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Views</span></p><p class="data"><span class="js-profile-view-count"></span></p></div></span></div><div class="ri-section"><div class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28373658" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Behavioral_Ecology"><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://independent.academia.edu/HillardKaplan","location":"/HillardKaplan","scheme":"https","host":"independent.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/HillardKaplan","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Human Behavioral Ecology"]}" data-trace="false" 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data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Social Norms"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-30407857-3e17-4aff-8f5b-2585be0d00a2"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-30407857-3e17-4aff-8f5b-2585be0d00a2"></div> </a></div></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Hillard Kaplan</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="16877852"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/16877852/Natural_sleep_and_its_seasonal_variants_in_three_pre_industrial_societies"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Natural sleep and its seasonal variants in three pre-industrial societies" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39233258/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/16877852/Natural_sleep_and_its_seasonal_variants_in_three_pre_industrial_societies">Natural sleep and its seasonal variants in three pre-industrial societies</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucla.academia.edu/GandhiYetish">Gandhi Yetish</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HillardKaplan">Hillard Kaplan</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CharlesWilson26">Charles Wilson</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ronaldmcgregor">ronald mcgregor</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">How did humans sleep before the modern era? Because the tools to measure sleep under natural cond...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">How did humans sleep before the modern era?<br />Because the tools to measure sleep under natural<br />conditions were developed long after the invention<br />of the electric devices suspected of delaying and<br />reducing sleep, we investigated sleep in three preindustrial<br />societies [1–3]. We find that all three show<br />similar sleep organization, suggesting that they<br />express core human sleep patterns, most likely characteristic<br />of pre-modern era Homo sapiens. Sleep<br />periods, the times from onset to offset, averaged<br />6.9–8.5 hr, with sleep durations of 5.7–7.1 hr,<br />amounts near the low end of those industrial societies<br />[4–7]. There was a difference of nearly 1 hr between<br />summer and winter sleep. Daily variation in<br />sleep duration was strongly linked to time of onset,<br />rather than offset. None of these groups began sleep<br />near sunset, onset occurring, on average, 3.3 hr after<br />sunset. Awakening was usually before sunrise. The<br />sleep period consistently occurred during the nighttime<br />period of falling environmental temperature,<br />was not interrupted by extended periods of waking,<br />and terminated, with vasoconstriction, near the nadir<br />of daily ambient temperature. The daily cycle of temperature<br />change, largely eliminated from modern<br />sleep environments, may be a potent natural regulator<br />of sleep. Light exposure was maximal in the<br />morning and greatly decreased at noon, indicating<br />that all three groups seek shade at midday and that<br />light activation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus<br />is maximal in the morning. Napping occurred<br />on <7% of days in winter and <22% of days in summer.<br />Mimicking aspects of the natural environment<br />might be effective in treating certain modern sleep<br />disorders.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="172087ef34aa835b61767a681e1f164f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":39233258,"asset_id":16877852,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39233258/download_file?st=MTczMjgyNTUwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="16877852"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="16877852"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 16877852; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=16877852]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=16877852]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 16877852; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='16877852']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 16877852, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "172087ef34aa835b61767a681e1f164f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=16877852]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":16877852,"title":"Natural sleep and its seasonal variants in three pre-industrial societies","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"How did humans sleep before the modern era?\nBecause the tools to measure sleep under natural\nconditions were developed long after the invention\nof the electric devices suspected of delaying and\nreducing sleep, we investigated sleep in three preindustrial\nsocieties [1–3]. We find that all three show\nsimilar sleep organization, suggesting that they\nexpress core human sleep patterns, most likely characteristic\nof pre-modern era Homo sapiens. Sleep\nperiods, the times from onset to offset, averaged\n6.9–8.5 hr, with sleep durations of 5.7–7.1 hr,\namounts near the low end of those industrial societies\n[4–7]. There was a difference of nearly 1 hr between\nsummer and winter sleep. Daily variation in\nsleep duration was strongly linked to time of onset,\nrather than offset. None of these groups began sleep\nnear sunset, onset occurring, on average, 3.3 hr after\nsunset. Awakening was usually before sunrise. The\nsleep period consistently occurred during the nighttime\nperiod of falling environmental temperature,\nwas not interrupted by extended periods of waking,\nand terminated, with vasoconstriction, near the nadir\nof daily ambient temperature. The daily cycle of temperature\nchange, largely eliminated from modern\nsleep environments, may be a potent natural regulator\nof sleep. Light exposure was maximal in the\nmorning and greatly decreased at noon, indicating\nthat all three groups seek shade at midday and that\nlight activation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus\nis maximal in the morning. Napping occurred\non \u003c7% of days in winter and \u003c22% of days in summer.\nMimicking aspects of the natural environment\nmight be effective in treating certain modern sleep\ndisorders."},"translated_abstract":"How did humans sleep before the modern era?