure> Although required by the tenets of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_politician" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonpartisan politician">nonpartisan</a> while in office, governors general were often former politicians; a number held seats in the British <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> by virtue of their inclusion in the peerage. Appointments of former ministers of the Crown in the 1980s and 1990s were criticized by <a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Russell" title="Peter H. Russell">Peter H. Russell</a>, who stated in 2009: "much of [the] advantage of the monarchical system is lost in Canada when prime ministers recommend partisan colleagues to be appointed governor general and represent [the King]."<a href="#cite_note-41">[35]</a> Clarkson was the first governor general in Canadian history without either a political or military background, as well as the first <a href="/wiki/Asian-Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian-Canadian">Asian-Canadian</a> and the second woman, following on <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Sauv%C3%A9" title="Jeanne Sauvé">Jeanne Sauvé</a>. The third woman to hold this position was also the first <a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Caribbean-Canadian</a> governor general, <a href="/wiki/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean" title="Michaëlle Jean">Michaëlle Jean</a>. There have been, from time to time, proposals put forward for modifications to the selection process. <a href="/wiki/Citizens_for_a_Canadian_Republic" title="Citizens for a Canadian Republic">Citizens for a Canadian Republic</a> has advocated the election of the nominee to the sovereign, either by <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">popular</a> or parliamentary vote;<a href="#cite_note-42">[36]</a> a proposal echoed by Clarkson, who called for the prime minister's choice to not only be vetted by a parliamentary committee,<a href="#cite_note-43">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[38]</a> but, also submit to a televised quiz on <a href="/wiki/Canadiana" title="Canadiana">Canadiana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[39]</a> Constitutional scholars, editorial boards, and the <a href="/wiki/Monarchist_League_of_Canada" title="Monarchist League of Canada">Monarchist League of Canada</a> have argued against any such constitutional tinkering with the viceregal appointment process, stating that the position being "not elected is an asset, not a handicap", and that an election would politicize the office, thereby undermining the impartiality necessary to the proper functioning of the governor general.<a href="#cite_note-46">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[41]</a> Retired <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa" title="University of Ottawa">University of Ottawa</a> professor John E. Trent proposed the governor general be head of state and selected by the Officers of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">Order of Canada</a>,<a href="#cite_note-48">[42]</a> something Chris Selley argued would politicize both the head of state and the Order of Canada, itself.<a href="#cite_note-49">[43]</a> In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_6#Grand_chiefs_of_the_Confederacy" title="Treaty 6">Grand Chief</a> Vernon Watchmaker and Chief Germaine Anderson of the <a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_of_the_Grand_River" title="Six Nations of the Grand River">Six Nations of the Grand River</a> wrote to Queen Elizabeth II, suggesting that the federal Cabinet consult <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">treaty nations</a> before the appointment of a new governor general, stating, "we are <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada">partners with the Crown</a>."<a href="#cite_note-50">[44]</a> A new approach was used in 2010 for the selection of <a href="/wiki/David_Johnston_(governor_general)" title="David Johnston (governor general)">David Johnston</a> as governor general-designate. For the task, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> convened a special search group—the Governor General Consultation Committee<a href="#cite_note-51">[45]</a>—which was instructed to find a non-partisan candidate who would respect the monarchical aspects of the viceregal office and conducted extensive consultations with more than 200 people across the country.<a href="#cite_note-56">[50]</a> In 2012, the committee was made permanent and renamed as the <a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Vice-Regal_Appointments" title="Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments">Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments</a>, with a modified membership and its scope broadened to include the appointment of provincial <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor (Canada)">lieutenant governors</a> and territorial <a href="/wiki/Commissioner#Canadian_territories" title="Commissioner">commissioners</a> (though, the latter are not personal representatives of the monarch).<a href="#cite_note-57">[51]</a> However, the next ministry, headed by <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a>, disbanded the committee in 2017,<a href="#cite_note-58">[52]</a> before he recommended Payette as Johnston's successor that year.<a href="#cite_note-59">[53]</a> Following Payette's resignation, Trudeau formed the Advisory Group on the Selection of the Next Governor General,<a href="#cite_note-Lib-33">[27]</a> which selected <a href="/wiki/Mary_Simon" title="Mary Simon">Mary Simon</a> for appointment as vicereine.<a href="#cite_note-60">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swearing-in_ceremony">Swearing-in ceremony</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Oath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7d/Jean-Oath.jpg/220px-Jean-Oath.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7d/Jean-Oath.jpg/330px-Jean-Oath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7d/Jean-Oath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean" title="Michaëlle Jean">Michaëlle Jean</a> swearing the oaths of office as administered by Puisne Justice <a href="/wiki/Michel_Bastarache" title="Michel Bastarache">Michel Bastarache</a>, 27 September 2005</figcaption></figure> The swearing-in ceremony begins with the arrival at <a href="/wiki/7_Rideau_Gate" title="7 Rideau Gate">7 Rideau Gate</a> of one of the <a href="/wiki/Ministers_of_the_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministers of the Crown">ministers of the Crown</a>, who then accompanies the governor general-designate to <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Parliament Hill</a>, where a <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces">Canadian Forces</a> <a href="/wiki/Guard_of_honour" title="Guard of honour">guard of honour</a> (consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Army</a> Guard, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a> Guard, and Flag Party of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a>) awaits to give a <a href="/wiki/General_salute" class="mw-redirect" title="General salute">general salute</a>. From there, the party is led by the King's parliamentary messenger—the <a href="/wiki/Usher_of_the_Black_Rod_of_the_Senate_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Usher of the Black Rod of the Senate of Canada">usher of the Black Rod</a>—to the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate chamber</a>, wherein all <a href="/wiki/List_of_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Justices of the Supreme Court of Canada">justices of the Supreme Court</a>, senators, <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">members of Parliament</a>, and other guests are assembled. The King's commission for the governor general-designate is then read aloud by the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_to_the_Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Secretary to the Governor General of Canada">secretary to the governor general</a> and the required oaths are administered to the appointee by either the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Canada" title="Chief Justice of Canada">chief justice</a> or one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Puisne_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Puisne Justices of the Supreme Court of Canada">puisne justices</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a>; the three oaths are: the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Allegiance_(Canada)" title="Oath of Allegiance (Canada)">Oath of Allegiance</a>, the Oath of Office as Governor General and Commander-in-Chief, and the Oath as Keeper of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_Canada" title="Great Seal of Canada">Great Seal of Canada</a>. With the affixing of their signature to these three solemn promises, the individual is officially the governor general, and at that moment the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_governor_general_of_Canada" title="Flag of the governor general of Canada">flag of the governor general of Canada</a> is raised on the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Tower" title="Peace Tower">Peace Tower</a>,<a href="#cite_note-DCHGGDes-19">[18]</a> the "<a href="/wiki/Vice_Regal_Salute" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Regal Salute">Vice Regal Salute</a>" is played by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Band_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Central Band of the Canadian Armed Forces">Central Band of the Canadian Armed Forces</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/21-gun_salute" title="21-gun salute">21-gun salute</a> is conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Regiment_of_Canadian_Artillery" title="Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery">Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery</a>. The governor general is seated on the throne while a prayer is read, and then receives the Great Seal of Canada (which is passed to the <a href="/wiki/Registrar_General_of_Canada" title="Registrar General of Canada">registrar general</a> for protection),<a href="#cite_note-61">[55]</a> as well as the chains of both the chancellor of the Order of Canada and of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Military_Merit_(Canada)" title="Order of Military Merit (Canada)">Order of Military Merit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[56]</a> The governor general then gives a speech, outlining causes they will champion during their time as viceroy.<a href="#cite_note-DCHGGDes-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role">Role</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada#International_and_domestic_aspects" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarchy of Canada § International and domestic aspects</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_in_Canada_18-19_December_2000-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Vladimir_Putin_in_Canada_18-19_December_2000-2.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_in_Canada_18-19_December_2000-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Vladimir_Putin_in_Canada_18-19_December_2000-2.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_in_Canada_18-19_December_2000-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Vladimir_Putin_in_Canada_18-19_December_2000-2.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_in_Canada_18-19_December_2000-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Governor General <a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Clarkson" title="Adrienne Clarkson">Adrienne Clarkson</a> (right) meets with <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Russian President</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (left) in the governor general's study of <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Hall" title="Rideau Hall">Rideau Hall</a>, 18 December 2000</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:250px; border-width: 1px; color: #202122;background-color: #F5F5DC;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> If, and because your Governor-General is in the service of the Crown, he is, therefore ... in the service of Canada ... [A]loof though he be from actual executive responsibility, his attitude must be that of ceaseless and watchful readiness to take part ... in the fostering of every influence that will sweeten and elevate public life; to ... join in making known the resources and developments of the country; to vindicate, if required, the rights of the people and the ordinariness and Constitution, and lastly, to promote by all means in his power, without reference to class or creed, every movement and every institution calculated to forward the social, moral, and religious welfare of the inhabitants of the Dominion.<a href="#cite_note-63">[57]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">Governor General <a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton-Gordon,_1st_Marquess_of_Aberdeen_and_Temair" title="John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair">the Marquess of Aberdeen</a>, 1893</cite> </div> Canada <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">shares the person of the sovereign</a> equally with <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">14 other countries</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> and that individual, in the monarch's capacity as the Canadian sovereign, has <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada#Federal_and_provincial_aspects" title="Monarchy of Canada">10 other legal personas</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_federalism" title="Canadian federalism">Canadian federation</a>. As the sovereign works and resides in the United Kingdom, the governor general's primary task is to perform federal constitutional duties on behalf of the monarch.<a href="#cite_note-64">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[59]</a> As such, the governor general carries on "the government of Canada on behalf and in the name of the sovereign".<a href="#cite_note-66">[60]</a> The governor general acts within the principles of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and as a <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonpartisanism">nonpartisan</a> safeguard against the abuse of power.<a href="#cite_note-67">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-GGDuties-68">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[63]</a> For the most part, however, the powers of the Crown are exercised on a day-to-day basis by elected and appointed individuals, leaving the governor general to perform the various ceremonial duties the sovereign otherwise carries out when in the country; at such a moment, the governor general removes him or herself from public,<a href="#cite_note-GGMon-71">[n 7]</a> though the presence of the monarch does not affect the governor general's ability to perform governmental roles.<a href="#cite_note-72">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heard-73">[66]</a> Past governor general <a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_9th_Duke_of_Argyll" title="John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll">John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne</a>, said of the job, "it is no easy thing to be a governor general of Canada. You must have the patience of a saint, the smile of a <a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">cherub</a>, the generosity of an Indian prince, and the back of a camel",<a href="#cite_note-74">[67]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood,_1st_Marquess_of_Dufferin_and_Ava" title="Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava">Earl of Dufferin</a> stated that the governor general is "a representative of all that is august, stable, and sedate in the government, the history and the traditions of the country; incapable of partizanship and lifted far above the atmosphere of faction; without adherents to reward or opponents to oust from office; docile to the suggestions of his Ministers and, yet, securing to the people the certainty of being able to get rid of an administration or parliament the moment either had forfeited their confidence."<a href="#cite_note-75">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_role">Constitutional role</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada#Federal_constitutional_role" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarchy of Canada § Federal constitutional role</a></div> All <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislative" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative">legislative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judicial" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial">judicial</a> power in and over Canada is vested in the monarch.<a href="#cite_note-76">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-MacLeod17-77">[70]</a> The governor general is permitted to exercise most of this power, including the <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogative</a>, in the sovereign's name; some as outlined in the Constitution Act, 1867, and some through various <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> issued over the decades, particularly <a href="/wiki/Letters_Patent,_1947" title="Letters Patent, 1947">those from 1947</a> that constitute the Office of Governor General of Canada.<a href="#cite_note-78">[71]</a> The 1947 letters patent state, "and We do hereby authorize and empower Our Governor General, with the advice of <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">Our Privy Council for Canada</a> or of any members thereof or individually, as the case requires, to exercise all powers and authorities lawfully belonging to Us in respect of Canada."<a href="#cite_note-79">[72]</a> The office itself does not, however, independently possess any powers of the royal prerogative, only exercising the Crown's powers with its permission; a fact the Constitution Act, 1867, left unchanged.<a href="#cite_note-80">[73]</a> Among other duties, the monarch retains the sole right to appoint the governor general.<a href="#cite_note-MacLeod35-8">[7]</a> It is also stipulated that the governor general <a href="/wiki/Deputy_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Deputy of the Governor General of Canada">may appoint deputies</a>—usually Supreme Court justices and the secretary to the governor general—who can perform some of the viceroy's constitutional duties in the governor general's absence,<a href="#cite_note-81">[74]</a> and the chief justice of the Supreme Court (or a puisne justice in the chief justice's absence) will act as the administrator of the government upon the death or removal, as well as the incapacitation, or absence of the governor general for more than one month.<a href="#cite_note-82">[75]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swearing_In_-_Assermentation_(36647507344).