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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory_and_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory and antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory_and_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Ancient Rome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Early modern period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Unification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberal_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberal_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Liberal period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberal_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fascist_regime_and_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fascist_regime_and_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Fascist regime and World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fascist_regime_and_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republican_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Republican era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_and_criminal_justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_criminal_justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Law and criminal justice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_and_criminal_justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Largest_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Largest cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Immigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Visual art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion_and_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion_and_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Fashion and design </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion_and_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.10 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_holidays,_festivals_and_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_holidays,_festivals_and_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.11 Public holidays, festivals and folklore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_holidays,_festivals_and_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Italy</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 315 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-315" aria-hidden="true" > 315 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali" title="Itali – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Itali" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8D" title="Италэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Италэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Италие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Италие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Italië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Italië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italien" title="Italien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Italien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Италия" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Алтай тил</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%A3%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%95" title="ጣልያን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጣልያን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="इटली – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इटली" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Италиа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Италиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="إيطاليا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيطاليا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%9D%DC%9B%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܐܝܛܠܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܝܛܠܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Իտալիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Իտալիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italie" title="Italie – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Italie" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80" title="ইটালী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইটালী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italie" title="Italie – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Italie" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="इटली – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="इटली" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A1lia" title="Itália – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Itália" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Италия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiya" title="Italiya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Italiya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0taliya" title="İtaliya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İtaliya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ایتالیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایتالیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiya" title="Italiya – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Italiya" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="ইতালি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইতালি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8D-t%C4%81i-l%C4%AB" title="Í-tāi-lī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Í-tāi-lī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Италия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Італія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Італія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Італія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Італія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="इटली – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इटली" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italya" title="Italya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Italya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali" title="Itali – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Itali" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Италия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italien" title="Italien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Italien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨི་ཏ་ལི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨི་ཏ་ལི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italija" title="Italija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Italija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Итали – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Итали" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A0lia" title="Itàlia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Itàlia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Итали – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Итали" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italya" title="Italya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Italya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A1lie" title="Itálie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Itálie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itari" title="Itari – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Itari" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Italy" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Eidal" title="Yr Eidal – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Eidal" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italien" title="Italien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Italien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="الطاليان – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="الطاليان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A1lia" title="Itália – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Itália" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idali" title="Idali – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Idali" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italien" title="Italien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Italien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%93%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%A9%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%B0" title="އިޓަލީވިލާތް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އިޓަލީވިލާތް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doohats%CA%BC%C3%AD%C3%AD_Y%C3%A1ti%CA%BC_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Doohatsʼíí Yátiʼ Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Doohatsʼíí Yátiʼ Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italska" title="Italska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Italska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="इटाली – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="इटाली" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BE%80%E0%BD%8A%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B" title="ཨྀཊ་ལི་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཨྀཊ་ལི་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaalia" title="Itaalia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Itaalia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ιταλία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιταλία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A2glia" title="Itâglia – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Itâglia" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Италия Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Италия Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italio" title="Italio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Italio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Italy" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ایتالیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایتالیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Italy" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italie" title="Italie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Italie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaalje" title="Itaalje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Itaalje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiya" title="Italiya – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Italiya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italie" title="Italie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Italie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Iod%C3%A1il" title="An Iodáil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Iodáil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Iddaal" title="Yn Iddaal – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Iddaal" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0taliya" title="İtaliya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="İtaliya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Eadailt" title="An Eadailt – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Eadailt" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Итали – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Итали" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="意大利" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itari" title="Itari – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Itari" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%80" title="ઈટલી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઈટલી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="इटली – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="इटली" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi-thai-li" title="Yi-thai-li – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yi-thai-li" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Италмудин Орн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Италмудин Орн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84" title="이탈리아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이탈리아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiya" title="Italiya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Italiya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C4%AAk%C4%81lia" title="ʻĪkālia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻĪkālia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Իտալիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իտալիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="इटली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इटली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italska" title="Italska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Italska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italija" title="Italija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Italija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Italy" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="ইতালি – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ইতালি" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="Italy" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Итали – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Итали" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IItaly" title="IItaly – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IItaly" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITaliya" title="ITaliya – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ITaliya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dtal%C3%ADa" title="Ítalía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ítalía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="איטליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איטליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali" title="Itali – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Itali" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaalii" title="Itaalii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Itaalii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF" title="ಇಟಲಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಟಲಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italya" title="Italya – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Italya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Италия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="იტალია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იტალია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%B9%D9%8E%D9%84%DB%8C" title="اِٹَلی – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اِٹَلی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italsk%C3%B4" title="Italskô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Italskô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Италия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali" title="Itali – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Itali" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubutaliyani" title="Ubutaliyani – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubutaliyani" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubutariyano" title="Ubutariyano – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Ubutariyano" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Италия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali" title="Itali – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Itali" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali" title="Itali – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Itali" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Etalya" title="Îtalya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îtalya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Италия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Италия" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talia" title="Talia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Talia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Италия" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B5" title="ອີຕາລີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອີຕາລີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italeja" title="Italeja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Italeja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C4%81lija" title="Itālija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Itālija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italien" title="Italien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Italien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Италия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italija" title="Italija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Italija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Italië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Italië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italya" title="Italya – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Italya" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itualii" title="Itualii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Itualii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/italias" title="italias – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="italias" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitale" title="Yitale – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Yitale" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A0lia" title="Itàlia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Itàlia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaszorsz%C3%A1g" title="Olaszország – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Olaszország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="इटाली – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="इटाली" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Италија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Италија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF" title="ഇറ്റലി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇറ്റലി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italja" title="Italja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Italja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C4%81ria" title="Itāria – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Itāria" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="इटली – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इटली" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="იტალია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იტალია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ايطاليا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايطاليا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ایتالیا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایتالیا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali" title="Itali – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Itali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯏꯇꯥꯂꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯇꯥꯂꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali" title="Itali – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Itali" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89-d%C3%A2i-l%C3%A9" title="É-dâi-lé – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="É-dâi-lé" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eit%C3%A1lia" title="Eitália – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eitália" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Италия" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Итали – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Итали" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အီတလီနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီတလီနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali" title="Itali – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Itali" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Italië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Italië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali%C3%ABn" title="Italiën – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Italiën" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="इटाली – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इटाली" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="इटाली – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इटाली" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="イタリア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イタリア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8C%DF%95%DF%8A%DF%9F%DF%8C%DF%AB" title="ߌߕߊߟߌ߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߌߕߊߟߌ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Итали – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Итали" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaalien" title="Itaalien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Itaalien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italii" title="Italii – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Italii" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italie" title="Italie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Italie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A0lia" title="Itàlia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Itàlia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Италий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Италий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%80" title="ଇଟାଲୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇଟାଲୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaaliyaanii" title="Xaaliyaanii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Xaaliyaanii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiya" title="Italiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Italiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80" title="ਇਟਲੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਟਲੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="इटली – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="इटली" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italien" title="Italien – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Italien" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Italy" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%B9%D9%84%DB%8C" title="اٹلی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اٹلی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="အီတလီခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အီတလီခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%BC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="اېټاليا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اېټاليا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali" title="Itali – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Itali" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Италья – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Италья" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B8" title="អ៊ីតាលី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អ៊ីតាលី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italie" title="Italie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Italie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali" title="Itali – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Itali" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italien" title="Italien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Italien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82ochy" title="Włochy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Włochy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ιταλία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ιταλία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A1lia" title="Itália – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Itália" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiya" title="Italiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Italiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0taliya" title="İtaliya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İtaliya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%99It%C4%81ria" title="’Itāria – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="’Itāria" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italie" title="Italie – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Italie" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiya" title="Italiya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Italiya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italya" title="Italya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Italya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Італія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Італія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Италия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Италия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Italy" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="इटली – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="इटली" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ital%C3%AFi" title="Italïi – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Italïi" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%B9%D9%84%DB%8C" title="اٹلی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="اٹلی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A0lia" title="Itàlia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Itàlia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Italy" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Italy" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italien" title="Italien – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Italien" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithali" title="Ithali – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Ithali" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="ඉතාලිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉතාලිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Italy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BD%D9%84%D9%8A" title="اٽلي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اٽلي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/INtaliyane" title="INtaliyane – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="INtaliyane" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliansko" title="Taliansko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Taliansko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italija" title="Italija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Italija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%87%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Їталїꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Їталїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italijo" title="Italijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Italijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talyaaniga" title="Talyaaniga – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Talyaaniga" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ئیتاڵیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیتاڵیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiyanikondre" title="Italiyanikondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Italiyanikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Италија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Италија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italija" title="Italija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Italija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italien" title="Italien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Italien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italya" title="Italya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Italya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="இத்தாலி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இத்தாலி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%AC%E1%B9%ADalyan" title="Ṭṭalyan – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ṭṭalyan" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%AC%E1%B9%ADelyan" title="Ṭṭelyan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ṭṭelyan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaglie" title="Itaglie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Itaglie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Италия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းဢီႇတႃႇလီႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢီႇတႃႇလီႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Italy" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80" title="ఇటలీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇటలీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A1lia" title="Itália – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Itália" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="ประเทศอิตาลี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศอิตาลี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%8C%A3%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%AB" title="ኢጣልያ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ኢጣልያ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%91" title="Итолиё – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Итолиё" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C4%AAtali" title="ʻĪtali – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻĪtali" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A2%E1%8F%94%E1%8E%B5" title="ᎢᏔᎵ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎢᏔᎵ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Italy" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Italy" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF" title="ಇಟಲಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಇಟಲಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0talya" title="İtalya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İtalya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali%C3%BDa" title="Italiýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Italiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Italy" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italya" title="Italya – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Italya" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Италия" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Италия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%92%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%95" title="ᨕᨗᨈᨒᨗᨕ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨕᨗᨈᨒᨗᨕ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Італія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Італія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%81" title="اطالیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اطالیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="ئىتالىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىتالىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiqdaihleih" title="Eiqdaihleih – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Eiqdaihleih" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge, good article badge"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A0%C5%82ia" title="Itàłia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Itàłia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italii" title="Italii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Italii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9D" title="Ý – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ý" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litaliy%C3%A4n" title="Litaliyän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Litaliyän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaalia" title="Itaalia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Itaalia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A5leye" title="Itåleye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Itåleye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="義大利 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="義大利" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itoali%C3%AB" title="Itoalië – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Itoalië" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italya" title="Italya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Italya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaali" title="Itaali – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Itaali" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="意大利" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithali" title="Ithali – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Ithali" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A2" title="איטאליע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איטאליע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A1l%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Itálíà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Itálíà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="意大利" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0talya" title="İtalya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İtalya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A2li%C3%AB" title="Itâlië – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Itâlië" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ital%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Italėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Italėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="意大利" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Italy&params=43_N_12_E_">43°N 12°E / 43°N 12°E / 43; 12</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected until October 15, 2025 at 02:18 UTC, due to vandalism"><img alt="Page extended-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Southern Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Italia" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Italy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Italy (disambiguation)">Italy (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Italia (disambiguation)">Italia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Italian Republic</div><div class="ib-country-names">Repubblica Italiana (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Italy"><img alt="Flag of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/125px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/188px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/250px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Italy"><img alt="Emblem of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Emblem_of_Italy.svg/85px-Emblem_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Emblem_of_Italy.svg/128px-Emblem_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Emblem_of_Italy.svg/170px-Emblem_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="808" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Il Canto degli Italiani</a>" "The Song of the Italians"<div style="padding-top:0.5em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="97" data-mwtitle="Canto_degli_Italiani_-_Marina_Militare_(strumentale).wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/Canto_degli_Italiani_-_Marina_Militare_%28strumentale%29.wav/Canto_degli_Italiani_-_Marina_Militare_%28strumentale%29.