\nBecause the tools to measure sleep under natural\nconditions were developed long after the invention\nof the electric devices suspected of delaying and\nreducing sleep, we investigated sleep in three preindustrial\nsocieties [1–3]. We find that all three show\nsimilar sleep organization, suggesting that they\nexpress core human sleep patterns, most likely characteristic\nof pre-modern era Homo sapiens. Sleep\nperiods, the times from onset to offset, averaged\n6.9–8.5 hr, with sleep durations of 5.7–7.1 hr,\namounts near the low end of those industrial societies\n[4–7]. There was a difference of nearly 1 hr between\nsummer and winter sleep. Daily variation in\nsleep duration was strongly linked to time of onset,\nrather than offset. None of these groups began sleep\nnear sunset, onset occurring, on average, 3.3 hr after\nsunset. Awakening was usually before sunrise. The\nsleep period consistently occurred during the nighttime\nperiod of falling environmental temperature,\nwas not interrupted by extended periods of waking,\nand terminated, with vasoconstriction, near the nadir\nof daily ambient temperature. The daily cycle of temperature\nchange, largely eliminated from modern\nsleep environments, may be a potent natural regulator\nof sleep. Light exposure was maximal in the\nmorning and greatly decreased at noon, indicating\nthat all three groups seek shade at midday and that\nlight activation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus\nis maximal in the morning. Napping occurred\non \u003c7% of days in winter and \u003c22% of days in summer.\nMimicking aspects of the natural environment\nmight be effective in treating certain modern sleep\ndisorders.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16877852/Natural_sleep_and_its_seasonal_variants_in_three_pre_industrial_societies","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-10-16T07:49:40.632-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5641726,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":7367113,"work_id":16877852,"tagging_user_id":5641726,"tagged_user_id":40839284,"co_author_invite_id":1469068,"email":"j***l@ucla.edu","display_order":0,"name":"Jerome Siegel","title":"Natural sleep and its seasonal variants in three pre-industrial societies"},{"id":7367114,"work_id":16877852,"tagging_user_id":5641726,"tagged_user_id":28373658,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"h***n@gmail.com","display_order":4194304,"name":"Hillard 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skill-intensive techniques of resource accrual. The regulation of fertility under traditional conditions is based upon a co-evolved psychology and physiology where adjustments of investment in offspring depend upon the returns to skill and mortality hazards. When all wealth is somatic, the hormonal system controlling ovulation and implantation translates income into genetic descendants. In modern society the existence of extra-somatic wealth is a critical condition to which our evolved proximate physiological mechanisms do not respond. However, psychological mechanisms regulating parental investment in offspring quality may lead to greater and greater investment in own and offspring education, a smaller desired family size, a delay in the onset of reproduction, and a reduction in the total numbers of offspring produced. This delay in reproduction can cause many individuals to produce fewer children than desired because fecundity falls during the reproductive part of the life course. As more individuals in a society follow this pattern, more will fail to reach their desired family size. At the same time the effective use of birth control decreases the numbers of families producing more children than desired. Below replacement fertility can result. Predictions from this model were tested using data from the National Survey of Families and Households and the Albuquerque Men study. 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In pursuit of these two questions, we study the stationary and dynamical signals of reciprocity in a network of manioc beer (Spanish: chicha; Tsimane': shocdye') drinking events in a Tsimane' village in lowland Bolivia. At the stationary level, our analysis reveals that social exchange within the community is heterogeneously patterned according to kinship and spatial proximity. A positive relationship between the frequencies at which two families host each other, controlling for kinship and proximity, provides evidence for stationary reciprocity. Our analysis of the dynamical structure of this network presents a novel method for the study of conditional, or non-stationary, reciprocity effects. We find evidence that short-timescale reciprocity (within three days) is present among non-and distant-kin pairs; conversely, we find that levels of cooperation among close kin can be accounted for on the stationary hypothesis alone. Entropy 2013, 15 4933","publication_date":{"day":13,"month":1,"year":2013,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":46603788},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11619898/Dynamical_Structure_of_a_Traditional_Amazonian_Social_Network","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-03-23T16:47:19.551-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":28373658,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46603788,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46603788/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Dynamical_Structure_of_a_Traditional_Ama20160618-20323-vwi2w3.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46603788/download_file?st=MTczMjgyNTUwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Dynamical_Structure_of_a_Traditional_Ama.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/46603788/Dynamical_Structure_of_a_Traditional_Ama20160618-20323-vwi2w3-libre.pdf?1466290079=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDynamical_Structure_of_a_Traditional_Ama.pdf\u0026Expires=1732829103\u0026Signature=LEGLn5hqeC1jVi1xLssjcWJsc3ESNarHr8GZcQVLaz7E-h524gIdH7oygs-AH4Vne~2xVkHluIbLpbgAnGq8b6to-uEarxUwM2JIgIcWIgNNJkHRnDexKwtlYwb3n8yeYai1LNx0G21WcfX0-BJZ692n3PafvOT5AVcsPvdwgsKJTsMUski1iAIE98lH7Dl4YmtXxiCi2VH9iUtkRad9bLOp-5KyEfr0s~ErdBuB-MCxRTFpdhybie2tz1RXSEyZMdzWobAh8RvhkwbGypvOlXh3kQ-fyEtXtbJVbz5lRfzjRzMMtfWrT2tsg-yMWlc7DlUatJVvSmvdjBsyjN297Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Dynamical_Structure_of_a_Traditional_Amazonian_Social_Network","translated_slug":"","page_count":24,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":28373658,"first_name":"Hillard","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kaplan","page_name":"HillardKaplan","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-03-23T16:38:20.316-07:00","display_name":"Hillard Kaplan","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HillardKaplan"},"attachments":[{"id":46603788,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46603788/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Dynamical_Structure_of_a_Traditional_Ama20160618-20323-vwi2w3.