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Swearing_In_-_Assermentation_%2836647507344%29.jpg/220px-Swearing_In_-_Assermentation_%2836647507344%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Swearing_In_-_Assermentation_%2836647507344%29.jpg/330px-Swearing_In_-_Assermentation_%2836647507344%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Swearing_In_-_Assermentation_%2836647507344%29.jpg/440px-Swearing_In_-_Assermentation_%2836647507344%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1879" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Scheer" title="Andrew Scheer">Andrew Scheer</a> (right), then <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition</a>, being admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Privy Council for Canada">Queen's Privy Council for Canada</a> by Governor General <a href="/wiki/David_Johnston_(governor_general)" title="David Johnston (governor general)">David Johnston</a> (centre) at <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Hall" title="Rideau Hall">Rideau Hall</a>, 25 September 2017</figcaption></figure> The governor general is required by the Constitution Act, 1867, to appoint for life persons to the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">King's Privy Council for Canada</a>,<a href="#cite_note-83">[76]</a> who are all technically tasked with tendering to the monarch and viceroy guidance on the exercise of the royal prerogative. <a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)#Government" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a> dictates, though, that the governor general must draw from the Privy Council an individual to appoint as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">prime minister</a>. In almost all cases, this is the member of Parliament who commands the <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">confidence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>, whom the governor general must appoint to the Privy Council, if that person is not already a member, so the individual can be appointed prime minister. The prime minister then advises the governor general to appoint other members of parliament to a committee of the Privy Council known as the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet</a> and it is, in practice, only from this group of <a href="/wiki/Ministers_of_the_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministers of the Crown">ministers of the Crown</a> that the king and governor general will take <a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional_law)" title="Advice (constitutional law)">advice</a> on the use of executive power;<a href="#cite_note-84">[77]</a> an arrangement called the <a href="/wiki/King-in-Council" title="King-in-Council">king-in-Council</a> or,<a href="#cite_note-MacLeod17-77">[70]</a> more specifically, the governor-in-Council. In this capacity, the governor general will issue royal <a href="/wiki/Proclamation" title="Proclamation">proclamations</a> and sign <a href="/wiki/Orders_in_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders in council">orders in council</a>. The governor-in-Council is also specifically tasked by the Constitution Act, 1867, to appoint in the monarch's name, the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_(Canada)" title="Lieutenant Governor (Canada)">lieutenant governors of the provinces</a>,<a href="#cite_note-85">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">senators</a>,<a href="#cite_note-86">[79]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Senate_of_Canada" title="Speaker of the Senate of Canada">speaker of the Senate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-87">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Superior_court" title="Superior court">superior</a>, district, and county court judges in each province, except those of the Courts of Probate in <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>,<a href="#cite_note-88">[81]</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_commissioner_(Commonwealth)" title="High commissioner (Commonwealth)">high commissioners</a> and ambassadors.<a href="#cite_note-GoC152-89">[82]</a> The advice given by the Cabinet is, in order to ensure the stability of government, by political convention typically binding. The governor general has mainly only the right to advise, encourage, and warn; to offer valued counsel to the prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-90">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[84]</a> Both the King and his viceroy, however, may in exceptional circumstances invoke the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve powers">reserve powers</a>, which remain the Crown's final check against a ministry's abuse of power.<a href="#cite_note-RP-92">[n 8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Commons-93">[85]</a> The reserve power of dismissal has never been used in Canada, although other reserve powers have been employed to force the prime minister to resign on two occasions: In 1896, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Charles Tupper</a> refused to step down after his party failed to win a majority in the House of Commons during <a href="/wiki/1896_Canadian_federal_election" title="1896 Canadian federal election">that year's election</a>, leading Governor General the <a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton-Gordon,_1st_Marquess_of_Aberdeen_and_Temair" title="John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair">Earl of Aberdeen</a> to no longer recognize Tupper as prime minister and disapprove of several appointments Tupper had recommended. In 1925, the <a href="/wiki/King%E2%80%93Byng_affair" title="King–Byng affair">King–Byng affair</a> took place, in which Prime Minister Mackenzie King, facing a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">non-confidence motion</a> in the House of Commons, advised Governor General the Viscount Byng of Vimy to <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament" title="Dissolution of parliament">dissolve</a> the new parliament, but Byng refused. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hogg" title="Peter Hogg">Peter Hogg</a>, a constitutional scholar, has opined that "a system of <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> cannot work without a formal head of state who is possessed of certain reserve powers." Further, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Forsey" title="Eugene Forsey">Eugene Forsey</a> stated "the reserve power is indeed, under our Constitution, an absolutely essential safeguard of democracy. It takes the place of the legal and judicial safeguards provided in the United States by written Constitutions, enforceable in the courts." Within the <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominions</a>, until the 1920s, most reserve powers were exercised by a governor-general on the advice of either the local or the British Cabinet, with the latter taking precedence. After the <a href="/wiki/1926_Imperial_Conference" title="1926 Imperial Conference">Imperial Conference of 1926</a> produced the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1926" title="Balfour Declaration of 1926">Balfour Declaration</a>, formally establishing the autonomy and equal status of Commonwealth governments, governors general ceased to be advised in any way by British ministers. It was decided at the same Imperial Conference that the governor general "should be kept as fully informed as His Majesty the King in Great Britain of Cabinet business and public affairs."<a href="#cite_note-94">[86]</a> How frequently governors general and their prime ministers conversed has varied;<a href="#cite_note-GoC152-89">[82]</a> some prime ministers have valued their meetings with the viceroy at the time.<a href="#cite_note-96">[n 9]</a> However, the practice is usually informal<a href="#cite_note-GoC152-89">[82]</a> and the prime minister will typically schedule a telephone call to request the governor general perform a significant task.<a href="#cite_note-98">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hopper-97">[88]</a> The governor general regularly receives the <a href="/wiki/Minutes" title="Minutes">minutes</a> from Cabinet meetings and any documents referred to in those minutes.<a href="#cite_note-99">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tweedsmuir_speech.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tweedsmuir_speech.jpg/220px-Tweedsmuir_speech.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tweedsmuir_speech.jpg/330px-Tweedsmuir_speech.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tweedsmuir_speech.jpg/440px-Tweedsmuir_speech.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Buchan" title="John Buchan">Lord Tweedsmuir</a> gives the <a href="/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne" title="Speech from the throne">Throne Speech</a> at the opening of the third session of the <a href="/wiki/18th_Canadian_Parliament" title="18th Canadian Parliament">18th Canadian Parliament</a>, 27 January 1938</figcaption></figure> The governor general also summons Parliament, reads the <a href="/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne" title="Speech from the throne">speech from the throne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prorogation_in_Canada" title="Prorogation in Canada">prorogues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament" title="Dissolution of parliament">dissolves</a> Parliament. The governor general grants <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> in the King's name; legally, the governor general has three options: grant royal assent (making the bill a law), withhold royal assent (vetoing the bill), or reserve the bill for the signification of the king's pleasure (allowing the sovereign to personally grant or withhold assent).<a href="#cite_note-100">[91]</a> If the governor general withholds the King's assent, the sovereign may within two years <a href="/wiki/Disallowance_and_reservation_in_Canada" title="Disallowance and reservation in Canada">disallow</a> the bill, thereby annulling the law in question. No governor general has denied royal assent to a bill. Provincial viceroys, however, are able to reserve royal assent to provincial bills for the governor general, which was last invoked in 1961 by the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Saskatchewan" title="Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan">Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceremonial_role">Ceremonial role</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada#Cultural_role" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarchy of Canada § Cultural role</a></div> With most constitutional functions lent to Cabinet, the governor general acts in a primarily ceremonial fashion. The governor general will host members of <a href="/wiki/Canada%27s_royal_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada's royal family">Canada's royal family</a>, as well as foreign royalty and heads of state, and will represent the King and country abroad on <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_official_visits_by_Canada" title="List of state and official visits by Canada">state visits to other nations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-GGrole-102">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Commons-93">[85]</a> though the monarch's permission is necessary, via the prime minister, for the viceroy to leave Canada.<a href="#cite_note-103">[94]</a> Also as part of international relations, the governor general issues <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_credence" title="Letter of credence">letters of credence and of recall</a> for Canadian <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">ambassadors</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_commissioner_(Commonwealth)" title="High commissioner (Commonwealth)">high commissioners</a> and receives the same from foreign ambassadors and other Commonwealth countries' high commissioners appointed to Canada. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Governor_General_David_Johnston_greets_more_people_on_Canada_Day_(28014776516).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/The_Governor_General_David_Johnston_greets_more_people_on_Canada_Day_%2828014776516%29.jpg/220px-The_Governor_General_David_Johnston_greets_more_people_on_Canada_Day_%2828014776516%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/The_Governor_General_David_Johnston_greets_more_people_on_Canada_Day_%2828014776516%29.jpg/330px-The_Governor_General_David_Johnston_greets_more_people_on_Canada_Day_%2828014776516%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/The_Governor_General_David_Johnston_greets_more_people_on_Canada_Day_%2828014776516%29.jpg/440px-The_Governor_General_David_Johnston_greets_more_people_on_Canada_Day_%2828014776516%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>Governor General David Johnston greeting a crowd during Canada Day celebrations in Ottawa, July 2016</figcaption></figure> The governor general is also tasked with fostering national unity and pride.<a href="#cite_note-Boyce-104">[95]</a> Queen Elizabeth II stated in 1959, to then-Governor General Vincent Massey, "maintain[ing] the right relationship between the Crown and the people of Canada [is] the most important function among the many duties of the appointment which you have held with such distinction."<a href="#cite_note-105">[96]</a> One way in which this is carried out is travelling the country and meeting with Canadians from <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">all regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Canada">ethnic groups in Canada</a>,<a href="#cite_note-GGrole-102">[93]</a> continuing the tradition begun in 1869 by Governor General <a href="/wiki/John_Young,_1st_Baron_Lisgar" title="John Young, 1st Baron Lisgar">the Lord Lisgar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[97]</a> The governor general will also induct individuals into the various <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Canada" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Canada">national orders</a> and present national medals and decorations. Similarly, the viceroy administers and distributes the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General%27s_Awards" title="Governor General's Awards">Governor General's Awards</a>, and will also give out <a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_presented_by_the_Governor_General_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of awards presented by the Governor General of Canada">awards associated with private organizations</a>, some of which are named for past governors general.<a href="#cite_note-GGrole-102">[93]</a> During a federal election, the governor general will curtail these public duties, so as not to appear as though they are involving themselves in political affairs. Although the constitution of Canada states that the "Command-in-Chief of the Land and Naval Militia, and of all Naval and Military Forces, of and in Canada, is hereby declared to continue and be vested in the Queen,"<a href="#cite_note-CA1867-15-11">[10]</a> the governor general acts in his place as <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces">Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces</a> and is permitted through the 1947 Letters Patent to use the title Commander-in-Chief in and over Canada.<a href="#cite_note-GGCinC-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-GVII-15">[14]</a> The position technically involves issuing commands for Canadian troops, airmen, and sailors, but is predominantly a ceremonial role in which the viceroy will visit <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_base" title="Canadian Forces base">Canadian Forces bases</a> across Canada and abroad to take part in military ceremonies, see troops off to and return from active duty, and encourage excellence and morale amongst the forces.<a href="#cite_note-GGCinC-10">[9]</a> The governor general also serves as honorary <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a> of three <a href="/wiki/Household_Division" title="Household Division">household regiments</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General%27s_Horse_Guards" title="Governor General's Horse Guards">Governor General's Horse Guards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor_General%27s_Foot_Guards" title="Governor General's Foot Guards">Governor General's Foot Guards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Grenadier_Guards" title="Canadian Grenadier Guards">Canadian Grenadier Guards</a>. This ceremonial position is directly under that of <a href="/wiki/Colonel-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel-in-Chief">Colonel-in-Chief</a>, which is held by the King. Since 1910, the governor general was also always made the chief scout for Canada, which was renamed Chief Scout of Canada after 1946 and again in 2011 as <a href="/wiki/Scouts_Canada#Organizational_structure" title="Scouts Canada">Patron Scout</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Residences_and_household">Residences and household</h2></div> <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Hall" title="Rideau Hall">Rideau Hall</a>, located in Ottawa, is the official residence of the Canadian monarch<a href="#cite_note-108">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Toffoli-109">[100]</a> and of the governor general and is thus the location of the viceregal household and the Chancellery of Honours. For a part of each year since 1872, governors general have also resided at <a href="/wiki/Citadelle_of_Quebec" title="Citadelle of Quebec">the Citadel</a> (La Citadelle) in <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec City, Quebec">Quebec City, Quebec</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[101]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Viceregal_consort_of_Canada" title="Viceregal consort of Canada">governor general's wife</a> is known as the chatelaine of Rideau Hall, though there is no equivalent term for a governor general's husband. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:338px;max-width:338px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:10_Rideau_Hall_P1350151.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/10_Rideau_Hall_P1350151.jpg/180px-10_Rideau_Hall_P1350151.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/10_Rideau_Hall_P1350151.jpg/270px-10_Rideau_Hall_P1350151.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/10_Rideau_Hall_P1350151.jpg/360px-10_Rideau_Hall_P1350151.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2557" data-file-height="1440" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Rideau_Hall" title="Rideau Hall">Rideau Hall</a>, the primary residence of the governor general</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Residence_of_the_Governor_General_(Quebec)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Residence_of_the_Governor_General_%28Quebec%29_01.jpg/150px-Residence_of_the_Governor_General_%28Quebec%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Residence_of_the_Governor_General_%28Quebec%29_01.jpg/225px-Residence_of_the_Governor_General_%28Quebec%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Residence_of_the_Governor_General_%28Quebec%29_01.jpg/300px-Residence_of_the_Governor_General_%28Quebec%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Secondary residence at the <a href="/wiki/Citadelle_of_Quebec" title="Citadelle of Quebec">Citadelle of Quebec</a></div></div></div></div></div> The viceregal household aids the governor general in the execution of the royal constitutional and ceremonial duties and is managed by the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_to_the_Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Secretary to the Governor General of Canada">secretary to the governor general</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OSTGG-111">[102]</a> The Chancellery of Honours depends from the King and is thus also located at Rideau Hall and administered by the governor general. As such, the viceroy's secretary ex officio holds the position of <a href="/wiki/Herald_Chancellor_of_Canada" title="Herald Chancellor of Canada">Herald Chancellor of Canada</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Herald-112">[103]</a> overseeing the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Heraldic_Authority" title="Canadian Heraldic Authority">Canadian Heraldic Authority</a>—the mechanism of the Canadian honours system by which <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">armorial bearings</a> are granted to Canadians by the governor general in the name of the sovereign.<a href="#cite_note-Herald-112">[103]</a> These organized offices and support systems include <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp#Canada" title="Aide-de-camp">aides-de-camp</a>, <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">press officers</a>, financial managers,<a href="#cite_note-OSTGG-111">[102]</a> speech writers, trip organizers, event planners, protocol officers, chefs and other kitchen employees, waiters, and various cleaning staff, as well as visitors' centre staff and tour guides at both official residences. In this official and bureaucratic capacity, the entire household is often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Government_Houses_in_Canada" title="Government Houses in Canada">Government House</a><a href="#cite_note-Gaz143-113">[104]</a> and its departments are funded through the normal <a href="/wiki/Canadian_federal_budget" title="Canadian federal budget">federal budgetary process</a>,<a href="#cite_note-114">[105]</a> as is the governor general's salary of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">CAD$</a>288,900,<a href="#cite_note-115">[106]</a> which has been taxed since 2013.