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/Canto_degli_Italiani_-_Marina_Militare_%28strumentale%29.wav/Canto_degli_Italiani_-_Marina_Militare_%28strumentale%29.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Canto_degli_Italiani_-_Marina_Militare_%28strumentale%29.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACanto_degli_Italiani_-_Marina_Militare_%28strumentale%29.wav&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACanto_degli_Italiani_-_Marina_Militare_%28strumentale%29.wav&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACanto_degli_Italiani_-_Marina_Militare_%28strumentale%29.wav&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACanto_degli_Italiani_-_Marina_Militare_%28strumentale%29.wav&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACanto_degli_Italiani_-_Marina_Militare_%28strumentale%29.wav&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:EU-Italy_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/EU-Italy_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-EU-Italy_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/EU-Italy_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-EU-Italy_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/EU-Italy_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-EU-Italy_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:EU-Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/EU-Italy.svg/250px-EU-Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/EU-Italy.svg/375px-EU-Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/EU-Italy.svg/500px-EU-Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a>Show map of Europe</div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Italy (dark green)– in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (light green & dark grey) – in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (light green)  –  [<a href="/wiki/File:EU-Italy.svg" title="File:EU-Italy.svg">Legend</a>]</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Italy&params=41_54_N_12_29_E_type:city">41°54′N 12°29′E / 41.900°N 12.483°E / 41.900; 12.483</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Nationality</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(2021)<a href="#cite_note-id2020-1">[1]</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>91% <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a></li><li>9% other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native languages</th><td class="infobox-data">See <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">main article</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">84% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Italy" title="Christianity in Italy">Christianity</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">12% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Italy" title="Irreligion in Italy">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Italy" title="Islam in Italy">Islam</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">3% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">other</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_parliamentary_republic" title="Unitary parliamentary republic">Unitary parliamentary republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Mattarella" title="Sergio Mattarella">Sergio Mattarella</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Giorgia Meloni</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)" title="President of the Senate of the Republic (Italy)">President of the Senate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ignazio_La_Russa" title="Ignazio La Russa">Ignazio La Russa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="President of the Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">President of the Chamber of Deputies</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Fontana" title="Lorenzo Fontana">Lorenzo Fontana</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)" title="Senate of the Republic (Italy)">Senate of the Republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">Chamber of Deputies</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Unification</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 March 1861</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 June 1946</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1948</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">301,340<a href="#cite_note-Central_Intelligence_Agency-2023-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> km2 (116,350 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">71st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.24 (2015)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 58,968,501<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">25th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">195.7/km2 (506.9/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">71st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $3.597 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IT-7">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">13th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $60,992<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IT-7">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">30th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $2.376 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IT-7">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">8th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $40,286<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IT-7">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">26th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2020)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 32.5<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.906<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">30th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign">€</a>)b (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">EUR</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1 (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Italy" title="Telephone numbers in Italy">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Italy" title="Telephone numbers in Italy">+39</a>c</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:IT" title="ISO 3166-2:IT">IT</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.it" title=".it">.it</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1">German is co-official in <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a>; French is co-official in the <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a>; <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> is co-official in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Trieste" title="Province of Trieste">province of Trieste</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Gorizia" title="Province of Gorizia">province of Gorizia</a>, and Friuli-Venezia Giulia; <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> is co-official in South Tyrol, in <a href="/wiki/Trentino" title="Trentino">Trentino</a> and in other northern areas; <a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a> is co-official in Friuli-Venezia Giulia; <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> is co-official in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li><li value="2">Before 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">Italian lira</a>. The euro is accepted in <a href="/wiki/Campione_d%27Italia" title="Campione d'Italia">Campione d'Italia</a> but its official currency is the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Swiss franc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li><li value="3">To call Campione d'Italia, it is necessary to use the Swiss code <a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Switzerland" title="Telephone numbers in Switzerland">+41</a>.</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Italy,<a href="#cite_note-12">[a]</a> officially the Italian Republic,<a href="#cite_note-13">[b]</a> is a country in Southern<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> and Western<a href="#cite_note-DGACM-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[c]</a> <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. It consists of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">a peninsula</a> that extends into the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> on its northern land border, as well as nearly 800 islands, notably <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Treccani-18">[15]</a> Italy shares its borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, and two enclaves: <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_area" title="List of European countries by area">tenth-largest country in Europe</a> by area, covering 301,340 km2 (116,350 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-Central_Intelligence_Agency-2023-3">[3]</a> and third-most populous <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member state of the European Union</a>, with a population of nearly 60 million.<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a> Italy's capital and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">largest city</a> is <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>; other major urban areas include <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>. The history of Italy goes back to numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Italic peoples</a>, notably including the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Romans">ancient Romans</a>, who conquered the Mediterranean world during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and ruled it for centuries during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> With the spread of Christianity, Rome became the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papacy</a>. Between <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, Italy experienced the arrival of Germanic tribes and the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a>. By the 11th century, Italian <a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">city-states</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">maritime republics</a> expanded, bringing renewed prosperity through commerce and laying the groundwork for modern capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-See-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> flourished during the 15th and 16th centuries and spread to the rest of Europe. Italian explorers discovered new routes to the Far East and the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, contributing significantly to the European <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>. After centuries of political and territorial divisions, Italy was almost entirely unified in 1861, following wars of independence and the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a>, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> From the late 19th to the early 20th century, Italy rapidly industrialised, mainly in the north, and acquired <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">a colonial empire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">the south</a> remained largely impoverished, fueling <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">a large immigrant diaspora</a> to the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> From 1915 to 1918, Italy took part in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>. In 1922, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascist</a> dictatorship was established. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Italy was first part of the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> until its surrender to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied powers</a> (1940–1943), then a co-belligerent of the Allies during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian resistance">Italian resistance</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Italy">liberation of Italy</a> (1943–1945). Following the war, the monarchy was replaced by a republic and the country enjoyed <a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">a strong recovery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a>, Italy has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">ninth-largest nominal GDP</a> in the world, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_manufacturing_output" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by manufacturing output">second-largest manufacturing industry</a> in Europe,<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">plays a significant role in regional</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Least_of_the_great_powers" title="Least of the great powers">global</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> economic, military, cultural, and diplomatic affairs. Italy is a <a href="/wiki/Inner_Six" title="Inner Six">founding</a> and <a href="/wiki/EU_three" title="EU three">leading</a> member of the European Union, and is part of numerous international institutions, including <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, the <a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a> and <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Union" title="Latin Union">Latin Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a>. As a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_superpower" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural superpower">cultural superpower</a>, Italy has long been a renowned global centre <a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">of art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">fashion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">science and technology</a>, and the source of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">multiple inventions and discoveries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> It has the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_by_country" title="World Heritage Sites by country">highest number</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">60</a>) and is the <a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_rankings" title="World Tourism rankings">fifth-most visited country</a> in the world. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name of Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadrian,_denarius,_134-138_AD,_RIC_II_307.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Hadrian%2C_denarius%2C_134-138_AD%2C_RIC_II_307.jpg/220px-Hadrian%2C_denarius%2C_134-138_AD%2C_RIC_II_307.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Hadrian%2C_denarius%2C_134-138_AD%2C_RIC_II_307.jpg/330px-Hadrian%2C_denarius%2C_134-138_AD%2C_RIC_II_307.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Hadrian%2C_denarius%2C_134-138_AD%2C_RIC_II_307.jpg/440px-Hadrian%2C_denarius%2C_134-138_AD%2C_RIC_II_307.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">Denarius</a> of Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> displaying the inscription ITALIA on the verge of a <a href="/wiki/Italia_turrita" title="Italia turrita">personification of Italy</a> holding <a href="/wiki/Scepter" class="mw-redirect" title="Scepter">scepter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornucopia" title="Cornucopia">cornucopia</a></figcaption></figure> Hypotheses for the etymology of Italia are numerous.<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> One theory suggests it originated from an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> term for the land of the Italói, a tribe that resided in the region now known as <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>. Originally thought to be named Vituli, some scholars suggest their <a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">totemic</a> animal to be the calf (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: vitulus; <a href="/wiki/Umbrian_language" title="Umbrian language">Umbrian</a>: vitlo; <a href="/wiki/Oscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscan">Oscan</a>: Víteliú).<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> Several ancient authors said it was named after a local ruler <a href="/wiki/Italus" title="Italus">Italus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> The ancient Greek term for Italy initially referred only to the south of the <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Bruttium</a> peninsula and parts of <a href="/wiki/Catanzaro" title="Catanzaro">Catanzaro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Vibo Valentia</a>. The larger concept of <a href="/wiki/Oenotria" class="mw-redirect" title="Oenotria">Oenotria</a> and "Italy" became synonymous, and the name applied to most of <a href="/wiki/Lucania" title="Lucania">Lucania</a> as well. Before the Roman Republic's expansion, the name was used by Greeks for the land between the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Messina" title="Strait of Messina">strait of Messina</a> and the line connecting the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Salerno" title="Gulf of Salerno">gulfs of Salerno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Taranto" title="Gulf of Taranto">Taranto</a>, corresponding to Calabria. The Greeks came to apply "Italia" to a larger region.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> In addition to the "<a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Greek Italy</a>" in the south, historians have suggested the existence of an "Etruscan Italy", which consisted of areas of central Italy.<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> The borders of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a>, Italia, are better established. Cato's <a href="/wiki/Origines" title="Origines">Origines</a> describes Italy as the entire peninsula south of the Alps.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> In 264 BC, Roman Italy extended from the <a href="/wiki/Arno" title="Arno">Arno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rubicon" title="Rubicon">Rubicon</a> rivers of the centre-north to the entire south. The northern area, <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a>, considered geographically part of Italy, was occupied by Rome in the 220s BC,<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> but remained politically separated. It was legally merged into the administrative unit of Italy in 42 BC.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> Sardinia, <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, Sicily, and <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> were added to Italy by <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> in 292 AD,<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> which made late-ancient Italy coterminous with the modern <a href="/wiki/Italian_geographical_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian geographical region">Italian geographical region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> The Latin Italicus was used to describe "a man of Italy" as opposed to a provincial, or one from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> The adjective italianus, from which Italian was derived, is from <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">medieval Latin</a> and was used alternatively with Italicus during the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a> of Italy was created. After the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombard</a> invasions, Italia was retained as the name for their kingdom, and its <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">successor kingdom</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History of Italy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory_and_antiquity">Prehistory and antiquity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistoric Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscan civilisation">Etruscan civilisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Etruscan_Painting_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Etruscan_Painting_1.jpg/220px-Etruscan_Painting_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Etruscan_Painting_1.jpg/330px-Etruscan_Painting_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Etruscan_Painting_1.jpg/440px-Etruscan_Painting_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> fresco in the <a href="/wiki/Monterozzi_necropolis" title="Monterozzi necropolis">Monterozzi necropolis</a>, 5th century BC</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a> artefacts, dating back 850,000 years, have been recovered from <a href="/wiki/Monte_Poggiolo" title="Monte Poggiolo">Monte Poggiolo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> Excavations throughout Italy revealed a <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal</a> presence in the Middle Palaeolithic period 200,000 years ago,<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_human" title="Early modern human">modern humans</a> appeared about 40,000 years ago at <a href="/wiki/Riparo_Mochi" class="mw-redirect" title="Riparo Mochi">Riparo Mochi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_peoples_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient peoples of Italy">ancient peoples</a> of pre-Roman Italy were <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-European</a>, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a>. The main historic peoples of possible non-Indo-European or <a href="/wiki/Pre-Indo-European_languages" title="Pre-Indo-European languages">pre-Indo-European</a> heritage include the <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Elymians" title="Elymians">Elymians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicani" title="Sicani">Sicani</a> of Sicily, and the prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Sardinians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardinians">Sardinians</a>, who gave birth to the <a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuragic civilisation">Nuragic civilisation</a>. Other ancient populations include the <a href="/wiki/Rhaetian_people" title="Rhaetian people">Rhaetian people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camunni" title="Camunni">Camunni</a>, known for their <a href="/wiki/Rock_Drawings_in_Valcamonica" title="Rock Drawings in Valcamonica">rock drawings in Valcamonica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> A natural mummy, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a>, dated 3400–3100 BC, was discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Similaun" title="Similaun">Similaun</a> glacier in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> The first colonisers were the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a>, who established <a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">emporiums</a> on the coasts of Sicily and Sardinia. Some became small urban centers and developed parallel to <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek colonies">Greek colonies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> During the 8th and 7th centuries, Greek colonies were established at <a href="/wiki/Pithecusae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pithecusae">Pithecusae</a>, eventually extending along the south of the Italian Peninsula and the coast of Sicily, an area later known as <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ionians" title="Ionians">Ionians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a> colonists, <a href="/wiki/Syracusan" class="mw-redirect" title="Syracusan">Syracusans</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(tribe)" title="Achaeans (tribe)">Achaeans</a> founded various cities. <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonization_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek colonization of Italy">Greek colonisation</a> placed the <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> in contact with democratic forms of government and high artistic and cultural expressions.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Rome">Ancient Rome</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman expansion in Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Colosseo_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Colosseo_2020.jpg/220px-Colosseo_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Colosseo_2020.jpg/330px-Colosseo_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Colosseo_2020.jpg/440px-Colosseo_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12051" data-file-height="8442" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a>, one of the great works of architecture and engineering of ancient history</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/220px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/330px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/440px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png 2x" data-file-width="2534" data-file-height="1614" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in AD 117 at its greatest extent<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal states</a></div></div></div></div></div></div> Ancient Rome, a settlement on the river <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a> in central Italy, <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">founded</a> in 753 BC, was ruled for 244 years by a monarchical system. In 509 BC, the Romans, favouring a government of the Senate and the People (<a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a>), <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">expelled the monarchy</a> and established an oligarchic republic. The Italian Peninsula, named Italia, was consolidated into a unified entity during Roman expansion, the conquest of new territories often at the expense of the <a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">other Italic tribes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Etruscan_Wars" title="Roman–Etruscan Wars">Etruscans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Gallic_wars" title="Roman–Gallic wars">Celts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_War" title="Pyrrhic War">Greeks</a>. A permanent association, with most of the local tribes and cities, was formed, and Rome began the conquest of Western Europe, North Africa, and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East#Greek_and_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Middle East">Middle East</a>. In the wake of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s assassination in 44 BC, Rome grew into a massive empire stretching from <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a> to the borders of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Persia</a>, engulfing the whole Mediterranean basin, in which Greek, Roman, and other cultures merged into a powerful civilisation. The long reign of the first emperor, <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, began an age of peace and prosperity. Roman Italy remained the <a href="/wiki/Metropole" title="Metropole">metropole</a> of the empire, homeland of the Romans and territory of the capital.