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<span>Development of the borders in modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_the_borders_in_modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleontology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleontology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Paleontology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleontology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Language and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Language_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Language and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Language_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cross_of_Lorraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross_of_Lorraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cross of Lorraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross_of_Lorraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beverages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beverages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Beverages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beverages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Housing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Major communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna_and_flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna_and_flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Fauna and flora</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fauna_and_flora-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fauna and flora subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fauna_and_flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Art and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_and_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_and_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Economy and industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy_and_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musicians_and_actors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musicians_and_actors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Musicians and actors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musicians_and_actors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Politicians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>Sciences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.8</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.9</span> <span>Miscellaneous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lorraine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 110 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">110 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotaringe" title="Lotaringe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lotaringe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothringen" title="Lothringen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Lothringen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%8E%E1%88%AC%E1%8A%95" title="ሎሬን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሎሬን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlo%C3%B0eringa" title="Hloðeringa – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hloðeringa" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_(%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9)" title="لورين (منطقة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لورين (منطقة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorena_(Francia)" title="Lorena (Francia) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Lorena (Francia)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorr%C3%AAna" title="Lorrêna – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Lorrêna" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorena_(Francia)" title="Lorena (Francia) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lorena (Francia)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_suyu" title="Lorraine suyu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Lorraine suyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotaringiya" title="Lotaringiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lotaringiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86" title="لورن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لورن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lorraine" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Латарынгія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Латарынгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Лятарынгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лятарынгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Лотарингия (регион) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лотарингия (регион)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorena_(regija)" title="Lorena (regija) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lorena (regija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loren_(rannvro)" title="Loren (rannvro) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Loren (rannvro)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorena" title="Lorena – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lorena" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Lorraine" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotrinsko" title="Lotrinsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lotrinsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lorraine" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lorraine" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothringen" title="Lothringen – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Lothringen" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothringen" title="Lothringen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lothringen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothringska" title="Lothringska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Lothringska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lorraine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CF%89%CF%81%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7_(%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE)" title="Λωρραίνη (περιοχή) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λωρραίνη (περιοχή)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorena_(Francia)" title="Lorena (Francia) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lorena (Francia)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loreno" title="Loreno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Loreno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorrena" title="Lorrena – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lorrena" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86" title="لورن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لورن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lorraine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loataringen_(Frankryk)" title="Loataringen (Frankryk) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Loataringen (Frankryk)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Lorr%C3%A1in" title="An Lorráin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Lorráin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Lorraine" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorena" title="Lorena – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lorena" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lorraine" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A0%8C" title="로렌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로렌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Լոթարինգիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լոթարինգիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothringska" title="Lothringska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Lothringska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorena" title="Lorena – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lorena" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotringia" title="Lotringia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lotringia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lorraine" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorena" title="Lorena – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lorena" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorena_(regione_francese)" title="Lorena (regione francese) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lorena (regione francese)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9F" title="לורן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לורן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lorraine" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_(labuad)" title="Lorraine (labuad) – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Lorraine (labuad)" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ლოთარინგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლოთარინგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotringa" title="Lotringa – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Lotringa" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лотарингия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лотарингия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lorraine" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lorraine" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лотарингия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лотарингия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lorraine" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotharingia_(regio_Franciae_recentior)" title="Lotharingia (regio Franciae recentior) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lotharingia (regio Franciae recentior)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotringa" title="Lotringa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lotringa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loutrengen" title="Loutrengen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Loutrengen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotaringija" title="Lotaringija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lotaringija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorena" title="Lorena – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lorena" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotaringia" title="Lotaringia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lotaringia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Лорена – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лорена" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lorraine" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="लोरेन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लोरेन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ლოთარინგია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლოთარინგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lorraine" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Лотаринг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Лотаринг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotharingen_(regio)" title="Lotharingen (regio) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lotharingen (regio)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%9F%E5%9C%8F" title="ロレーヌ地域圏 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロレーヌ地域圏" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="ЛугӀен – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ЛугӀен" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lorraine" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionen_Lorraine" title="Regionen Lorraine – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Regionen Lorraine" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorena_(region)" title="Lorena (region) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lorena (region)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotaringiya" title="Lotaringiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lotaringiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8" title="ਲੋਰੈਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੋਰੈਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothringen" title="Lothringen – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Lothringen" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="لورین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لورین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Lorraine" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loren-a" title="Loren-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Loren-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotaryngia" title="Lotaryngia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lotaryngia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorena" title="Lorena – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lorena" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorena" title="Lorena – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lorena" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Lorraine" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лотарингия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лотарингия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorena_(Frantza)" title="Lorena (Frantza) – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Lorena (Frantza)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_(region)" title="Lorraine (region) – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Lorraine (region)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorena" title="Lorena – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lorena" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurena_(riggiuni_francisa)" title="Lurena (riggiuni francisa) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lurena (riggiuni francisa)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lorraine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotrinsko_(regi%C3%B3n)" title="Lotrinsko (región) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lotrinsko (región)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorena" title="Lorena – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lorena" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Lorraine" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Лорена – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лорена" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lorraine" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lorraine" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lorraine" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99" title="แคว้นลอแรน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แคว้นลอแรน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loren" title="Loren – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Loren" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Лотарингія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лотарингія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%81)" title="لورین (علاقہ) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لورین (علاقہ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorena_(region_fransese)" title="Lorena (region fransese) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Lorena (region fransese)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lorraine" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Lorraine" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lorraine" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97" title="洛林 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="洛林" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="לאטארינגיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לאטארינגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97" title="洛林 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="洛林" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loren" title="Loren – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Loren" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97" title="洛林 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="洛林" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotaringija" title="Lotaringija – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Lotaringija" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lorraine&params=49_00_N_6_00_E_region:FR_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°00′N</span> <span class="longitude">6°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.000°N 6.000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.000; 6.000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cultural and historical region in France</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Lothringen" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lorraine (disambiguation)">Lorraine (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lauren_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lauren (disambiguation)">Lauren (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lothringen_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lothringen (disambiguation)">Lothringen (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Lorraine" title="Special:EditPage/Lorraine">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lorraine%22">"Lorraine"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lorraine%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lorraine%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lorraine%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lorraine%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lorraine%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place in Grand Est, France</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Lorraine</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><i>Louréne</i></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a>)</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><i>Lottringe</i></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Lorraine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Lorraine"><img alt="Flag of Lorraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_Lorraine.svg/100px-Flag_of_Lorraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_Lorraine.svg/150px-Flag_of_Lorraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_Lorraine.svg/200px-Flag_of_Lorraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Lorraine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Lorraine"><img alt="Coat of arms of Lorraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Arms_of_Lorraine.svg/86px-Arms_of_Lorraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Arms_of_Lorraine.svg/129px-Arms_of_Lorraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Arms_of_Lorraine.svg/171px-Arms_of_Lorraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_Lorraine_2018.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Lorraine"><img alt="Location of Lorraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Carte_Lorraine_2018.png/250px-Carte_Lorraine_2018.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Carte_Lorraine_2018.png/375px-Carte_Lorraine_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Carte_Lorraine_2018.png/500px-Carte_Lorraine_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1922" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">Administrative region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est">Grand Est</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_in_France" title="Prefectures in France">Prefecture</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">Departments</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>4</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Meurthe-et-Moselle" title="Meurthe-et-Moselle">Meurthe-et-Moselle</a> (54)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Meuse_(department)" title="Meuse (department)">Meuse</a> (55)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a> (57)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Vosges_(French_department)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vosges (French department)">Vosges</a> (88)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">23,547 km<sup>2</sup> (9,092 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(1 January 2012)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,349,816</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Lorrainer, Lorrainian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">€65.828 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">€28,300 (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">FR-M</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/First_level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union#France" class="mw-redirect" title="First level NUTS of the European Union">NUTS Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data">FR4</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Lorraine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Arms_of_Lorraine.svg/25px-Arms_of_Lorraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Arms_of_Lorraine.svg/38px-Arms_of_Lorraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Arms_of_Lorraine.svg/50px-Arms_of_Lorraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Lorraine" title="Category:Lorraine">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lorraine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Lorraine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_Lorraine.svg/220px-Flag_of_Lorraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_Lorraine.svg/330px-Flag_of_Lorraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_Lorraine.svg/440px-Flag_of_Lorraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Flag of Lorraine since the 13th century</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediomatrici" title="Mediomatrici">Mediomatrici</a> & <a href="/wiki/Leuci" title="Leuci">Leuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Lotharingia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine" title="Duchy of Lorraine">Duchy of Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bar" title="Duchy of Bar">Duchy of Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bishoprics" title="Three Bishoprics">Three Bishoprics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_and_Barrois" title="Lorraine and Barrois">Lorraine and Barrois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Lothringen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezirk Lothringen">German Empire Lorraine department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CdZ-Gebiet_Lothringen" class="mw-redirect" title="CdZ-Gebiet Lothringen">Third Reich Lorraine department</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lorraine region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est">Grand Est</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Language_and_culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_Lorraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coat of arms of Lorraine (page does not exist)">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Lorraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Lorraine (page does not exist)">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Lorraine" title="Cross of Lorraine">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alsatians_and_Lotharingians" title="List of Alsatians and Lotharingians">People</a></li> <li>Languages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Alemannic_German" title="Low Alemannic German">Low Alemannic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Demographics">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_lorrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musée lorrain (page does not exist)">Musée lorrain</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Religion">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Metz" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Metz">Diocese of Metz</a><br /><small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Exemption_(canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exemption (canon law)">Immediately subject</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nancy" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Nancy">Diocese of Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint-Di%C3%A9" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Dié">Diocese of Saint-Dié</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Verdun" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Verdun">Diocese of Verdun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>: <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Protestant_Churches_of_Alsace_and_Lorraine" title="Union of Protestant Churches of Alsace and Lorraine">Union of Protestant Churches of Alsace and Lorraine</a><small> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a>)</i></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession_of_Alsace_and_Lorraine" title="Protestant Church of the Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine">Protestant Church of the Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine</a><small> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a>)</i></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformed_Church_of_Alsace_and_Lorraine" title="Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine">Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine</a><small> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a>)</i></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Protestant_Church_of_France" title="United Protestant Church of France">United Protestant Church of France</a><small> (<i>rest of Lorraine</i>)</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Consistory_(Judaism)" title="Consistory (Judaism)">consistories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a><small> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a>)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a><small> (<i>rest of Lorraine</i>)</small></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_law_in_Alsace-Moselle" class="mw-redirect" title="Local law in Alsace-Moselle">Local law in Alsace-Moselle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concordat_in_Alsace-Moselle" class="mw-redirect" title="Concordat