<a href="#cite_note-116">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[108]</a> Additional costs are incurred from separate ministries and organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Commission" title="National Capital Commission">National Capital Commission</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_National_Defence_(Canada)" title="Department of National Defence (Canada)">Department of National Defence</a>, and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.<a href="#cite_note-118">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_VIP_aircraft" title="Royal Canadian Air Force VIP aircraft">The governor general's air transportation</a> is assigned to <a href="/wiki/412_Transport_Squadron" title="412 Transport Squadron">412 Transport Squadron</a> of the Royal Canadian Air Force. The squadron uses <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Challenger_600" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Challenger 600">Bombardier Challenger 600</a> VIP jets to transport the governor general to locations within and outside of Canada. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols_and_protocol">Symbols and protocol</h2></div> As the personal representative of the monarch, the governor general follows only the sovereign in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence" title="Canadian order of precedence">Canadian order of precedence</a>, preceding even other members of the Royal Family. Though the federal viceroy is considered <a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">primus inter pares</a> amongst provincial counterparts, the governor general also outranks the lieutenant governors in the federal sphere; at provincial functions, however, the relevant lieutenant governor, as the King's representative in the province, precedes the governor general.<a href="#cite_note-119">[110]</a> The incumbent governor general and their spouse are also the only people in Canada, other than serving <a href="/wiki/Ambassadors_and_High_Commissioners_from_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambassadors and High Commissioners from Canada">Canadian ambassadors and high commissioners</a>, entitled to the use of the <a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">style</a> His or Her <a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">Excellency</a> and the governor general is granted the additional honorific of <a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">the Right Honourable</a> for their time in office and for life afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-DND11-2-120">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-MacLeod37-121">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-PCH_Titles-122">[113]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean_11-11-2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean_11-11-2007.jpg/220px-Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean_11-11-2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean_11-11-2007.jpg/330px-Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean_11-11-2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean_11-11-2007.jpg/440px-Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean_11-11-2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="755" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean" title="Michaëlle Jean">Michaëlle Jean</a> wearing the insignia of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">Order of Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Military_Merit_(Canada)" title="Order of Military Merit (Canada)">Order of Military Merit</a> along with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces%27_Decoration" title="Canadian Forces' Decoration">Canadian Forces' Decoration</a></figcaption></figure> Until 1952, all governors general of Canada were members of the <a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">peerage</a> or heir apparent to a peerage. Typically, individuals appointed as federal viceroy were already a peer, either by inheriting the title, such as the <a href="/wiki/Victor_Cavendish,_9th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire">Duke of Devonshire</a>, or by prior elevation by the sovereign in their own right, as was the case with <a href="/wiki/Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis">Earl Alexander of Tunis</a>. None were <a href="/wiki/Life_peer" title="Life peer">life peers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Life_Peerages_Act_1958" title="Life Peerages Act 1958">Life Peerages Act 1958</a> postdating the beginning of the tradition of appointing Canadian citizens as governor general. John Buchan was, in preparation for his appointment as governor general, made the Baron Tweedsmuir of Elsfield in the County of Oxford by King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a>, six months before Buchan was sworn in as viceroy. The leader of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition at the time, Mackenzie King, felt Buchan should serve as governor general as a commoner.<a href="#cite_note-123">[114]</a> However, George V insisted he be represented by a peer. With the appointment of Massey as governor general in 1952, governors general ceased to be members of the peerage; successive prime ministers since that date have held to the non-binding and defeated (in 1934) principles of the 1919 <a href="/wiki/Canadian_titles_debate#The_Nickle_Resolution" title="Canadian titles debate">Nickle Resolution</a>. Under the orders' constitutions, the governor general serves as Chancellor and Principal Companion of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">Order of Canada</a>,<a href="#cite_note-124">[115]</a> Chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Military_Merit_(Canada)" title="Order of Military Merit (Canada)">Order of Military Merit</a>,<a href="#cite_note-125">[116]</a> and Chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Police_Forces" title="Order of Merit of the Police Forces">Order of Merit of the Police Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[117]</a> The governor general also upon installation automatically becomes a Knight or Dame of Justice and the Prior and Chief Officer in Canada of the <a href="/wiki/Venerable_Order_of_Saint_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Venerable Order of Saint John">Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[118]</a> As acting commander-in-chief, the governor general is further routinely granted the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces%27_Decoration" title="Canadian Forces' Decoration">Canadian Forces' Decoration</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff_(Canada)" title="Chief of the Defence Staff (Canada)">chief of the Defence Staff</a> on behalf of the monarch. All of these honours are retained following an incumbent's departure from office, with the individual remaining in the highest categories of the orders, and they may also be further distinguished with induction into other orders or the receipt of other awards.<a href="#cite_note-Hons-129">[n 10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Honors_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Honors music">Viceregal Salute</a> — composed of the first six <a href="/wiki/Bar_(music)" title="Bar (music)">bars</a> of the Royal Anthem ("<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a>") followed by the first and last four bars of the <a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a> ("<a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">O Canada</a>") — is the <a href="/wiki/Salute" title="Salute">salute</a> used to greet the governor general upon arrival and departure from most official events.<a href="#cite_note-130">[120]</a> To mark the viceroy's presence at any building, ship, airplane, or car in Canada, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_governor_general_of_Canada" title="Flag of the governor general of Canada">governor general's flag</a> is employed. The present form was adopted on 23 February 1981 and,<a href="#cite_note-Flag-131">[121]</a> in the federal jurisdiction, takes precedence over all other flags except for the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Personal_Canadian_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="King's Personal Canadian Flag">King's personal Canadian standard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[122]</a> When the governor general undertakes a state visit, however, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">national flag</a> is generally employed to mark governor general's presence.<a href="#cite_note-Flag-131">[121]</a> This flag is also, along with all flags on Canadian Forces property, flown at half-mast upon the death of an incumbent or former governor general.<a href="#cite_note-133">[123]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Governor_General_of_Canada_Flag_-_Drapeau_de_la_gouverneure_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_du_Canada_(2138897131).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Governor_General_of_Canada_Flag_-_Drapeau_de_la_gouverneure_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_du_Canada_%282138897131%29.jpg/220px-Governor_General_of_Canada_Flag_-_Drapeau_de_la_gouverneure_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_du_Canada_%282138897131%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Governor_General_of_Canada_Flag_-_Drapeau_de_la_gouverneure_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_du_Canada_%282138897131%29.jpg/330px-Governor_General_of_Canada_Flag_-_Drapeau_de_la_gouverneure_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_du_Canada_%282138897131%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Governor_General_of_Canada_Flag_-_Drapeau_de_la_gouverneure_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_du_Canada_%282138897131%29.jpg/440px-Governor_General_of_Canada_Flag_-_Drapeau_de_la_gouverneure_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_du_Canada_%282138897131%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The present <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the Governor General of Canada">flag of the governor general</a> was adopted in 1981.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)" title="Crest (heraldry)">crest</a> of the Royal <a href="/wiki/Arms_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms of Canada">Arms of Canada</a> is employed as the badge of the governor general, appearing on the viceroy's flag and on other objects associated with the person or the office. This is the fourth such incarnation of the governor general's mark since confederation.<a href="#cite_note-134">[124]</a> <table border="0" class="center" style="margin:1em auto; width:55%; table-layout:fixed"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Crest_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada_1901-1921.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Crest_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada_1901-1921.svg/70px-Crest_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada_1901-1921.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Crest_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada_1901-1921.svg/105px-Crest_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada_1901-1921.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Crest_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada_1901-1921.svg/140px-Crest_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada_1901-1921.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="486" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Canada_(1921%E2%80%931957)_(crowned).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Arms_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29_%28crowned%29.svg/70px-Arms_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29_%28crowned%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Arms_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29_%28crowned%29.svg/105px-Arms_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29_%28crowned%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Arms_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29_%28crowned%29.svg/140px-Arms_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29_%28crowned%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="497" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Crest_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada_1931-1953.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Crest_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada_1931-1953.svg/125px-Crest_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada_1931-1953.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Crest_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada_1931-1953.svg/188px-Crest_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada_1931-1953.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Crest_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada_1931-1953.svg/250px-Crest_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada_1931-1953.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="387" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Crest_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada_1953-1981.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Crest_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada_1953-1981.svg/125px-Crest_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada_1953-1981.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Crest_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada_1953-1981.svg/188px-Crest_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada_1953-1981.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Crest_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada_1953-1981.svg/250px-Crest_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada_1953-1981.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="387" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Badge_of_the_Governor-General_of_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Badge_of_the_Governor-General_of_Canada.svg/150px-Badge_of_the_Governor-General_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Badge_of_the_Governor-General_of_Canada.svg/225px-Badge_of_the_Governor-General_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Badge_of_the_Governor-General_of_Canada.svg/300px-Badge_of_the_Governor-General_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="610" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1901 </td> <td>1921 </td> <td>1931 </td> <td>1953 </td> <td>1981 </td></tr></tbody></table> The governor general may also wear the uniform and corresponding cap or hat badge of a flag or general officer, with a special flag or general officer sleeve braid embellished with the governor general's badge, and a large embroidered governor general's badge on the <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_mark" title="Shoulder mark">shoulder straps or boards</a>, facing forward.<a href="#cite_note-135">[125]</a> <table style="margin:1em auto; border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%;"> <tbody><tr align="center" style="background-color:#CCCCCC; width: 100%"> <th colspan="2">Royal Canadian Navy </th> <th colspan="2">Canadian Army </th> <th colspan="2">Royal Canadian Air Force </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Canadian_Navy_(Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Royal_Canadian_Navy_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg/75px-Royal_Canadian_Navy_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Royal_Canadian_Navy_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg/112px-Royal_Canadian_Navy_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Royal_Canadian_Navy_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg/150px-Royal_Canadian_Navy_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="191" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Canadian_Navy_sleeves_(Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Royal_Canadian_Navy_sleeves_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg/75px-Royal_Canadian_Navy_sleeves_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Royal_Canadian_Navy_sleeves_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg/112px-Royal_Canadian_Navy_sleeves_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Royal_Canadian_Navy_sleeves_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg/150px-Royal_Canadian_Navy_sleeves_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="191" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_Army_(Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Canadian_Army_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg/75px-Canadian_Army_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Canadian_Army_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg/112px-Canadian_Army_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Canadian_Army_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg/150px-Canadian_Army_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="191" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_Army_sleeves_(Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Canadian_Army_sleeves_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg/75px-Canadian_Army_sleeves_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Canadian_Army_sleeves_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg/112px-Canadian_Army_sleeves_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Canadian_Army_sleeves_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg/150px-Canadian_Army_sleeves_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="191" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_(Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg/75px-Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg/112px-Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg/150px-Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="191" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_sleeves_(Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_sleeves_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg/75px-Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_sleeves_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_sleeves_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg/112px-Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_sleeves_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_sleeves_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg/150px-Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_sleeves_%28Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="191" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Board </td> <td align="center">Sleeve </td> <td align="center">Board </td> <td align="center">Sleeve </td> <td align="center">Board </td> <td align="center">Sleeve </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_General_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors General of Canada">List of Governors General of Canada</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_and_British_colonies">French and British colonies</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> colonization of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> began in the 1580s and <a href="/wiki/Aymar_Chaste" class="mw-redirect" title="Aymar Chaste">Aymar de Chaste</a> was appointed in 1602 by King <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a> as Viceroy of Canada.