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Roman_provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman provinces">Roman provinces</a> were being established throughout the Mediterranean, Italy maintained a special status which made it <a href="/wiki/Dominus_(title)" title="Dominus (title)">domina</a> provinciarum ('ruler of the provinces'),<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> and—especially in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">first centuries of imperial stability</a>—rectrix mundi ('governor of the world')<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> and omnium terrarum parens ('parent of all lands').<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> The Roman Empire was among the largest in history, wielding great economical, cultural, political, and military power. At its greatest extent, it had an area of 5 million square kilometres (1.9 million square miles).<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> The Roman <a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">legacy</a> has deeply influenced Western civilisation shaping the modern world. The widespread use of <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> derived from Latin, <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">numerical system</a>, modern Western alphabet and calendar, and the emergence of Christianity as a world religion, are among the many legacies of Roman dominance.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Italy in the Middle Ages</a></div> After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a>, Italy fell under the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(476%E2%80%93493)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (476–493)">Odoacer's kingdom</a>, and was seized by the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> Invasions resulted in a chaotic succession of kingdoms and the supposed "<a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a>". The invasion of another <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribe</a> in the 6th century, the Lombards, reduced Byzantine presence and ended political unity of the peninsula. The north formed the Lombard kingdom, central-south was also controlled by the Lombards, and other parts remained Byzantine.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marco_Polo_Mosaic_from_Palazzo_Tursi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Marco_Polo_Mosaic_from_Palazzo_Tursi.jpg/150px-Marco_Polo_Mosaic_from_Palazzo_Tursi.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Marco_Polo_Mosaic_from_Palazzo_Tursi.jpg/225px-Marco_Polo_Mosaic_from_Palazzo_Tursi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Marco_Polo_Mosaic_from_Palazzo_Tursi.jpg/300px-Marco_Polo_Mosaic_from_Palazzo_Tursi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1286" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>, 13th-century explorer</figcaption></figure> The Lombard kingdom was absorbed into <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> in the late 8th century and became the Kingdom of Italy.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> The Franks helped form the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>. Until the 13th century, politics was dominated by relations between the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperors</a> and the Papacy, with city-states siding with the former (<a href="/wiki/Ghibellines" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghibellines">Ghibellines</a>) or with the latter (<a href="/wiki/Guelphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelphs">Guelphs</a>) for momentary advantage.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> The Germanic emperor and Roman pontiff became the <a href="/wiki/Universal_power" title="Universal power">universal powers</a> of medieval Europe. However, conflict over the <a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a> and between Guelphs and Ghibellines ended the imperial-feudal system in the north, where cities gained independence.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> In 1176, the <a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a> of city-states, defeated Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick Barbarossa</a>, ensuring their independence. City-states—e.g. <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, Florence, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>—played a crucially innovative role in financial development by devising banking practices, and enabling new forms of social organisation.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> In coastal and southern areas, maritime republics dominated the Mediterranean and monopolised trade to the Orient. They were independent <a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">thalassocratic</a> city-states, in which merchants had considerable power. Although oligarchical, the relative political freedom they afforded was conducive to academic and artistic advancement.<a href="#cite_note-Lane-69">[66]</a> The best-known maritime republics were Venice, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> Each had dominion over overseas lands, islands, lands on the Adriatic, Aegean, and Black seas, and commercial colonies in the Near East and North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:337px;max-width:337px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:116px;max-width:116px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:114px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_jack_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Naval_jack_of_Italy.svg/114px-Naval_jack_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="114" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Naval_jack_of_Italy.svg/171px-Naval_jack_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Naval_jack_of_Italy.svg/228px-Naval_jack_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:114px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Republik_Venedig_Handelswege01-IT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Republik_Venedig_Handelswege01-IT.png/215px-Republik_Venedig_Handelswege01-IT.png" decoding="async" width="215" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Republik_Venedig_Handelswege01-IT.png/323px-Republik_Venedig_Handelswege01-IT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Republik_Venedig_Handelswege01-IT.png/430px-Republik_Venedig_Handelswege01-IT.png 2x" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="501" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: flag of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Navy" title="Italian Navy">Italian Navy</a>. Clockwise, from upper left: the coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a>. Right: trade routes, colonies of the <a href="/wiki/Genoese_colonies" title="Genoese colonies">Genoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Venice</a>.</div></div></div></div> Venice and Genoa were Europe's gateways to the East, and producers of fine glass, while Florence was a centre of silk, wool, banking, and jewellery. The wealth generated meant large public and private artistic projects could be commissioned. The republics participated in the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, providing support, transport, but mostly taking political and trading opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-Lane-69">[66]</a> Italy first felt the economic changes which led to the <a href="/wiki/Commercial_revolution" title="Commercial revolution">commercial revolution</a>: Venice was able to <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">sack Byzantine's capital</a> and finance <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>'s voyages to Asia; the first universities were formed in Italian cities, and scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> obtained international fame; capitalism and banking families emerged in Florence, where <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a> were active around 1300.<a href="#cite_note-See-21">[18]</a> In the south, Sicily had become an <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Sicily">Arab Islamic emirate</a> in the 9th century, thriving until the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Normans" title="Italo-Normans">Italo-Normans</a> conquered it in the late 11th century, together with most of the Lombard and Byzantine principalities of southern Italy.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> The region was subsequently divided between the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> of 1348 killed perhaps a third of Italy's population.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">History of early modern Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_1494.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Italy_1494.svg/180px-Italy_1494.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Italy_1494.svg/270px-Italy_1494.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Italy_1494.svg/360px-Italy_1494.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3481" data-file-height="4167" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy#Late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Italian states</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a> in 1494</figcaption></figure> During the 1400s and 1500s, Italy was the birthplace and heart of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. This era marked the transition from the medieval period to the modern age and was fostered by the wealth accumulated by merchant cities and the patronage of dominant families.<a href="#cite_note-strathern-76">[72]</a> Italian polities were now regional states effectively ruled by princes, in control of trade and administration, and their courts became centres of the arts and sciences. These princedoms were led by political dynasties and merchant families, such as the <a href="/wiki/Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici">Medici</a> of Florence. After the end of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a>, newly elected <a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_V" title="Pope Martin V">Pope Martin V</a> returned to the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> and restored Italy as the sole centre of Western Christianity. The <a href="/wiki/Medici_Bank" title="Medici Bank">Medici Bank</a> was made the credit institution of the Papacy, and significant ties were established between the Church and new political dynasties.<a href="#cite_note-strathern-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_self.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Leonardo_self.jpg/150px-Leonardo_self.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Leonardo_self.jpg/225px-Leonardo_self.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Leonardo_self.jpg/300px-Leonardo_self.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, quintessential <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance man">Renaissance man</a>, in a self-portrait (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1512)</figcaption></figure> In 1453, despite activity by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Pope Nicholas V</a> to support the Byzantines, the city of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> fell to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>. This led to the migration of <a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Greek scholars</a> and texts to Italy, fuelling the rediscovery of Greek <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a> Humanist rulers such as <a href="/wiki/Federico_da_Montefeltro" title="Federico da Montefeltro">Federico da Montefeltro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pope Pius II</a> worked to establish <a href="/wiki/Ideal_city" title="Ideal city">ideal cities</a>, founding <a href="/wiki/Urbino" title="Urbino">Urbino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pienza" title="Pienza">Pienza</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pico_della_Mirandola" class="mw-redirect" title="Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a> wrote the <a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a>, considered the manifesto of the Renaissance. In the arts, the Italian Renaissance exercised a dominant influence on European art for centuries, with artists such as <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botticelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Botticelli">Botticelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>, and architects such as <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Palladio" title="Andrea Palladio">Andrea Palladio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Donato_Bramante" title="Donato Bramante">Donato Bramante</a>. Italian <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_explorers" title="List of Italian explorers">explorers</a> and navigators from the maritime republics, eager to find an alternative route to the Indies to bypass the Ottomans, offered their services to monarchs of Atlantic countries and played a key role in ushering the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a> and colonization of the Americas. The most notable were: <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>, who opened the Americas for conquest by Europeans;<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">John Cabot</a>, the first European to explore North America since the <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a>;<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a>, for whom the continent of <a href="/wiki/Naming_of_the_Americas" title="Naming of the Americas">America</a> is named.<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> A defensive alliance known as the <a href="/wiki/Italic_League" title="Italic League">Italic League</a> was formed between Venice, Naples, Florence, Milan, and the Papacy. <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici" title="Lorenzo de' Medici">Lorenzo the Magnificent de Medici</a> was the Renaissance's greatest patron, his support allowed the League to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Otranto" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Otranto">abort invasion</a> by the Turks. The alliance, however, collapsed in the 1490s; the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII of France</a> initiated a series of wars in the peninsula. During the <a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a>, popes such as <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Julius II</a> (1503–1513) fought for control of Italy against foreign monarchs; <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Paul III</a> (1534–1549) preferred to mediate between the European powers to secure peace. In the middle of such conflicts, the Medici popes <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a> (1513–1521) and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Clement VII</a> (1523–1534) faced the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> in Germany, England and elsewhere. In 1559, at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian wars">Italian wars</a> between France and the Habsburgs, about half of Italy (the southern Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a>) was under Spanish rule, while the other half remained independent (many states continued to be formally part of the Holy Roman Empire). The Papacy launched the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>, whose key events include: the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> (1545–1563); adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_China_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit China mission">Jesuit China mission</a>; the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a>; end of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> (1618–1648); and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a>. The Italian economy declined in the 1600s and 1700s. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Repubblica_Cispadana1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Repubblica_Cispadana1.jpg/150px-Flag_of_Repubblica_Cispadana1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Repubblica_Cispadana1.jpg/225px-Flag_of_Repubblica_Cispadana1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Flag_of_Repubblica_Cispadana1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="258" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Cispadane_Republic" title="Cispadane Republic">Cispadane Republic</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Italian tricolour</a> adopted by a sovereign Italian state (1797)</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_succession" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Spanish succession">war of the Spanish succession</a> (1700–1714), Austria acquired most of the Spanish domains in Italy, namely Milan, Naples and Sardinia; the latter was given to the House of Savoy in exchange for Sicily in 1720. Later, a branch of the Bourbons ascended to the throne of Sicily and Naples. During the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, north and central Italy were reorganised as <a href="/wiki/Sister_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister Republics">Sister Republics</a> of France and, later, as a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Kingdom of Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> The south was administered by <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a>, Napoleon's brother-in-law. 1814's <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> restored the situation of the late 18th century, but the ideals of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> could not be eradicated, and re-surfaced during the <a href="/wiki/Political_upheaval" class="mw-redirect" title="Political upheaval">political upheavals</a> that characterised the early 19th century. The first adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Italian tricolour</a> by an Italian state, the <a href="/wiki/Cispadane_Republic" title="Cispadane Republic">Cispadane Republic</a>, occurred during <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Napoleonic_Italy" title="Flags of Napoleonic Italy">Napoleonic Italy</a>, following the French Revolution, which advocated national <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> This event is celebrated by <a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Day" title="Tricolour Day">Tricolour Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unification">Unification</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Birth_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth of the Kingdom of Italy">birth of the Kingdom of Italy</a> was the result of efforts of Italian nationalists and monarchists loyal to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a> to establish a united kingdom encompassing the entire <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a>. By the mid-19th century, rising <a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian nationalism</a> led to revolution.<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> in 1815, the political and social Italian unification movement, or <a href="/wiki/Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Risorgimento</a>, emerged to unite Italy by consolidating the states and liberating them from foreign control. A radical figure was the patriotic journalist <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a>, founder of the political movement <a href="/wiki/Young_Italy" title="Young Italy">Young Italy</a> in the 1830s, who favoured a unitary republic and advocated a broad nationalist movement. 1847 saw the first public performance of "<a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Il Canto degli Italiani</a>", which became the national anthem in 1946.<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:319px;max-width:319px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:175px;max-width:175px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg/173px-Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg/260px-Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg/346px-Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="1280" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg/138px-Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg/207px-Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg/276px-Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1624" data-file-height="2509" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a> (left), highly influential leader of the Italian revolutionary movement; and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> (right), celebrated as one of the greatest generals of modern times<a href="#cite_note-scholar_and_patriot-88">[84]</a> and as the "Hero of the Two Worlds" because of his military enterprises in South America and Europe,<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> who fought in many military campaigns that led to <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a></div></div></div></div> The most famous member of Young Italy was the revolutionary and general <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> who led the republican drive for unification in southern Italy. However, the Italian monarchy of the House of Savoy, in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>, whose government was led by <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour</a>, also had ambitions of establishing a united Italian state. In the context of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">1848 liberal revolutions</a> that swept Europe, an unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First Italian War of Independence</a> was declared against <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria</a>. In 1855, Sardinia became an ally of Britain and France in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a> Sardinia fought the Austrian Empire in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</a> of 1859, with the aid of France, resulting in liberating <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>. On the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Plombi%C3%A8res_Agreement" title="Plombières Agreement">Plombières Agreement</a>, the Sardinia ceded <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> to France, an event that caused the <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a> In 1860–1861, Garibaldi led the drive for unification in Naples and Sicily.<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Teano" title="Teano">Teano</a> was the site of a famous meeting between Garibaldi and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a>, the last king of Sardinia, during which Garibaldi shook Victor Emanuel's hand and hailed him as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a>. Cavour agreed to include Garibaldi's southern Italy in a union with the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1860. This allowed the Sardinian government to <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">declare a united Italian kingdom</a> on 17 March 1861,<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> with Victor Emmanuel II as its first king. In 1865, the kingdom's capital was moved from Turin to Florence. In 1866, Victor Emmanuel II, allied with <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a>, waged the <a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third Italian War of Independence</a>, which resulted in Italy annexing <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Venetia</a>. Finally, in 1870, as France abandoned Rome during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, the Italians <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">captured the Papal States</a>, unification was completed, and the capital moved to Rome.<a href="#cite_note-scholar_and_patriot-88">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberal_period">Liberal period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italian diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Military history of Italy during World War I</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:274px;max-width:274px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:VictorEmmanuel2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/VictorEmmanuel2.jpg/125px-VictorEmmanuel2.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/VictorEmmanuel2.jpg/188px-VictorEmmanuel2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/VictorEmmanuel2.jpg/250px-VictorEmmanuel2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="908" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuminello,_Lodovico_(1824-1907)_-_Cavour_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tuminello%2C_Lodovico_%281824-1907%29_-_Cavour_cropped.jpg/141px-Tuminello%2C_Lodovico_%281824-1907%29_-_Cavour_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Tuminello%2C_Lodovico_%281824-1907%29_-_Cavour_cropped.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="201" data-file-height="268" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour</a> (right), leading figures in unification, became respectively the first King and prime minister of unified Italy.</div></div></div></div> Sardinia's constitution was extended to all of Italy in 1861, and provided basic freedoms for the new state; but electoral laws excluded the non-propertied classes. The new kingdom was governed by a parliamentary constitutional monarchy dominated by liberals. As northern Italy quickly industrialised, southern and northern rural areas remained underdeveloped and overpopulated, forcing millions to migrate and fuelling a <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">large and influential diaspora</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a> increased in strength, challenging the traditional liberal and conservative establishment. In the last two decades of the 19th century, Italy developed into a <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">colonial power</a> by subjugating <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Tripolitania" title="Italian Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Cyrenaica" title="Italian Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a> in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a> In 1913, male universal suffrage was adopted. The pre-<a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> period was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti" title="Giovanni Giolitti">Giovanni Giolitti</a>, prime minister five times between 1892 and 1921. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacrario_militare_di_Redipuglia_agosto_2014.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sacrario_militare_di_Redipuglia_agosto_2014.JPG/220px-Sacrario_militare_di_Redipuglia_agosto_2014.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sacrario_militare_di_Redipuglia_agosto_2014.JPG/330px-Sacrario_militare_di_Redipuglia_agosto_2014.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sacrario_militare_di_Redipuglia_agosto_2014.JPG/440px-Sacrario_militare_di_Redipuglia_agosto_2014.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3080" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Redipuglia_War_Memorial" title="Redipuglia War Memorial">Redipuglia War Memorial</a> is a <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_memorials" title="World War I memorials">World War I memorial</a>. It is the largest war memorial in Italy and one of the largest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italy entered into the First World War</a> in 1915 with the aim of completing national unity, so it is also considered the Fourth Italian War of Independence,<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> from a historiographical perspective, as the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification of Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> Italy, nominally allied with <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a> empires in the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a>, in 1915 joined the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a>, entering World War I with a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">promise</a> of substantial territorial gains that included west <a href="/wiki/Inner_Carniola" title="Inner Carniola">Inner Carniola</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Littoral" title="Austrian Littoral">Austrian Littoral</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>, as well as parts of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. The country's contribution to the Allied victory earned it a place as one of the "<a href="/wiki/The_Big_Four_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Big Four (World War I)">Big Four</a>" powers. Reorganisation of the army and conscription led to Italian victories. In October 1918, the Italians launched a massive offensive, culminating in victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Battle of Vittorio Veneto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a> This marked the end of war on the Italian Front, secured dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and was instrumental in <a href="/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice with Germany">ending</a> the war less than two weeks later. During the war, more than 650,000 Italian soldiers and as many civilians died,<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> and the kingdom was on the brink of bankruptcy. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a> (1919) and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rapallo_(1920)" title="Treaty of Rapallo (1920)">Treaty of Rapallo</a> (1920) allowed for annexation of <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol">Trentino Alto-Adige</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Julian_March" title="Julian March">Julian March</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kvarner_Gulf" title="Kvarner Gulf">Kvarner Gulf</a>, and the Dalmatian city of <a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zara</a>. The subsequent <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome_(1924)" title="Treaty of Rome (1924)">Treaty of Rome</a> (1924) led to annexation of <a href="/wiki/Fiume" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiume">Fiume</a> by Italy. Italy did not receive other territories promised by the Treaty of London, so this outcome was denounced as a "<a href="/wiki/Mutilated_victory" title="Mutilated victory">mutilated victory</a>", by <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, which helped lead to the <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">rise of Italian fascism</a>. Historians regard "mutilated victory" as a "political myth", used by fascists to fuel <a href="/wiki/Italian_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian imperialism">Italian imperialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> Italy gained a permanent seat in the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>'s executive council. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fascist_regime_and_World_War_II">Fascist regime and World War II</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Military history of Italy during World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Italian Civil War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italian campaign (World War II)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benito_Mussolini_portrait_as_dictator_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Benito_Mussolini_portrait_as_dictator_%28retouched%29.jpg/150px-Benito_Mussolini_portrait_as_dictator_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Benito_Mussolini_portrait_as_dictator_%28retouched%29.jpg/225px-Benito_Mussolini_portrait_as_dictator_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Benito_Mussolini_portrait_as_dictator_%28retouched%29.jpg/300px-Benito_Mussolini_portrait_as_dictator_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The fascist dictator <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> titled himself <a href="/wiki/Duce" title="Duce">Duce</a> and ruled the country from 1922 to 1943.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">socialist agitations</a> that followed the devastation of the Great War, inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, led to counter-revolution and repression throughout Italy. The liberal establishment, fearing a Soviet-style revolution, started to endorse the small <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a>, led by Mussolini. In October 1922, the <a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a> of the National Fascist Party organised a <a href="/wiki/Mass_demonstration" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass demonstration">mass demonstration</a> and the "<a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a>" <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup</a>. King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III</a> appointed Mussolini as prime minister, transferring power to the fascists without armed conflict.<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> Mussolini banned political parties and curtailed personal liberties, establishing a dictatorship. These actions attracted international attention and inspired similar dictatorships in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> was based upon Italian nationalism and imperialism, seeking to expand Italian possessions via irredentist claims based on the legacy of the Roman and Venetian empires.<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a> For this reason the fascists engaged in <a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">interventionist foreign policy</a>. In 1935, Mussolini <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Abyssinian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Italo-Abyssinian War">invaded Ethiopia</a> and founded <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a>, resulting in international isolation and leading to Italy's withdrawal from the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>. Italy then <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">allied with Nazi Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Empire of Japan</a>, and strongly supported <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>. In 1939, Italy <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">annexed Albania</a>. Italy entered World War II on 10 June 1940. At different times, Italians advanced in <a href="/wiki/Italian_conquest_of_British_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian conquest of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="Italian invasion of Egypt">Egypt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Campaign (World War II)">Balkans</a>, and eastern fronts. They were, however, <a href="/wiki/Italian_participation_on_the_Eastern_Front" title="Italian participation on the Eastern Front">defeated on the Eastern Front</a> as well as in the <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North African</a> campaigns, losing their territories in Africa and the Balkans. <a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a> included <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">extrajudicial killings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> by deportation of about 25,000 people—mainly Yugoslavs—to <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_concentration_camps" title="List of Italian concentration camps">Italian concentration camps</a> and elsewhere. <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a> perpetrated their own crimes against the ethnic Italian population during and after the war, including the <a href="/wiki/Foibe_massacres" title="Foibe massacres">foibe massacres</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a> began in July 1943, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">collapse of the Fascist regime</a> on 25 July. Mussolini was deposed and arrested by order of King Victor Emmanuel III. On 8 September, Italy signed the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a>, ending its war with the Allies. The Germans, with the assistance of Italian fascists, succeeded in taking control of north and central Italy. The country remained a battlefield, with the Allies moving up from the south. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg/220px-01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg/330px-01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg/440px-01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian partisans</a> in Milan during the final insurrection leading to the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Italy">liberation of Italy</a> in April 1945</figcaption></figure> In the north, the Germans set up the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> (RSI), a Nazi <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collaborationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborationist">collaborationist</a> regime with Mussolini installed as leader after he was <a href="/wiki/Gran_Sasso_raid" title="Gran Sasso raid">rescued</a> by German paratroopers. What remained of the Italian troops was organised into the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italian Co-belligerent Army</a>, which fought alongside the Allies, while other Italian forces, loyal to Mussolini, opted to fight alongside the Germans in the <a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Army" title="National Republican Army">National Republican Army</a>. German troops, with RSI collaboration, committed massacres and deported thousands of Jews to death camps. The post-armistice period saw the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Resistance">Italian Resistance</a>, who fought a guerrilla war against the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Achse" title="Operation Achse">Nazi German occupiers</a> and collaborators.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> This has been described as an Italian civil war due to fighting between partisans and fascist RSI forces.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> In April 1945, with defeat looming, Mussolini attempted to escape north,<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a> but was captured and <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Benito_Mussolini" title="Death of Benito Mussolini">summarily executed</a> by partisans.<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> Hostilities ended on 29 April 1945, <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Caserta" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrender of Caserta">when the German forces in Italy surrendered</a>. Nearly half a million Italians died in the conflict,<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a> society was divided, and the economy all but destroyed—per capita income in 1944 was at its lowest point since 1900.<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> The aftermath left Italy angry with the monarchy for its endorsement of the Fascist regime, contributing to a revival of Italian republicanism.<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_era">Republican era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">History of the Italian Republic</a></div> Italy became a republic after the <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">1946 Italian institutional referendum</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a> held on 2 June, a day celebrated since as <a href="/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica" title="Festa della Repubblica">Festa della Repubblica</a>. This was the first time women voted nationally.<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a> Victor Emmanuel III's son, <a href="/wiki/Umberto_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Umberto II">Umberto II</a>, was forced to abdicate. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Republican Constitution</a> was approved in 1948. Under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_between_Italy_and_the_Allied_Powers" title="Treaty of Paris between Italy and the Allied Powers">Treaty of Paris between Italy and the Allied Powers</a>, areas next to the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> were annexed by <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Istrian-Dalmatian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="Istrian-Dalmatian exodus">Istrian-Dalmatian exodus</a>, which involved the emigration of around 300,000 <a href="/wiki/Istrian_Italians" title="Istrian Italians">Istrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Italians" title="Dalmatian Italians">Dalmatian Italians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> Italy lost all colonial possessions, ending the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg/150px-Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg/225px-Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg/300px-Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Italy">first</a> republican <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">prime minister of Italy</a> and one of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_fathers_of_the_European_Union" title="Founding fathers of the European Union">Founding fathers of the European Union</a></figcaption></figure> Fears of a Communist takeover proved crucial in <a href="/wiki/Italian_general_election,_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian general election, 1948">1948</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democrats</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a>, won a landslide victory.<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> Consequently, in 1949 Italy became a member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> revived the economy, which, until the late 1960s, enjoyed a period called the <a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Miracle</a>. In the 1950s, Italy became a founding country of the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a>, a forerunner of the European Union. From the late 1960s until the early 1980s, the country experienced the <a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a>, characterised by economic difficulties, especially after the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>; social conflicts; and terrorist massacres.<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> The economy recovered and Italy became the world's fifth-largest industrial nation after it gained entry into the <a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a> in the 1970s. However, national debt skyrocketed past 100% of GDP. Between 1992 and 1993, Italy faced terror attacks perpetrated by the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Sicilian Mafia</a> as a consequence of new anti-mafia measures by the government.<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a> Voters—disenchanted with political paralysis, massive public debt and extensive corruption uncovered by the <a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Clean Hands</a> investigation—demanded radical reform. The Christian Democrats, who had ruled for almost 50 years, underwent a crisis and disbanded, splitting into factions.<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> The Communists reorganised as a <a href="/wiki/Social-democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social-democratic">social-democratic</a> force. During the 1990s and 2000s, <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_coalition_(Italy)" title="Centre-right coalition (Italy)">centre-right</a> (dominated by media magnate <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Centre-left_coalition_(Italy)" title="Centre-left coalition (Italy)">centre-left</a> coalitions (led by professor <a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Romano Prodi</a>) alternately governed. In 2011, amidst the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, Berlusconi <a href="/wiki/Resignation_of_Silvio_Berlusconi" class="mw-redirect" title="Resignation of Silvio Berlusconi">resigned</a> and was replaced by the technocratic cabinet of <a href="/wiki/Mario_Monti" title="Mario Monti">Mario Monti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Renzi" title="Matteo Renzi">Matteo Renzi</a> became <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">prime minister</a> and the government started constitutional reform. This was rejected in a 2016 <a href="/wiki/Italian_constitutional_referendum,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian constitutional referendum, 2016">referendum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Gentiloni" title="Paolo Gentiloni">Paolo Gentiloni</a> became prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/European_migrant_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European migrant crisis">European migrant crisis</a> of the 2010s, Italy was the entry point and leading destination for most asylum seekers entering the EU. Between 2013 and 2018, it took in over 700,000 migrants,<a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> mainly from sub-Saharan Africa,<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> which put a strain on the public purse and led to a surge in support for far-right or euro-sceptic parties.<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Italian_general_election,_2018" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian general election, 2018">2018 general election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Conte" title="Giuseppe Conte">Giuseppe Conte</a> became prime minister of a <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Change" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Change">populist coalition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> With more than 155,000 victims, Italy was one of the countries with the most deaths in the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> and one of the most affected <a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">economically</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> In February 2021, after a <a href="/wiki/2021_Italian_government_crisis" title="2021 Italian government crisis">government crisis</a>, Conte resigned. <a href="/wiki/Mario_Draghi" title="Mario Draghi">Mario Draghi</a>, former president of the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a>, formed a <a href="/wiki/Draghi_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Draghi Cabinet">national unity government</a> supported by most main parties,<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> pledging to implement an economic stimulus to face the crisis caused by the pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Giorgia Meloni</a> was sworn in as Italy's first female prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography of Italy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">List of rivers of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">List of lakes of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">List of islands of Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italy (geographical region)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italy_relief_location_map.jpg/220px-Italy_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italy_relief_location_map.jpg/330px-Italy_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italy_relief_location_map.jpg/440px-Italy_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1299" /></a><figcaption>Topographic map of Italy</figcaption></figure> Italy, whose territory largely coincides with the <a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">eponymous geographical region</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Treccani-18">[15]</a> is located in Southern Europe (and is also considered part of Western Europe<a href="#cite_note-DGACM-15">[13]</a>) between latitudes <a href="/wiki/35th_parallel_north" title="35th parallel north">35°</a> and <a href="/wiki/47th_parallel_north" title="47th parallel north">47° N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/6th_meridian_east" title="6th meridian east">6°</a> and <a href="/wiki/19th_meridian_east" title="19th meridian east">19° E</a>. To the north, from west to east, Italy borders France, Switzerland, Austria, and Slovenia, and is roughly delimited by the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alpine watershed</a>, enclosing the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Plain" title="Venetian Plain">Venetian Plain</a>. It consists of the entirety of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a>, Sicily and Sardinia (the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_islands#By_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean islands">biggest islands</a> of the Mediterranean), and <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">many smaller islands</a>. Some of Italy's territory extends beyond the Alpine basin, and some islands are located outside the <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian</a> continental shelf. The country's area is 301,230 square kilometres (116,306 sq mi), of which 294,020 km2 (113,522 sq mi) is land and 7,210 km2 (2,784 sq mi) is water.<a href="#cite_note-Area-131">[127]</a> Including the islands, Italy has a coastline of 7,600 kilometres (4,722 miles) on the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian</a> seas,<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECushman-RoisinGačićPoulain20011–2-134">[130]</a> Its border with France runs for 488 km (303 mi); Switzerland, 740 km (460 mi); Austria, 430 km (267 mi); and Slovenia, 232 km (144 mi). The sovereign states of <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> (the smallest country in the world and headquarters of the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> under the governance of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>) are <a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">enclaves</a> within Italy,<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Campione_d%27Italia" title="Campione d'Italia">Campione d'Italia</a> is an Italian <a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">exclave</a> in Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> The border with San Marino is 39 km (24 mi) long, that with Vatican City, 3.2 km (2.0 mi).<a href="#cite_note-Area-131">[127]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monte_Bianco_DSF1243-m.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Monte_Bianco_DSF1243-m.jpg/220px-Monte_Bianco_DSF1243-m.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Monte_Bianco_DSF1243-m.jpg/330px-Monte_Bianco_DSF1243-m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Monte_Bianco_DSF1243-m.jpg/440px-Monte_Bianco_DSF1243-m.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a> (Monte Bianco) in <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a>, the highest point in the European Union</figcaption></figure> Over 35% of Italian territory is mountainous.<a href="#cite_note-eug92-137">[133]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennine Mountains</a> form the peninsula's backbone, and the Alps form most of its northern boundary, where Italy's highest point is located on the summit of <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a> (Monte Bianco) at 4,810 m (15,780 ft). Other well-known mountains include the <a href="/wiki/Matterhorn" title="Matterhorn">Matterhorn</a> (Monte Cervino) in the western Alps, and the <a href="/wiki/Dolomites" title="Dolomites">Dolomites</a> in the eastern Alps. Many parts of <a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Italy are of volcanic origin</a>. Most small islands and archipelagos in the south are <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_island" title="Volcanic island">volcanic islands</a>. There are active volcanoes: <a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a> in Sicily (the largest in Europe), <a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Vulcano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Stromboli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vesuvius" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesuvius">Vesuvius</a>. Most <a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivers of Italy">rivers of Italy</a> drain into the Adriatic or Tyrrhenian Sea.<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> The longest is the <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Po</a>, which flows from the Alps on the western border, and crosses the <a href="/wiki/Padan_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Padan plain">Padan plain</a> to the Adriatic.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> The Po Valley is the largest plain, with 46,000 km2 (18,000 sq mi), and contains over 70% of the country's <a href="/wiki/Upland_and_lowland" title="Upland and lowland">lowlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eug92-137">[133]</a> The largest lakes are, in descending size: <a href="/wiki/Lake_Garda" title="Lake Garda">Garda</a> (367.94 km2 or 142 sq mi), <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maggiore" title="Lake Maggiore">Maggiore</a> (212.51 km2 or 82 sq mi), and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Como" title="Lake Como">Como</a> (145.9 km2 or 56 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate of Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Italy_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/220px-Italy_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Italy_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/330px-Italy_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Italy_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/440px-Italy_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="1215" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen-Geiger climate classification</a> map of Italy<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a></figcaption></figure> The climate is influenced by the seas that surround Italy on every side except the north, which constitute a reservoir of heat and humidity. Within the southern temperate zone, they determine a Mediterranean climate with local differences.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> Because of the length of the peninsula and the mostly mountainous hinterland, the climate is highly diverse. In most inland northern and central regions, the climate ranges from <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Humid subtropical">humid subtropical</a> to <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental" class="mw-redirect" title="Humid continental">humid continental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic</a>. The Po Valley is mostly humid subtropical, with cool winters and hot summers.<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> The coastal areas of <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>, Tuscany, and most of the south generally fit the Mediterranean climate stereotype, as in the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>. Conditions on the coast are different from those in the interior, particularly during winter when the higher altitudes tend to be cold, wet, and often snowy. The coastal regions have mild winters, and hot and generally dry summers; lowland valleys are hot in summer. Winter temperatures vary from 0 °C (32 °F) in the Alps to 12 °C (54 °F) in Sicily; so, average summer temperatures range from 20 °C (68 °F) to over 25 °C (77 °F). Winters can vary widely with lingering cold, foggy, and snowy periods in the north, and milder, sunnier conditions in the south. Summers are hot across the country, except at high altitude, particularly in the south. Northern and central areas can experience strong thunderstorms from spring to autumn.<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna of Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora of Italy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Italian_garden" title="Italian garden">Italian garden</a></div> Italy's varied geography, including the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apennines" class="mw-redirect" title="Apennines">Apennines</a>, central Italian woodlands, and southern Italian <a href="/wiki/Garigue" class="mw-redirect" title="Garigue">Garigue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maquis_shrubland" title="Maquis shrubland">Maquis shrubland</a>, contribute to habitat diversity. As the peninsula is in the centre of the Mediterranean, forming a corridor between Central Europe and North Africa, and having 8,000 km (5,000 mi) of coastline, Italy has received species from the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, Eurasia, and the Middle East. Italy has probably the highest level of <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">faunal</a> <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> in Europe, with over 57,000 species recorded, representing more than a third of all European fauna,<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> and the highest level of biodiversity of animal and plant species within the EU.<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C._l._italicus_in_MNP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/C._l._italicus_in_MNP.jpg/150px-C._l._italicus_in_MNP.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/C._l._italicus_in_MNP.jpg/225px-C._l._italicus_in_MNP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/C._l._italicus_in_MNP.jpg/300px-C._l._italicus_in_MNP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="938" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Italian_wolf" title="Italian wolf">Italian wolf</a>, the national animal of Italy</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">fauna of Italy</a> includes 4,777 <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> animal species,<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> which include the <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_long-eared_bat" title="Sardinian long-eared bat">Sardinian long-eared bat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsican_red_deer" title="Corsican red deer">Sardinian red deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spectacled_salamander" title="Spectacled salamander">spectacled salamander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_cave_salamander" title="Brown cave salamander">brown cave salamander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_newt" title="Italian newt">Italian newt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_stream_frog" title="Italian stream frog">Italian frog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apennine_yellow-bellied_toad" title="Apennine yellow-bellied toad">Apennine yellow-bellied toad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_wall_lizard" title="Italian wall lizard">Italian wall lizard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_pond_turtle" title="Sicilian pond turtle">Sicilian pond turtle</a>. There are 119 <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Italy" title="List of mammals of Italy">mammals species</a>,<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a> 550 <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Italy" title="List of birds of Italy">bird species</a>,<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> 69 <a href="/wiki/List_of_reptiles_of_Italy" title="List of reptiles of Italy">reptile species</a>,<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> 39 <a href="/wiki/List_of_amphibians_of_Italy" title="List of amphibians of Italy">amphibian species</a>,<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> 623 fish species,<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> and 56,213 invertebrate species, of which 37,303 are insect species.<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">flora of Italy</a> was traditionally estimated to comprise about 5,500 <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plant</a> species.<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> However, as of 2005<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italy&action=edit">[update]</a>, 6,759 species are recorded in the Data bank of Italian vascular flora.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> Italy has 1,371 endemic plant species and subspecies,<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> which include <a href="/wiki/Abies_nebrodensis" title="Abies nebrodensis">Sicilian fir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbaricina_columbine" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbaricina columbine">Barbaricina columbine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_marigold" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea marigold">Sea marigold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santolina_pinnata" title="Santolina pinnata">Lavender cotton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Viola_ucriana" title="Viola ucriana">Ucriana violet</a>. Italy is a signatory to the <a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention_on_the_Conservation_of_European_Wildlife_and_Natural_Habitats" title="Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats">Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Habitats_Directive" title="Habitats Directive">Habitats Directive</a>. Italy has many botanical and historic gardens.