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46603788/download_file?st=MTczMjgyNTUwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Dynamical_Structure_of_a_Traditional_Ama.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/46603788/Dynamical_Structure_of_a_Traditional_Ama20160618-20323-vwi2w3-libre.pdf?1466290079=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDynamical_Structure_of_a_Traditional_Ama.pdf\u0026Expires=1732829103\u0026Signature=LEGLn5hqeC1jVi1xLssjcWJsc3ESNarHr8GZcQVLaz7E-h524gIdH7oygs-AH4Vne~2xVkHluIbLpbgAnGq8b6to-uEarxUwM2JIgIcWIgNNJkHRnDexKwtlYwb3n8yeYai1LNx0G21WcfX0-BJZ692n3PafvOT5AVcsPvdwgsKJTsMUski1iAIE98lH7Dl4YmtXxiCi2VH9iUtkRad9bLOp-5KyEfr0s~ErdBuB-MCxRTFpdhybie2tz1RXSEyZMdzWobAh8RvhkwbGypvOlXh3kQ-fyEtXtbJVbz5lRfzjRzMMtfWrT2tsg-yMWlc7DlUatJVvSmvdjBsyjN297Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics"},{"id":1233,"name":"Social Networks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Networks"},{"id":8014,"name":"Life Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_Sciences"},{"id":30485,"name":"Time series analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_series_analysis"},{"id":36265,"name":"Entropy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entropy"},{"id":43968,"name":"Cooperation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cooperation"},{"id":47503,"name":"Kinship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinship"},{"id":66744,"name":"Biomedical Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Research"},{"id":80414,"name":"Mathematical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Sciences"},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences"},{"id":194568,"name":"Social Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Systems"},{"id":344761,"name":"Reciprocity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reciprocity"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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We measured changes in salivary oxytocin, testosterone and cortisol among Tsimane' men returning home after hunting, an ancient context of male status competition, parental investment and cooperation. Contra normal diurnal rhythm, oxytocin increased relative to baseline and this increase was positively associated with duration of the hunt and change in testosterone, but not cortisol, social context, hunting outcome or physical activity. The concurrent increase in endogenous peripheral oxytocin and testosterone is unexpected given their opposing independent effects on social cognition and behaviour, and has not been observed before. We discuss the potential significance of these effects for the biology of pair-bonding, parenting and social foraging in humans and other species.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2015,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Biology letters","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":46603784},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11619897/Salivary_oxytocin_increases_concurrently_with_testosterone_and_time_away_from_home_among_returning_Tsimane_hunters","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-03-23T16:47:18.889-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":28373658,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46603784,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46603784/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Salivary_oxytocin_increases_concurrently20160618-21772-1jfdvcv.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46603784/download_file?st=MTczMjgyNTUwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Salivary_oxytocin_increases_concurrently.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/46603784/Salivary_oxytocin_increases_concurrently20160618-21772-1jfdvcv-libre.pdf?1466290078=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSalivary_oxytocin_increases_concurrently.pdf\u0026Expires=1732829103\u0026Signature=CUX-gMJedxSXdA6WKhyS4h6xvOXN7X5lYeT7VBALd8mf6ZNDdKjVNcox-4kcHdNNKFQN~xMK-rxw-2cz2CS6IF1usIQrvlWygVxY-AoIcNIB3thZXOwCM8N3xyxn7PxDZgaCzult7Ayv8fpWzxkv4un5jtZjhQQ9M76ALj6-DM6~nJ4vYa7Mzf4k9-lAHIjrs3aAFvWzqTSROzcMBpQ4cnwrQE3JBocLdl1YY-TXngZveXQaFS9kmuOJwK6k0cbHblanLMNUOHyE8a0krwqIoTB5YfRtqBsqncoebLRe6zZDoVJ2YMcVUhPY32A0UzPpLA9bPV0R82Ys0J0WqdlRiw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Salivary_oxytocin_increases_concurrently_with_testosterone_and_time_away_from_home_among_returning_Tsimane_hunters","translated_slug":"","page_count":4,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":28373658,"first_name":"Hillard","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kaplan","page_name":"HillardKaplan","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-03-23T16:38:20.316-07:00","display_name":"Hillard Kaplan","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HillardKaplan"},"attachments":[{"id":46603784,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46603784/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Salivary_oxytocin_increases_concurrently20160618-21772-1jfdvcv.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46603784/download_file?st=MTczMjgyNTUwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Salivary_oxytocin_increases_concurrently.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/46603784/Salivary_oxytocin_increases_concurrently20160618-21772-1jfdvcv-libre.pdf?1466290078=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSalivary_oxytocin_increases_concurrently.pdf\u0026Expires=1732829103\u0026Signature=CUX-gMJedxSXdA6WKhyS4h6xvOXN7X5lYeT7VBALd8mf6ZNDdKjVNcox-4kcHdNNKFQN~xMK-rxw-2cz2CS6IF1usIQrvlWygVxY-AoIcNIB3thZXOwCM8N3xyxn7PxDZgaCzult7Ayv8fpWzxkv4un5jtZjhQQ9M76ALj6-DM6~nJ4vYa7Mzf4k9-lAHIjrs3aAFvWzqTSROzcMBpQ4cnwrQE3JBocLdl1YY-TXngZveXQaFS9kmuOJwK6k0cbHblanLMNUOHyE8a0krwqIoTB5YfRtqBsqncoebLRe6zZDoVJ2YMcVUhPY32A0UzPpLA9bPV0R82Ys0J0WqdlRiw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":11552,"name":"Bolivia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bolivia"},{"id":43968,"name":"Cooperation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cooperation"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences"},{"id":53331,"name":"Social behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_behavior"},{"id":53735,"name":"Oxytocin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxytocin"},{"id":69056,"name":"Testosterone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Testosterone"},{"id":174464,"name":"Social Environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Environment"},{"id":219123,"name":"Ethnic Groups","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Groups"},{"id":344106,"name":"Saliva","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Saliva"},{"id":413195,"name":"Time Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Factors"},{"id":543056,"name":"Pair Bonding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pair_Bonding"},{"id":628583,"name":"Social Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Behavior-1"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="11619896"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/11619896/Infant_development_among_the_Ache_of_eastern_Paraguay"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Infant development among the Ache of eastern Paraguay" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/11619896/Infant_development_among_the_Ache_of_eastern_Paraguay">Infant development among the Ache of eastern Paraguay</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Developmental Psychology</span><span>, 1987</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This study reports the results of research into infant development among the Ache of eastern Para...