in Alsace-Moselle">Concordat in Alsace-Moselle</a> (1801)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Administrative divisions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meurthe-et-Moselle" title="Meurthe-et-Moselle">Meurthe-et-Moselle</a> (<i>54</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Briey" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrondissement of Briey">Arrondissement of Briey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Arrondissement of Lunéville">Arrondissement of Lunéville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Nancy" title="Arrondissement of Nancy">Arrondissement of Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Toul" title="Arrondissement of Toul">Arrondissement of Toul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse_(department)" title="Meuse (department)">Meuse</a> (<i>55</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bar-le-Duc" title="Bar-le-Duc">Bar-le-Duc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Bar-le-Duc" title="Arrondissement of Bar-le-Duc">Arrondissement of Bar-le-Duc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Commercy" title="Arrondissement of Commercy">Arrondissement of Commercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Verdun" title="Arrondissement of Verdun">Arrondissement of Verdun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Lothringen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezirk Lothringen">Lothringen</a>, 57</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Forbach-Boulay-Moselle" title="Arrondissement of Forbach-Boulay-Moselle">Arrondissement of Forbach-Boulay-Moselle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Metz" title="Arrondissement of Metz">Arrondissement of Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Sarrebourg-Ch%C3%A2teau-Salins" title="Arrondissement of Sarrebourg-Château-Salins">Arrondissement of Sarrebourg-Château-Salins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Sarreguemines" title="Arrondissement of Sarreguemines">Arrondissement of Sarreguemines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Thionville" title="Arrondissement of Thionville">Arrondissement of Thionville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vosges_(department)" title="Vosges (department)">Vosges</a> (<i>88</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89pinal" title="Épinal">Épinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_%C3%89pinal" title="Arrondissement of Épinal">Arrondissement of Épinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Neufch%C3%A2teau,_Vosges" title="Arrondissement of Neufchâteau, Vosges">Arrondissement of Neufchâteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Saint-Di%C3%A9-des-Vosges" title="Arrondissement of Saint-Dié-des-Vosges">Arrondissement of Saint-Dié</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Lorraine in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_France#European_Parliament" title="Elections in France">European Parliament elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="France (European Parliament constituency)">Constituency</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Politics of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics of the European Union</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lorraine_sidebar" title="Template:Lorraine sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lorraine_sidebar" title="Template talk:Lorraine sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lorraine_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lorraine sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lorraine</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a cultural and historical region in Northeastern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, now located in the <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">administrative region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est">Grand Est</a>. Its name stems from the medieval kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Lotharingia</a> (855–959 AD), which in turn was named after either Emperor <a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I</a> or King <a href="/wiki/Lothair_II" title="Lothair II">Lothair II</a>. Lorraine, originally the southern or "upper" part of this kingdom, came to be ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine" title="Duchy of Lorraine">Duchy of Lorraine</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> annexed it in 1766. </p><p>From 1982 until January 2016, Lorraine was an administrative region of France. In 2016, under a reorganisation, it became part of the new region Grand Est.<sup id="cite_ref-reform_law_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reform_law-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a region in modern France, Lorraine consisted of the four <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">departments</a> <a href="/wiki/Meurthe-et-Moselle" title="Meurthe-et-Moselle">Meurthe-et-Moselle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meuse_(department)" title="Meuse (department)">Meuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vosges_(department)" title="Vosges (department)">Vosges</a> (from a historical point of view the <a href="/wiki/Haute-Marne" title="Haute-Marne">Haute-Marne</a> department is also located in the region), containing 2,337 communes. <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a> is the regional <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_in_France" title="Prefectures in France">prefecture</a>. The largest metropolitan area of Lorraine is <a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a>, which was the seat of the duchy for centuries. </p><p>To the north, Lorraine borders <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>. In French, its male inhabitants are called <i>Lorrains</i> and its female inhabitants are called <i>Lorraines</i>. The population of Lorraine is about 2,356,000. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorraine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedrale_metz_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cathedrale_metz_2003.jpg/220px-Cathedrale_metz_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cathedrale_metz_2003.jpg/330px-Cathedrale_metz_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cathedrale_metz_2003.jpg/440px-Cathedrale_metz_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1904" data-file-height="1428" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Metz_Cathedral" title="Metz Cathedral">Cathedral of Saint Stephen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>, capital of Lorraine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nancy_Porte_Here_BW_2015-07-18_13-45-28.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nancy_Porte_Here_BW_2015-07-18_13-45-28.jpg/220px-Nancy_Porte_Here_BW_2015-07-18_13-45-28.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nancy_Porte_Here_BW_2015-07-18_13-45-28.jpg/330px-Nancy_Porte_Here_BW_2015-07-18_13-45-28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nancy_Porte_Here_BW_2015-07-18_13-45-28.jpg/440px-Nancy_Porte_Here_BW_2015-07-18_13-45-28.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3222" data-file-height="2547" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Arc_H%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Arc Héré">Arc Héré</a> seen from <a href="/wiki/Place_Stanislas" title="Place Stanislas">Place Stanislas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Lorraine's borders have changed often in its long history. The location of Lorraine led to it being a paramount strategic asset as the crossroads of four nations. This, along with its political alliances, marriage alliances, and the ability of rulers over the centuries to choose sides between East and West, gave it a tremendously powerful and important role in transforming all of European history. Its rulers intermarried with royal families over all of Europe, played kingmaker, and seated rulers on the thrones of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>, and others. </p><p>In 840, <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>'s son <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis the Pious</a> died. The <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> was divided among Louis' three sons by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a> of 843. The middle realm, known as <a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a>, went to <a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I</a>, reaching from <a href="/wiki/Frisia" title="Frisia">Frisia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Germany" title="Northern Germany">Northern Germany</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, Eastern France, <a href="/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>, Northern Italy, and down to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. On the death of Lothair I, Middle Francia was divided in three by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pr%C3%BCm" title="Treaty of Prüm">Treaty of Prüm</a> in 855, with the northern third called <a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Lotharingia</a> and going to <a href="/wiki/Lothair_II" title="Lothair II">Lothair II</a>. Due to Lotharingia being sandwiched between <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a>, the rulers identified as a duchy from 870 onward, enabling the duchy to ally and align itself nominally with either eastern or western Carolingian kingdoms in order to survive and maintain its independence. Thus, it was a duchy in name but operated as an independent kingdom. </p><p>In 870, Lorraine allied with <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> while remaining an autonomous duchy. In 962, when <a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, restored the Empire (<i>restauratio imperii</i>), Lorraine was designated as the autonomous <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine" title="Duchy of Lorraine">Duchy of Lorraine</a> within the Holy Roman Empire. It maintained this status until 1766, after which it was annexed under succession law by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a>, via derivative aristocratic house alliances. </p><p>The succession within these houses, in tandem with other historical events, would have later restored Lorraine's status as its own duchy, but a vacuum in leadership occurred. Its duke Francois Stephen de Lorraine took the throne of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> as <a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a>, and his brother <a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles_Alexander_of_Lorraine" title="Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine">Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine</a> became governor of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a>. For political reasons, he decided to hide those heirs who were not born by his first wife, <a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Anna_of_Austria_(governor)" title="Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (governor)">Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria</a>, who was deceased when he took office. </p><p>The vacuum in leadership, the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, and the political results and changes issuing from the many nationalistic wars that followed in the next 130 years, ultimately resulted in Lorraine becoming a permanent part of the modern Republic of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. Because of wars, it came under control of Germany several times as the border between the nations shifted. While Lorrainian separatists do exist in the 21st century, their political power and influence is negligible. Lorraine separatism today consists more of preserving its cultural identity rather than seeking genuine political independence. </p><p>With enlightened leadership and at a crossroads between French and German cultures, Lotharingia experienced tremendous economic, artistic, and cultural prosperity during the 12th and 13th centuries under the <a href="/wiki/Hohenstaufen" title="Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</a> emperors. Along with the rest of Europe, this prosperity was terminated in Lorraine in the 14th century by a series of harsh winters, bad harvests, and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, a flourishing prosperity returned to Lotharingia until the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>. </p><p>France <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Leszczy%C5%84ski#Duke_of_Lorraine" title="Stanisław Leszczyński">inherited</a> Lorraine in 1766. The region's location has caused the population to be mixed. The <a href="/wiki/German_Lorraine" title="German Lorraine">north largely speaks German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a> and other <a href="/wiki/German_dialects" title="German dialects">German dialects</a>. A strong centralised nationalism had only just begun to replace the <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalist</a> system which had formed the multilingual borders, and an insurrection against the French occupation influenced much of the area's early identity. In 1871, the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> regained a part of Lorraine (<a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Lothringen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezirk Lothringen">Bezirk Lothringen</a>, corresponding to the current department of <a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a>). The department formed part of the new <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="Alsace–Lorraine">Imperial Territory of Alsace–Lorraine</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">revanchist movement</a> developed to recover this territory. </p><p>The Imperial German administration strongly discouraged the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a> and culture in favor of High German, which became the administrative language (Geschäftssprache.