<a href="#cite_note-136">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[127]</a> The explorer <a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain">Samuel de Champlain</a> became the first unofficial <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_France" title="Governor of New France">Governor of New France</a> in the early 17th century,<a href="#cite_note-GGdate-139">[n 11]</a> serving until <a href="/wiki/Charles_Huault_de_Montmagny" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Huault de Montmagny">Charles Huault de Montmagny</a> was in 1636 formally appointed to the post by King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a>. The French <a href="/wiki/Company_of_One_Hundred_Associates" title="Company of One Hundred Associates">Company of One Hundred Associates</a> then administered New France until King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> took control of the colony and appointed <a href="/wiki/Augustin_de_Saffray_de_M%C3%A9sy" title="Augustin de Saffray de Mésy">Augustin de Saffray de Mésy</a> as the first <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_New_France" title="Governor General of New France">governor general</a> in 1663,<a href="#cite_note-140">[129]</a> after whom 12 more people served in the post. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_de_Buade_de_Frontenac_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Louis_de_Buade_de_Frontenac_02.jpg/220px-Louis_de_Buade_de_Frontenac_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Louis_de_Buade_de_Frontenac_02.jpg/330px-Louis_de_Buade_de_Frontenac_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Louis_de_Buade_de_Frontenac_02.jpg/440px-Louis_de_Buade_de_Frontenac_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3346" data-file-height="5019" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Buade_de_Frontenac" title="Louis de Buade de Frontenac">Louis de Buade de Frontenac</a>, the third and sixth <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_New_France" title="Governor General of New France">Governor General of New France</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Building_(Quebec)" title="Parliament Building (Quebec)">Quebec Parliament Building</a>.</figcaption></figure> With the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris</a> in 1763, France relinquished most of its North American territories, including Canada, to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[130]</a> King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> then issued in that same year <a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">a royal proclamation</a> establishing, amongst other regulations, the Office of the Governor of Quebec to preside over the new <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763-1791)" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Quebec (1763-1791)">Province of Quebec</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> remained completely separate colonies, each with their own governor, until the cabinet of <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt</a> adopted in the 1780s the idea that they, along with Quebec and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>, should have as their respective governors a single individual styled as governor-in-chief. The post was created in 1786, with <a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester</a> as its first occupant. However, the governor-in-chief directly governed only Quebec. It was not until the splitting in 1791 of the Province of Quebec, to accommodate the influx of <a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalist" title="United Empire Loyalist">United Empire Loyalists</a> fleeing the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American revolutionary war</a>, that the king's representative, with a change in title to Governor General, directly governed <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a>, while the other three colonies were each administered by a lieutenant governor in his stead. Following the 1783 recognition of the independence of the 13 continental colonies that became the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> of America and the transfer of <a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a> to Spain, the remaining British colonies of North America, including <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>, were partly integrated as <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, Lieutenant-General Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Prevost" title="George Prevost">George Prevost</a> was appointed as "Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief in and Over the Provinces of Upper-Canada, Lower-Canada, Nova-Scotia, and New-Brunswick, and Their Several Dependencies, Vice-Admiral of the Same, Lieutenant-General and Commander of all His Majesty's Forces in the Said Provinces of Lower Canada and Upper-Canada, Nova-Scotia, and New-Brunswick, and Their Several Dependencies, and in the Islands of Newfoundland, Prince Edward, Cape Breton, and the Bermudas, &c. &c. &c."<a href="#cite_note-143">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Responsible_government">Responsible government</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Canada_1848.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/United_Canada_1848.png/220px-United_Canada_1848.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/United_Canada_1848.png/330px-United_Canada_1848.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/United_Canada_1848.png/440px-United_Canada_1848.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>Political organization of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a>, after the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> under the Union Act, 1848</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Rebellions_of_1837" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebellions of 1837">Rebellions of 1837</a> brought about great changes to the role of the governor general, prompting, as they did, the British government to grant <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> to the Canadian provinces.<a href="#cite_note-144">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[134]</a> As a result, the viceroys became largely nominal heads, while the democratically elected <a href="/wiki/Legislative_buildings_of_Canada" title="Legislative buildings of Canada">legislatures</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Premier_(Canada)" title="Premier (Canada)">premiers</a> they supported exercised the authority belonging to the Crown; a concept first put to the test when, in 1849, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_General_of_Canada#Governors_general_of_the_Province_of_Canada,_1841–1867" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors General of Canada">Governor-General of the Province of Canada</a> and Lieutenant-Governor of <a href="/wiki/Canada_East" title="Canada East">Canada East</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Bruce,_8th_Earl_of_Elgin" title="James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin">James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin</a> granted Royal Assent to the <a href="/wiki/Rebellion_Losses_Bill" title="Rebellion Losses Bill">Rebellion Losses Bill</a>, despite his personal misgivings towards the legislation.<a href="#cite_note-146">[135]</a> This arrangement continued after the reunification in 1840 of Upper and Lower Canada into the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a>, and the establishment of the Dominion of Canada in 1867. The governor general carried out in Canada all the parliamentary and ceremonial functions of a constitutional monarch—amongst other things, granting Royal Assent, issuing Orders-in-Council, and taking advice from the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Privy Council for Canada">Canadian Privy Council</a>. However, the governor still remained not a viceroy, in the true sense of the word, being still a representative of and liaison to the British government<a href="#cite_note-Heard-73">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[136]</a>—the Queen in her British council of ministers—who answered to the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">secretary of state for the colonies</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and who,<a href="#cite_note-148">[137]</a> as a British observer of Canadian politics, held well into the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> a suite of offices in the <a href="/wiki/East_Block" title="East Block">East Block</a> of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Parliament Hill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB-149">[n 12]</a> But, the new position of <a href="/wiki/High_Commission_of_Canada_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commission of Canada in the United Kingdom">Canadian high commissioner to the United Kingdom</a>, created in 1880, began to take over the governor general's role as a link between the Canadian and British governments, leaving the viceroy increasingly as a personal representative of the monarch.<a href="#cite_note-150">[138]</a> As such, the governor general had to retain a sense of political neutrality; a skill that was put to the test when <a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_9th_Duke_of_Argyll" title="John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll">John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne</a>, disagreed with his Canadian prime minister, <a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a>, over the dismissal of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Quebec" title="Lieutenant Governor of Quebec">Lieutenant Governor of Quebec</a> <a href="/wiki/Luc_Letellier_de_St-Just" title="Luc Letellier de St-Just">Luc Letellier de St-Just</a>. On the advice of the colonial secretary, and to avoid conflict with the Canadian Cabinet, Campbell did eventually concede and released St-Just from duty.<a href="#cite_note-151">[139]</a> The governor general was then in May 1891 called upon to resolve the Dominion's first cabinet crisis, wherein Macdonald died, leaving <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Stanley,_16th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby">Lord Stanley of Preston</a> to select a new prime minister. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5th_Royal_Highlanders-_inspection_by_Governor_General_at_Champ_de_Mars,_Montreal,_August_1914_(19533676175).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/5th_Royal_Highlanders-_inspection_by_Governor_General_at_Champ_de_Mars%2C_Montreal%2C_August_1914_%2819533676175%29.jpg/220px-5th_Royal_Highlanders-_inspection_by_Governor_General_at_Champ_de_Mars%2C_Montreal%2C_August_1914_%2819533676175%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/5th_Royal_Highlanders-_inspection_by_Governor_General_at_Champ_de_Mars%2C_Montreal%2C_August_1914_%2819533676175%29.jpg/330px-5th_Royal_Highlanders-_inspection_by_Governor_General_at_Champ_de_Mars%2C_Montreal%2C_August_1914_%2819533676175%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/5th_Royal_Highlanders-_inspection_by_Governor_General_at_Champ_de_Mars%2C_Montreal%2C_August_1914_%2819533676175%29.jpg/440px-5th_Royal_Highlanders-_inspection_by_Governor_General_at_Champ_de_Mars%2C_Montreal%2C_August_1914_%2819533676175%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2704" data-file-height="2028" /></a><figcaption>Governor General <a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Prince Arthur</a> inspects members of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Canadian Expeditionary Force">Canadian Expeditionary Force</a> at <a href="/wiki/Valcartier_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Valcartier Camp">Valcartier Camp</a>, 1914</figcaption></figure> As early as 1880, the viceregal family and court attracted minor ridicule from the Queen's subjects: in July of that year, someone under the <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a> Captain Mac included in a pamphlet called Canada: from the Lakes to the Gulf, a coarse satire of an investiture ceremony at Rideau Hall, in which a retired inn-keeper and his wife undergo the rigorous protocol of the royal household and sprawl on the floor before the <a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_9th_Duke_of_Argyll" title="John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll">Duke of Argyll</a> so as to be granted the knighthood for which they had "paid in cold, hard cash".<a href="#cite_note-152">[140]</a> Later, prior to the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn</a> (the uncle of King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a>), to take up the post of governor general, there was a "feeble undercurrent of criticism" centring on worries about a rigid court at Rideau Hall; worries that turned out to be unfounded as the royal couple was actually more relaxed than their predecessors.<a href="#cite_note-153">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emerging_nationality_to_an_independent_kingdom">Emerging nationality to an independent kingdom</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Governor_General_of_Canada_is_welcomed_to_Washington_by_Secretary_of_State_Kellogg._Attended_by_all_the_pomp_and_ceremony_a_republic_can_bestow,_Governor_General_Willingdon_of_Canada_was_LCCN2016888558.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Governor_General_of_Canada_is_welcomed_to_Washington_by_Secretary_of_State_Kellogg._Attended_by_all_the_pomp_and_ceremony_a_republic_can_bestow%2C_Governor_General_Willingdon_of_Canada_was_LCCN2016888558.tif/lossy-page1-220px-thumbnail.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Governor_General_of_Canada_is_welcomed_to_Washington_by_Secretary_of_State_Kellogg._Attended_by_all_the_pomp_and_ceremony_a_republic_can_bestow%2C_Governor_General_Willingdon_of_Canada_was_LCCN2016888558.tif/lossy-page1-330px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Governor_General_of_Canada_is_welcomed_to_Washington_by_Secretary_of_State_Kellogg._Attended_by_all_the_pomp_and_ceremony_a_republic_can_bestow%2C_Governor_General_Willingdon_of_Canada_was_LCCN2016888558.tif/lossy-page1-440px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10008" data-file-height="7752" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Freeman-Thomas,_1st_Marquess_of_Willingdon" title="Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon">Marquess of Willingdon</a> (left) during an <a href="/wiki/Official_visit" class="mw-redirect" title="Official visit">official visit</a> to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> as the governor general of Canada.</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, into which Canada was drawn due to its association with the United Kingdom, the governor general's role turned from one of cultural patron and state ceremony to one of military inspector and morale booster. Starting in 1914, Governor General Prince Arthur donned his <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal">Field Marshal</a>'s uniform and put his efforts into raising contingents, inspecting army camps, and seeing troops off before their voyage to Europe. These actions, however, led to conflict with the prime minister at the time, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Robert Borden</a>; though the latter placed blame on Military Secretary Edward Stanton, he also opined that the Duke "laboured under the handicap of his position as a member of the Royal Family and never realized his limitations as Governor General".<a href="#cite_note-154">[142]</a> Prince Arthur's successor, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Cavendish,_9th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire">Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire</a>, faced the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Conscription Crisis of 1917</a> and held discussions with his Canadian prime minister, as well as members of the official opposition, on the matter. Once the government implemented conscription, Devonshire, after consulting on the pulse of the nation with Sir <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Wilfrid Laurier</a>, Vincent Massey, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bourassa" title="Henri Bourassa">Henri Bourassa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Montreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Montreal">Archbishop of Montreal</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bruch%C3%A9si" title="Paul Bruchési">Paul Bruchési</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Campbell_Scott" title="Duncan Campbell Scott">Duncan Campbell Scott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vilhjalmur_Stefansson" title="Vilhjalmur Stefansson">Vilhjalmur Stefansson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Leacock" title="Stephen Leacock">Stephen Leacock</a>, made efforts to conciliate <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, though he had little real success.<a href="#cite_note-155">[143]</a> Canada's national sentiment had gained fortitude through the country's sacrifices on the battlefields of the First World War and, by war's end, the interference of the British government in Canadian affairs was causing ever-increasing discontent amongst Canadian officials;<a href="#cite_note-Adv-157">[n 13]</a> In 1918, <a href="/wiki/The_Toronto_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="The Toronto Star">The Toronto Star</a> was even advocating the end of the office.<a href="#cite_note-158">[145]</a> The governor general's role was also changing to focus less on the larger Empire and more on uniquely Canadian affairs,<a href="#cite_note-Pons-160">[n 14]</a> including the undertaking of official international visits on behalf of Canada, the first being that of the <a href="/wiki/Freeman_Freeman-Thomas,_1st_Marquess_of_Willingdon" title="Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon">Marquess of Willingdon</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, where he was accorded by <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> the full honours of representative of a head of state.<a href="#cite_note-US-161">[n 15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard166-12">[11]</a> It would be another decade, however, before the <a href="/wiki/King-Byng_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="King-Byng Affair">King-Byng Affair</a>: another catalyst for change in the relationship between Canada—indeed, all the dominions—and the United Kingdom, and thus the purpose of the governor general. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord-byng.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Lord-byng.jpg/220px-Lord-byng.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Lord-byng.jpg/330px-Lord-byng.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Lord-byng.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Julian_Byng,_1st_Viscount_Byng_of_Vimy" title="Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy">Viscount Byng of Vimy</a>, who was involved in the <a href="/wiki/King%E2%80%93Byng_affair" title="King–Byng affair">King–Byng affair</a>, a catalyst for change over the role of the governor general in the British Empire</figcaption></figure> In 1926, Prime Minister Mackenzie King, facing a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">no-confidence vote</a> in the House of Commons over a scandal in his party, requested that Governor General Viscount Byng of Vimy dissolve parliament and call an election. Byng, however, refused his Canadian prime minister's advice, citing both the facts that King held the <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority of seats</a> in the house and that a general election had been held only months earlier; he thus called on <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Arthur Meighen</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kissing_Hands" class="mw-redirect" title="Kissing Hands">form a government</a>. Within a week however, Meighen's <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of Canada (historical)">Conservative</a> government lost its own non-confidence vote, forcing the Governor General to dissolve parliament and call elections that saw Mackenzie King returned to power.