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This study reports the results of research into infant development among the Ache of eastern Paraguay. The Ache were full time hunter-gatherers until the mid-1970s and now practice a mixed economy of settled agriculture and mobile foraging in the forest. Data on infant development and infant care in foraging societies are critical to an understanding of the factors that have shaped the evolution of human infancy and parental care strategies. The Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST) was administered to 32 children between the ages of 2 months and 4 years. We found that, although Ache children did not differ from American children on the personal-social sector of the test, they showed significant delays in the acquisition of linguistic, fine-motor and gross-motor skills. This difference was most dramatic with respect to gross-motor development; Ache children are more than a year behind their American counterparts 3 years of age. We interpret these results in terms of traditional practices of infant care among the Ache and attempt to relate those practices to their subsistence ecology and to adult reproductive strategies. Specifically, we review the Ache data in light of speciational and cross-cultural variation in developmental rates and infant-care practices. Two factors are suggested that appear to explain this variation, the environmental distribution of economically relevant resources and the hazards to which young are exposed.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="11619896"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="11619896"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11619896; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11619896]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11619896]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11619896; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='11619896']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11619896, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=11619896]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":11619896,"title":"Infant development among the Ache of eastern Paraguay","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This study reports the results of research into infant development among the Ache of eastern Paraguay. The Ache were full time hunter-gatherers until the mid-1970s and now practice a mixed economy of settled agriculture and mobile foraging in the forest. Data on infant development and infant care in foraging societies are critical to an understanding of the factors that have shaped the evolution of human infancy and parental care strategies. The Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST) was administered to 32 children between the ages of 2 months and 4 years. We found that, although Ache children did not differ from American children on the personal-social sector of the test, they showed significant delays in the acquisition of linguistic, fine-motor and gross-motor skills. This difference was most dramatic with respect to gross-motor development; Ache children are more than a year behind their American counterparts 3 years of age. We interpret these results in terms of traditional practices of infant care among the Ache and attempt to relate those practices to their subsistence ecology and to adult reproductive strategies. Specifically, we review the Ache data in light of speciational and cross-cultural variation in developmental rates and infant-care practices. Two factors are suggested that appear to explain this variation, the environmental distribution of economically relevant resources and the hazards to which young are exposed.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1987,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Developmental Psychology"},"translated_abstract":"This study reports the results of research into infant development among the Ache of eastern Paraguay. The Ache were full time hunter-gatherers until the mid-1970s and now practice a mixed economy of settled agriculture and mobile foraging in the forest. Data on infant development and infant care in foraging societies are critical to an understanding of the factors that have shaped the evolution of human infancy and parental care strategies. The Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST) was administered to 32 children between the ages of 2 months and 4 years. We found that, although Ache children did not differ from American children on the personal-social sector of the test, they showed significant delays in the acquisition of linguistic, fine-motor and gross-motor skills. This difference was most dramatic with respect to gross-motor development; Ache children are more than a year behind their American counterparts 3 years of age. We interpret these results in terms of traditional practices of infant care among the Ache and attempt to relate those practices to their subsistence ecology and to adult reproductive strategies. Specifically, we review the Ache data in light of speciational and cross-cultural variation in developmental rates and infant-care practices. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="2777609" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="16877852"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/16877852/Natural_sleep_and_its_seasonal_variants_in_three_pre_industrial_societies"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Natural sleep and its seasonal variants in three pre-industrial societies" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39233258/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/16877852/Natural_sleep_and_its_seasonal_variants_in_three_pre_industrial_societies">Natural sleep and its seasonal variants in three pre-industrial societies</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucla.academia.edu/GandhiYetish">Gandhi Yetish</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HillardKaplan">Hillard Kaplan</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CharlesWilson26">Charles Wilson</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ronaldmcgregor">ronald mcgregor</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">How did humans sleep before the modern era? Because the tools to measure sleep under natural cond...