<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Italian_garden" title="Italian garden">Italian garden</a> is stylistically based on symmetry, axial geometry, and the principle of imposing order on nature. It influenced the <a href="/wiki/History_of_gardening" title="History of gardening">history of gardening</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/French_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="French garden">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="English garden">English</a> gardens.<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> The Italian garden was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Roman_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman garden">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_garden" title="Italian Renaissance garden">Italian Renaissance</a> gardens. The <a href="/wiki/Italian_wolf" title="Italian wolf">Italian wolf</a> is the national animal of Italy,<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> while the national tree is the <a href="/wiki/Arbutus_unedo" title="Arbutus unedo">strawberry tree</a>.<a href="#cite_note-altovastese-160">[156]</a> The reasons for this are that the Italian wolf, which inhabits the <a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennine Mountains</a> and the Western Alps, features prominently in Latin and Italian cultures, such as the legend of the founding of Rome,<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> while the green leaves, white flowers, and red berries of the strawberry tree, native to the Mediterranean, recall the colours of the flag.<a href="#cite_note-altovastese-160">[156]</a> The national bird is the <a href="/wiki/Italian_sparrow" title="Italian sparrow">Italian sparrow</a>,<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> while the national flower is the flower of the strawberry tree.<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">List of national parks of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">List of regional parks of Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_and_Regional_Parks_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/National_and_Regional_Parks_of_Italy.svg/220px-National_and_Regional_Parks_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/National_and_Regional_Parks_of_Italy.svg/330px-National_and_Regional_Parks_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/National_and_Regional_Parks_of_Italy.svg/440px-National_and_Regional_Parks_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1295" /></a><figcaption>National and regional parks in Italy</figcaption></figure> After its quick industrial growth, Italy took time to address its environmental problems. After improvements, Italy now ranks 84th in the world for ecological sustainability.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> The total area protected by national parks, regional parks, and nature reserves covers about 11% of Italian territory,<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> and 12% of Italy's coastline is <a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">protected</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> Italy has been one of the world's leading producers of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Italy" title="Renewable energy in Italy">renewable energy</a>, in 2010 ranking as the fourth largest provider of installed <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a> capacity<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> and sixth largest of <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a> capacity.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> Renewable energy provided approximately 37% Italy's energy consumption in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> The country operated nuclear reactors between 1963 and 1990 but, after the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a> and <a href="/wiki/1987_Italian_referendums" title="1987 Italian referendums">referendums</a>, the nuclear programme was terminated, a decision overturned by the government in 2008, with plans to build up to four nuclear power plants. This was in turn struck down by a referendum following the <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_accident" title="Fukushima nuclear accident">Fukushima nuclear accident</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> Air pollution remains severe, especially in the industrialised north. Italy is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions" title="List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions">twelfth-largest carbon dioxide producer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> Extensive traffic and congestion in large cities continue to cause environmental and health issues, even if smog levels have decreased since the 1970s and 1980s, with smog becoming an increasingly rare phenomenon and levels of <a href="/wiki/Sulphur_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur dioxide">sulphur dioxide</a> decreasing.<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a> Deforestation, illegal building, and poor land-management policies have led to significant erosion in Italy's mountainous regions, leading to ecological disasters such as the 1963 <a href="/wiki/Vajont_Dam" title="Vajont Dam">Vajont Dam</a> flood, the 1998 <a href="/wiki/Sarno" title="Sarno">Sarno</a>,<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> and the 2009 <a href="/wiki/2009_Messina_floods_and_mudslides" title="2009 Messina floods and mudslides">Messina mudslides</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics of Italy</a></div> Italy has been a unitary <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> since 1946, when the monarchy <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">was abolished</a>. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">president of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Mattarella" title="Sergio Mattarella">Sergio Mattarella</a> since 2015, is Italy's head of state. The president is elected for a single seven-year term by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Italian Parliament</a> and regional voters in joint session. Italy has a written democratic <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">constitution</a> that resulted from a <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Italy" title="Constituent Assembly of Italy">Constituent Assembly</a> formed by representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-fascist">anti-fascist</a> forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the liberation of Italy, in World War II.<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government of Italy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Sergio_Mattarella_Official_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Sergio_Mattarella_Official_%28cropped%29.jpg/154px-Sergio_Mattarella_Official_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Sergio_Mattarella_Official_%28cropped%29.jpg/231px-Sergio_Mattarella_Official_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Sergio_Mattarella_Official_%28cropped%29.jpg/308px-Sergio_Mattarella_Official_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="722" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Mattarella" title="Sergio Mattarella">Sergio Mattarella</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President of Italy</a> since 2015</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Giorgia_Meloni_Official_2023_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Giorgia_Meloni_Official_2023_crop.jpg/150px-Giorgia_Meloni_Official_2023_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Giorgia_Meloni_Official_2023_crop.jpg/225px-Giorgia_Meloni_Official_2023_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Giorgia_Meloni_Official_2023_crop.jpg/300px-Giorgia_Meloni_Official_2023_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="1239" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Giorgia Meloni</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a> since 2022</div></div></div></div></div> Italy has a parliamentary government based on a mixed <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional</a> and majoritarian voting system. The parliament is perfectly <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a>; each house has the same powers. The two houses: the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of Italy">Chamber of Deputies</a> meets in <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Montecitorio" title="Palazzo Montecitorio">Palazzo Montecitorio</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Italy">Senate of the Republic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Madama,_Rome" title="Palazzo Madama, Rome">Palazzo Madama</a>. A peculiarity of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Italian Parliament</a> is the representation given to <a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Italian citizens</a> permanently living abroad: 8 Deputies and 4 Senators are elected in four distinct <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Italy#Overseas_constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Italy">overseas constituencies</a>. There are <a href="/wiki/Senator_for_life" title="Senator for life">senators for life</a>, appointed by the president "for outstanding patriotic merits in the social, scientific, artistic or literary field". Former presidents are ex officio life senators. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_Madama_(Roma).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Palazzo_Madama_%28Roma%29.jpg/220px-Palazzo_Madama_%28Roma%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Palazzo_Madama_%28Roma%29.jpg/330px-Palazzo_Madama_%28Roma%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Palazzo_Madama_%28Roma%29.jpg/440px-Palazzo_Madama_%28Roma%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7444" data-file-height="4896" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Madama,_Rome" title="Palazzo Madama, Rome">Palazzo Madama</a> in Rome, seat of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)" title="Senate of the Republic (Italy)">Senate of the Republic</a>, the upper house of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Italian Parliament</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">prime minister of Italy</a> is head of government and has executive authority, but must receive a vote of approval from the Council of Ministers to execute most policies. The prime minister and cabinet are appointed by the president, and confirmed by a vote of confidence in parliament. To remain as prime minister, one has to pass votes of confidence. The role of prime minister is similar to most other <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary systems</a>, but they are not authorised to dissolve parliament. Another difference is that the political responsibility for intelligence is with the prime minister, who has exclusive power to coordinate intelligence policies, determine financial resources, strengthen cybersecurity, apply and protect State secrets, and authorise agents to carry out operations, in Italy or abroad.<a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a> The major political parties are the Brothers of Italy, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">Democratic Party</a>, and Five Star Movement. During the 2022 general election, these three and their coalitions won 357 of the 400 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, and 187 of 200 in the Senate. The centre-right coalition, which included Giorgia Meloni's Brothers of Italy, <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Salvini" title="Matteo Salvini">Matteo Salvini</a>'s League, Silvio Berlusconi's <a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)" title="Forza Italia (2013)">Forza Italia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Lupi" title="Maurizio Lupi">Maurizio Lupi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Us_Moderates" title="Us Moderates">Us Moderates</a>, won most seats in parliament. The rest were taken by the centre-left coalition, which included the Democratic Party, the <a href="/wiki/Greens_and_Left_Alliance" title="Greens and Left Alliance">Greens and Left Alliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley_(political_coalition)" title="Aosta Valley (political coalition)">Aosta Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/More_Europe" title="More Europe">More Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civic_Commitment" title="Civic Commitment">Civic Commitment</a>, the Five Star Movement, <a href="/wiki/Action_%E2%80%93_Italia_Viva" title="Action – Italia Viva">Action – Italia Viva</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_People%27s_Party" title="South Tyrolean People's Party">South Tyrolean People's Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_calls_North" title="South calls North">South calls North</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Associative_Movement_of_Italians_Abroad" title="Associative Movement of Italians Abroad">Associative Movement of Italians Abroad</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_and_criminal_justice">Law and criminal justice</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary of Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement in Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roma_2011_08_07_Palazzo_di_Giustizia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Roma_2011_08_07_Palazzo_di_Giustizia.jpg/220px-Roma_2011_08_07_Palazzo_di_Giustizia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Roma_2011_08_07_Palazzo_di_Giustizia.jpg/330px-Roma_2011_08_07_Palazzo_di_Giustizia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Roma_2011_08_07_Palazzo_di_Giustizia.jpg/440px-Roma_2011_08_07_Palazzo_di_Giustizia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2820" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Cassation_(Italy)" title="Supreme Court of Cassation (Italy)">Supreme Court of Cassation</a>, Rome</figcaption></figure> The law of Italy has several sources. These are hierarchical: the law or regulation from a lower source cannot conflict with the rule of an upper source (hierarchy of sources).<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution of 1948</a> is the highest source.<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Italy" title="Constitutional Court of Italy">Constitutional Court of Italy</a> rules on the conformity of laws with the constitution. The judiciary bases their decisions on <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> modified by the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Napoleonic Code</a> and later statutes. The <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Cassation (Italy)">Supreme Court of Cassation</a> is the highest court for both criminal and civil appeals. Italy lags behind other Western European nations in <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a> Italy's law prohibiting torture is considered behind international standards.<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a> Law enforcement is complex with multiple police forces.<a href="#cite_note-Walters-180">[176]</a> The national policing agencies are the <a href="/wiki/Polizia_di_Stato" title="Polizia di Stato">Polizia di Stato</a> ('State Police'), the <a href="/wiki/Carabinieri" title="Carabinieri">Carabinieri</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Guardia_di_Finanza" title="Guardia di Finanza">Guardia di Finanza</a> ('Financial Police'), and the <a href="/wiki/Polizia_Penitenziaria" title="Polizia Penitenziaria">Polizia Penitenziaria</a> ('Prison Police'),<a href="#cite_note-BuonannoMastrobuoni-181">[177]</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Guardia_Costiera" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardia Costiera">Guardia Costiera</a> ('<a href="/wiki/Water_police" title="Water police">Coast Guard Police</a>').<a href="#cite_note-Walters-180">[176]</a> Although policing is primarily provided on a national basis,<a href="#cite_note-BuonannoMastrobuoni-181">[177]</a> there are also the <a href="/wiki/Provincial_police" title="Provincial police">provincial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipal_police_(Italy)" title="Municipal police (Italy)">municipal</a> police.<a href="#cite_note-Walters-180">[176]</a> Since their appearance in the middle of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime_in_Italy" title="Organized crime in Italy">Italian organised crime</a> and criminal organisations have infiltrated the social and economic life of many regions in southern Italy; the most notorious is the Sicilian Mafia, which expanded into foreign countries, including the US. Mafia receipts may reach 9%<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a> A 2009 report identified 610 <a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">comuni</a> which have a strong Mafia presence, where 13 million Italians live and 15% of GDP is produced.<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> The Calabrian <a href="/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta">'Ndrangheta</a>, probably the most powerful crime syndicate of Italy, accounts alone for 3% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a> At 0.013 per 1,000 people, Italy has the 47th highest murder rate,<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a> compared to 61 countries, and the 43rd highest number of rapes per 1,000 people, compared to 64 countries in the world. These are relatively low figures among developed countries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations of Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G7_Taormina_family_photo_2017-05-26.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/G7_Taormina_family_photo_2017-05-26.jpg/220px-G7_Taormina_family_photo_2017-05-26.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/G7_Taormina_family_photo_2017-05-26.jpg/330px-G7_Taormina_family_photo_2017-05-26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/G7_Taormina_family_photo_2017-05-26.jpg/440px-G7_Taormina_family_photo_2017-05-26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Group photo of the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">G7</a> leaders at the <a href="/wiki/43rd_G7_summit" title="43rd G7 summit">43rd G7 summit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Taormina</a>, Sicily</figcaption></figure> Italy is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> (EEC), now the European Union (EU), and of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>. Italy was admitted to the United Nations in 1955, and is a member and strong supporter of international organisations, such as the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, the <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a>/<a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (GATT/WTO), the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE), the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Central_European_Initiative" title="Central European Initiative">Central European Initiative</a>. Its turns in the rotating presidencies of international organisations include the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> in 2018, <a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a> in 2017, and the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">EU Council</a> in 2014. Italy is a recurrent <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="List of members of the United Nations Security Council">non-permanent member</a> of the <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a>. Italy strongly supports multilateral international politics, endorsing the UN and its international security activities. In 2013, Italy had 5,296 troops deployed abroad, engaged in 33 UN and NATO missions in 25 countries.<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a> Italy deployed troops in support of UN peacekeeping missions in <a href="/wiki/UNITAF" class="mw-redirect" title="UNITAF">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_Mozambique" title="United Nations Operation in Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Integrated_Mission_in_East_Timor" title="United Nations Integrated Mission in East Timor">East Timor</a>. Italy provides support for NATO and UN operations in <a href="/wiki/IFOR" class="mw-redirect" title="IFOR">Bosnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Force" title="Kosovo Force">Kosovo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Sunrise_(Albania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Sunrise (Albania)">Albania</a>, and deployed over 2,000 troops to Afghanistan in support of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom</a> (OEF) from 2003. Italy supported international efforts to reconstruct and stabilise Iraq, but it had withdrawn its <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq#2006_withdrawals" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">military contingent</a> of 3,200 troops by 2006. In August 2006, Italy deployed about 2,450 troops for the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Force_in_Lebanon" title="United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon">United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> Italy is one of the largest financiers of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a>, contributing €60 million in 2013 alone.<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Italian Armed Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military history of Italy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Italy" title="List of wars involving Italy">List of wars involving Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cavour_(550).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cavour_%28550%29.jpg/220px-Cavour_%28550%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cavour_%28550%29.jpg/330px-Cavour_%28550%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cavour_%28550%29.jpg/440px-Cavour_%28550%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2176" /></a><figcaption>Aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/Italian_aircraft_carrier_Cavour_(550)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian aircraft carrier Cavour (550)">MM Cavour</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">flagship</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Navy" title="Italian Navy">Italian Navy</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centauro01.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Centauro01.JPEG/220px-Centauro01.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Centauro01.JPEG/330px-Centauro01.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Centauro01.JPEG/440px-Centauro01.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="1421" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption>A tank destroyer <a href="/wiki/B1_Centauro" title="B1 Centauro">B1 Centauro</a> during a patrol in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia-Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia-Herzegovina">Bosnia-Herzegovina</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/Implementation_Force" title="Implementation Force">IFOR</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">military history of Italy</a> chronicles a vast time period, lasting from the military conflicts fought by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_peoples_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient peoples of Italy">ancient peoples of Italy</a>, most notably the conquest of the Mediterranean world by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Romans">ancient Romans</a>, through the expansion of the Italian <a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">city-states</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">maritime republics</a> during the medieval period and the involvement of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_states_of_Italy" title="List of historical states of Italy">historical Italian states</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_succession" class="mw-redirect" title="Wars of succession">wars of succession</a>, to the Napoleonic period, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a>, the campaigns of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">colonial empire</a>, the two <a href="/wiki/World_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="World wars">world wars</a>, and into the modern day, with world <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> operations under the aegis of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, the <a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a> or the <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Italian_Army" title="Italian Army">Italian Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Navy" title="Italian Navy">Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Air_Force" title="Italian Air Force">Air Force</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carabinieri" title="Carabinieri">Carabinieri</a> collectively form the Italian Armed Forces, under the command of the <a href="/wiki/High_Council_of_Defence_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="High Council of Defence (Italy)">High Council of Defence</a>, presided over by the president, per the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution of Italy</a>. According to Article 78, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a> has the authority to declare a state of war and vest the necessary war-making powers in the government. Despite not being a branch of the armed forces, the <a href="/wiki/Guardia_di_Finanza" title="Guardia di Finanza">Guardia di Finanza</a> has military status and is organised along military lines.<a href="#cite_note-190">[e]</a> Since 2005, military service has been voluntary.<a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a> In 2010, the Italian military had 293,202 personnel on active duty,<a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a> of which 114,778 are Carabinieri.<a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a> As part of NATO's <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_sharing" title="Nuclear sharing">nuclear sharing</a> strategy, Italy hosts 90 US <a href="/wiki/B61_nuclear_bomb" title="B61 nuclear bomb">B61 nuclear bombs</a> located at the <a href="/wiki/Ghedi_Air_Base" title="Ghedi Air Base">Ghedi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aviano_Air_Base" title="Aviano Air Base">Aviano</a> air bases.<a href="#cite_note-194">[189]</a> The Army is the national ground defence force. It was formed in 1946, when Italy became a republic, from what remained of the "<a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army" title="Royal Italian Army">Royal Italian Army</a>". Its best-known combat vehicles are the <a href="/wiki/Dardo_IFV" title="Dardo IFV">Dardo</a> <a href="/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle" title="Infantry fighting vehicle">infantry fighting vehicle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/B1_Centauro" title="B1 Centauro">B1 Centauro</a> <a href="/wiki/Tank_destroyer" title="Tank destroyer">tank destroyer</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ariete" title="Ariete">Ariete</a> <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tank</a>, and among its aircraft are the <a href="/wiki/Agusta_A129_Mangusta" title="Agusta A129 Mangusta">Mangusta</a> <a href="/wiki/Attack_helicopter" title="Attack helicopter">attack helicopter</a>, deployed on EU, NATO, and UN missions. It has at its disposal <a href="/wiki/Leopard_1" title="Leopard 1">Leopard 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/M113_armoured_personnel_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="M113 armoured personnel carrier">M113</a> armoured vehicles. The Italian Navy is a <a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">blue-water navy</a>. It was also formed in 1946 from what remained of the <a href="/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina">Regia Marina</a> (the 'Royal Navy'). The Navy, being a member of the EU and NATO, has taken part in coalition peacekeeping operations around the world. In 2014, the Navy operated 154 vessels in service, including minor auxiliary vessels.<a href="#cite_note-195">[190]</a> The Italian Air Force was founded as an independent service arm in 1923 by King Victor Emmanuel III as the <a href="/wiki/Regia_Aeronautica" title="Regia Aeronautica">Regia Aeronautica</a> ('Royal Air Force'). After World War II, it was renamed as the Regia Aeronautica. In 2021, the Italian Air Force operated 219 combat jets. A transport capability is guaranteed by a fleet of 27 <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_C-130J_Super_Hercules" title="Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules">C-130Js</a> and <a href="/wiki/C-27J_Spartan" class="mw-redirect" title="C-27J Spartan">C-27J Spartan</a>. The acrobatic display team is the <a href="/wiki/Frecce_Tricolori" title="Frecce Tricolori">Frecce Tricolori</a> ('Tricolour Arrows'). An autonomous corps of the military, the Carabinieri are the <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmerie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">military police</a> of Italy, policing the military and civilian population alongside <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Italy's other police forces</a>. While different branches of the Carabinieri report to separate ministries, the corps reports to the Ministry of Internal Affairs when maintaining public order and security.<a href="#cite_note-196">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities of Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: silver;border-width: 0px;background-color: white;color: black;margin: 3px;float: right;"><div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 400px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Italian_regions_provinces_white_no_labels.svg/400px-Italian_regions_provinces_white_no_labels.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="500" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Italian_regions_provinces_white_no_labels.svg/600px-Italian_regions_provinces_white_no_labels.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Italian_regions_provinces_white_no_labels.svg/800px-Italian_regions_provinces_white_no_labels.