<a href="#cite_note-162">[147]</a> King then went on to the <a href="/wiki/1926_Imperial_Conference" title="1926 Imperial Conference">Imperial Conference</a> that same year and there pushed for reorganizations that resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1926" title="Balfour Declaration of 1926">Balfour Declaration</a>, which declared formally the practical reality that had existed for some years: namely, that the Dominions were fully autonomous and equal in status to the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-163">[148]</a> These new developments were codified in the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a>, through the enactment of which on 11 December 1931, Canada, along with the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>, immediately obtained formal legislative independence from the UK.<a href="#cite_note-164">[149]</a> In addition, the Balfour Declaration also held that the governor general would cease to act as the representative of the British government. Accordingly, in 1928, the United Kingdom appointed its first <a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Commissioners_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Canada">High Commissioner to Canada</a> thus effectively ending the governor general's diplomatic role as the British government's envoy.<a href="#cite_note-165">[150]</a> The governor general thus became solely the representative of the monarch within Canadian jurisdiction, ceasing completely to be an agent of the British Cabinet,<a href="#cite_note-Balf-167">[n 16]</a><a href="#cite_note-DCH3-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[152]</a> and as such would be appointed only on the advice of his Canadian prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-169">[153]</a> The Canadian Cabinet's first recommendation under this new system was still, however, a <a href="/wiki/British_subject" title="British subject">British subject</a> born outside of Canada, John Buchan (later the Lord Tweedsmuir). Tweedsmuir's birthplace aside, though, the professional author took further than any of his predecessors the idea of a distinct Canadian identity,<a href="#cite_note-170">[154]</a> travelling the length and breadth of the country, including, for the first time for a governor general, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Arctic" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Arctic">Arctic</a> regions.<a href="#cite_note-171">[155]</a> Not all Canadians, however, shared Tweedsmuir's views; the Baron raised the ire of <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialists</a> when he said in Montreal in 1937: "a Canadian's first loyalty is not to the British <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, but to Canada and Canada's King",<a href="#cite_note-172">[156]</a> a statement the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal Gazette">Montreal Gazette</a> dubbed as "disloyal".<a href="#cite_note-173">[157]</a> During Tweedsmuir's time as viceroy, which started in 1935, calls began to emerge for a Canadian-born individual to be appointed as governor general; but Tweedsmuir died suddenly in office in 1940, while Canada was in the midst of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, and Mackenzie King did not feel it was the right time to search for a suitable Canadian.<a href="#cite_note-174">[158]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cambridge,_1st_Earl_of_Athlone" title="Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone">Earl of Athlone</a> was instead appointed by King George VI, Athlone's nephew, to be his viceroy for the duration of the war. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quebec_nationalism_and_constitutional_patriation">Quebec nationalism and constitutional patriation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_P._Vanier_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Georges_P._Vanier_.jpg/220px-Georges_P._Vanier_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Georges_P._Vanier_.jpg/330px-Georges_P._Vanier_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Georges_P._Vanier_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vanier" title="Georges Vanier">Georges Vanier</a>, the 19th governor general of Canada. The convention of alternating between francophones and anglophones began with Vanier's appointment.</figcaption></figure> It was in 1952, a mere five days before King George VI's death, that <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Massey" title="Vincent Massey">Vincent Massey</a> became the first Canadian-born person to be appointed as a governor general in Canada since the <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Rigaud,_Marquis_de_Vaudreuil-Cavagnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal">Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal</a> was made Governor General of New France on 1 January 1755, as well as the first not to be elevated to the <a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">peerage</a> since Sir <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Walker_Head" title="Edmund Walker Head">Edmund Walker Head</a> in 1854. There was some trepidation about this departure from tradition and Massey was intended to be a compromise: he was known to embody loyalty, dignity, and formality, as expected from a viceroy.<a href="#cite_note-175">[159]</a> As his viceregal tenure neared an end, it was thought that Massey, an <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">anglophone</a>, should be followed by a <a href="/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">francophone</a> Canadian; and so, in spite of his <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party</a> attachments, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Vanier" title="Georges Vanier">Georges Vanier</a> was chosen by <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> prime minister <a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">John Diefenbaker</a> as the next governor general. Vanier was subsequently appointed by Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>, in person, at a meeting of her Canadian Cabinet,<a href="#cite_note-176">[160]</a> thus initiating the convention of alternating between individuals from <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Canada's two main linguistic groups</a>. This move did not, however, placate those who were fostering the new <a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Quebec nationalist movement</a>, for whom the monarchy and other federal institutions were a target for attack. Though Vanier was a native of Quebec and fostered biculturalism, he was not immune to the barbs of <a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">the province's sovereigntists</a> and, when he attended <a href="/wiki/National_Holiday_(Quebec)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Holiday (Quebec)">la Fête St-Jean-Baptiste</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> in 1964, a group of separatists held placards reading "Vanier vendu" ("Vanier sold out") and "Vanier fou de la Reine" ("Vanier Queen's jester").<a href="#cite_note-177">[161]</a> In light of this regional nationalism and a resultant change in attitudes towards Canadian identity, images and the role of the monarchy were cautiously downplayed, and Vanier's successor, <a href="/wiki/Roland_Michener" title="Roland Michener">Roland Michener</a>, was the last viceroy to practice many of the office's ancient traditions, such as the wearing of <a href="/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Court uniform and dress in the United Kingdom">court uniform</a> by the governor general, the requirement of <a href="/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Court uniform and dress in the United Kingdom">court dress</a> for state occasions, and expecting women to <a href="/wiki/Curtsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtsey">curtsey</a> before the governor general.<a href="#cite_note-GGMich-178">[162]</a> At the same time, he initiated new practices for the viceroy, including regular conferences with the lieutenant governors and the undertaking of <a href="/wiki/State_visits" class="mw-redirect" title="State visits">state visits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GGMich-178">[162]</a> He presided over <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centennial" title="Canadian Centennial">Canada's centennial celebrations</a> and the coincidental <a href="/wiki/Expo_67" title="Expo 67">Expo 67</a>, to which <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">French president</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> was invited. Michener was with de Gaulle when he made his infamous "<a href="/wiki/Vive_le_Qu%C3%A9bec_libre" title="Vive le Québec libre">Vive le Québec libre</a>" speech in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> and was cheered wildly by the gathered crowd while they booed and jeered Michener.<a href="#cite_note-179">[163]</a> With the additional recognition of the monarchy as a Canadian institution,<a href="#cite_note-180">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[165]</a> the establishment of a distinct <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Canada" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Canada">Canadian honours system</a>, an increase of state visits coming with Canada's growing role on the world stage, and the more prevalent use of <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> to visually broadcast ceremonial state affairs, the governor general became more publicly active in national life. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeanne_Sauv%C3%A9_1985.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jeanne_Sauv%C3%A9_1985.jpg/220px-Jeanne_Sauv%C3%A9_1985.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jeanne_Sauv%C3%A9_1985.jpg/330px-Jeanne_Sauv%C3%A9_1985.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jeanne_Sauv%C3%A9_1985.jpg/440px-Jeanne_Sauv%C3%A9_1985.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Sauv%C3%A9" title="Jeanne Sauvé">Jeanne Sauvé</a> (left), Canada's first female governor general, with a Guardsman (private) of the Canadian Grenadier Guards of Montreal</figcaption></figure> The Cabinet in June 1978 proposed the constitutional amendment Bill C-60, that, amongst other changes, vested executive authority directly in the governor general and renamed the position as First Canadian,<a href="#cite_note-182">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pepall-184">[168]</a> but the proposal was thwarted by the provincial premiers.<a href="#cite_note-185">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[171]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Patriation" title="Patriation">constitution was patriated</a> four years later, the new amending formula for the documents outlined that any changes to the Crown, including the Office of the Governor General, would require the consent of all the provincial legislatures plus the federal parliament.<a href="#cite_note-188">[172]</a> By 1984, Canada's first female governor general, <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Sauv%C3%A9" title="Jeanne Sauvé">Jeanne Sauvé</a>, was appointed. While it was she who created the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Heraldic_Authority" title="Canadian Heraldic Authority">Canadian Heraldic Authority</a>, as permitted by letters patent from Queen Elizabeth II, and who championed youth and world peace, Sauvé proved to be a controversial vicereine, closing to the public the grounds of the Queen's residence and self-aggrandizingly breaching protocol on a number of occasions.<a href="#cite_note-Pepall-184">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Withering_and_renaissance">Withering and renaissance</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Sarah,_Duchess_of_York" title="Sarah, Duchess of York">Sarah, Duchess of York</a>, said in 2009 that sometime during her marriage to <a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York" title="Prince Andrew, Duke of York">Prince Andrew, Duke of York</a>, her husband was offered the position of governor general of Canada, and she speculated in hindsight that their agreement to refuse the commission may have been a contributing factor in their eventual break-up.<a href="#cite_note-191">[175]</a> Instead, Sauvé's tenure as governor general was book-ended by a series of appointments—<a href="/wiki/Edward_Schreyer" title="Edward Schreyer">Edward Schreyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Hnatyshyn" title="Ray Hnatyshyn">Ray Hnatyshyn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_LeBlanc" title="Roméo LeBlanc">Roméo LeBlanc</a>—that have been generally regarded as mere <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a> postings for former politicians and friends of the incumbent prime minister at the time,<a href="#cite_note-LeBlanc-193">[n 17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boyce-104">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pepall-184">[168]</a> and despite the duties they carried out, their combined time in the viceregal office is generally viewed as unremarkable at best, and damaging to the office at worst.<a href="#cite_note-Boyce-104">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pepall-184">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-Toffoli-109">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-CMNLeB-192">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martin-194">[177]</a> As David Smith described it: "Notwithstanding the personal qualities of the appointees, which have often been extraordinary, the Canadian governor general has become a hermetic head of state—ignored by press, politicians and public."<a href="#cite_note-195">[178]</a> It was theorized by Peter Boyce that this was due, in part, to widespread misunderstanding about the governor general's role coupled with a lack of public presence compared to the media coverage dedicated to the increasingly presidentialized prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-Boyce-104">[95]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_in_Canada_18-19_December_2000-7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Vladimir_Putin_in_Canada_18-19_December_2000-7.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_in_Canada_18-19_December_2000-7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Vladimir_Putin_in_Canada_18-19_December_2000-7.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_in_Canada_18-19_December_2000-7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Vladimir_Putin_in_Canada_18-19_December_2000-7.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_in_Canada_18-19_December_2000-7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Governor General <a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Clarkson" title="Adrienne Clarkson">Adrienne Clarkson</a> (right) toasts <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Russian president</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> in the ballroom of Rideau Hall, 18 December 2000</figcaption></figure> It was with the Queen's appointment of <a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Clarkson" title="Adrienne Clarkson">Adrienne Clarkson</a>, on the advice of then Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>, that a shift in the office took place. Clarkson was the first Canadian viceroy to have not previously held any political or military position—coming as she did from a background of television journalism with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>—was the first since 1952 to have been born outside of Canada, the first from a <a href="/wiki/Visible_minority" title="Visible minority">visible minority</a> (she is of Chinese ancestry), and, by her being accompanied to Rideau Hall by her husband, author and philosopher <a href="/wiki/John_Ralston_Saul" title="John Ralston Saul">John Ralston Saul</a>, the official appointment brought an unofficial pair to the viceregal placement,<a href="#cite_note-196">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[180]</a> in that the governor general would not be the only person actively exploring Canadian theory and culture. Clarkson managed to bring the viceregal office back into the collective consciousness of Canadians, winning praise for touring the country more than any of her predecessors, her inspiring speeches, and her dedication to the military in her role as the Commander-in-Chief's representative.<a href="#cite_note-198">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-CMNSP05-199">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[186]</a> This did not come without a cost, however, as the attention also drew widespread criticism of the governor general's increased spending on state affairs, for which the office was symbolically rebuked by parliament when it voted in favour of cutting by 10% the viceregal budget it had earlier supported,<a href="#cite_note-204">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[188]</a> as well as for fostering the notion, through various demonstrations, that the governor general was ultimately the Canadian head of state above the Queen herself,<a href="#cite_note-206">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-FraserNP-208">[191]</a> an approach that was said by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Granatstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Granatstein">Jack Granatstein</a> to have caused "a fury" with the Queen on one occasion in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-209">[192]</a> This attitude was not unique to Clarkson, though; it had been observed that, for some decades, staff at Rideau Hall and various government departments in Ottawa had been pushing to present the governor general as head of state,<a href="#cite_note-210">[193]</a> part of a wider Liberal policy on the monarchy that had been in effect at least since the proposed constitutional changes in the 1970s,<a href="#cite_note-Pepall-184">[168]</a> if not the <a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada#Turbulent_decades" title="History of monarchy in Canada">1964 Truncheon Saturday riot</a> in Quebec City.<a href="#cite_note-FraserNP-208">[191]</a> Indeed, international observers opined that the viceroys had been, over the years, making deliberate attempts to distance themselves from the sovereign, for fear of being too closely associated with any "Britishness" the monarch embodied.<a href="#cite_note-Boyce-104">[95]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_%26_Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean_2-19-09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Barack_Obama_%26_Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean_2-19-09.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_%26_Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean_2-19-09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Barack_Obama_%26_Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean_2-19-09.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_%26_Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean_2-19-09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Barack_Obama_%26_Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean_2-19-09.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_%26_Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean_2-19-09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>As the representative of Canada's head of state, the governor general, <a href="/wiki/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean" title="Michaëlle Jean">Michaëlle Jean</a>, welcomes <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">US President</a> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> to Canada, 19 February 2009</figcaption></figure> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Paul Martin</a> followed Chrétien's example and, for Clarkson's successor, put forward to the Queen the name of <a href="/wiki/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean" title="Michaëlle Jean">Michaëlle Jean</a>, who was, like Clarkson, a woman, a refugee, a member of a visible minority, a CBC career journalist, and married to an intellectual husband who worked in the arts.<a href="#cite_note-211">[194]</a> Her appointment initially sparked accusations that she was a supporter of Quebec sovereignty, and it was observed that she had on a few occasions trodden into political matters,<a href="#cite_note-212">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[197]</a> as well as continuing to foster the notion that the governor general had replaced the Queen as head of state, thereby "unbalancing ... the federalist symmetry".