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">How did humans sleep before the modern era?<br />Because the tools to measure sleep under natural<br />conditions were developed long after the invention<br />of the electric devices suspected of delaying and<br />reducing sleep, we investigated sleep in three preindustrial<br />societies [1–3]. We find that all three show<br />similar sleep organization, suggesting that they<br />express core human sleep patterns, most likely characteristic<br />of pre-modern era Homo sapiens. Sleep<br />periods, the times from onset to offset, averaged<br />6.9–8.5 hr, with sleep durations of 5.7–7.1 hr,<br />amounts near the low end of those industrial societies<br />[4–7]. There was a difference of nearly 1 hr between<br />summer and winter sleep. Daily variation in<br />sleep duration was strongly linked to time of onset,<br />rather than offset. None of these groups began sleep<br />near sunset, onset occurring, on average, 3.3 hr after<br />sunset. Awakening was usually before sunrise. The<br />sleep period consistently occurred during the nighttime<br />period of falling environmental temperature,<br />was not interrupted by extended periods of waking,<br />and terminated, with vasoconstriction, near the nadir<br />of daily ambient temperature. The daily cycle of temperature<br />change, largely eliminated from modern<br />sleep environments, may be a potent natural regulator<br />of sleep. Light exposure was maximal in the<br />morning and greatly decreased at noon, indicating<br />that all three groups seek shade at midday and that<br />light activation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus<br />is maximal in the morning. Napping occurred<br />on <7% of days in winter and <22% of days in summer.<br />Mimicking aspects of the natural environment<br />might be effective in treating certain modern sleep<br />disorders.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="172087ef34aa835b61767a681e1f164f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":39233258,"asset_id":16877852,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39233258/download_file?st=MTczMjgyNTUwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="16877852"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="16877852"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 16877852; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=16877852]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=16877852]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 16877852; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='16877852']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 16877852, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "172087ef34aa835b61767a681e1f164f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=16877852]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":16877852,"title":"Natural sleep and its seasonal variants in three pre-industrial societies","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"How did humans sleep before the modern era?\nBecause the tools to measure sleep under natural\nconditions were developed long after the invention\nof the electric devices suspected of delaying and\nreducing sleep, we investigated sleep in three preindustrial\nsocieties [1–3]. We find that all three show\nsimilar sleep organization, suggesting that they\nexpress core human sleep patterns, most likely characteristic\nof pre-modern era Homo sapiens. Sleep\nperiods, the times from onset to offset, averaged\n6.9–8.5 hr, with sleep durations of 5.7–7.1 hr,\namounts near the low end of those industrial societies\n[4–7]. There was a difference of nearly 1 hr between\nsummer and winter sleep. Daily variation in\nsleep duration was strongly linked to time of onset,\nrather than offset. None of these groups began sleep\nnear sunset, onset occurring, on average, 3.3 hr after\nsunset. Awakening was usually before sunrise. The\nsleep period consistently occurred during the nighttime\nperiod of falling environmental temperature,\nwas not interrupted by extended periods of waking,\nand terminated, with vasoconstriction, near the nadir\nof daily ambient temperature. The daily cycle of temperature\nchange, largely eliminated from modern\nsleep environments, may be a potent natural regulator\nof sleep. Light exposure was maximal in the\nmorning and greatly decreased at noon, indicating\nthat all three groups seek shade at midday and that\nlight activation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus\nis maximal in the morning. Napping occurred\non \u003c7% of days in winter and \u003c22% of days in summer.\nMimicking aspects of the natural environment\nmight be effective in treating certain modern sleep\ndisorders."},"translated_abstract":"How did humans sleep before the modern era?\nBecause the tools to measure sleep under natural\nconditions were developed long after the invention\nof the electric devices suspected of delaying and\nreducing sleep, we investigated sleep in three preindustrial\nsocieties [1–3]. We find that all three show\nsimilar sleep organization, suggesting that they\nexpress core human sleep patterns, most likely characteristic\nof pre-modern era Homo sapiens. Sleep\nperiods, the times from onset to offset, averaged\n6.9–8.5 hr, with sleep durations of 5.7–7.1 hr,\namounts near the low end of those industrial societies\n[4–7]. There was a difference of nearly 1 hr between\nsummer and winter sleep. Daily variation in\nsleep duration was strongly linked to time of onset,\nrather than offset. None of these groups began sleep\nnear sunset, onset occurring, on average, 3.3 hr after\nsunset. Awakening was usually before sunrise. The\nsleep period consistently occurred during the nighttime\nperiod of falling environmental temperature,\nwas not interrupted by extended periods of waking,\nand terminated, with vasoconstriction, near the nadir\nof daily ambient temperature. The daily cycle of temperature\nchange, largely eliminated from modern\nsleep environments, may be a potent natural regulator\nof sleep. Light exposure was maximal in the\nmorning and greatly decreased at noon, indicating\nthat all three groups seek shade at midday and that\nlight activation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus\nis maximal in the morning. Napping occurred\non \u003c7% of days in winter and \u003c22% of days in summer.\nMimicking aspects of the natural environment\nmight be effective in treating certain modern sleep\ndisorders.