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1500" /> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:314px; top:272px"><a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:290px; top:288px"><a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:302px; top:344px"><a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:234px; top:404px"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; font-stretch:condensed; left:246px; top:244px"><a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:242px; top:268px"><a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:222px; top:216px"><a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:186px; top:232px"><a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:178px; top:192px"><a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:206px; top:172px"><a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marche</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:138px; top:172px"><a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:72.4px; top:308px"><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:122px; top:124px"><a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:66px; top:132px"><a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:30px; top:104px"><a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:194px; top:44px"><a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli- Venezia Giulia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:26px; top:60px"><a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:132.8px; top:34px"><a href="/wiki/Trentino_Alto_Adige" class="mw-redirect" title="Trentino Alto Adige">Trentino- Alto Adige</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:162px; top:72px"><a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:90px; top:76px"><a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:254px; top:188px"><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:330px; top:384px"><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:66px; top:412px"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:134px; top:316px"><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:58px; top:164px"><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a></div> </div></div> Italy is constituted of 20 regions (<a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">regioni</a>)—five of which have <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_with_special_statute" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous regions with special statute">special autonomous status</a> which enables them to enact legislation on additional matters.<a href="#cite_note-tuttitalia-197">[192]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol">Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a></li></ul> </div> The regioni contain 107 provinces (<a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">province</a>) or metropolitan cities (<a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">città metropolitane</a>), and 7,904 municipalities (<a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">comuni</a>).<a href="#cite_note-tuttitalia-197">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics of Italy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italian diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic history of Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">List of cities in Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_population_density_in_Italy_(2011_census)_alt_colours.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Map_of_population_density_in_Italy_%282011_census%29_alt_colours.jpg/220px-Map_of_population_density_in_Italy_%282011_census%29_alt_colours.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Map_of_population_density_in_Italy_%282011_census%29_alt_colours.jpg/330px-Map_of_population_density_in_Italy_%282011_census%29_alt_colours.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Map_of_population_density_in_Italy_%282011_census%29_alt_colours.jpg/440px-Map_of_population_density_in_Italy_%282011_census%29_alt_colours.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2313" /></a><figcaption>Map of Italy's population density at the 2011 census</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Italian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Map_of_the_Italian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/220px-Map_of_the_Italian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Map_of_the_Italian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/330px-Map_of_the_Italian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Map_of_the_Italian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/440px-Map_of_the_Italian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italian diaspora</a> in the world</figcaption></figure> In 2020, Italy had 60,317,116 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-198">[193]</a> The population density, of 202 inhabitants per square kilometre (520/sq mi), is higher than most West European countries. However, distribution is uneven: the most densely populated areas are the Po Valley (almost half the population) and the metropolitan areas of Rome and Naples, while vast regions such as the Alps and Apennine highlands, the plateaus of Basilicata, and the island of Sardinia, as well as much of Sicily, are sparsely populated. Italy's population almost doubled during the 20th century, but the pattern of growth was uneven because of large-scale internal migration from the rural south to the industrial north, a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Italian economic miracle</a> of the 1950–1960s. High fertility and birth rates persisted until the 1970s, after which they started to decline; the <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> (TFR) reached an all-time low of 1.2 children per woman in 1995, well below the replacement rate of 2.1 and considerably below the high of 5 in 1883.<a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a> Since 2008, when the rate climbed slightly to 1.4,<a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a> the number of births has consistently declined every year, reaching a record low of 379,000 in 2023—the fewest since 1861.<a href="#cite_note-www.reuters.com-202">[197]</a> Although the TFR was expected to reach 1.6–1.8 in 2030,<a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a> as of 2024, it stood at 1.2.<a href="#cite_note-204">[199]</a> As a result of these trends, Italy's population is rapidly aging and gradually shrinking. Nearly one in four Italians is over 65,<a href="#cite_note-www.reuters.com-202">[197]</a> and the country has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_median_age" title="List of countries by median age">fourth oldest population in the world</a>, with a median age of 48 and an average age of 46.6.<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-205">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a> The overall population has been falling steadily since 2014 and is estimated to have fallen just below 59 million in 2024, representing a cumulative loss of more than 1.36 million people over the span of a decade.<a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a> From the late 19th century to the 1960s, Italy was a country of mass emigration. Between 1898 and 1914, the peak years of <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italian diaspora</a>, approximately 750,000 Italians emigrated annually.<a href="#cite_note-208">[203]</a> The diaspora included more than 25 million Italians and is considered the greatest mass migration of recent times.<a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Italy" title="Template:Largest cities of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Italy" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Italy <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Istituto_Nazionale_di_Statistica" class="mw-redirect" title="Istituto Nazionale di Statistica">ISTAT</a> estimates for 31 December 2022</div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Italy by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Region</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Italy by population">Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Italy by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Region</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Italy by population">Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Rome_Skyline_(8012016319).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rome"><img alt="Rome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Rome_Skyline_%288012016319%29.jpg/120px-Rome_Skyline_%288012016319%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Rome_Skyline_%288012016319%29.jpg/180px-Rome_Skyline_%288012016319%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Rome_Skyline_%288012016319%29.jpg/240px-Rome_Skyline_%288012016319%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5982" data-file-height="3988" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Milan_skyline_skyscrapers_of_Porta_Nuova_business_district_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Milan"><img alt="Milan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Milan_skyline_skyscrapers_of_Porta_Nuova_business_district_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Milan_skyline_skyscrapers_of_Porta_Nuova_business_district_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Milan_skyline_skyscrapers_of_Porta_Nuova_business_district_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Milan_skyline_skyscrapers_of_Porta_Nuova_business_district_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Milan_skyline_skyscrapers_of_Porta_Nuova_business_district_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Milan_skyline_skyscrapers_of_Porta_Nuova_business_district_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="2296" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,748,109</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">255,588 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:N%C3%A1poles_desde_San_Martino_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Naples"><img alt="Naples" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/N%C3%A1poles_desde_San_Martino_01.JPG/120px-N%C3%A1poles_desde_San_Martino_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/N%C3%A1poles_desde_San_Martino_01.JPG/180px-N%C3%A1poles_desde_San_Martino_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/N%C3%A1poles_desde_San_Martino_01.JPG/240px-N%C3%A1poles_desde_San_Martino_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Turin_skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Turin"><img alt="Turin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Turin_skyline.jpg/120px-Turin_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Turin_skyline.jpg/180px-Turin_skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Turin_skyline.jpg/240px-Turin_skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,354,196</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">250,369 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">913,462</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">218,786 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">841,600</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">206,496 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">630,167</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">198,417 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">558,745</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">196,885 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">387,971</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">196,567 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">360,930</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Prato" title="Prato">Prato</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">195,820 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">316,015</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">188,098 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">298,762</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Modena" title="Modena">Modena</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">184,153 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration">Immigration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration to Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy,_foreign_residents_as_a_percentage_of_the_total_population,_2011.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Italy%2C_foreign_residents_as_a_percentage_of_the_total_population%2C_2011.svg/220px-Italy%2C_foreign_residents_as_a_percentage_of_the_total_population%2C_2011.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Italy%2C_foreign_residents_as_a_percentage_of_the_total_population%2C_2011.svg/330px-Italy%2C_foreign_residents_as_a_percentage_of_the_total_population%2C_2011.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Italy%2C_foreign_residents_as_a_percentage_of_the_total_population%2C_2011.svg/440px-Italy%2C_foreign_residents_as_a_percentage_of_the_total_population%2C_2011.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="867" /></a><figcaption>Foreign residents as a percentage of the regional population at the 2011 census</figcaption></figure> In the 1980s, until then a linguistically and culturally homogeneous society, Italy began to attract substantial flows of immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">fall of the Berlin Wall</a>, and enlargements of the EU, waves of migration originated from the former socialist countries of East Europe. Another source of immigration is neighbouring North Africa, with arrivals soaring as a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>. Growing migration fluxes from Asia-Pacific (notably China<a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a> and the Philippines) and Latin America have been recorded. As of 2010, the foreign-born population was from the following regions: Europe (54%), Africa (22%), Asia (16%), the Americas (8%), and Oceania (0.06%). The distribution of the foreign population is geographically varied: in 2020, 61% of foreign citizens lived in the north, 24% in the centre, 11% in the south, and 4% on the islands.<a href="#cite_note-212">[207]</a> In 2021, Italy had about 5.2 million foreign residents,<a href="#cite_note-id2020-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a> making up 9% of the population. The figures include more than half a million children born in Italy to foreign nationals, but exclude foreign nationals who have subsequently acquired Italian citizenship;<a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a> in 2016, about 201,000 people became Italian citizens.<a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a> The official figures also exclude illegal immigrants, which was estimated to be 670,000 as of 2008.<a href="#cite_note-216">[211]</a> About one million <a href="/wiki/Romanian_diaspora" title="Romanian diaspora">Romanian</a> citizens are registered as living in Italy, representing the largest migrant population. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Italian_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of Italian speakers">Geographical distribution of Italian speakers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linguistic_map_of_Italy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Linguistic_map_of_Italy.png/220px-Linguistic_map_of_Italy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Linguistic_map_of_Italy.png/330px-Linguistic_map_of_Italy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Linguistic_map_of_Italy.png/440px-Linguistic_map_of_Italy.png 2x" data-file-width="1591" data-file-height="2054" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">languages spoken in Italy</a></figcaption></figure> Italy's official language is Italian.<a href="#cite_note-lang-217">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a> There are an estimated 64 million native Italian speakers around the world,<a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a> and another 21 million use it as a second language.<a href="#cite_note-220">[215]</a> Italian is often natively spoken as a <a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">regional dialect</a>, not to be confused with Italy's regional and minority languages;<a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a> however, during the 20th century, the establishment of a national education system led to a decrease in regional dialects. Standardisation was further expanded in the 1950s and 1960s, due to economic growth and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Italy">mass media</a> and television. Twelve "historical minority languages" are formally recognised: Albanian, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, German, Greek, Slovene, Croatian, French, Franco-Provençal, Friulian, <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>, and Sardinian.<a href="#cite_note-lang-217">[212]</a> Four of these enjoy co-official status in their respective regions: French in the Aosta Valley;<a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a> German in <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> as well in some parts of the same province and in parts of the neighbouring Trentino;<a href="#cite_note-223">[218]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Trieste" title="Province of Trieste">Trieste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Gorizia" title="Province of Gorizia">Gorizia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Udine" title="Province of Udine">Udine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[219]</a> Other Ethnologue, ISO, and UNESCO languages are not recognised under Italian law. Like France, Italy has signed the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a>, but has not ratified it.<a href="#cite_note-225">[220]</a> Due to recent immigration, Italy has sizeable populations whose native language is not Italian, nor a regional language. According to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_National_Institute_of_Statistics" title="Italian National Institute of Statistics">Italian National Institute of Statistics</a>, Romanian is the most common mother tongue among foreign residents: almost 800,000 people speak Romanian as their first language (22% of foreign residents aged 6 and over). Other prevalent mother tongues are Arabic (spoken by over 475,000; 13% of foreign residents), Albanian (380,000), and Spanish (255,000).<a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion in Italy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">List of cathedrals in Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vatican_City_at_Large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Vatican_City_at_Large.jpg/240px-Vatican_City_at_Large.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Vatican_City_at_Large.jpg/360px-Vatican_City_at_Large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Vatican_City_at_Large.jpg/480px-Vatican_City_at_Large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="911" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, viewed from the <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Hill" title="Vatican Hill">Vatican Hill</a> in the back and <a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a> to the right, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> (both the basilica and the hill are part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers" title="United Nations General Assembly observers">sovereign state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">episcopal jurisdiction of Rome</a>, contains the government of <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> and the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. It is recognised as a <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a> entity, headed by the pope, who is also the Bishop of Rome, with which diplomatic relations can be maintained.<a href="#cite_note-227">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[f]</a> Although historically dominated by Catholicism, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">religiosity in Italy</a> is declining.<a href="#cite_note-Dell'orto-229">[223]</a> Most Catholics are nominal; the Associated Press describes <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Italy" title="Catholic Church in Italy">Italian Catholicism</a> as "nominally embraced but rarely lived".<a href="#cite_note-Dell'orto-229">[223]</a> Italy has the world's <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">fifth-largest Catholic population</a> and the largest in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-230">[224]</a> Since 1985, Catholicism is no longer the official religion.<a href="#cite_note-231">[225]</a> In 2011, minority Christian faiths included an estimated 1.5 million Orthodox Christians, while <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> has been growing.<a href="#cite_note-232">[226]</a> Italy has for centuries welcomed Jews expelled from other countries, notably Spain. However, about 20% of Italian Jews were killed during <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[227]</a> This, together with emigration before and after World War II, has left around 28,000 Jews.<a href="#cite_note-234">[228]</a> There are 120,000 Hindus<a href="#cite_note-235">[229]</a> and 70,000 Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-236">[230]</a> The state devolves shares of income tax to recognised religious communities, under a regime known as <a href="/wiki/Eight_per_thousand" title="Eight per thousand">eight per thousand</a>. Donations are allowed to Christian, Jewish, Buddhist, and Hindu communities; however, Islam remains excluded, as no Muslim communities have signed a concordat.<a href="#cite_note-237">[231]</a> Taxpayers who do not wish to fund a religion contribute their share to the welfare system.<a href="#cite_note-238">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education in Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archiginnasio_ora_blu_Bologna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Archiginnasio_ora_blu_Bologna.jpg/220px-Archiginnasio_ora_blu_Bologna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Archiginnasio_ora_blu_Bologna.jpg/330px-Archiginnasio_ora_blu_Bologna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Archiginnasio_ora_blu_Bologna.jpg/440px-Archiginnasio_ora_blu_Bologna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7240" data-file-height="4784" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">Bologna University</a>, established in 1088 AD, is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest universities in continuous operation">oldest university in continuous operation</a>.</figcaption></figure> Education is mandatory and free from ages six to sixteen,<a href="#cite_note-239">[233]</a> and consists of five stages: kindergarten, primary school, lower secondary school, upper secondary school, and university.<a href="#cite_note-240">[234]</a> Primary school lasts eight years. Students are given a basic education in Italian, English, mathematics, natural sciences, history, geography, social studies, physical education, and visual and musical arts. Secondary school lasts for five years and includes three traditional types of schools focused on different academic levels: the <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_Italy#Liceo" title="Secondary education in Italy">liceo</a> prepares students for university studies with a classical or scientific curriculum, while the <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_Italy#Istituto_tecnico" title="Secondary education in Italy">istituto tecnico</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_Italy#Istituto_professionale" title="Secondary education in Italy">istituto professionale</a> prepare pupils for vocations. In 2018, secondary education was evaluated as being below the average among <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> countries.<a href="#cite_note-oecd.org-241">[235]</a> Italy scored below the OECD average in reading and science, and near the OECD average in maths.<a href="#cite_note-oecd.org-241">[235]</a> A wide gap exists between northern schools, which perform near average, and the south, which had much poorer results.<a href="#cite_note-242">[236]</a> Tertiary education is divided between <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Italy" title="List of universities in Italy">public universities</a>, private universities, and the prestigious and selective <a href="/wiki/Superior_Graduate_Schools_in_Italy" title="Superior Graduate Schools in Italy">superior graduate schools</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa" title="Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa">Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa</a>. 33 Italian universities were ranked among the world's top 500 in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-243">[237]</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">Bologna University</a>, founded in 1088, is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest universities in continuous operation">oldest university</a> still in operation,<a href="#cite_note-244">[238]</a> and one of the leading academic institutions in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-245">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bocconi_University" title="Bocconi University">Bocconi University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_Cattolica_del_Sacro_Cuore" title="Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore">Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libera_Universit%C3%A0_Internazionale_degli_Studi_Sociali_Guido_Carli" class="mw-redirect" title="Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli">LUISS</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_Turin" title="Polytechnic University of Turin">Polytechnic University of Turin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_Milan" title="Polytechnic University of Milan">Polytechnic University of Milan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome" title="Sapienza University of Rome">Sapienza University of Rome</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Milan" title="University of Milan">University of Milan</a> are also ranked among the best.<a href="#cite_note-246">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health in Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare in Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil-1383546_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Oil-1383546_1920.jpg/220px-Oil-1383546_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Oil-1383546_1920.jpg/330px-Oil-1383546_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Oil-1383546_1920.jpg/440px-Oil-1383546_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1281" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">Olive oil</a> and vegetables are central to the Mediterranean diet.<a href="#cite_note-247">[241]</a></figcaption></figure> Life expectancy is 80 for men and 85 for women, placing the country <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by life expectancy">5th in the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[242]</a> Compared to other Western countries, Italy has a low rate of adult obesity (below 10%<a href="#cite_note-249">[243]</a>), as the health benefits of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean diet</a> are very significant.<a href="#cite_note-250">[244]</a> In 2013, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, prompted by Italy, added the Mediterranean diet to the <a href="/wiki/Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity">Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity</a> of Italy, Morocco, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Cyprus, and Croatia.<a href="#cite_note-251">[245]</a> The proportion of daily smokers was 22% in 2012, down from 24% in 2000 but above the OECD average.<a href="#cite_note-252">[246]</a> Since 2005, smoking in public places has been restricted to "specially ventilated rooms".<a href="#cite_note-253">[247]</a> Since 1978, the state has run a universal public healthcare system.<a href="#cite_note-254">[248]</a> However, healthcare is provided to all citizens and residents by a mixed public-private system. The public part is the <a href="/wiki/Servizio_Sanitario_Nazionale" class="mw-redirect" title="Servizio Sanitario Nazionale">Servizio Sanitario Nazionale</a>, which is organised under the Ministry of Health and administered on a devolved regional basis. Healthcare spending accounted for 10% of GDP in 2020. Italy's healthcare system has been consistently ranked among the best in the world;<a href="#cite_note-255">[249]</a> according to research by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) dating back to 2000, Italy had the second best healthcare system in the world in terms of spending efficiency and access to public care for citizens, after France.<a href="#cite_note-256">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy of Italy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_Italian_companies" title="List of largest Italian companies">List of largest Italian companies</a></div> Italy has an advanced<a href="#cite_note-257">[251]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> that is the third-largest in the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">eurozone</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">13th-largest</a> in the world by <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a>-adjusted GDP.<a href="#cite_note-258">[252]</a> It has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_wealth" title="List of countries by total wealth">ninth-largest national wealth</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_gold_reserve_holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by gold reserve holdings">third-largest central bank gold reserve</a>. As a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a>, the eurozone, and the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, it is one of the most industrialised nations and a leading country in <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[253]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a> ranked 30th on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>. It performs well in <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">healthcare</a>,<a href="#cite_note-260">[254]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Education_Index" title="Education Index">education</a>. The country is well known for its creative and innovative businesses,<a href="#cite_note-261">[255]</a> a competitive agricultural sector<a href="#cite_note-262">[256]</a> (with the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wine_production" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by wine production">largest wine production</a>),<a href="#cite_note-263">[257]</a> and for its influential and high-quality automobile, machinery, food, design, and fashion industries.<a href="#cite_note-264">[258]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milan_skyline_skyscrapers_of_Porta_Nuova_business_district.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Milan_skyline_skyscrapers_of_Porta_Nuova_business_district.jpg/220px-Milan_skyline_skyscrapers_of_Porta_Nuova_business_district.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Milan_skyline_skyscrapers_of_Porta_Nuova_business_district.jpg/330px-Milan_skyline_skyscrapers_of_Porta_Nuova_business_district.