<a href="#cite_note-215">[198]</a> But Jean ultimately won plaudits,<a href="#cite_note-Martin-194">[177]</a> particularly for her solidarity with the Canadian Forces and the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">indigenous peoples in Canada</a>, as well as her role in the <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Canadian_parliamentary_dispute" title="2008–2009 Canadian parliamentary dispute">parliamentary dispute that took place between December 2008 and January 2009</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[201]</a> With the appointment of academic <a href="/wiki/David_Johnston_(governor_general)" title="David Johnston (governor general)">David Johnston</a>, former principal of <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a> and subsequently president of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Waterloo" title="University of Waterloo">University of Waterloo</a>, there was a signalled emphasis for the governor general to vigorously promote learning and innovation. Johnston stated in his inaugural address: "[We want to be] a society that innovates, embraces its talent and uses the knowledge of each of its citizens to improve the human condition for all."<a href="#cite_note-219">[202]</a> There was also a recognition of Johnston's expertise in <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">constitutional law</a>, following the controversial <a href="/wiki/Prorogation_in_Canada" title="Prorogation in Canada">prorogations of Parliament</a> in 2008 and 2009, which initiated some debate about the governor general's role as the representative of Canada's head of state.<a href="#cite_note-220">[203]</a> In late 2021, the Governor General's office confirmed that its internal office network was breached as part of a "sophisticated cyber incident".<a href="#cite_note-221">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-CityNewsSecBreach-222">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-TorStarSecBreach-223">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBCSecBreach-224">[207]</a> Officials were unable to determine the extent of the information that was accessed.<a href="#cite_note-CBCSecBreach-224">[207]</a> Former security officials speculated that another country may be responsible.<a href="#cite_note-CityNewsSecBreach-222">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-TorStarSecBreach-223">[206]</a> The Canadian Centre for Cyber Security, a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Communications_Security_Establishment" title="Communications Security Establishment">Communications Security Establishment</a>, is investigating the incident.<a href="#cite_note-CBCSecBreach-224">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities_post-retirement">Activities post-retirement</h2></div> Retired governors general usually either withdraw from public life or go on to hold other public offices. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Schreyer" title="Edward Schreyer">Edward Schreyer</a>, for instance, was appointed <a href="/wiki/High_Commission_of_Canada,_Canberra" title="High Commission of Canada, Canberra">Canadian High Commissioner to Australia</a> upon his departure from the viceregal role in 1984, and Michaëlle Jean became the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Special_envoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Special envoy">special envoy</a> to Haiti and, later, the secretary-general of <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">La Francophonie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[208]</a> Schreyer also become the first former governor general to run for elected office in Canada when he unsuccessfully vied for a seat in the House of Commons as a <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Democratic Party (Canada)">New Democratic Party</a> candidate. Prior to 1952, several former viceroys returned to political careers in the United Kingdom, sitting with party affiliations in the House of Lords and, in some cases, taking a position in the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">British Cabinet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Post-226">[n 18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_9th_Duke_of_Argyll" title="John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll">Marquess of Lorne</a> was elected a <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">Member of Parliament</a> in the United Kingdom in 1895, and remained so until he became the Duke of Argyll and took his seat in the House of Lords. Others were made governors in other countries or territories: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stanley_Monck,_4th_Viscount_Monck" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Stanley Monck, 4th Viscount Monck">Charles Stanley Monck, 4th Viscount Monck</a> was appointed <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Lieutenant of Dublin">Lord Lieutenant of Dublin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton-Gordon,_1st_Marquess_of_Aberdeen_and_Temair" title="John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair">Earl of Aberdeen</a> was appointed <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">Lord Lieutenant of Ireland</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood,_1st_Marquess_of_Dufferin_and_Ava" title="Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava">Earl of Dufferin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_4th_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto">Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Freeman_Freeman-Thomas,_1st_Marquess_of_Willingdon" title="Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon">Earl of Willingdon</a> all subsequently served as <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a>. An outgoing governor general may leave <a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_named_after_Governors_General_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of awards named after Governors General of Canada">an eponymous award</a> as a legacy, such as the <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cup" title="Stanley Cup">Stanley Cup</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Clarkson_Cup" title="Clarkson Cup">Clarkson Cup</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vanier_Cup" title="Vanier Cup">Vanier Cup</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Grey_Cup" title="Grey Cup">Grey Cup</a>. They may found an institution, as Vanier did with the <a href="/wiki/Vanier_Institute_of_the_Family" title="Vanier Institute of the Family">Vanier Institute of the Family</a> and Clarkson with the Institute for Canadian Citizenship. Three former governors general have released memoirs: Lord Tweedsmuir (Memory Hold-the-Door), Massey (What's Past is Prologue), and Clarkson (Heart Matters). As of 2021, former governors general are entitled to a lifetime pension of nearly $150,000 and also to claim an additional $206,000 in expenses each year.<a href="#cite_note-227">[209]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Canadian institutions established by governors general </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Institution </th> <th>Founded by </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Canada" title="Royal Society of Canada">Royal Society of Canada</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_9th_Duke_of_Argyll" title="John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll">John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Canada's first anti-<a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> association </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_4th_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto">The Earl of Minto</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Battlefields_Park" title="The Battlefields Park">The Battlefields Park</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albert_Grey,_4th_Earl_Grey" title="Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey">The Earl Grey</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Cancer_Society" title="Canadian Cancer Society">King George V Silver Jubilee Cancer Fund for Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[210]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vere_Ponsonby,_9th_Earl_of_Bessborough" title="Vere Ponsonby, 9th Earl of Bessborough">The Earl of Bessborough</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanier_Institute_of_the_Family" title="Vanier Institute of the Family">Vanier Institute of the Family</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vanier" title="Georges Vanier">Georges Vanier</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[211]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sauv%C3%A9_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauvé Foundation">Sauvé Foundation</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Sauv%C3%A9" title="Jeanne Sauvé">Jeanne Sauvé</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Governor General Ramon John Hnatyshyn Education Fund </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Hnatyshyn" title="Ray Hnatyshyn">Ray Hnatyshyn</a><a href="#cite_note-GGHnat-230">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[213]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Council_for_Canadian_Studies" title="International Council for Canadian Studies">International Council for Canadian Studies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The Hnatyshyn Foundation </td></tr> <tr> <td>Institute for Canadian Citizenship </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Clarkson" title="Adrienne Clarkson">Adrienne Clarkson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean_Foundation" title="Michaëlle Jean Foundation">Michaëlle Jean Foundation</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean" title="Michaëlle Jean">Michaëlle Jean</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rideau_Hall_Foundation" title="Rideau Hall Foundation">Rideau Hall Foundation</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Johnston_(governor_general)" title="David Johnston (governor general)">David Johnston</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[214]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spelling_of_the_title">Spelling of the title</h2></div> The letters patent constituting the office and official publications of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">government of Canada</a> spell the title governor general, without a <a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a>, unlike in the other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realms" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth realms">Commonwealth realms</a>, which do include a hyphen.<a href="#cite_note-GVII-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[215]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Governor" title="Governor">governor</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a>, the title is <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">pluralized</a> as governors general, rather than governor generals. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General%27s_Awards" title="Governor General's Awards">Governor General's Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_general_of_Canada" title="List of governors general of Canada">List of governors general of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_the_governors_general_of_Canada" title="Armorial of the governors general of Canada">Armorial of the governors general of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_presented_by_the_governor_general_of_Canada" title="List of awards presented by the governor general of Canada">List of awards presented by the governor general of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_VIP_aircraft" title="Royal Canadian Air Force VIP aircraft">Royal Canadian Air Force VIP aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Canadian Armed Forces">Monarchy of Canada and the Canadian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-general" title="Governor-general">Governor-general</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> When the position is held by a male, the French title is Gouverneur général du Canada. </li> <li id="cite_note-Term1-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Term1_26-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Georges_Vanier" title="Georges Vanier">Georges Vanier</a> served as governor general between 15 September 1959 and 5 March 1967 and <a href="/wiki/Roland_Michener" title="Roland Michener">Roland Michener</a> served for just under seven years, from 17 April 1967 to 14 January 1974. </li> <li id="cite_note-Term3-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Term3_27-0">^</a> The Lord Tweedsmuir died at the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Neurological_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal Neurological Institute">Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital</a> on 11 February 1940 and <a href="/wiki/Georges_Vanier" title="Georges Vanier">Georges Vanier</a> died at <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Hall" title="Rideau Hall">Rideau Hall</a> on 5 March 1967. </li> <li id="cite_note-Term2-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Term2_28-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_LeBlanc" title="Roméo LeBlanc">Roméo LeBlanc</a> resigned the viceregal post in 1999 and <a href="/wiki/Julie_Payette" title="Julie Payette">Julie Payette</a> resigned in 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-Alex-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Alex_30-0">^</a> As Alexander was to be appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">British Cabinet</a> and the announcement made while he was still in Canada, the Canadian Cabinet felt it necessary to end Alexander's service as viceroy immediately, while sparing him the indignity of resignation.<a href="#cite_note-GoC106-29">[25]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Admin-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Admin_31-0">^</a> The only individuals to serve as administrators of the government of Canada due to the deaths in office of governors general were Chief Justice Sir <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Poore_Duff" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyman Poore Duff">Lyman Poore Duff</a> in 1940 and Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Robert_Taschereau" title="Robert Taschereau">Robert Taschereau</a> in 1967. </li> <li id="cite_note-GGMon-71"><a href="#cite_ref-GGMon_71-0">^</a> Governor General the Lord Tweedsmuir said of King George VI being in the Senate in 1939 to grant Royal Assent to bills: "[When the King of Canada is present] I cease to exist as Viceroy, and retain only a shadowy legal existence as Governor General in Council."<a href="#cite_note-70">[64]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-RP-92"><a href="#cite_ref-RP_92-0">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada#cite_note-RP-13" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">Note 2</a> at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">King's Privy Council for Canada</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Robert Borden said, "it would be an absolute mistake to regard the governor general as a mere figurehead, a mere rubber stamp. During nine years of premiership, I had the opportunity of realizing how helpful may be the advice and counsel of a governor general in matters of delicacy and difficulty".<a href="#cite_note-95">[87]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hons-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Hons_129-0">^</a> Some seven years after he left office, the Earl Alexander of Tunis was appointed as a Member of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a>. Similarly, Massey was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Chain" title="Royal Victorian Chain">Royal Victorian Chain</a> by Queen Elizabeth II approximately six months after leaving the viceregal post and was in 1967 invested into the Order of Canada.<a href="#cite_note-128">[119]</a> ichener was presented with the Royal Victorian Chain a few months before he retired as governor general. </li> <li id="cite_note-GGdate-139"><a href="#cite_ref-GGdate_139-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Kevin_S._MacLeod" title="Kevin S. MacLeod">Kevin MacLeod</a>, in his book A Crown of Maples, pegs the start date of Champlain's governorship at 1627,<a href="#cite_note-MacLeod34-4">[3]</a> whereas the official website of the Governor General of Canada puts it at 1608.<a href="#cite_note-138">[128]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-149"><a href="#cite_ref-EB_149-0">^</a> The offices were subsequently incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_(Canada)" title="Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)">Prime Minister's Office</a> (PMO), but have been restored to their 19th century appearance after the PMO moved to the <a href="/wiki/Langevin_Block" class="mw-redirect" title="Langevin Block">Langevin Block</a> in the 1970s, and are now preserved as a tourist attraction along with other historic offices in the East Block.<a href="#cite_note-GGParl-7">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adv-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Adv_157-0">^</a> The appointment in 1916 of the Duke of Devonshire as governor general caused political problems, as Canadian prime minister Robert Borden had, counter to established common practice, not been consulted on the matter by his British counterpart, <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[144]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pons-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Pons_160-0">^</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vere_Ponsonby,_9th_Earl_of_Bessborough" title="Vere Ponsonby, 9th Earl of Bessborough">Earl of Bessborough</a> voluntarily cut his salary by ten percent as a sign of his solidarity with the Canadian people.<a href="#cite_note-159">[146]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-US-161"><a href="#cite_ref-US_161-0">^</a> Governors general had been venturing to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a> to meet informally with the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> since the time of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Monck,_4th_Viscount_Monck" title="Charles Monck, 4th Viscount Monck">Viscount Monck</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Balf-167"><a href="#cite_ref-Balf_167-0">^</a> The ministers in attendance at the Imperial Conference agreed that: "In our opinion it is an essential consequence of the equality of status existing among the members of the British Commonwealth of Nations that the Governor General of a Dominion is the representative of the Crown, holding in all essential respects the same position in relation to the administration of public affairs in the Dominion as is held by His Majesty the King in Great Britain, and that he is not the representative or agent of His Majesty's Government in Great Britain or of any Department of that Government."<a href="#cite_note-166">[151]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeBlanc-193"><a href="#cite_ref-LeBlanc_193-0">^</a> LeBlanc's strong ties to the Liberal Party led other party leaders to protest his appointment by boycotting his installation ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-CMNLeB-192">[176]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Post-226"><a href="#cite_ref-Post_226-0">^</a> In 1952, Earl Alexander of Tunis resigned as governor general of Canada to accept an appointment as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Defence (UK)">Minister of Defence</a> in the Cabinet of <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-FitzMaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Petty-FitzMaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">Henry Petty-FitzMaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Cavendish,_9th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire">Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire</a> both also served in the British Cabinet following their viceregal careers, and Lansdowne went on to serve as leader of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> in the House of Lords for over a decade. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThe_Royal_Household" class="citation cs2">The Royal Household, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090220102227/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/TheQueensroleinCanada.aspx">The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and Canada > The Queen's role in Canada</a>, Queen's Printer, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/TheQueensroleinCanada.aspx">the original</a> on 20 February 2009, retrieved 2 June 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Queen+and+the+Commonwealth+%3E+Queen+and+Canada+%3E+The+Queen%27s+role+in+Canada&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer&rft.au=The+Royal+Household&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.gov.uk%2FMonarchAndCommonwealth%2FCanada%2FTheQueensroleinCanada.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernor+General+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAiello2021" class="citation web cs1">Aiello, Rachel (26 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/mary-simon-installed-as-canada-s-30th-governor-general-1.5523074">"Mary Simon installed as Canada's 30th Governor General"</a>. 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III, s. 10, as amended by R.S.C. 1985, App. II, No. 5 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/Const/page-1.html">Constitution Act, 1867</a> at Government of Canada) </cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacLeod2015">MacLeod 2015</a>, pp. 34–35 </li> <li id="cite_note-GGParl-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GGParl_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GGParl_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublic_Works_and_Government_Services_Canada" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Public_Works_and_Government_Services_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Works and Government Services Canada">Public Works and Government Services Canada</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706181851/http://www.collineduparlement-parliamenthill.gc.ca/histoire-history/est-east/gov-gen-eng.html">"Parliament Hill > The History of Parliament Hill > East Block > Office of the Governor General"</a>. 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Retrieved 9 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Micha%C3%ABlle+Jean+begins+UN+job+for+Haiti&rft.date=2010-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmicha%25C3%25ABlle-jean-begins-un-job-for-haiti-1.957610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernor+General+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryden2021" class="citation news cs1">Bryden, Joan (31 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/7610439/julie-payette-pension-expense-account/">"Payette's resignation shines light on expense account, pension for governors general"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Payette%27s+resignation+shines+light+on+expense+account%2C+pension+for+governors+general&rft.date=2021-01-31&rft.aulast=Bryden&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F7610439%2Fjulie-payette-pension-expense-account%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernor+General+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacbeth2005" class="citation cs2">Macbeth, Robert A. (2005), "The Origin of the Canadian Cancer Society", Artifacts and Archives, Canadian Bulletin of Medical History, 22 (1): 155–173, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fcbmh.22.1.155">10.3138/cbmh.22.1.155</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15981358">15981358</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Bulletin+of+Medical+History&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Canadian+Cancer+Society&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=155-173&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fcbmh.22.1.155&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15981358&rft.aulast=Macbeth&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernor+General+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHubbard1977">Hubbard 1977</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-GGHnat-230"><a href="#cite_ref-GGHnat_230-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gg.ca/en/governor-general/former-governors-general/ramon-john-hnatyshyn">Governor General of Canada > Former Governors General > Ramon John Hnatyshyn.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130201091500/http://www.rjhf.com/html/founder-e.html">"Our Founder"</a>. The Hnatyshyn Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rjhf.com/html/founder-e.html">the original</a> on 1 February 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Founder&rft.pub=The+Hnatyshyn+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rjhf.com%2Fhtml%2Ffounder-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernor+General+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Canadian_Press2017" class="citation cs2">The Canadian Press (18 September 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/people-s-governor-general-david-johnston-bids-farewell-at-ceremony/article_bdbc6d1d-7bbe-5c9e-b2c8-81cea137b588.html">"'People's Governor General' David Johnston bids farewell at ceremony"</a>, The Toronto Star, retrieved 6 November 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=%27People%27s+Governor+General%27+David+Johnston+bids+farewell+at+ceremony&rft.date=2017-09-18&rft.au=The+Canadian+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fpeople-s-governor-general-david-johnston-bids-farewell-at-ceremony%2Farticle_bdbc6d1d-7bbe-5c9e-b2c8-81cea137b588.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernor+General+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gg.ca/en/governor-general">"Governor General"</a>. gg.ca. Office of the Secretary to the Governor General. 20 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gg.ca&rft.atitle=Governor+General&rft.date=2016-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gg.ca%2Fen%2Fgovernor-general&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernor+General+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoucill2005" class="citation book cs1">Coucill, Irma (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wlFJPQHUY5UC&q=Fathers%20of%20Confederation&pg=PP1">Canada's Prime Ministers, Governors General and Fathers of Confederation</a>. Pembroke Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55138-185-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55138-185-0"><bdi>1-55138-185-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Prime+Ministers%2C+Governors+General+and+Fathers+of+Confederation&rft.pub=Pembroke+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-55138-185-0&rft.aulast=Coucill&rft.aufirst=Irma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwlFJPQHUY5UC%26q%3DFathers%2520of%2520Confederation%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernor+General+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="commons:Category:Governors General of Canada">Governors General of Canada</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gg.ca/">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q390776#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/001060/f2/1940/cgc_p2-0_v081_n012_t002_000_19471001_p00000.pdf">Proclamation Constituting the Office of Governor General and Commander-in-Chief of Canada</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;">Order of precedence </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></div>as <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">King of Canada</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Governor General of Canada <a href="/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence" title="Canadian order of precedence">Canadian order of precedence</a> (ceremonial) </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a></div>as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_the_Province_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor General of the Province of Canada">Governor General of the Province of Canada</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Governor General of Canada 1867 – present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Current </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_the_governors_general_of_Canada" title="Armorial of the governors general of Canada">Coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_governor_general_of_Canada" title="Flag of the governor general of Canada">Flag of the governor general of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceregal_eponyms_in_Canada" title="Viceregal eponyms in Canada">Viceregal eponyms in Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Governors_general_of_Canada" title="Category:Governors general of Canada">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_general_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_general_of_Canada" title="Template:Governors general of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_general_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Governors general of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_general_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors general of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_general_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_general_of_Canada" title="List of governors general of Canada">Governors general of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Monck,_4th_Viscount_Monck" title="Charles Monck, 4th Viscount Monck">Monck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Young,_1st_Baron_Lisgar" title="John Young, 1st Baron Lisgar">Lisgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood,_1st_Marquess_of_Dufferin_and_Ava" title="Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava">Dufferin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_9th_Duke_of_Argyll" title="John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll">Lorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Stanley,_16th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton-Gordon,_1st_Marquess_of_Aberdeen_and_Temair" title="John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_4th_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto">Minto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Grey,_4th_Earl_Grey" title="Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Connaught</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Cavendish,_9th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire">Devonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Byng,_1st_Viscount_Byng_of_Vimy" title="Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy">Byng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Freeman-Thomas,_1st_Marquess_of_Willingdon" title="Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon">Willingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vere_Ponsonby,_9th_Earl_of_Bessborough" title="Vere Ponsonby, 9th Earl of Bessborough">Bessborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Buchan" title="John Buchan">Tweedsmuir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cambridge,_1st_Earl_of_Athlone" title="Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone">Athlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Massey" title="Vincent Massey">Massey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vanier" title="Georges Vanier">Vanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Michener" title="Roland Michener">Michener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_L%C3%A9ger" title="Jules Léger">Léger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schreyer" title="Edward Schreyer">Schreyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Sauv%C3%A9" title="Jeanne Sauvé">Sauvé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Hnatyshyn" title="Ray Hnatyshyn">Hnatyshyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_LeBlanc" title="Roméo LeBlanc">LeBlanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Clarkson" title="Adrienne Clarkson">Clarkson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean" title="Michaëlle Jean">Jean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Johnston_(governor_general)" title="David Johnston (governor general)">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Payette" title="Julie Payette">Payette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Simon" title="Mary Simon">Simon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchy_in_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_monarchy" title="Template:Canadian monarchy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_monarchy" title="Template talk:Canadian monarchy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_monarchy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian monarchy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchy_in_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarchy in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">The Crown</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Canadian_provinces" title="Monarchy in the Canadian provinces">Monarchy in the Canadian provinces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_British_Columbia" title="Monarchy in British Columbia">BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Alberta" title="Monarchy in Alberta">AB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Saskatchewan" title="Monarchy in Saskatchewan">SK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Manitoba" title="Monarchy in Manitoba">MB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Ontario" title="Monarchy in Ontario">ON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Quebec" title="Monarchy in Quebec">QC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_New_Brunswick" title="Monarchy in New Brunswick">NB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Nova_Scotia" title="Monarchy in Nova Scotia">NS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Monarchy in Prince Edward Island">PE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Monarchy in Newfoundland and Labrador">NL</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_monarchs" title="List of Canadian monarchs">Monarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Governor General of Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_general_of_Canada" title="List of governors general of Canada">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor (Canada)">Lieutenant governors in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of British Columbia">BC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_British_Columbia" title="List of lieutenant governors of British Columbia">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Alberta">AB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Alberta" title="List of lieutenant governors of Alberta">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Saskatchewan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Saskatchewan">SK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Saskatchewan" title="List of lieutenant governors of Saskatchewan">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Manitoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Manitoba">MB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Manitoba" title="List of lieutenant governors of Manitoba">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Ontario">ON</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Ontario" title="List of lieutenant governors of Ontario">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Quebec">QC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Quebec" title="List of lieutenant governors of Quebec">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of New Brunswick">NB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_New_Brunswick" title="List of lieutenant governors of New Brunswick">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia">NS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Nova_Scotia" title="List of lieutenant governors of Nova Scotia">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island">PE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="List of lieutenant governors of Prince Edward Island">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador">NL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lieutenant governors of Newfoundland and Labrador">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner#Canadian_territories" title="Commissioner">Territorial Commissioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Vice-Regal_Appointments" title="Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments">Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitutional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King-in-Council" title="King-in-Council">King-in-Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King-in-Parliament" title="King-in-Parliament">King-in-Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">King-on-the-Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_(law)" title="Peace (law)">King's peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Crown_and_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadian Crown and the Canadian Armed Forces">The Canadian Crown and the Canadian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Crown_and_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada">The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_copyright#Canada" title="Crown copyright">Crown copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_corporations_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown corporations of Canada">Crown corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Consent" title="King's Consent">King's Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Printer" title="King's Printer">King's Printer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_charter#Canada" title="Royal charter">Royal charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_royal_commissions" title="List of Canadian royal commissions">Royal commissions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ceremonial and symbolic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapels_Royal#Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapels Royal">Chapels Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Collection" title="Crown Collection">Crown Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_tours_of_Canada" title="Royal tours of Canada">Royal tours</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_royal_tours_of_Canada_(18th%E2%80%9320th_centuries)" title="List of royal tours of Canada (18th–20th centuries)">1786–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_royal_tours_of_Canada_(21st_century)" title="List of royal tours of Canada (21st century)">2000–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_address_by_the_British_monarch" title="Special address by the British monarch">Special address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Canadian_sovereign" class="mw-redirect" title="Style of the Canadian sovereign">Title and style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrones_of_Canada" title="Thrones of Canada">Thrones of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Coronation_Contingent" title="Canadian Coronation Contingent">Canadian Coronation Contingent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Secretary_to_the_King" title="Canadian Secretary to the King">Canadian Secretary to the King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">History of monarchy in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debate_on_the_monarchy_in_Canada" title="Debate on the monarchy in Canada">Debate on the monarchy in Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heraldry_in_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heraldry_in_Canada" title="Template:Heraldry in Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heraldry_in_Canada" title="Template talk:Heraldry in Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heraldry_in_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heraldry in Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heraldry_in_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heraldry" title="Canadian heraldry">Heraldry in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms of Canada">Arms of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Flag of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Standards_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Standards of Canada">Royal Standards of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provincial and territorial arms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Alberta" title="Coat of arms of Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_British_Columbia" title="Coat of arms of British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Manitoba" title="Coat of arms of Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Brunswick" title="Coat of arms of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Coat of arms of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="Coat of arms of the Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Coat of arms of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Nunavut" title="Coat of arms of Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ontario" title="Coat of arms of Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Coat of arms of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Quebec" title="Coat of arms of Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Saskatchewan" title="Coat of arms of Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Yukon" title="Coat of arms of Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Municipal arms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Calgary" title="Coat of arms of Calgary">Calgary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Edmonton" title="Coat of arms of Edmonton">Edmonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Montreal" title="Coat of arms of Montreal">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ottawa" title="Coat of arms of Ottawa">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Quebec_City" title="Coat of arms of Quebec City">Quebec City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Toronto" title="Coat of arms of Toronto">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Vancouver" title="Coat of arms of Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Coat of arms of Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Winnipeg" title="Coat of arms of Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Municipal_coats_of_arms_in_Canada" title="Category:Municipal coats of arms in Canada">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Canadian_universities" title="Armorial of Canadian universities">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Heraldic_Authority" title="Canadian Heraldic Authority">Canadian Heraldic Authority</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Governor General</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the Governor General of Canada">Flag</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herald_Chancellor_of_Canada" title="Herald Chancellor of Canada">Herald Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Herald_of_Canada" title="Chief Herald of Canada">Chief Herald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chief_Herald_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Chief Herald of Canada">Deputy Chief Herald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herald" title="Herald">Heralds in ordinary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Officer_of_arms" title="Officer of arms">extraordinary and emeritus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Assiniboine Herald">Assiniboine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athabaska_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Athabaska Herald">Athabaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppermine_Herald" title="Coppermine Herald">Coppermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Herald" title="Fraser Herald">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miramichi_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Miramichi Herald">Miramichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguenay_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguenay Herald">Saguenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Laurent_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Laurent Herald">Saint-Laurent</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albion_Herald_Extraordinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Albion Herald Extraordinary">Albion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capilano_Herald_Extraordinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Capilano Herald Extraordinary">Capilano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowichan_Herald_Extraordinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowichan Herald Extraordinary">Cowichan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauphin_Herald_Extraordinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Dauphin Herald Extraordinary">Dauphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Herald_Extraordinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Niagara Herald Extraordinary">Niagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouge_Herald_Extraordinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouge Herald Extraordinary">Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outaouais_Herald_Emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Outaouais Herald Emeritus">Outaouais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Register_of_Arms,_Flags_and_Badges_of_Canada" title="Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada">Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom">Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Heraldry_Society_of_Canada" title="Royal Heraldry Society of Canada">Royal Heraldry Society of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canada_topics" title="Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canada_topics" title="Template talk:Canada topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canada_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">Year list</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_history" title="Timeline of Canadian history">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the indigenous peoples of Canada">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France (1534–1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1763%E2%80%931867)" title="History of Canada (1763–1867)">British Canada (1763–1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Post-Confederation (1867–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_world_wars_and_interwar_period" title="Canada in the world wars and interwar period">World wars and interwar period (1914–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" title="History of Canada (1945–1960)">1945–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="History of Canada (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Canada (1982–present)">since 1982</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#History_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy" title="History of Canadian foreign policy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">Monarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">Persons of significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces and territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada" title="Geography of Canada">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a> (west to east)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#Geography_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Canada" title="List of cities in Canada">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Canada" title="List of earthquakes in Canada">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Canada" title="List of islands of Canada">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_Canada" title="Mountain peaks of Canada">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Canada" title="National parks of Canada">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Canada" title="List of rivers of Canada">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Canada" title="Wildlife of Canada">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Canada" title="Volcanism of Canada">Volcanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarch</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Governor General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government in Canada">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Politics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Canada" title="LGBTQ rights in Canada">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Canada" title="Firearms regulation in Canada">Firearms regulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Canada" title="Agriculture in Canada">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada" title="Dairy farming in Canada">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Floriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Canada" title="Banking in Canada">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Canada" title="List of companies of Canada">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Canada" title="Energy policy of Canada">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Canada" title="Fishing industry in Canada">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Canada" title="Oil reserves in Canada">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="Petroleum industry in Canada">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada" title="Taxation in Canada">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Canada" title="Tourism in Canada">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Canada" title="Transportation in Canada">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Canada" title="Science and technology in Canada">Science and tech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Ethnicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">Metropolitan areas and agglomerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the largest population centres in Canada">Population centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada" title="Higher education in Canada">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">Euthanasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Canada" title="Crime in Canada">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Canada" title="Corruption in Canada">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Canada" title="Terrorism in Canada">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Canada" title="Homelessness in Canada">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canada" title="Social programs in Canada">Social programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Values</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Canada" title="Architecture of Canada">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_art" title="Canadian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_folklore" title="Canadian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Canada" title="Public holidays in Canada">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_inventions,_innovations,_and_discoveries" title="List of Canadian inventions, innovations, and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Canadians" title="Lists of Canadians">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Canada" title="Theatre of Canada">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Symbols" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada" title="Coat of arms of Canada">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Provincial and territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heraldry" title="Canadian heraldry">Heraldic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_tartans_of_Canada" title="Regional tartans of Canada">Tartans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Canada-related_articles" title="Index of Canada-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canada-related_topics_by_provinces_and_territories" title="List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories">Topics by provinces and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada" title="Bibliography of Canada">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_historians" title="List of Canadian historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_studies" title="Canadian studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Canada" title="International rankings of Canada">Indices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Canada" title="Category:Canada">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Representatives_of_the_monarch_in_Commonwealth_realms_and_dominions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Representatives_of_the_monarch_in_Commonwealth_realms_and_Dominions" title="Template:Representatives of the monarch in Commonwealth realms and Dominions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Representatives_of_the_monarch_in_Commonwealth_realms_and_Dominions" title="Template talk:Representatives of the monarch in Commonwealth realms and Dominions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Representatives_of_the_monarch_in_Commonwealth_realms_and_Dominions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Representatives of the monarch in Commonwealth realms and Dominions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Representatives_of_the_monarch_in_Commonwealth_realms_and_dominions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_viceregal_representatives_of_the_Crown" title="List of current viceregal representatives of the Crown">Representatives of the monarch in Commonwealth realms and dominions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counsellor_of_State" title="Counsellor of State">Counsellors of State</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-general#Modern_Commonwealth" title="Governor-general">Governors-general</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Bahamas" title="Governor-General of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Belize" title="Governor-General of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Grenada" title="Governor-General of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Jamaica" title="Governor-General of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Governor-General of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Governor-General of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Governor-General of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Tuvalu" title="Governor-General of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sub-national</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Governors_of_the_Australian_states" title="Governors of the Australian states">Australian state governors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales" title="Governor of New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Queensland" title="Governor of Queensland">Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Australia" title="Governor of South Australia">South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tasmania" title="Governor of Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Victoria" title="Governor of Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Western_Australia" title="Governor of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor (Canada)">Canadian lieutenant governors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Alberta" title="Lieutenant Governor of Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_British_Columbia" title="Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia"> British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Manitoba" title="Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_New_Brunswick" title="Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Ontario" title="Lieutenant Governor of Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Quebec" title="Lieutenant Governor of Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Saskatchewan" title="Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Representative" title="King's Representative">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Guernsey" title="Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Jersey" title="Lieutenant Governor of Jersey">Jersey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Anguilla" title="Governor of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Bermuda" title="Governor of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_the_British_Antarctic_Territory" title="Commissioner for the British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="Commissioner for the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Governor of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Governor of the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Gibraltar" title="Governor of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Montserrat" title="Governor of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Pitcairn" title="Governor of Pitcairn">Pitcairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Saint_Helena" title="Governor of Saint Helena">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Commissioner for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other viceregal representatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Lord-lieutenant" title="Lord-lieutenant">United Kingdom lieutenancy areas</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Barbados" title="Governor-General of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Ceylon" title="Governor-General of Ceylon">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Fiji" title="Governor-General of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Gambia#Governor-General" title="List of heads of state of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Ghana#Governor-General" title="List of heads of state of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Guyana#Governor-General" title="List of heads of state of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Governor-General of the Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Kenya#Governor-General" title="List of heads of state of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Malawi#Governor-General" title="List of heads of state of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Malta" title="Governor-General of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Mauritius" title="Governor-General of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Nigeria#Governor-General" title="List of heads of state of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Sierra_Leone#Governor-General" title="List of heads of state of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_South_Africa" title="Governor-General of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Tanzania#Governor-General" title="List of heads of state of Tanzania">Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Governor-General" title="List of heads of state of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Uganda#Governor-general" title="List of heads of state of Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q390776#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q390776#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q390776#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000106648076">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/137907457">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/126336430">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/512718/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5178463-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50048759">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11862268k">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11862268k">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007444157105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/080834396">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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