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16877852/Natural_sleep_and_its_seasonal_variants_in_three_pre_industrial_societies","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-10-16T07:49:40.632-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5641726,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":7367113,"work_id":16877852,"tagging_user_id":5641726,"tagged_user_id":40839284,"co_author_invite_id":1469068,"email":"j***l@ucla.edu","display_order":0,"name":"Jerome Siegel","title":"Natural sleep and its seasonal variants in three pre-industrial societies"},{"id":7367114,"work_id":16877852,"tagging_user_id":5641726,"tagged_user_id":28373658,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"h***n@gmail.com","display_order":4194304,"name":"Hillard 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alt="Research paper thumbnail of Evolutionary approach to below replacement fertility" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46603745/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/11619899/Evolutionary_approach_to_below_replacement_fertility">Evolutionary approach to below replacement fertility</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ddff8d48204cf09d47f7a459aa529473" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" 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reproduction are the co-evolutionary result of the human niche based on skill-intensive techniques of resource accrual. The regulation of fertility under traditional conditions is based upon a co-evolved psychology and physiology where adjustments of investment in offspring depend upon the returns to skill and mortality hazards. When all wealth is somatic, the hormonal system controlling ovulation and implantation translates income into genetic descendants. In modern society the existence of extra-somatic wealth is a critical condition to which our evolved proximate physiological mechanisms do not respond. However, psychological mechanisms regulating parental investment in offspring quality may lead to greater and greater investment in own and offspring education, a smaller desired family size, a delay in the onset of reproduction, and a reduction in the total numbers of offspring produced. This delay in reproduction can cause many individuals to produce fewer children than desired because fecundity falls during the reproductive part of the life course. As more individuals in a society follow this pattern, more will fail to reach their desired family size. At the same time the effective use of birth control decreases the numbers of families producing more children than desired. Below replacement fertility can result. Predictions from this model were tested using data from the National Survey of Families and Households and the Albuquerque Men study. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="11619898"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/11619898/Dynamical_Structure_of_a_Traditional_Amazonian_Social_Network"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Dynamical Structure of a Traditional Amazonian Social Network" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46603788/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/11619898/Dynamical_Structure_of_a_Traditional_Amazonian_Social_Network">Dynamical Structure of a Traditional Amazonian Social Network</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)</span><span>, Jan 13, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a3a009bdaa2e9a667a1a6ed645b65b5a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46603788,"asset_id":11619898,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46603788/download_file?st=MTczMjgyNTUwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgyNTUwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="11619898"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="11619898"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11619898; 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In pursuit of these two questions, we study the stationary and dynamical signals of reciprocity in a network of manioc beer (Spanish: chicha; Tsimane': shocdye') drinking events in a Tsimane' village in lowland Bolivia. At the stationary level, our analysis reveals that social exchange within the community is heterogeneously patterned according to kinship and spatial proximity. A positive relationship between the frequencies at which two families host each other, controlling for kinship and proximity, provides evidence for stationary reciprocity. Our analysis of the dynamical structure of this network presents a novel method for the study of conditional, or non-stationary, reciprocity effects. We find evidence that short-timescale reciprocity (within three days) is present among non-and distant-kin pairs; conversely, we find that levels of cooperation among close kin can be accounted for on the stationary hypothesis alone. Entropy 2013, 15 4933","publication_date":{"day":13,"month":1,"year":2013,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":46603788},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11619898/Dynamical_Structure_of_a_Traditional_Amazonian_Social_Network","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-03-23T16:47:19.551-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":28373658,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46603788,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46603788/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Dynamical_Structure_of_a_Traditional_Ama20160618-20323-vwi2w3.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46603788/download_file?st=MTczMjgyNTUwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgyNTUwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Dynamical_Structure_of_a_Traditional_Ama.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/46603788/Dynamical_Structure_of_a_Traditional_Ama20160618-20323-vwi2w3-libre.pdf?1466290079=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDynamical_Structure_of_a_Traditional_Ama.pdf\u0026Expires=1732829103\u0026Signature=LEGLn5hqeC1jVi1xLssjcWJsc3ESNarHr8GZcQVLaz7E-h524gIdH7oygs-AH4Vne~2xVkHluIbLpbgAnGq8b6to-uEarxUwM2JIgIcWIgNNJkHRnDexKwtlYwb3n8yeYai1LNx0G21WcfX0-BJZ692n3PafvOT5AVcsPvdwgsKJTsMUski1iAIE98lH7Dl4YmtXxiCi2VH9iUtkRad9bLOp-5KyEfr0s~ErdBuB-MCxRTFpdhybie2tz1RXSEyZMdzWobAh8RvhkwbGypvOlXh3kQ-fyEtXtbJVbz5lRfzjRzMMtfWrT2tsg-yMWlc7DlUatJVvSmvdjBsyjN297Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Dynamical_Structure_of_a_Traditional_Amazonian_Social_Network","translated_slug":"","page_count":24,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":28373658,"first_name":"Hillard","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kaplan","page_name":"HillardKaplan","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-03-23T16:38:20.316-07:00","display_name":"Hillard Kaplan","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HillardKaplan"},"attachments":[{"id":46603788,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46603788/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Dynamical_Structure_of_a_Traditional_Ama20160618-20323-vwi2w3.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46603788/download_file?st=MTczMjgyNTUwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgyNTUwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Dynamical_Structure_of_a_Traditional_Ama.