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) It required the use of German in schools in areas which it considered or designated as <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German-speaking</a>, an often arbitrary categorisation. French was allowed to remain in use only in primary and secondary schools in municipalities definitely considered Francophone, such as <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau-Salins" title="Château-Salins">Château-Salins</a> and the surrounding arrondissements,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well and in their local administration.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1877, higher education, including state-run colleges, universities and teacher seminaries, was conducted exclusively in German.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The predominance of German and the partial usage of French, though restricted, were both guaranteed by the 1911 constitution of Alsace-Lorraine.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">toponyms</a> of German etymology in Lorraine were adapted to the High German standard (i.e. Germanised<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) a number of genuine Francophone toponyms remained untouched. During the Nazi occupation between 1940 and 1944, however, its government imposed German translations to replace French names. For instance, Château-Salins was called Salzburg in Lothringen. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Battle of the Frontiers</a> at the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1st_Army_(France)" title="1st Army (France)">French First Army</a> invaded Lorraine and briefly occupied <a href="/wiki/Mulhouse" title="Mulhouse">Mulhouse</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/6th_Army_(German_Empire)" title="6th Army (German Empire)">German Sixth Army</a> under <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_Rupprecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Prince Rupprecht">Crown Prince Rupprecht</a> of Bavaria counterattacked and forced the French forces into retreat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrebourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sarrebourg">Battles of Sarrebourg and Morhange</a>. Lorraine remained under <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>, close to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> in northeastern France, and suffering from refugee crises for the rest of the war. The population effectively revolted against German rule by participating in the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a>, and welcomed French troops into the region several days later.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1919 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> suffered severe territorial losses following <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, including the portion of Lorraine territory that had been part of its state of Alsace-Lorraine. With the exception of its de facto annexation by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Gau_Westmark" title="Gau Westmark">Gau Westmark</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, that area has since remained a part of France. During that war, the <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Lorraine" title="Cross of Lorraine">Cross of Lorraine</a> was a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorraine_et_anciennes_provinces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Lorraine_et_anciennes_provinces.svg/220px-Lorraine_et_anciennes_provinces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Lorraine_et_anciennes_provinces.svg/330px-Lorraine_et_anciennes_provinces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Lorraine_et_anciennes_provinces.svg/440px-Lorraine_et_anciennes_provinces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3055" data-file-height="2977" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_the_borders_in_modern_history">Development of the borders in modern history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorraine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development of the borders in modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorraine1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Lorraine1870.jpg/220px-Lorraine1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Lorraine1870.jpg/330px-Lorraine1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Lorraine1870.jpg/440px-Lorraine1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Lorraine in 1870: Colours show the original departments' territories.</figcaption></figure> <p>The administrative region of Lorraine is larger than the 18th century <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine" title="Duchy of Lorraine">duchy of Lorraine</a>, which gradually came under French sovereignty between 1737 and 1766. The modern region includes <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_France" title="Provinces of France">provinces</a> and areas that were historically separate from the duchy of Lorraine proper. These are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrois" title="Barrois">Barrois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bishoprics" title="Three Bishoprics">Three Bishoprics</a>: non-contiguous territories around <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verdun" title="Verdun">Verdun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toul" title="Toul">Toul</a>, which were detached from the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in the 16th century and came under French sovereignty.</li> <li>Several small principalities, which were still part of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> at the time of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.</li></ul> <p>Some historians consider the traditional province of Lorraine as limited to the duchy of Lorraine proper, while others consider that it includes Barrois and the Three Bishoprics. The duchy of Lorraine was originally the duchy of <i>upper</i> Lorraine, and did not include the entire area since called <i>Lorraine</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The case of Barrois is the most complicated: the western part of Barrois (west of the Meuse), known as <i>Barrois mouvant</i>, was detached from the rest of Barrois in the early 14th century and taken over by French sovereignty. The largest part of Barrois (east of the Meuse River) was the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bar" title="Duchy of Bar">Duchy of Bar</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. In the 15th century, it was united with the Duchy of Lorraine by the marriage of the Duke of Bar, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_of_Anjou" title="René of Anjou">René of Anjou</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Isabella,_Duchess_of_Lorraine" title="Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine">Isabella</a>, daughter of the Duke of Lorraine. Thus the duchies of Bar and Lorraine were united in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> under the same duke, although formally they were officially separate until being annexed and incorporated into the Kingdom of France in 1766. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, four departments were created from the main parts of the territories of Barrois, Three Bishoprics and the Duchy of Lorraine: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Meuse_(department)" title="Meuse (department)">Meuse</a></i>,</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meurthe_(department)" title="Meurthe (department)">Meurthe</a></i>,</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a></i> and</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vosges_(department)" title="Vosges (department)">Vosges</a></i>.</li></ul> <p>After 1870 some parts of <i>Moselle</i> and <i>Meurthe</i> became German. Of the remaining parts, France formed the new department named <a href="/wiki/Meurthe-et-Moselle" title="Meurthe-et-Moselle">Meurthe-et-Moselle</a>. After 1918 and the Great War, France took over control again of <i>Moselle</i>. </p><p>When France created its administrative regions in the middle of the 20th century, it decided to gather <i>Meurthe et Moselle</i>, <i>Meuse</i>, <i>Moselle</i> and <i>Vosges</i> into a single region, known as Lorraine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorraine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vallee-chajoux.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Vallee-chajoux.jpg/220px-Vallee-chajoux.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Vallee-chajoux.jpg/330px-Vallee-chajoux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Vallee-chajoux.jpg/440px-Vallee-chajoux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>Chajoux Valley</figcaption></figure> <p>Lorraine is the only French region to have borders with three other countries: <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, and Germany (<a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>). It also borders the French regions of <a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champagne-Ardenne" title="Champagne-Ardenne">Champagne-Ardenne</a>, which were at times part of historical Lorraine <a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Lotharingia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>, which, while still part of Lorraine's identity, is now a separate administrative region. </p><p>Most of the region forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Basin" title="Paris Basin">Paris Basin</a>, with a plateau relief cut by river valleys presenting <a href="/wiki/Cuesta" title="Cuesta">cuestas</a> in the north–south direction. The eastern part is sharper with the Vosges. Many rivers run through Lorraine, including <a href="/wiki/Moselle" title="Moselle">Moselle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meurthe_(river)" title="Meurthe (river)">Meurthe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a>. Most of them are on the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a>. </p><p>Lorraine has an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> with <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental</a> influences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleontology">Paleontology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorraine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Paleontology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Lorrainosaurus" title="Lorrainosaurus">Lorrainosaurus</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Pliosaurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Pliosaurid">pliosaurid</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" title="Middle Jurassic">Middle Jurassic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bajocian" title="Bajocian">Bajocian</a>) deposits, was discovered in Lorraine and named after this region in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_and_culture">Language and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorraine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Language and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metz_Theatre_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Metz_Theatre_2003.jpg/220px-Metz_Theatre_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Metz_Theatre_2003.jpg/330px-Metz_Theatre_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Metz_Theatre_2003.jpg/440px-Metz_Theatre_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Metz" class="mw-redirect" title="Opéra-Théâtre de Metz">Opéra-Théâtre de Metz</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Longwy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Longwy.jpg/220px-Longwy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Longwy.jpg/330px-Longwy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Longwy.jpg/440px-Longwy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Fortifications in <a href="/wiki/Longwy" title="Longwy">Longwy</a>, inscribed on the World Heritage list by UNESCO as part of the <a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Vauban" title="Fortifications