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Agriculture originated only 10,000 years ago and has been practiced by the majority of the world's population for just two or three millennia, a relatively brief period of time for selection to act. Anatomically modern humans evolved some 150,000-200,000 years ago. This means that natural selection on age profiles of physical function, morbidity and mortality hazards occurred largely in the context of a foraging lifestyle. Yet, very little is known about the aging process among hunting and gathering peoples.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"42696049"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"The Human Life Course and the Biodemography of Aging","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [37905717]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div 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class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">The Human Life Course and the Biodemography of Aging</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37905717" href="https://ucsb.academia.edu/MichaelGurven"><img alt="Profile image of Michael Gurven" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/37905717/11577487/12911476/s65_michael.gurven.jpg" />Michael Gurven</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":42696049,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/21988410/The_Human_Life_Course_and_the_Biodemography_of_Aging"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/20559560/The_biodemography_of_life_span_resources_allocation_and_metabolism">The biodemography of life span: resources, allocation and metabolism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="41645416" href="https://berkeley.academia.edu/LloydGoldwasser">Lloyd Goldwasser</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2001</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The biodemography of life span: resources, allocation and metabolism","attachmentId":41946498,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/20559560/The_biodemography_of_life_span_resources_allocation_and_metabolism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" 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href="https://independent.academia.edu/OmerMoav">Omer Moav</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The neolithic origins of contemporary variations in life expectancy","attachmentId":43574055,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/15110428/The_neolithic_origins_of_contemporary_variations_in_life_expectancy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/15110428/The_neolithic_origins_of_contemporary_variations_in_life_expectancy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span 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Directions in Aging Research","attachmentId":54475242,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34609627/BIOLOGICAL_ANTHROPOLOGY_AND_HUMAN_AGING_Some_Current_Directions_in_Aging_Research","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34609627/BIOLOGICAL_ANTHROPOLOGY_AND_HUMAN_AGING_Some_Current_Directions_in_Aging_Research"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="87668294" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/87668294/Ageing_and_physical_function_in_East_African_foragers_and_pastoralists">Ageing and physical function in East African foragers and pastoralists</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16613507" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AudaxMabulla">Audax Mabulla</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Human lifespans are exceptionally long compared with those of other primates. A key element in exploring the evolution of human longevity is understanding how modern humans grow older. Our current understanding of common age-related changes in human health and function stems mostly from studies in industrialized societies, where older adulthood is often associated with an increased incidence of chronic diseases. However, individuals who engage in different lifestyles across industrialized and non-industrialized contexts may display variance in age-related changes in health and function. Here, we explore aspects of physical function in a non-industrialized context using three objective measures of physical function. We assessed physical activity levels, walking endurance and muscle strength in two East African populations: Hadza hunter–gatherers in Tanzania and Pokot pastoralists in Kenya. Both Hadza and Pokot participants displayed significant age-related differences in most, but no...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ageing and physical function in East African foragers and pastoralists","attachmentId":91815534,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/87668294/Ageing_and_physical_function_in_East_African_foragers_and_pastoralists","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/87668294/Ageing_and_physical_function_in_East_African_foragers_and_pastoralists"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="23224517" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23224517/Parameters_of_mortality_in_human_populations_with_widely_varying_life_spans">Parameters of mortality in human populations with widely varying life spans</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="44928466" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SilerW">W. Siler</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Statistics in Medicine, 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Parameters of mortality in human populations with widely varying life spans","attachmentId":43711948,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23224517/Parameters_of_mortality_in_human_populations_with_widely_varying_life_spans","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23224517/Parameters_of_mortality_in_human_populations_with_widely_varying_life_spans"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="34609155" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34609155/Evolutionary_Biosocial_and_Cross_Cultural_Perspectives_on_the_Variability_in_Human_Biological_Aging">Evolutionary, Biosocial, and Cross-Cultural Perspectives on the Variability in Human Biological Aging</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="125574" href="https://osu.academia.edu/CrewsDouglasE">Crews Douglas E.</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Because of our traditional emphasis on evolutionary processes and the causes of variability, human biologists have contributed to the understanding of variability in human biological aging. The shared interests of human biologists and gerontologists are evident in the observation that human aging is characterized by increased phenotypic variation in later stages of life and by reduced adaptive capacity. The papers in this issue illustrate the unique blend of evolutionary, biosocial, and cross-cultural perspectives used by human biologists to study the variation in biological aging. The papers present examples of common methodological paradigms such as theoreticaVmathematica1 models, epidemiological studies, natural experiments, and studies of isolated foci of diseases. The principles of human adaptability and the premises of the life-course perspective may provide the foundation for a conceptual framework that integrates the study of biological, behavioral, and social aspects of human aging. Human biologists can play an important role in refining the theoretical and methodological tools that will be needed to understand the variability in human aging in populations throughout the world.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evolutionary, Biosocial, and Cross-Cultural Perspectives on the Variability in Human Biological Aging","attachmentId":54474796,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34609155/Evolutionary_Biosocial_and_Cross_Cultural_Perspectives_on_the_Variability_in_Human_Biological_Aging","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34609155/Evolutionary_Biosocial_and_Cross_Cultural_Perspectives_on_the_Variability_in_Human_Biological_Aging"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="28094299" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28094299/Childhood_adolescence_and_longevity_A_multilevel_model_of_the_evolution_of_reserve_capacity_in_human_life_history">Childhood, adolescence, and longevity: A multilevel model of the evolution of reserve capacity in human life history</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="17451466" href="https://lboro.academia.edu/BarryBogin">Barry Bogin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Journal of Human Biology, 2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Childhood, adolescence, and longevity: A multilevel model of the evolution of reserve capacity in human life history","attachmentId":48409646,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28094299/Childhood_adolescence_and_longevity_A_multilevel_model_of_the_evolution_of_reserve_capacity_in_human_life_history","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28094299/Childhood_adolescence_and_longevity_A_multilevel_model_of_the_evolution_of_reserve_capacity_in_human_life_history"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="7982605" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7982605/Evidence_for_aging_theories_from_the_study_of_a_hunter_gatherer_people_Ache_of_Paraguay_">Evidence for aging theories from the study of a hunter-gatherer people (Ache of Paraguay)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8621313" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GiacintoLibertini">Giacinto Libertini</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Biochemistry (Moscow), 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In late seventies, a small tribal population of Paraguay, the Ache, living under natural conditions, was studied. Data from this population turn out useful for considerations about evolutionary hypotheses on aging phenomenon: 1) Ache show an age-related increasing mortality, which limits strongly the mean duration of life, as observed in other studies on mammal and bird species. 2) According to current theories on aging, in the wild very few or no individual reach old age and, so, aging cannot be directly influenced by natural selection. However, data from our population show that a significant proportion of the population reaches in the wild 60 and 70 years of age. 3) Data from Ache are also in agreement with the observation about an inverse correlation between extrinsic mortality and the deaths due to the age-related increasing mortality. 4) For many gerontologists, the age-related decline of vital functions is a consequence of the gradual decline of cell turnover, genetically determined and regulated by the declining duplication capacities of stem cells. The current interpretation is that these restrictions are a general defense against the proliferation of any tumoral mass. However, among wild Ache cancer is virtually unknown in non-elderly subjects, and only among older individuals there are deaths attributable to oncological diseases. Moreover, fitness decline begins long before oncological diseases have fatal effects in significant numbers. This completely disproves current hypothesis, because a supposed defense against a deadly disease cannot exterminate a population before the disease begins to kill. 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