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/46603788/Dynamical_Structure_of_a_Traditional_Ama20160618-20323-vwi2w3-libre.pdf?1466290079=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDynamical_Structure_of_a_Traditional_Ama.pdf\u0026Expires=1732829103\u0026Signature=LEGLn5hqeC1jVi1xLssjcWJsc3ESNarHr8GZcQVLaz7E-h524gIdH7oygs-AH4Vne~2xVkHluIbLpbgAnGq8b6to-uEarxUwM2JIgIcWIgNNJkHRnDexKwtlYwb3n8yeYai1LNx0G21WcfX0-BJZ692n3PafvOT5AVcsPvdwgsKJTsMUski1iAIE98lH7Dl4YmtXxiCi2VH9iUtkRad9bLOp-5KyEfr0s~ErdBuB-MCxRTFpdhybie2tz1RXSEyZMdzWobAh8RvhkwbGypvOlXh3kQ-fyEtXtbJVbz5lRfzjRzMMtfWrT2tsg-yMWlc7DlUatJVvSmvdjBsyjN297Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics"},{"id":1233,"name":"Social Networks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Networks"},{"id":8014,"name":"Life Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_Sciences"},{"id":30485,"name":"Time series analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_series_analysis"},{"id":36265,"name":"Entropy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entropy"},{"id":43968,"name":"Cooperation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cooperation"},{"id":47503,"name":"Kinship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinship"},{"id":66744,"name":"Biomedical Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Research"},{"id":80414,"name":"Mathematical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Sciences"},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences"},{"id":194568,"name":"Social Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Systems"},{"id":344761,"name":"Reciprocity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reciprocity"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="11619897"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/11619897/Salivary_oxytocin_increases_concurrently_with_testosterone_and_time_away_from_home_among_returning_Tsimane_hunters"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Salivary oxytocin increases concurrently with testosterone and time away from home among returning Tsimane' hunters" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46603784/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/11619897/Salivary_oxytocin_increases_concurrently_with_testosterone_and_time_away_from_home_among_returning_Tsimane_hunters">Salivary oxytocin increases concurrently with testosterone and time away from home among returning Tsimane' hunters</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Biology letters</span><span>, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ba7e5c84f5abb8534ff057121a3f2bcf" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46603784,"asset_id":11619897,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46603784/download_file?st=MTczMjgyNTUwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgyNTUwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="11619897"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="11619897"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11619897; 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We measured changes in salivary oxytocin, testosterone and cortisol among Tsimane' men returning home after hunting, an ancient context of male status competition, parental investment and cooperation. Contra normal diurnal rhythm, oxytocin increased relative to baseline and this increase was positively associated with duration of the hunt and change in testosterone, but not cortisol, social context, hunting outcome or physical activity. The concurrent increase in endogenous peripheral oxytocin and testosterone is unexpected given their opposing independent effects on social cognition and behaviour, and has not been observed before. We discuss the potential significance of these effects for the biology of pair-bonding, parenting and social foraging in humans and other species.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2015,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Biology letters","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":46603784},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11619897/Salivary_oxytocin_increases_concurrently_with_testosterone_and_time_away_from_home_among_returning_Tsimane_hunters","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-03-23T16:47:18.889-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":28373658,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46603784,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46603784/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Salivary_oxytocin_increases_concurrently20160618-21772-1jfdvcv.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46603784/download_file?st=MTczMjgyNTUwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgyNTUwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Salivary_oxytocin_increases_concurrently.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/46603784/Salivary_oxytocin_increases_concurrently20160618-21772-1jfdvcv-libre.pdf?1466290078=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSalivary_oxytocin_increases_concurrently.pdf\u0026Expires=1732829103\u0026Signature=CUX-gMJedxSXdA6WKhyS4h6xvOXN7X5lYeT7VBALd8mf6ZNDdKjVNcox-4kcHdNNKFQN~xMK-rxw-2cz2CS6IF1usIQrvlWygVxY-AoIcNIB3thZXOwCM8N3xyxn7PxDZgaCzult7Ayv8fpWzxkv4un5jtZjhQQ9M76ALj6-DM6~nJ4vYa7Mzf4k9-lAHIjrs3aAFvWzqTSROzcMBpQ4cnwrQE3JBocLdl1YY-TXngZveXQaFS9kmuOJwK6k0cbHblanLMNUOHyE8a0krwqIoTB5YfRtqBsqncoebLRe6zZDoVJ2YMcVUhPY32A0UzPpLA9bPV0R82Ys0J0WqdlRiw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Salivary_oxytocin_increases_concurrently_with_testosterone_and_time_away_from_home_among_returning_Tsimane_hunters","translated_slug":"","page_count":4,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":28373658,"first_name":"Hillard","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kaplan","page_name":"HillardKaplan","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-03-23T16:38:20.316-07:00","display_name":"Hillard Kaplan","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HillardKaplan"},"attachments":[{"id":46603784,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46603784/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Salivary_oxytocin_increases_concurrently20160618-21772-1jfdvcv.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46603784/download_file?st=MTczMjgyNTUwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgyNTUwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Salivary_oxytocin_increases_concurrently.