of Vauban">Fortifications of Vauban</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most of Lorraine has a clear French identity, with the exception of the northeastern part of the region, today known as <a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a>, which historically has had a German-speaking population. </p><p>In 1871, <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a> annexed about a third of today's Lorraine to the new federation of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> following a decisive victory in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>. This disputed third has a culture not easily classifiable as either <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> or <a href="/wiki/German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">German</a>, since both <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_dialects" title="German dialects">German dialects</a> are spoken here. Like many border regions, Lorraine was a patchwork of ethnicities and dialects not mutually intelligible with either standard French or German (see <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_boundary_of_Moselle" title="Linguistic boundary of Moselle">linguistic boundary of Moselle</a>). </p><p>Traditionally, two languages are native to Lorraine. The first is <a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">moribund</a> minority <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance language</a> that is spoken in southeastern Lorraine. The second is the German dialect of <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a>, a group of three <a href="/wiki/Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Franconian languages">Franconian</a> dialects independently surviving in northern and western Lorraine. They are referred to collectively as <i>Plàtt</i> in Franconian or <i>francique</i> or <i>platt (lorrain)</i> in French (not to be confused with <i><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a></i>, the Romance language). Now mainly rural and isolated, these dialects gradually differ in the region, though they are mutually intelligible. <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a> is distinct from neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Alsatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsatian language">Alsatian</a>, to the south, although the two are often confused. Neither of them has official status where they are spoken, but Alsatian is far more widely used. </p><p>Technically, Lorraine Franconian is a catch-all term for what were historically three dialects: <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="Moselle Franconian">Mosel Franconian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Franconian">Rhine Franconian</a>. Each is identical to the same dialects spoken in the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> of Germany. </p><p>Like most of <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">France's regional languages</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Provençal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alsatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsatian language">Alsatian</a> which is close to dialects of its neighboring Lorraine), Lorrain and Lorraine Franconian have largely been replaced in use by French. For more than a century, nationalistic policies of the central government required public schooling to be conducted only in French. Now, however, there are efforts being made to revive <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a>, whose linguistic vitality is still relatively high. Recent efforts include the use of bilingual signs in Franconian areas, and Franconian-language classes for young children whose parents can no longer speak their ancestral language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cross_of_Lorraine">Cross of Lorraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorraine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cross of Lorraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Lorraine" title="Cross of Lorraine">Cross of Lorraine</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Croix_de_Lorraine_3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Croix_de_Lorraine_3.svg/120px-Croix_de_Lorraine_3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Croix_de_Lorraine_3.svg/180px-Croix_de_Lorraine_3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Croix_de_Lorraine_3.svg/240px-Croix_de_Lorraine_3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Lorraine" title="Cross of Lorraine">Cross of Lorraine</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quiche_lorraine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Quiche_lorraine.jpg/250px-Quiche_lorraine.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Quiche_lorraine.jpg/375px-Quiche_lorraine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Quiche_lorraine.jpg/500px-Quiche_lorraine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Quiche" title="Quiche">quiche Lorraine</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During World War II, the cross was adopted as the official symbol of the Free French Forces (French: <i>Forces Françaises Libres</i>, or FFL) under <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Georges_Thierry_d%27Argenlieu" title="Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu">Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu</a> suggested the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Lorraine" title="Cross of Lorraine">Cross of Lorraine</a> as the symbol of the Free French. </p><p>In his General Order No. 2 of 3 July 1940, Vice-Admiral <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Muselier" title="Émile Muselier">Émile Muselier</a>, chief of the naval and air forces of the Free French for two days, created the bow flag displaying the French colours with a red Cross of Lorraine, and a <a href="/wiki/Cockade" title="Cockade">cockade</a> also featuring the Cross of Lorraine. </p><p>De Gaulle is memorialised at his home village of <a href="/wiki/Colombey-les-Deux-%C3%89glises" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombey-les-Deux-Églises">Colombey-les-Deux-Églises</a> by a gigantic 44.3-meter (145 feet) high Cross of Lorraine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorraine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of the <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a> in Lorraine can be traced back to 1665. It was imported to Europe from South America. It is used in what developed as various traditional dishes of the region, such as the <i>potée lorraine</i>. The Breux potato, which takes its name from the village of <a href="/wiki/Breux,_Meuse" title="Breux, Meuse">Breux</a> in the north of the Meuse, is considered to be excellent because of the perfect conditions of the area for its cultivation. </p><p>Smoked bacon is also a traditional ingredient of the cuisine of Lorraine. It is used in various traditional dishes of the region, including the famous <a href="/wiki/Quiche_Lorraine" title="Quiche Lorraine">quiche Lorraine</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mirabelle_plum" title="Mirabelle plum">mirabelle plum</a> of Lorraine is the emblematic fruit of Lorraine. It is used in pies and other desserts, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverages</a>. </p><p>Traditional dishes in the region include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiche_Lorraine" title="Quiche Lorraine">Quiche Lorraine</a></li> <li>Pâté lorrain (chopped pork and veal flavoured with white wine and baked in puff pastry)</li> <li>Potée lorraine (a stew of smoked meats and sausages, with cabbage, potatoes and other root vegetables)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andouille" title="Andouille">Andouille</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tripe" title="Tripe">tripe</a> sausage)</li></ul> <p>Traditional cheeses of Lorraine include: <a href="/wiki/Carr%C3%A9_de_l%27Est" title="Carré de l'Est">Carré de l'Est</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brou%C3%A8re" title="Brouère">Brouère</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munster_(cheese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Munster (cheese)">Munster-géromé</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourr%C3%A9e_de_l%27Aubier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tourrée de l'Aubier (page does not exist)">Tourrée de l'Aubier</a>. </p><p>Desserts from the region include: <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_(cake)" title="Madeleine (cake)">madeleine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macaron" title="Macaron">macaron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rum_baba" title="Rum baba">rum baba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plombi%C3%A8res_(dessert)" title="Plombières (dessert)">plombières ice-cream</a>, various pie recipes (<i>brimbelles</i> bilberry, <i>mirabelle</i> plum, rhubarb, <a href="/wiki/Quark_(cheese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark (cheese)">quark</a>...). The <a href="/wiki/Christstollen" class="mw-redirect" title="Christstollen">Christstollen</a> is also popular in Lorraine during the Christmas season.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beverages">Beverages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorraine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Beverages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Wine</b>: The most well-known wine of the region is the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes_de_Toul" title="Côtes de Toul">Côtes de Toul</a>. There are vineyards in the valley of the Moselle, the valley of <a href="/wiki/Seille_(Moselle)" title="Seille (Moselle)">Seille</a>, the valley of Metz, and the valley of <a href="/wiki/Sierck" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierck">Sierck</a>.</li> <li><b>Beer</b>: Historically, Lorraine was the location of many breweries. The <a href="/wiki/Champigneulles" title="Champigneulles">Champigneulles</a> brewery, founded on June 20, 1897, is the last remaining large-scale brewery. In 2016, it was the second largest brewer in France, after <a href="/wiki/Kronenbourg_Brewery" title="Kronenbourg Brewery">Kronenbourg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditions">Traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorraine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lorraine has a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">Roman Catholic</a> heritage. Almost every village has a church, often centuries old, although many do not have a dedicated priest anymore. Church bells are traditionally rung to announce <a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a> time (and often toll the hours). By tradition, they do not toll during <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a> preceding Easter. Instead, the children of the villages play <a href="/wiki/Ratchet_(instrument)" title="Ratchet (instrument)">ratchets</a> and announce, <i>C'est l'Angélus!</i> (It's the Angelus). After <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>, the children go from house to house and receive small presents for their service. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</a> is celebrated in Lorraine, where he is called "Saint Nicolas". Each year, more than 150,000 people gather in the streets of <a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a> to celebrate <a href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</a>. A total of that number gather in other areas across the region.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing">Housing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorraine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Housing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Except for dispersed settlement in the Vosges mountains, traditional farms display linked houses, forming <a href="/wiki/Linear_village" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear village">linear villages</a>. They are built quite far from the road. The area between the house and the road is called <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27usoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'usoir (page does not exist)">l'usoir</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/usoir" class="extiw" title="fr:usoir">fr</a>]</span></i>. Until the 1970s, the usoir was used to store farming tools, firewood, or manure. Today this area is generally used as a garden or for car parking. </p><p>Furniture developed a specific identity after the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>: the "Lorrain style". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorraine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At €44 billion (in 2000), Lorraine generates 3.4% of France's GDP. Despite ranking 11th in population, it ranks 8th in GDP out of the 22 regions of France, making it per capita among the top economic producing regions in the country, along with Alsace and Île-de-France (Paris). The <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics</a> and service sectors have experienced the strongest growth in recent years. The traditional industries (<a href="/wiki/Textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles">textiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>) have undergone a decline due to restructuring and the move of some jobs offshore. Consequently, the region has struggled with rising unemployment, although its rate is still below the national average. In 1997 the last <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a> mine in Lorraine was closed; it had once produced more than 50 million tonnes of iron.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Lorraine </th> <th>France </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> in 2000 </th> <td>€44.3 billion </td> <td>€1.816 trillion </td></tr> <tr> <th>Agriculture </th> <td>2.5% </td> <td>2.8% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Industry </th> <td>30.7% </td> <td>25.6% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Service </th> <td>66.8% </td> <td>71.6% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Unemployment in June 2002 </th> <td>8.4% </td> <td>9% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_communities">Major communities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorraine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Major communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pinal" title="Épinal">Épinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbach" title="Forbach">Forbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Lunéville">Lunéville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montigny-l%C3%A8s-Metz" title="Montigny-lès-Metz">Montigny-lès-Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Di%C3%A9-des-Vosges" title="Saint-Dié-des-Vosges">Saint-Dié-des-Vosges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarreguemines" title="Sarreguemines">Sarreguemines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vand%C5%93uvre-l%C3%A8s-Nancy" title="Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy">Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thionville" title="Thionville">Thionville</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fauna_and_flora">Fauna and flora</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorraine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fauna and flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorraine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="European wolf">European wolf</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorraine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash tree">Ash tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">Beech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buxus" title="Buxus">Buxus</a> boxwood</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Fern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geranium" title="Geranium">Geranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">Hornbeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lily_of_the_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Lily of the Valley">Lily of the Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">Maple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirabelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirabelle">Mirabelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_officinalis" title="Salvia officinalis">Sage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">Spruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thistle" title="Thistle">Thistle</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorraine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_literature">Art and literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorraine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Art and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emile_Durkheim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Emile_Durkheim.jpg/170px-Emile_Durkheim.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Emile_Durkheim.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="229" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Callot" title="Jacques Callot">Jacques Callot</a> (1592–1635)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lorrain" title="Claude Lorrain">Claude Lorrain</a> (1600–1682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Erckmann" title="Émile Erckmann">Émile Erckmann</a> (1822–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Chatrian" title="Alexandre Chatrian">Alexandre Chatrian</a> (1826–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Verlaine" title="Paul Verlaine">Paul Verlaine</a> (1844–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Gall%C3%A9" title="Émile Gallé">Émile Jules Gallé</a> (1846–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Bastien-Lepage" title="Jules Bastien-Lepage">Jules Bastien-Lepage</a> (1848–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Vallin" title="Eugène Vallin">Eugène Vallin</a> (1856–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a> (1858–1917) (pictured)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Prouv%C3%A9" title="Victor Prouvé">Victor Prouvé</a> (1858–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Majorelle" title="Louis Majorelle">Louis Majorelle</a> (1859–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Weissenburger" title="Lucien Weissenburger">Lucien Weissenburger</a> (1860–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Friant" title="Émile Friant">Émile Friant</a> (1863–1932)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Charbonnier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Charbonnier (page does not exist)">Paul Charbonnier</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Charbonnier" class="extiw" title="fr:Paul Charbonnier">fr</a>]</span> (1865–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Berg%C3%A9" title="Henri Bergé">Henri Bergé</a> (1870–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Gr%C3%BCber" title="Jacques Grüber">Jacques Grüber</a> (1870–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Andr%C3%A9" title="Émile André">Émile André</a> (1871–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Straub" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Marie Straub">Jean-Marie Straub</a> (1933–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard-Marie_Kolt%C3%A8s" title="Bernard-Marie Koltès">Bernard-Marie Koltès</a> (1948–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Claudel" title="Philippe Claudel">Philippe Claudel</a> (1962–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_de_La_Tour" title="Georges de La Tour">Georges de La Tour</a> (1593–1652)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy_and_industry">Economy and industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorraine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economy and industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Bergeret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Bergeret (page does not exist)">Albert Bergeret</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Bergeret" class="extiw" title="fr:Albert Bergeret">fr</a>]</span> (1859–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Daum" title="Auguste Daum">Auguste</a> (1853–1909) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonin_Daum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonin Daum (page does not exist)">Antonin Daum</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Daum" class="extiw" title="fr:Antonin Daum">fr</a>]</span> (1864–1930)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorraine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_de_Bouillon" class="mw-redirect" title="Godfrey de Bouillon">Godfrey de Bouillon</a> (1060–1100)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Mouton" title="Georges Mouton">Georges Mouton</a> (1770–1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Ebl%C3%A9" title="Jean Baptiste Eblé">Jean Baptiste Eblé</a> (1758–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Oudinot" title="Nicolas Oudinot">Nicolas Oudinot</a> (1767–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L%C3%A9opold_Sigisbert_Hugo" title="Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo">Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo</a> (1774–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Hubert_Lyautey" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Hubert Lyautey">Louis-Hubert Lyautey</a> (1854–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mangin" title="Charles Mangin">Charles Mangin</a> (1866–1925)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musicians_and_actors">Musicians and actors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorraine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Musicians and actors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florent_Schmitt" title="Florent Schmitt">Florent Schmitt</a> (1870–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darry_Cowl" title="Darry Cowl">Darry Cowl</a> (1925–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charl%C3%A9lie_Couture" title="Charlélie Couture">Charlélie Couture</a> (1956–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Novembre" title="Tom Novembre">Tom Novembre</a> (1959–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kaas" title="Patricia Kaas">Patricia Kaas</a> (1966–)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politicians">Politicians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorraine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Politicians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poincare_larger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Poincare_larger.jpg/170px-Poincare_larger.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Poincare_larger.jpg/255px-Poincare_larger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Poincare_larger.jpg/340px-Poincare_larger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Raymond Poincaré</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Louis_Roederer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre-Louis Roederer">Pierre-Louis Roederer</a> (1754–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Jules Ferry</a> (1832–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Raymond Poincaré</a> (1860–1934) (pictured to the right)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Barr%C3%A8s" title="Maurice Barrès">Maurice Barrès</a> (1862–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Lebrun" title="Albert Lebrun">Albert Lebrun</a> (1871–1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a> (1886–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lang_(French_politician)" title="Jack Lang (French politician)">Jack Lang</a> (1939–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Poncelet" title="Christian Poncelet">Christian Poncelet</a> (1928–) (French politician, President of the Senate 1998–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lie_Filippetti" title="Aurélie Filippetti">Aurélie Filippetti</a> (1973–)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorraine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bruno d'Eguisheim-Dagsbourg, also known as <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Pope Leo IX</a> (1002–1054)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire" title="Henri Grégoire">Henri Grégoire</a> (1750–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a> (1412–1431)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sciences">Sciences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorraine&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sciences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benoit_de_Maillet" class="mw-redirect" title="Benoit de Maillet">Benoit de Maillet</a> (1656–1738)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Messier" title="Charles Messier">Charles Messier</a> (1730–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Pil%C3%A2tre_de_Rozier" title="Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier">Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier</a> (1757–1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Poncelet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Poncelet">Jean-Victor Poncelet</a> (1788–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hermite" title="Charles Hermite">Charles Hermite</a> (1822–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Laguerre" title="Edmond Laguerre">Edmond Laguerre</a> (1834–1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a> (1854–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Marvingt" title="Marie Marvingt">Marie Marvingt</a> (1875–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Camille_Maillard" title="Louis Camille Maillard">Louis Camille Maillard</a> (1878–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Curien" title="Hubert Curien">Hubert Curien</a> (1924–2005)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorraine&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Platini" title="Michel Platini">Michel Platini</a> (1955–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Battiston" title="Patrick