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Milan_skyline_skyscrapers_of_Porta_Nuova_business_district.jpg/440px-Milan_skyline_skyscrapers_of_Porta_Nuova_business_district.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Milan is the economic capital of Italy,<a href="#cite_note-265">[259]</a> and a global <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial centre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fashion_capital" title="Fashion capital">fashion capital</a> of the world.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siena,_Piazza_Salimbeni_(Bank_Monte_dei_Paschi_di_Siena)_(38588876202).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Siena%2C_Piazza_Salimbeni_%28Bank_Monte_dei_Paschi_di_Siena%29_%2838588876202%29.jpg/220px-Siena%2C_Piazza_Salimbeni_%28Bank_Monte_dei_Paschi_di_Siena%29_%2838588876202%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Siena%2C_Piazza_Salimbeni_%28Bank_Monte_dei_Paschi_di_Siena%29_%2838588876202%29.jpg/330px-Siena%2C_Piazza_Salimbeni_%28Bank_Monte_dei_Paschi_di_Siena%29_%2838588876202%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Siena%2C_Piazza_Salimbeni_%28Bank_Monte_dei_Paschi_di_Siena%29_%2838588876202%29.jpg/440px-Siena%2C_Piazza_Salimbeni_%28Bank_Monte_dei_Paschi_di_Siena%29_%2838588876202%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1275" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Banca_Monte_dei_Paschi_di_Siena" title="Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena">Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena</a>, founded in 1472, is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_banks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of oldest banks">oldest or second oldest bank in continuous operation</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Eni_building,_Quartiere_XXXII_Europa,_Roma,_Lazio,_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_Eni_building%2C_Quartiere_XXXII_Europa%2C_Roma%2C_Lazio%2C_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-The_Eni_building%2C_Quartiere_XXXII_Europa%2C_Roma%2C_Lazio%2C_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_Eni_building%2C_Quartiere_XXXII_Europa%2C_Roma%2C_Lazio%2C_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-The_Eni_building%2C_Quartiere_XXXII_Europa%2C_Roma%2C_Lazio%2C_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_Eni_building%2C_Quartiere_XXXII_Europa%2C_Roma%2C_Lazio%2C_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-The_Eni_building%2C_Quartiere_XXXII_Europa%2C_Roma%2C_Lazio%2C_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2836" data-file-height="1889" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eni" title="Eni">Eni</a> is considered one of the world's oil and gas <a href="/wiki/Big_Oil" title="Big Oil">supermajors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[260]</a></figcaption></figure> Italy is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_manufacturing_output" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by manufacturing output">sixth-largest manufacturing country</a>,<a href="#cite_note-267">[261]</a> characterised by fewer multinational corporations than other economies of comparable size and many dynamic <a href="/wiki/Small_and_medium-sized_enterprises" title="Small and medium-sized enterprises">small and medium-sized enterprises</a>, clustered in industrial districts, which are the backbone of Italian industry. This has produced a niche-markets manufacturing sector often focused on the export of luxury products. While less capable of competing on quantity, it can compete with Asian economies that have lower labor costs through higher-quality products.<a href="#cite_note-268">[262]</a> Italy was the world's 10th-largest exporter in 2019. Its closest trade ties are with other EU countries and largest export partners in 2019 were Germany (12%), France (11%), and the US (10%).<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-205">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Its automotive industry</a> is a significant part of the manufacturing sector with over 144,000 firms, and almost 485,000 employees in 2015,<a href="#cite_note-269">[263]</a> contributing 9% to GDP.<a href="#cite_note-270">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[265]</a> The country boasts a wide range of products, from city cars to luxury supercars such as <a href="/wiki/Maserati" title="Maserati">Maserati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pagani_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagani (company)">Pagani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamborghini" title="Lamborghini">Lamborghini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ferrari" title="Ferrari">Ferrari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-272">[266]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Banca_Monte_dei_Paschi_di_Siena" title="Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena">Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena</a> is the world's oldest or second oldest bank in continuous operation, depending on the definition, and the fourth-largest Italian commercial and retail bank.<a href="#cite_note-273">[267]</a> Italy has a strong <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperative</a> sector with the largest share in the EU of the population (4.5%) employed by a cooperative.<a href="#cite_note-274">[268]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Val%27d_Agri_oil_field" title="Val'd Agri oil field">Val d'Agri</a> area, Basilicata, hosts the largest <a href="/wiki/Onshore_(hydrocarbons)" title="Onshore (hydrocarbons)">onshore</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocarbon field">hydrocarbon field</a> in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-275">[269]</a> Moderate natural gas reserves, mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a> and offshore under the Adriatic, have been discovered and constitute the country's most important mineral resource. Italy is one of the world's leading producers of <a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">pumice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pozzolana" title="Pozzolana">pozzolana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[270]</a> Another notable resource is marble, especially the famous white <a href="/wiki/Carrara_marble" title="Carrara marble">Carrara marble</a> from Tuscany. Italy is part of a monetary union, the eurozone, which represents around 330 million citizens, and of the <a href="/wiki/European_single_market" title="European single market">European single market</a>, which represents more than 500 million consumers. Several domestic commercial policies are determined by agreements among EU members and EU legislation. Italy joined the common European currency, the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>, in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-277">[271]</a> Its monetary policy is set by the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a>. Italy was hit hard by the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a>, which exacerbated structural problems.<a href="#cite_note-278">[272]</a> After strong GDP growth of 5–6% per year from the 1950s to the early 1970s,<a href="#cite_note-279">[273]</a> and a progressive slowdown in the 1980–90s, the country stagnated in the 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-280">[274]</a> Political efforts to revive growth with massive government spending produced a severe rise in <a href="/wiki/Public_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="Public debt">public debt</a>, that stood at over 132% of GDP in 2017,<a href="#cite_note-281">[275]</a> the second highest in the EU, after Greece.<a href="#cite_note-282">[276]</a> The largest portion of <a href="/wiki/Italian_government_debt" title="Italian government debt">Italian public debt</a> is owned by national subjects, a major difference between Italy and Greece,<a href="#cite_note-283">[277]</a> and the level of <a href="/wiki/Household_debt" title="Household debt">household debt</a> is much lower than the OECD average.<a href="#cite_note-284">[278]</a> A gaping <a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">north–south divide</a> is a major factor of socio-economic weakness;<a href="#cite_note-285">[279]</a> there is a huge difference in official income between northern and southern regions and municipalities.<a href="#cite_note-286">[280]</a> The richest province, <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">Alto Adige-South Tyrol</a>, earns 152% of the national GDP per capita, while the poorest region, Calabria, earns 61%.<a href="#cite_note-287">[281]</a> The unemployment rate (11%) is above the eurozone average,<a href="#cite_note-288">[282]</a> but the disaggregated figure is 7% in the north and 19% in the south.<a href="#cite_note-289">[283]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Youth_unemployment_in_Italy" title="Youth unemployment in Italy">youth unemployment rate</a> (32% in 2018) is extremely high. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture in Italy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Vineyards_in_Piemonte,_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Vineyards_in_Piemonte%2C_Italy.jpg/220px-Vineyards_in_Piemonte%2C_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Vineyards_in_Piemonte%2C_Italy.jpg/330px-Vineyards_in_Piemonte%2C_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Vineyards_in_Piemonte%2C_Italy.jpg/440px-Vineyards_in_Piemonte%2C_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Vineyard_Landscape_of_Piedmont:_Langhe-Roero_and_Monferrato" title="Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato">Vineyards in Langhe and Montferrat, Piedmont</a>. Italy is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine-producing countries">largest wine producer</a>, and has the widest variety of indigenous <a href="/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis">grapevines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-290">[284]</a></div></div></div></div> According to the last agricultural census, there were 1.6 million farms in 2010 (−32% since 2000) covering 12,700,000 ha or 31,382,383 acres (63% are in south Italy).<a href="#cite_note-agrocensus-291">[285]</a> 99% are family-operated and small, averaging only 8 ha (20 acres).<a href="#cite_note-agrocensus-291">[285]</a> Of the area in agricultural use, grain fields take up 31%, <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olive</a> orchards 8%, <a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">vineyards</a> 5%, <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus</a> orchards 4%, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beets</a> 2%, and horticulture 2%. The remainder is primarily dedicated to pastures (26%) and feed grains (12%).<a href="#cite_note-agrocensus-291">[285]</a> Italy is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine-producing countries">largest wine producer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-292">[286]</a> and a leading producer of <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, fruits (apples, olives, grapes, oranges, lemons, pears, apricots, hazelnuts, peaches, cherries, plums, strawberries, and kiwifruits), and vegetables (especially artichokes and tomatoes). The most famous <a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Italian wines</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Tuscany_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuscany (wine)">Tuscan</a> <a href="/wiki/Chianti" title="Chianti">Chianti</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Piedmont (wine)">Piedmontese</a> <a href="/wiki/Barolo" title="Barolo">Barolo</a>. Other famous wines are <a href="/wiki/Barbaresco" title="Barbaresco">Barbaresco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbera_d%27Asti" title="Barbera d'Asti">Barbera d'Asti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunello_di_Montalcino" title="Brunello di Montalcino">Brunello di Montalcino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frascati_DOC" title="Frascati DOC">Frascati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montepulciano_d%27Abruzzo" title="Montepulciano d'Abruzzo">Montepulciano d'Abruzzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morellino_di_Scansano" title="Morellino di Scansano">Morellino di Scansano</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">sparkling wines</a> <a href="/wiki/Franciacorta_DOCG" title="Franciacorta DOCG">Franciacorta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prosecco" title="Prosecco">Prosecco</a>. Quality goods in which Italy specialises, particularly wines and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_DOP_cheeses" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Italian DOP cheeses">regional cheeses</a>, are often protected under the quality assurance labels <a href="/wiki/Denominazione_di_origine_controllata" title="Denominazione di origine controllata">DOC/DOP</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Geographical_indications_and_traditional_specialities_in_the_European_Union" title="Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union">geographical indication certificate</a>, accredited by the EU, is considered important to avoid confusion with <a href="/wiki/Ersatz_good" title="Ersatz good">ersatz goods</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport in Italy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Railway_stations_in_Italy" title="Railway stations in Italy">Railway stations in Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A8-A26_Besnate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/A8-A26_Besnate.jpg/220px-A8-A26_Besnate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/A8-A26_Besnate.jpg/330px-A8-A26_Besnate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/A8-A26_Besnate.jpg/440px-A8-A26_Besnate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The Autostrada dei Laghi ('Lakes Motorway'; part of the <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A8_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A8 (Italy)">A8</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A9_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A9 (Italy)">A9</a>), the first motorway built in the world<a href="#cite_note-independent-293">[287]</a></figcaption></figure> Italy was the first country to build motorways, the <a href="/wiki/Autostrade_of_Italy" title="Autostrade of Italy">autostrade</a>, reserved for fast traffic and motor vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-independent-293">[287]</a> In 2002 there were 668,721 km (415,524 mi) of serviceable <a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">roads in Italy</a>, including 6,487 km (4,031 mi) of motorways, state-owned but privately operated by <a href="/wiki/Atlantia_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantia (company)">Atlantia</a>. In 2005, about 34,667,000 cars (590 per 1,000 people) and 4,015,000 goods vehicles circulated on the network.<a href="#cite_note-European_Commission-294">[288]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Etr500.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Etr500.JPG/220px-Etr500.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Etr500.JPG/330px-Etr500.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Etr500.JPG/440px-Etr500.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/ETR_500" class="mw-redirect" title="ETR 500">ETR 500</a> train on the <a href="/wiki/Florence%E2%80%93Rome_high-speed_railway" title="Florence–Rome high-speed railway">Florence–Rome high-speed line</a>, the first high-speed railway built in Europe<a href="#cite_note-295">[289]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">railway network</a>, state-owned and operated by <a href="/wiki/Ferrovie_dello_Stato" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrovie dello Stato">Rete Ferroviaria Italiana</a> (FSI), in 2008 totalled 16,529 km (10,271 mi), of which 11,727 km (7,287 mi) is electrified, and on which 4,802 locomotives and railcars run. The main public operator of high-speed trains is <a href="/wiki/Trenitalia" title="Trenitalia">Trenitalia</a>, part of FSI. High-speed trains are in three categories: <a href="/wiki/Frecciarossa" title="Frecciarossa">Frecciarossa</a> ('red arrow') trains operate at a maximum 300 km/h on dedicated high-speed tracks; <a href="/wiki/Frecciargento" title="Frecciargento">Frecciargento</a> ('silver arrow') operate at a maximum 250 km/h on high-speed and mainline tracks; and <a href="/wiki/Frecciabianca" title="Frecciabianca">Frecciabianca</a> ('white arrow') operate on high-speed regional lines at a maximum 200 km/h. Italy has 11 rail border crossings over the Alpine mountains with neighbouring countries. Italy is fifth in Europe by number of passengers using air transport, with about 148 million passengers, or about 10% of the European total in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-296">[290]</a> In 2022, there were 45 civil airports, including the hubs of <a href="/wiki/Milan_Malpensa_Airport" title="Milan Malpensa Airport">Milan Malpensa Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rome_Fiumicino_Airport" title="Rome Fiumicino Airport">Rome Fiumicino Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[291]</a> Since 2021, Italy's flag carrier has been <a href="/wiki/ITA_Airways" title="ITA Airways">ITA Airways</a>, which took over from <a href="/wiki/Alitalia" title="Alitalia">Alitalia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-298">[292]</a> In 2004, there were 43 major seaports, including <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, the country's largest and second-largest in the Mediterranean. In 2005, Italy maintained a civilian air fleet of about 389,000 units and a merchant fleet of 581 ships.<a href="#cite_note-European_Commission-294">[288]</a> The national inland waterways network had a length of 2,400 km (1,491 mi) for commercial traffic in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-205">[200]</a> North Italian ports, such as the deep-water port of Trieste, with its extensive rail connections to Central and Eastern Europe, are the destination of subsidies and significant foreign investment.<a href="#cite_note-299">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy in Italy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Italy" title="Renewable energy in Italy">Renewable energy in Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Italy" title="Electricity sector in Italy">Electricity sector in Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pannelli_solari_Unicoop_Tirreno.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Pannelli_solari_Unicoop_Tirreno.JPG/220px-Pannelli_solari_Unicoop_Tirreno.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Pannelli_solari_Unicoop_Tirreno.JPG/330px-Pannelli_solari_Unicoop_Tirreno.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Pannelli_solari_Unicoop_Tirreno.JPG/440px-Pannelli_solari_Unicoop_Tirreno.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Solar panels in <a href="/wiki/Piombino" title="Piombino">Piombino</a>, Tuscany. Italy is one of the world's largest producers of renewable energy.<a href="#cite_note-legambiente2015-300">[294]</a></figcaption></figure> Italy has become one of the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_electricity_production_from_renewable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by electricity production from renewable sources">largest producers of renewable energy</a>, ranking as the second largest producer in the EU and the ninth in the world. <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Italy" title="Wind power in Italy">Wind power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Italy" title="Hydroelectricity in Italy">hydroelectricity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Italy" title="Geothermal power in Italy">geothermal power</a> are significant <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Italy" title="Electricity sector in Italy">sources of electricity in the country</a>. <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Italy" title="Renewable energy in Italy">Renewable sources</a> account for 28% of all electricity produced, with hydro alone reaching 13%, followed by solar at 6%, wind at 4%, bioenergy at 3.5%, and geothermal at 1.6%.<a href="#cite_note-gse-301">[295]</a> The rest of the national demand is supplied by fossil fuels (natural gas 38%, coal 13%, oil 8%) and imports.<a href="#cite_note-gse-301">[295]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eni" title="Eni">Eni</a>, operating in 79 countries, is one of the seven "<a href="/wiki/Big_Oil" title="Big Oil">Big Oil</a>" companies, and one of the world's largest industrial companies.<a href="#cite_note-302">[296]</a> <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Italy" title="Solar power in Italy">Solar energy</a> production alone accounted for 9% of electricity in 2014, making Italy the country with the highest contribution from solar energy in the world.<a href="#cite_note-legambiente2015-300">[294]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Montalto_di_Castro_Photovoltaic_Power_Station" title="Montalto di Castro Photovoltaic Power Station">Montalto di Castro Photovoltaic Power Station</a>, completed in 2010, is the largest photovoltaic (PV) power station in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-303">[297]</a> Italy was the first country to exploit <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Italy" title="Geothermal power in Italy">geothermal energy</a> to produce electricity.<a href="#cite_note-304">[298]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Italy" title="Nuclear power in Italy">Nuclear power in Italy</a> was abandoned after <a href="/wiki/1987_Italian_referendums" title="1987 Italian referendums">1987 referendums</a> (in the wake of the 1986 <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a>), although Italy still imports nuclear energy from Italy-owned reactors in foreign territories. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology in Italy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">List of Italian inventions and discoveries</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei,_1636.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei%2C_1636.jpg/180px-Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei%2C_1636.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei%2C_1636.jpg/270px-Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei%2C_1636.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei%2C_1636.jpg/360px-Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei%2C_1636.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3176" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>, widely considered the father of modern science, physics and astronomy</figcaption></figure> Through the centuries, Italy has fostered a scientific community that produced major discoveries the sciences. <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> played a major role in the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a> and is considered the "father" of <a href="/wiki/Observational_astronomy" title="Observational astronomy">observational astronomy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-305">[299]</a> modern physics,<a href="#cite_note-306">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[301]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a>.<a href="#cite_note-308">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[303]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Laboratori_Nazionali_del_Gran_Sasso" title="Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso">Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso</a> (LNGS) is the largest underground research centre in the world.<a href="#cite_note-310">[304]</a> <a href="/wiki/ELETTRA" title="ELETTRA">ELETTRA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurac_Research" title="Eurac Research">Eurac Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation" title="ESA Centre for Earth Observation">ESA Centre for Earth Observation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Scientific_Interchange" title="Institute for Scientific Interchange">Institute for Scientific Interchange</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Genetic_Engineering_and_Biotechnology" title="International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology">International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Maritime_Research_and_Experimentation" title="Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation">Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Theoretical_Physics" title="International Centre for Theoretical Physics">International Centre for Theoretical Physics</a> conduct basic research. Trieste has the highest percentage of researchers in Europe, in relation to the population.<a href="#cite_note-311">[305]</a> Italy was ranked 26th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-312">[306]</a> There are <a href="/wiki/Technology_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology park">technology parks</a> in Italy such as the Science and Technology Parks Kilometro Rosso (Bergamo), the <a href="/wiki/AREA_Science_Park" title="AREA Science Park">AREA Science Park</a> (Trieste), The VEGA-Venice Gateway for Science and Technology (Venezia), the Toscana Life Sciences (Siena), the Technology Park of Lodi Cluster (Lodi), and the Technology Park of Navacchio (Pisa),<a href="#cite_note-313">[307]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Science_museum" title="Science museum">science museums</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Nazionale_Scienza_e_Tecnologia_Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci">Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci</a> in Milan. The north–south large difference in income leads to a "digital divide".<a href="#cite_note-314">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism in Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Positano_-_Fornillo_Beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Positano_-_Fornillo_Beach.jpg/220px-Positano_-_Fornillo_Beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Positano_-_Fornillo_Beach.jpg/330px-Positano_-_Fornillo_Beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Positano_-_Fornillo_Beach.jpg/440px-Positano_-_Fornillo_Beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3783" data-file-height="2533" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Amalfi_Coast" title="Amalfi Coast">Amalfi Coast</a> is one of Italy's major tourist destinations.<a href="#cite_note-316">[310]</a></figcaption></figure> People have visited Italy for centuries, yet the first to <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">visit the peninsula for tourism</a> were aristocrats during the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a>, which began in the 17th century, and flourished in the 18th and the 19th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-grand-tour-317">[311]</a> This was a period in which European aristocrats, many of whom were British, visited parts of Europe, with Italy as a key destination.<a href="#cite_note-grand-tour-317">[311]</a> For Italy, this was in order to study ancient architecture, local culture, and admire its natural beauty.<a href="#cite_note-318">[312]</a> Italy is the <a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_rankings" title="World Tourism rankings">fourth most visited country</a>, with a total of 57 million arrivals in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-319">[313]</a> In 2014, the income from travel and tourism was EUR163 billion (10% of GDP) and 1,082,000 jobs were directly related to it (5% of employment).<a href="#cite_note-320">[314]</a> Tourist interest is mainly in <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">art</a>, religious sites and routes, wedding tourism, naturalistic beauties, nightlife, underwater sites, and spas.<a href="#cite_note-321">[315]</a> Winter and summer tourism are present in locations in the Alps and the <a href="/wiki/Apennines" class="mw-redirect" title="Apennines">Apennines</a>,<a href="#cite_note-322">[316]</a> while seaside tourism is widespread among locations along the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-323">[317]</a> Italy is the leading cruise tourism destination in the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-324">[318]</a> Small, historical, and artistic villages are promoted through the association <a href="/wiki/I_Borghi_pi%C3%B9_belli_d%27Italia" title="I Borghi più belli d'Italia">I Borghi più belli d'Italia</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'The most beautiful villages of Italy'). The most visited regions are Veneto, Tuscany, Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna, and Lazio.<a href="#cite_note-325">[319]</a> Rome is the third most visited city in Europe, and 12th in the world, with 9.4 million arrivals in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-326">[320]</a> Venice and Florence are among the world's top 100 destinations. Italy has the most <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites">World Heritage Sites</a>: 59;<a href="#cite_note-327">[321]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">53 are cultural and 6 natural</a>.<a href="#cite_note-328">[322]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture of Italy</a></div> Italy is one of the birthplaces of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_superpower" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural superpower">cultural superpower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-329">[323]</a> Italy's culture has been shaped by a multitude of regional customs and local centres of power and patronage.<a href="#cite_note-330">[324]</a> Italy has made a substantial contribution to the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">cultural and historical heritage of Europe.</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[325]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_architecture" title="Italian architecture">Italian architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reggia_di_Caserta_-_panoramio_-_Carlo_Pelagalli_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Reggia_di_Caserta_-_panoramio_-_Carlo_Pelagalli_%282%29.jpg/220px-Reggia_di_Caserta_-_panoramio_-_Carlo_Pelagalli_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Reggia_di_Caserta_-_panoramio_-_Carlo_Pelagalli_%282%29.jpg/330px-Reggia_di_Caserta_-_panoramio_-_Carlo_Pelagalli_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Reggia_di_Caserta_-_panoramio_-_Carlo_Pelagalli_%282%29.jpg/440px-Reggia_di_Caserta_-_panoramio_-_Carlo_Pelagalli_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4250" data-file-height="3150" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Caserta" title="Royal Palace of Caserta">Royal Palace of Caserta</a> is the largest former royal residence in the world.