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/46603784/Salivary_oxytocin_increases_concurrently20160618-21772-1jfdvcv-libre.pdf?1466290078=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSalivary_oxytocin_increases_concurrently.pdf\u0026Expires=1732829103\u0026Signature=CUX-gMJedxSXdA6WKhyS4h6xvOXN7X5lYeT7VBALd8mf6ZNDdKjVNcox-4kcHdNNKFQN~xMK-rxw-2cz2CS6IF1usIQrvlWygVxY-AoIcNIB3thZXOwCM8N3xyxn7PxDZgaCzult7Ayv8fpWzxkv4un5jtZjhQQ9M76ALj6-DM6~nJ4vYa7Mzf4k9-lAHIjrs3aAFvWzqTSROzcMBpQ4cnwrQE3JBocLdl1YY-TXngZveXQaFS9kmuOJwK6k0cbHblanLMNUOHyE8a0krwqIoTB5YfRtqBsqncoebLRe6zZDoVJ2YMcVUhPY32A0UzPpLA9bPV0R82Ys0J0WqdlRiw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":11552,"name":"Bolivia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bolivia"},{"id":43968,"name":"Cooperation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cooperation"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences"},{"id":53331,"name":"Social behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_behavior"},{"id":53735,"name":"Oxytocin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxytocin"},{"id":69056,"name":"Testosterone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Testosterone"},{"id":174464,"name":"Social Environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Environment"},{"id":219123,"name":"Ethnic Groups","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Groups"},{"id":344106,"name":"Saliva","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Saliva"},{"id":413195,"name":"Time Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Factors"},{"id":543056,"name":"Pair Bonding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pair_Bonding"},{"id":628583,"name":"Social Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Behavior-1"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="11619896"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/11619896/Infant_development_among_the_Ache_of_eastern_Paraguay"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Infant development among the Ache of eastern Paraguay" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/11619896/Infant_development_among_the_Ache_of_eastern_Paraguay">Infant development among the Ache of eastern Paraguay</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Developmental Psychology</span><span>, 1987</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This study reports the results of research into infant development among the Ache of eastern Para...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This study reports the results of research into infant development among the Ache of eastern Paraguay. The Ache were full time hunter-gatherers until the mid-1970s and now practice a mixed economy of settled agriculture and mobile foraging in the forest. Data on infant development and infant care in foraging societies are critical to an understanding of the factors that have shaped the evolution of human infancy and parental care strategies. The Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST) was administered to 32 children between the ages of 2 months and 4 years. We found that, although Ache children did not differ from American children on the personal-social sector of the test, they showed significant delays in the acquisition of linguistic, fine-motor and gross-motor skills. This difference was most dramatic with respect to gross-motor development; Ache children are more than a year behind their American counterparts 3 years of age. We interpret these results in terms of traditional practices of infant care among the Ache and attempt to relate those practices to their subsistence ecology and to adult reproductive strategies. Specifically, we review the Ache data in light of speciational and cross-cultural variation in developmental rates and infant-care practices. Two factors are suggested that appear to explain this variation, the environmental distribution of economically relevant resources and the hazards to which young are exposed.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="11619896"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="11619896"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11619896; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11619896]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11619896]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11619896; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='11619896']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11619896, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=11619896]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":11619896,"title":"Infant development among the Ache of eastern Paraguay","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This study reports the results of research into infant development among the Ache of eastern Paraguay. The Ache were full time hunter-gatherers until the mid-1970s and now practice a mixed economy of settled agriculture and mobile foraging in the forest. Data on infant development and infant care in foraging societies are critical to an understanding of the factors that have shaped the evolution of human infancy and parental care strategies. The Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST) was administered to 32 children between the ages of 2 months and 4 years. We found that, although Ache children did not differ from American children on the personal-social sector of the test, they showed significant delays in the acquisition of linguistic, fine-motor and gross-motor skills. This difference was most dramatic with respect to gross-motor development; Ache children are more than a year behind their American counterparts 3 years of age. We interpret these results in terms of traditional practices of infant care among the Ache and attempt to relate those practices to their subsistence ecology and to adult reproductive strategies. Specifically, we review the Ache data in light of speciational and cross-cultural variation in developmental rates and infant-care practices. Two factors are suggested that appear to explain this variation, the environmental distribution of economically relevant resources and the hazards to which young are exposed.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1987,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Developmental Psychology"},"translated_abstract":"This study reports the results of research into infant development among the Ache of eastern Paraguay. The Ache were full time hunter-gatherers until the mid-1970s and now practice a mixed economy of settled agriculture and mobile foraging in the forest. Data on infant development and infant care in foraging societies are critical to an understanding of the factors that have shaped the evolution of human infancy and parental care strategies. The Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST) was administered to 32 children between the ages of 2 months and 4 years. We found that, although Ache children did not differ from American children on the personal-social sector of the test, they showed significant delays in the acquisition of linguistic, fine-motor and gross-motor skills. This difference was most dramatic with respect to gross-motor development; Ache children are more than a year behind their American counterparts 3 years of age. We interpret these results in terms of traditional practices of infant care among the Ache and attempt to relate those practices to their subsistence ecology and to adult reproductive strategies. Specifically, we review the Ache data in light of speciational and cross-cultural variation in developmental rates and infant-care practices. 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