Battiston">Patrick Battiston</a> (1957–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Parra" title="Morgan Parra">Morgan Parra</a> (1988–)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorraine&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoine_de_Ville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antoine de Ville (page does not exist)">Antoine de Ville</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_de_Ville_(capitaine)" class="extiw" title="fr:Antoine de Ville (capitaine)">fr</a>]</span> (1450–1523)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Schwartz" title="Raymond Schwartz">Raymond Schwartz</a> (1894–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brother_Athanase-Emile" title="Brother Athanase-Emile">Brother Athanese-Emile</a> (1880–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Chopin" title="Nicolas Chopin">Nicolas Chopin</a> (1771–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gaxotte" title="Pierre Gaxotte">Pierre Gaxotte</a> (1895–1982)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorraine&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Lorraine" title="Belgian Lorraine">Belgian Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes_de_Toul" title="Côtes de Toul">Côtes de Toul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Lorraine">List of rulers of Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_(duchy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorraine (duchy)">Lorraine (duchy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Lotharingia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saar-Warndt_coal_mining_basin" title="Saar-Warndt coal mining basin">Saar-Warndt coal mining basin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorraine&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>, also <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span></span>-/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span></span>-,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span></span>-/</a></span></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[lɔʁɛn]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e2\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Beno%C3%AEt_Prieur-Lorraine.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Beno%C3%AEt_Prieur-Lorraine.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-Beno\u00eet Prieur-Lorraine.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Beno%C3%AEt_Prieur-Lorraine.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Beno%C3%AEt_Prieur-Lorraine.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-Beno%C3%AEt_Prieur-Lorraine.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-Benoît Prieur-Lorraine.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a>: <i>Louréne</i>; <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a>: <i>Lottringe</i>; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Lothringen</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈloːtʁɪŋən]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/10\/Lothringen.ogg\/Lothringen.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Lothringen.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/10/Lothringen.ogg/Lothringen.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Lothringen.ogg" title="File:Lothringen.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgish language">Luxembourgish</a>: <i lang="lb">Loutrengen</i>; <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Lotharingen</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorraine&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tgs00003/default/table?lang=en">"EU regions by GDP, Eurostat"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EU+regions+by+GDP%2C+Eurostat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdatabrowser%2Fview%2Ftgs00003%2Fdefault%2Ftable%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reform_law-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reform_law_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=9FECBA9D9314D1D2C093CF793C886ED5.tpdila21v_1?idSectionTA=JORFSCTA000030109623&cidTexte=JORFTEXT000030109622&dateTexte=29990101"><i>Loi n° 2015-29 du 16 janvier 2015 relative à la délimitation des régions, aux élections régionales et départementales et modifiant le calendrier électoral</i></a></span> (in French)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. "Gesetz, betreffend die amtliche Geschäftssprache" (Law concerning the official transaction language) of 31 March 1872, <i>Gesetzblatt für Elsaß-Lothringen</i> (Legal gazette for Alsace-Lorraine), p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The imperial <a href="/wiki/Statthalter" class="mw-redirect" title="Statthalter">Statthalter</a> was entitled to allow French as language of instruction in elementary and secondary schools in areas that were predominately Francophone, cf. §4 of the "Gesetz, betreffend das Unterrichtswesen" (Law concerning the educational system) of 12 February 1873, <i>Gesetzblatt für Elsaß-Lothringen</i>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 'Law concerning the official transaction language' provided for exceptions from the German language in areas with Francophone majorities.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Otto Pflanze, <i>Bismarck: Der Reichskanzler</i> [Bismarck and the development of Germany), Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990; German], Munich: Beck, 2008, p. 484. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B3%2B406%2B54823%2B9" title="Special:BookSources/978+3+406+54823+9">978 3 406 54823 9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. § 26 of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verfassungen.de/de/x/elsass-lothringen/verfassung1911-i.htm">"Gesetz über die Verfassung Elsaß-Lothringens"</a> (Law on the Constitution of Alsace-Lorraine), retrieved on 24 April 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Such as replacing French pronunciation spellings of the local dialects to standard High German orthography, e.g. …bourg to …burg, …house to …hausen, …troff to …dorf, …ange to …ingen etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobson2007" class="citation book cs1">Robson, Stuart (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/firstworldwar0000robs_r5x1"><i>The First World War</i></a>. Internet Archive (1 ed.). Harrow, England: Pearson Longman. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-2471-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-2471-2"><bdi>978-1-4058-2471-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War&rft.place=Harrow%2C+England&rft.pages=8&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Pearson+Longman&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-2471-2&rft.aulast=Robson&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstworldwar0000robs_r5x1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/alsace-lorraine">"Alsace-Lorraine | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)"</a>. <i>encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net&rft.atitle=Alsace-Lorraine+%7C+International+Encyclopedia+of+the+First+World+War+%28WW1%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net%2Farticle%2Falsace-lorraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs,_S.Madzia,_D.Thuy,_B.Kear,_B.P.2023" class="citation journal cs1">Sachs, S.; Madzia, D.; Thuy, B.; Kear, B.P. (October 16, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10579310">"The rise of macropredatory pliosaurids near the Early-Middle Jurassic transition"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>13</b> (17558): 17558. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023NatSR..1317558S">2023NatSR..1317558S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-023-43015-y">10.1038/s41598-023-43015-y</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10579310">10579310</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37845269">37845269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=The+rise+of+macropredatory+pliosaurids+near+the+Early-Middle+Jurassic+transition&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=17558&rft.pages=17558&rft.date=2023-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10579310%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37845269&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-023-43015-y&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023NatSR..1317558S&rft.au=Sachs%2C+S.&rft.au=Madzia%2C+D.&rft.au=Thuy%2C+B.&rft.au=Kear%2C+B.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10579310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.republicain-lorrain.fr/moselle/2012/12/24/stollen-et-brioche-de-noel-mamie-fait-de-la-resistance">"Stollen et brioche de Noël : Mamie fait de la résistance"</a>. <i>Le Républicain lorrain</i>. 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+R%C3%A9publicain+lorrain&rft.atitle=Stollen+et+brioche+de+No%C3%ABl+%3A+Mamie+fait+de+la+r%C3%A9sistance&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.republicain-lorrain.fr%2Fmoselle%2F2012%2F12%2F24%2Fstollen-et-brioche-de-noel-mamie-fait-de-la-resistance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.estrepublicain.fr/edition-de-nancy-agglomeration/2016/02/13/champigneulles-brasse-tres-fort">"Champigneulles brasse très fort"</a>. <i>www.estrepublicain.fr</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.estrepublicain.fr&rft.atitle=Champigneulles+brasse+tr%C3%A8s+fort&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.estrepublicain.fr%2Fedition-de-nancy-agglomeration%2F2016%2F02%2F13%2Fchampigneulles-brasse-tres-fort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lorraineaucoeur.com/evt-14186/saint-nicolas-a-nancy-feu-d-artifice-defile-st-nicolas/meurthe-et-moselle-nancy/marche-de-noel-fetes-saint-nicolas-2014">"Marche de Noel Fêtes: Saint Nicolas"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/iron_ore/340497.pdf">Iron Ore in 1997</a>, <i>Minerals</i>, United States Geological Survey, Dept. of Interior]</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorraine&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Putnam, Ruth. <i>Alsace and Lorraine: From Cæsar to Kaiser, 58 B.C.-1871 A.D.</i> New York: 1915.</li> <li>Bontemps, Daniel and Martine Bontemps-Litique, with Nelly Benoit, Virginie Legrand and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Thiollet" title="Jean-Pierre Thiollet">Jean-Pierre Thiollet</a>, <i>Les noms de famille en Lorraine</i>, Archives et Culture, Paris, 1999</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorraine&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151127193715/http://www.lorraine.eu/accueil.html">Official homepage of the Regional Council</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived November 27, 2015)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151230212332/http://www.lorraine.pref.gouv.fr">Regional Prefecture</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived December 30, 2015)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://us.france.fr/en/discover/lorraine">Lorraine : Between war and art: memories Lorraine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203181416/http://us.france.fr/en/discover/lorraine">Archived</a> 2018-02-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - Official French website (in English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://about-france.com/regions/lorraine.htm">A short guide to the Lorraine region and its main attractions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mylorraine.fr">MyLorraine.fr - Share your Lorraine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101124193014/http://en.business-in-lorraine.com/">Business in Lorraine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Administrative_regions_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_France" title="Template:Regions of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_France" title="Template talk:Regions of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions 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title="Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est">Grand Est</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-France" title="Hauts-de-France">Hauts-de-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_(administrative_region)" title="Normandy (administrative region)">Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle-Aquitaine" title="Nouvelle-Aquitaine">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitania_(administrative_region)" title="Occitania (administrative region)">Occitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pays_de_la_Loire" title="Pays de la Loire">Pays de la Loire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur" title="Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former (1982–2015)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auvergne_(administrative_region)" title="Auvergne (administrative region)">Auvergne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne-Ardenne" title="Champagne-Ardenne">Champagne-Ardenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedoc-Roussillon" title="Languedoc-Roussillon">Languedoc-Roussillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin" title="Limousin">Limousin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Normandy" title="Lower Normandy">Lower Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midi-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es" title="Midi-Pyrénées">Midi-Pyrénées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais">Nord-Pas-de-Calais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitou-Charentes" title="Poitou-Charentes">Poitou-Charentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Rhône-Alpes">Rhône-Alpes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Normandy" title="Upper Normandy">Upper Normandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas regions">Overseas regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_regions_of_France" title="Flags of the regions of France">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_list_of_French_regions" title="Ranked list of French regions">Ranked by area/population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_regions_and_overseas_collectivities_by_GDP" title="List of French regions and overseas collectivities by GDP">by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_regions_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of French regions by Human Development Index">by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_council_(France)" title="Regional council (France)">Regional councils</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Greater_Region_of_SaarLorLux" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SaarLorLux" title="Template:SaarLorLux"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SaarLorLux" title="Template talk:SaarLorLux"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SaarLorLux" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SaarLorLux"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greater_Region_of_SaarLorLux" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Region_of_SaarLorLux" title="Greater Region of SaarLorLux">Greater Region of SaarLorLux</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Community_of_Belgium" title="German-speaking Community of Belgium">German-speaking Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Walloon Region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lorraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diekirch_District" title="Diekirch District">Diekirch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grevenmacher_District" title="Grevenmacher District">Grevenmacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_District" title="Luxembourg District">Luxembourg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_SaarLorLux.png" class="mw-file-description" title="SaarLorLux emblem"><img alt="SaarLorLux emblem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Emblem_SaarLorLux.png/120px-Emblem_SaarLorLux.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Emblem_SaarLorLux.png/180px-Emblem_SaarLorLux.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Emblem_SaarLorLux.png/240px-Emblem_SaarLorLux.png 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="328" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SaarLorLux#Organization_of_SaarLorLux" class="mw-redirect" title="SaarLorLux">Summit Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SaarLorLux#Organization_of_SaarLorLux" class="mw-redirect" title="SaarLorLux">Regional Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SaarLorLux#Organization_of_SaarLorLux" class="mw-redirect" title="SaarLorLux">Interregional Parliamentary Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SaarLorLux#Organization_of_SaarLorLux" class="mw-redirect" title="SaarLorLux">University Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SaarLorLux#Organization_of_SaarLorLux" class="mw-redirect" title="SaarLorLux">European cultural capital 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SaarLorLux#Organization_of_SaarLorLux" class="mw-redirect" title="SaarLorLux">House of the Greater Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SaarLorLux#Organization_of_SaarLorLux" class="mw-redirect" title="SaarLorLux">Private cooperations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Lorraine_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:khaki;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lorraine_topics" title="Template:Lorraine topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lorraine_topics" title="Template talk:Lorraine topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lorraine_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lorraine topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Lorraine_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_Lorraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lorraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_Lorraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lorraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_Lorraine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lorraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="216" /></span></span> </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lorraine</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:khaki;">Departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:khaki;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Meurthe-et-Moselle" title="Meurthe-et-Moselle">Meurthe-et-Moselle</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Briey" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrondissement of Briey">Arrondissement of Briey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Arrondissement of Lunéville">Arrondissement of Lunéville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Nancy" title="Arrondissement of Nancy">Arrondissement of Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Toul" title="Arrondissement of Toul">Arrondissement of Toul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:khaki;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Meuse_(department)" title="Meuse (department)">Meuse</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bar-le-Duc" title="Bar-le-Duc">Bar-le-Duc</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Bar-le-Duc" title="Arrondissement of Bar-le-Duc">Arrondissement of Bar-le-Duc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Commercy" title="Arrondissement of Commercy">Arrondissement of Commercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Verdun" title="Arrondissement of Verdun">Arrondissement of Verdun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:khaki;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Forbach-Boulay-Moselle" title="Arrondissement of Forbach-Boulay-Moselle">Arrondissement of Forbach-Boulay-Moselle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Metz" title="Arrondissement of Metz">Arrondissement of Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Sarrebourg-Ch%C3%A2teau-Salins" title="Arrondissement of Sarrebourg-Château-Salins">Arrondissement of Sarrebourg-Château-Salins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Sarreguemines" title="Arrondissement of Sarreguemines">Arrondissement of Sarreguemines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Thionville" title="Arrondissement of Thionville">Arrondissement of Thionville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:khaki;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vosges_(department)" title="Vosges (department)">Vosges</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/%C3%89pinal" title="Épinal">Épinal</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_%C3%89pinal" title="Arrondissement of Épinal">Arrondissement of Épinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Neufch%C3%A2teau,_Vosges" title="Arrondissement of Neufchâteau, Vosges">Arrondissement of Neufchâteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Saint-Di%C3%A9-des-Vosges" title="Arrondissement of Saint-Dié-des-Vosges">Arrondissement of Saint-Dié</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Lorraine" title="Coat of arms of Lorraine"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Arms_of_Lorraine.svg/100px-Arms_of_Lorraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Arms_of_Lorraine.svg/150px-Arms_of_Lorraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Arms_of_Lorraine.svg/200px-Arms_of_Lorraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:khaki;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Language_and_culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_Lorraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coat of arms of Lorraine (page does not exist)">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Lorraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Lorraine (page does not exist)">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Lorraine" title="Cross of Lorraine">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alsatians_and_Lotharingians" title="List of Alsatians and Lotharingians">People</a></li> <li>Languages <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Franconian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a>)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Demographics">Demographics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Religion">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:khaki;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FC_Metz" title="FC Metz">FC Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FC_Metz_(women)" title="FC Metz (women)">FC Metz (women)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS_Nancy" class="mw-redirect" title="AS Nancy">AS Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAS_%C3%89pinal" title="SAS Épinal">SAS Épinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Raon-l%27%C3%89tape" title="US Raon-l'Étape">US Raon-l'Étape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLUC_Nancy_Basket" title="SLUC Nancy Basket">SLUC Nancy Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metz_Handball" title="Metz Handball">Metz Handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASPTT_Nancy_(water_polo)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASPTT Nancy (water polo)">ASPTT Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamyo_d%27%C3%89pinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamyo d'Épinal">Gamyo d'Épinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rallye_Alsace-Vosges" title="Rallye Alsace-Vosges">Rallye Alsace-Vosges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Open" title="Lorraine Open">Lorraine Open</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:khaki;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mediomatrici" title="Mediomatrici">Mediomatrici</a> & <a href="/wiki/Leuci" title="Leuci">Leuci</a>) (22 BC–5th-century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a> (5th-century–511)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrasia" title="Austrasia">Austrasia</a> (511–751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> (751–843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a> (843–855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Lotharingia</a> (855–959)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine" title="Duchy of Lorraine">Duchy of Lorraine</a> (959–1766)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bar" title="Duchy of Bar">Duchy of Bar</a> (circa 950-1766)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bishoprics" title="Three Bishoprics">Three Bishoprics</a> (1552-1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_and_Barrois" title="Lorraine and Barrois">Lorraine and Barrois</a> (1766–1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Lothringen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezirk Lothringen">Bezirk Lothringen</a> (1871–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CdZ-Gebiet_Lothringen" class="mw-redirect" title="CdZ-Gebiet Lothringen">CdZ-Gebiet Lothringen</a> (1940–1945)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lorraine</a> (1945–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est">Grand Est</a> (2016–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/144260070">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4036377-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81124886">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119342914">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119342914">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lotrinsko (Francie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129871&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4892322">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p075655950">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/31fhg89m1jfhcmz">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559600005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/9a747db2-1993-44d8-85a4-57331df29645">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/006631">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044229">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" 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