<a href="#cite_note-332">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[327]</a></figcaption></figure> Italy is known for its architectural achievements,<a href="#cite_note-334">[328]</a> such as the construction of arches, domes, and similar structures by ancient Rome, the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance architectural movement</a> in the late 14th to 16th centuries, and as the home of <a href="/wiki/Palladianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladianism">Palladianism</a>, a style that inspired movements such as <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical architecture</a> and influenced designs of country houses all over the world, notably in the UK and US during the late 17th to early 20th centuries. The first to begin a recognised sequence of designs were the Greeks and the Etruscans, progressing to classical Roman,<a href="#cite_note-335">[329]</a> then the revival of the classical Roman era during the Renaissance, and evolving into the Baroque era. The Christian concept of the basilica, a style that came to dominate in the Middle Ages, was invented in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-336">[330]</a> <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque architecture</a>, which flourished from approximately 800 to 1100 AD, was one of the most fruitful and creative periods in Italian architecture, when masterpieces, such as the Leaning Tower of Pisa and the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Ambrogio" title="Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio">Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio</a> in Milan, were built. It was known for its usage of Roman arches, stained glass windows, and curved columns. The main innovation of Italian Romanesque architecture was the vault, which had never been seen in Western architecture.<a href="#cite_note-337">[331]</a> Italian architecture significantly evolved during the Renaissance. <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a> contributed to architectural design with his dome for the Cathedral of Florence, a feat of engineering not seen since antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-338">[332]</a> A popular achievement of Italian Renaissance architecture was <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Donato_Bramante" title="Donato Bramante">Donato Bramante</a> in the early 16th century. Andrea Palladio influenced architects throughout Western Europe with the villas and palaces he designed.<a href="#cite_note-339">[333]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque period</a> produced outstanding Italian architects. The most original work of late Baroque and Rococo architecture is the <a href="/wiki/Palazzina_di_caccia_of_Stupinigi" title="Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi">Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-340">[334]</a> In 1752, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Vanvitelli" title="Luigi Vanvitelli">Luigi Vanvitelli</a> began the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Caserta" title="Royal Palace of Caserta">Royal Palace of Caserta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-341">[335]</a> In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Italy was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical architectural</a> movement. Villas, palaces, gardens, interiors, and art began again to be based on ancient Roman and Greek themes.<a href="#cite_note-342">[336]</a> During the Fascist period, the supposedly "<a href="/wiki/Novecento_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Novecento movement">Novecento movement</a>" flourished, based on the rediscovery of imperial Rome. <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Piacentini" title="Marcello Piacentini">Marcello Piacentini</a>, responsible for the urban transformations of cities, devised a form of simplified Neoclassicism.<a href="#cite_note-343">[337]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_art">Visual art</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Italian art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_(1452-1519)_-_The_Last_Supper_(1495-1498).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Leonardo_da_Vinci_%281452-1519%29_-_The_Last_Supper_%281495-1498%29.jpg/220px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_%281452-1519%29_-_The_Last_Supper_%281495-1498%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Leonardo_da_Vinci_%281452-1519%29_-_The_Last_Supper_%281495-1498%29.jpg/330px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_%281452-1519%29_-_The_Last_Supper_%281495-1498%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Leonardo_da_Vinci_%281452-1519%29_-_The_Last_Supper_%281495-1498%29.jpg/440px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_%281452-1519%29_-_The_Last_Supper_%281495-1498%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5076" data-file-height="2645" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Supper_(Leonardo_da_Vinci)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Last Supper (Leonardo da Vinci)">The Last Supper</a> (1494–1499), <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_delle_Grazie,_Milan" title="Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan">Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie</a>, Milan</figcaption></figure> The history of Italian visual arts is significant to <a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Western painting</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman art</a> was influenced by Greece and can be taken as a descendant of ancient Greek painting. The only surviving Roman paintings are wall paintings.<a href="#cite_note-344">[338]</a> These may contain the first examples of <a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">trompe-l'œil</a>, pseudo-perspective, and pure landscape.<a href="#cite_note-345">[339]</a> The Italian Renaissance is considered to be the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_(metaphor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Age (metaphor)">golden age</a> of painting, spanning from the 14th through the mid-17th centuries and having significant influence outside Italy. Artists such as <a href="/wiki/Masaccio" title="Masaccio">Masaccio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Lippi" title="Filippo Lippi">Filippo Lippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tintoretto" title="Tintoretto">Tintoretto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Sandro Botticelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a> took painting to a higher level through the use of <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)" title="Perspective (graphical)">perspective</a>. Michelangelo was also active as a sculptor; his works include masterpieces such as <a href="/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)" title="David (Michelangelo)">David</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" title="Pietà (Michelangelo)">Pietà</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moses_(Michelangelo)" title="Moses (Michelangelo)">Moses</a>. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a> gave rise to a stylised art known as <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a>. In place of the balanced compositions and rational approach to perspective that characterised art at the dawn of the 16th century, the Mannerists sought instability, artifice, and doubt. The unperturbed faces and gestures of <a href="/wiki/Piero_della_Francesca" title="Piero della Francesca">Piero della Francesca</a> and the calm Virgins of Raphael were replaced by the troubled expressions of <a href="/wiki/Pontormo" title="Pontormo">Pontormo</a> and emotional intensity of <a href="/wiki/El_Greco" title="El Greco">El Greco</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandro_Botticelli_-_La_nascita_di_Venere_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sandro_Botticelli_-_La_nascita_di_Venere_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg/220px-Sandro_Botticelli_-_La_nascita_di_Venere_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sandro_Botticelli_-_La_nascita_di_Venere_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg/330px-Sandro_Botticelli_-_La_nascita_di_Venere_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sandro_Botticelli_-_La_nascita_di_Venere_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg/440px-Sandro_Botticelli_-_La_nascita_di_Venere_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="30000" data-file-height="18840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_Venus" title="The Birth of Venus">The Birth of Venus</a> (1484–1486), <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Sandro Botticelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uffizi" title="Uffizi">Uffizi Gallery</a>, Florence</figcaption></figure> In the 17th century, among the greatest painters of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Baroque" title="Italian Baroque">Italian Baroque</a> are <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artemisia_Gentileschi" title="Artemisia Gentileschi">Artemisia Gentileschi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Saraceni" title="Carlo Saraceni">Carlo Saraceni</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Manfredi" title="Bartolomeo Manfredi">Bartolomeo Manfredi</a>. In the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Rococo_art" title="Italian Rococo art">Italian Rococo</a> was mainly inspired by <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Rococo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Rococo (page does not exist)">French Rococo</a>. Italian Neoclassical sculpture focused, with <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Canova" title="Antonio Canova">Antonio Canova</a>'s nudes, on the idealist aspect of the movement. In the 19th century, Romantic painters included <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Francesco Hayez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Podesti" title="Francesco Podesti">Francesco Podesti</a>. <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> was brought from France to Italy by the <a href="/wiki/Macchiaioli" title="Macchiaioli">Macchiaioli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realism</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gioacchino_Toma" title="Gioacchino Toma">Gioacchino Toma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pellizza_da_Volpedo" title="Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo">Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo</a>. In the 20th century, with <a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">futurism</a>, Italy rose again as a seminal country for evolution in painting and sculpture. Futurism was succeeded by the metaphysical paintings of <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico" title="Giorgio de Chirico">Giorgio de Chirico</a>, who exerted an influence on the <a href="/wiki/Surrealists" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrealists">surrealists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-346">[340]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Italian literature</a></div> Formal Latin literature began in 240 BC, when the first stage play was performed in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-347">[341]</a> Latin literature was, and is, highly influential, with numerous writers, poets, philosophers, and historians, such as <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>. The Romans were famous for their oral tradition, poetry, drama, and epigrams.<a href="#cite_note-348">[342]</a> In the early 13th century, <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a> was the first Italian poet, with his religious song <a href="/wiki/Canticle_of_the_Sun" title="Canticle of the Sun">Canticle of the Sun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-349">[343]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dante03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dante03.jpg/180px-Dante03.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dante03.jpg/270px-Dante03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dante03.jpg/360px-Dante03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4992" data-file-height="5334" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>, one of the greatest poets. His epic poem <a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">The Divine Comedy</a> ranks among the finest works of <a href="/wiki/World_literature" title="World literature">world literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-350">[344]</a></figcaption></figure> At the court of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Frederick_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Frederick II">Emperor Frederick II</a> in Sicily, in the 13th century, lyrics modelled on Provençal forms and themes were written in a refined version of the local vernacular. One of these poets was <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_da_Lentini" title="Giacomo da Lentini">Giacomo da Lentini</a>, inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Sonnet" title="Sonnet">sonnet</a> form; the most famous early sonneteer was <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-351">[345]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guido_Guinizelli" title="Guido Guinizelli">Guido Guinizelli</a> is the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Dolce_Stil_Novo" title="Dolce Stil Novo">Dolce Stil Novo</a>, a school that added a philosophical dimension to love poetry. This new understanding of love, expressed in a smooth style, influenced the Florentine poet <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>, who established the basis of modern Italian. Dante's work, the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a>, is among the finest in literature.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-350">[344]</a> Petrarch and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a> sought and imitated the works of antiquity and cultivated their own artistic personalities. Petrarch achieved fame through his collection of poems, <a href="/wiki/Il_Canzoniere" title="Il Canzoniere">Il Canzoniere</a>. Equally influential was Boccaccio's <a href="/wiki/The_Decameron" title="The Decameron">The Decameron</a>, a very popular collection of short stories.<a href="#cite_note-352">[346]</a> Renaissance authors' works include <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a>, an essay on political science in which the "effectual truth" is taken to be more important than any abstract ideal. <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Francesco_Straparola" title="Giovanni Francesco Straparola">Giovanni Francesco Straparola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Basile" title="Giambattista Basile">Giambattista Basile</a>, who wrote <a href="/wiki/The_Facetious_Nights_of_Straparola" title="The Facetious Nights of Straparola">The Facetious Nights of Straparola</a> (1550–55) and the <a href="/wiki/Pentamerone" title="Pentamerone">Pentamerone</a> (1634), respectively, printed some of the first known versions of fairy tales in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-353">[347]</a> The Baroque period produced the clear scientific prose of <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a>. In the 17th century, the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Arcadia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Arcadia">Arcadians</a> began a movement to restore simplicity and classical restraint to poetry.<a href="#cite_note-354">[348]</a> Italian writers embraced Romanticism in the 19th century; it coincided with ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Risorgimento</a>, the movement that brought Italian unification. Unification was heralded by the poets <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Vittorio Alfieri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Ugo Foscolo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Giacomo Leopardi</a>. Works by <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Alessandro Manzoni</a>, the leading Italian Romantic, are a symbol of Italian unification for their patriotic message and because of his efforts in the development of modern, unified Italian.<a href="#cite_note-355">[349]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli.jpg/180px-Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli.jpg/270px-Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli.jpg/360px-Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2783" data-file-height="3576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Machiavelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a>, the founder of modern <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a></figcaption></figure> In the late 19th century, a literary movement called <a href="/wiki/Verismo_(literature)" title="Verismo (literature)">verismo</a>, which extolled realism, played a major role in Italian literature. <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Salgari" title="Emilio Salgari">Emilio Salgari</a>, a writer of action-adventure <a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler" title="Swashbuckler">swashbucklers</a> and a pioneer of science fiction, published his <a href="/wiki/Sandokan" title="Sandokan">Sandokan</a> series.<a href="#cite_note-356">[350]</a> In 1883, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Collodi" title="Carlo Collodi">Carlo Collodi</a> published <a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Pinocchio" title="The Adventures of Pinocchio">The Adventures of Pinocchio</a>, which became the most celebrated children's classic by an Italian author and one of the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_works_by_number_of_translations" title="List of literary works by number of translations">most translated</a> non-religious books.<a href="#cite_note-357">[351]</a> A movement called <a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">futurism</a> influenced literature in the early 20th century. <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Filippo Tommaso Marinetti</a> wrote <a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Futurism" title="Manifesto of Futurism">Manifesto of Futurism</a> and called for the use of language and metaphors that glorified the speed, dynamism, and violence of the machine age.<a href="#cite_note-358">[352]</a> Modern literary figures and Nobel laureates are <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">Gabriele D'Annunzio</a>, nationalist poet <a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a> 1906 Nobel laureate, realist writer <a href="/wiki/Grazia_Deledda" title="Grazia Deledda">Grazia Deledda</a> 1926 laureate, modern theatre author <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Luigi Pirandello</a> in 1936, short story writer <a href="/wiki/Italo_Calvino" title="Italo Calvino">Italo Calvino</a> in 1960, poets <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Quasimodo" title="Salvatore Quasimodo">Salvatore Quasimodo</a> in 1959 and <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Montale" title="Eugenio Montale">Eugenio Montale</a> in 1975, <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a> in 1980, and satirist and theatre author <a href="/wiki/Dario_Fo" title="Dario Fo">Dario Fo</a> in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-359">[353]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Italian philosophy</a></div> Italian philosophy had an influence on <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a>, beginning with the Greeks and Romans, and Renaissance humanism, the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">modern philosophy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Garin-360">[354]</a> Formal philosophy was introduced to Italy by <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a>, founder of the Italian school of philosophy in <a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Crotone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-361">[355]</a> Italian philosophers of the Greek period include <a href="/wiki/Xenophanes" title="Xenophanes">Xenophanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a>. Roman philosophers include <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epictetus" title="Epictetus">Epictetus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Garin-360">[354]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Famous_Italian_philosophers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Famous_Italian_philosophers.jpg/220px-Famous_Italian_philosophers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Famous_Italian_philosophers.jpg/330px-Famous_Italian_philosophers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Famous_Italian_philosophers.jpg/440px-Famous_Italian_philosophers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Clockwise from top left: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a>, theologian;<a href="#cite_note-362">[356]</a> <a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Bruno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmologist">cosmologist</a>;<a href="#cite_note-363">[357]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criminologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminologist">criminologist</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Hostettler-2011-364">[358]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Montessori" title="Maria Montessori">Montessori</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Montessori_education" title="Montessori education">Montessori education</a><a href="#cite_note-Montessori-365">[359]</a></figcaption></figure> Italian medieval philosophy was mainly Christian, and included theologians such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, a classical proponent of <a href="/wiki/Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">natural theology</a>, who reintroduced <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelian philosophy</a> to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-366">[360]</a> Renaissance philosophers include: <a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a>, a major scientific figure of the West; <a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a>, a humanist philosopher; and <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a>, a founder of modern <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>. Machiavelli's most famous work is <a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a>, whose contribution to political thought is the fundamental break between political <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">idealism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">realism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-367">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-368">[362]</a> University cities such as Padua, Bologna, and Naples remained centres of scholarship, with philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-maritain.nd.edu-369">[363]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Cesare Beccaria</a> was a significant Enlightenment figure and a father of <a href="/wiki/Classical_school_(criminology)" title="Classical school (criminology)">classical criminal theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penology" title="Penology">penology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hostettler-2011-364">[358]</a> Italy had a renowned philosophical movement in the 1800s, with <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">idealism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sensism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensism">sensism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-maritain.nd.edu-369">[363]</a> During the late 19th and 20th centuries, there were other movements that gained popularity, such as <a href="/wiki/Ontologism" title="Ontologism">Ontologism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-370">[364]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">anarchism</a>, communism, socialism, futurism, fascism, and Christian democracy.<a href="#cite_note-371">[365]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a> remains a relevant philosopher within communist theory, credited with creating the theory of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">cultural hegemony</a>. Italian philosophers were influential in development of the non-Marxist <a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">liberal socialism</a> philosophy. In the 1960s, left-wing activists adopted the <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-authoritarian">anti-authoritarian</a> pro-working class theories that became known as <a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">autonomism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Workerism" title="Workerism">workerism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-372">[366]</a> <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Italy" title="Feminism in Italy">Italian feminists</a> include <a href="/wiki/Sibilla_Aleramo" title="Sibilla Aleramo">Sibilla Aleramo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaide_Gualberta_Beccari" title="Alaide Gualberta Beccari">Alaide Gualberta Beccari</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anna_Maria_Mozzoni" title="Anna Maria Mozzoni">Anna Maria Mozzoni</a>, and proto-feminist philosophies had previously been touched upon by Italian writers. Italian educator <a href="/wiki/Maria_Montessori" title="Maria Montessori">Maria Montessori</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Montessori_education" title="Montessori education">philosophy of education that bears her name</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Montessori-365">[359]</a> <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Peano" title="Giuseppe Peano">Giuseppe Peano</a> was a founder of analytic philosophy and the contemporary philosophy of mathematics. Analytic philosophers include <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Penco" title="Carlo Penco">Carlo Penco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Origgi" title="Gloria Origgi">Gloria Origgi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pieranna_Garavaso" title="Pieranna Garavaso">Pieranna Garavaso</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Floridi" title="Luciano Floridi">Luciano Floridi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Garin-360">[354]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre of Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gem%C3%A4lde_des_Hieronymus_Francken_-_Die_Compagnia_dei_Comici_Gelosi_bei_einer_Auff%C3%BChrung_in_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gem%C3%A4lde_des_Hieronymus_Francken_-_Die_Compagnia_dei_Comici_Gelosi_bei_einer_Auff%C3%BChrung_in_Paris.jpg/220px-Gem%C3%A4lde_des_Hieronymus_Francken_-_Die_Compagnia_dei_Comici_Gelosi_bei_einer_Auff%C3%BChrung_in_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gem%C3%A4lde_des_Hieronymus_Francken_-_Die_Compagnia_dei_Comici_Gelosi_bei_einer_Auff%C3%BChrung_in_Paris.jpg/330px-Gem%C3%A4lde_des_Hieronymus_Francken_-_Die_Compagnia_dei_Comici_Gelosi_bei_einer_Auff%C3%BChrung_in_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gem%C3%A4lde_des_Hieronymus_Francken_-_Die_Compagnia_dei_Comici_Gelosi_bei_einer_Auff%C3%BChrung_in_Paris.jpg/440px-Gem%C3%A4lde_des_Hieronymus_Francken_-_Die_Compagnia_dei_Comici_Gelosi_bei_einer_Auff%C3%BChrung_in_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a> troupe <a href="/wiki/I_Gelosi" title="I Gelosi">I Gelosi</a> performing, by <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Francken_I" title="Hieronymus Francken I">Hieronymus Francken I</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1590</figcaption></figure> Italian theatre came about in the Middle Ages, with its antecedents dating back to ancient Greek colonies in southern Italy (<a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>),<a href="#cite_note-373">[367]</a> as well as the theatre of the <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a><a href="#cite_note-374">[368]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">theatre of ancient Rome</a>. There were two main lines along which theatre developed. The first, dramatization of Catholic liturgies, and the second, formed by pagan forms of spectacle, such as staging for city festivals, court preparations of jesters, and songs of the <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadours</a>.<a href="#cite_note-375">[369]</a> Renaissance theatre marked the beginning of modern theatre. Ancient theatrical texts were translated and staged at courts, and moved to public theatres. In the late 15th century, the cities of <a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a> and Rome were important for the rediscovery and renewal of theatre.<a href="#cite_note-376">[370]</a> During the 16th into the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">commedia dell'arte</a> was a form of <a href="/wiki/Improvisational_theatre" title="Improvisational theatre">improvisational theatre</a>, and is still performed. Travelling troupes of players set up an outdoor stage and provided amusement in the form of <a href="/wiki/Juggling" title="Juggling">juggling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acrobatics" title="Acrobatics">acrobatics</a>, and humorous plays. Plays did not originate from written drama, but scenarios called <a href="/wiki/Lazzi" title="Lazzi">lazzi</a>, loose frameworks around which actors would improvise. The characters of the commedia usually represent fixed social types and stock characters, each of which has a distinct <a href="/wiki/Costumes_in_commedia_dell%27arte" title="Costumes in commedia dell'arte">costume</a>.<a href="#cite_note-377">[371]</a> The first recorded commedia dell'arte performances came from Rome as early as 1551.<a href="#cite_note-378">[372]</a> Female roles were played by women, documented as early as the 1560s, making them the first known professional actresses in Europe since antiquity. <a href="/wiki/Lucrezia_Di_Siena" title="Lucrezia Di Siena">Lucrezia Di Siena</a>, named on a 1564 contract, has been referred to as the first Italian actress known by name, with <a href="/wiki/Vincenza_Armani" title="Vincenza Armani">Vincenza Armani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Flaminia" title="Barbara Flaminia">Barbara Flaminia</a> as the first <a href="/wiki/Prima_donna" title="Prima donna">prima donnas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-379">[373]</a> Ballet originated in Italy during the Renaissance, as an outgrowth of court pageantry.<a href="#cite_note-380">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-381">[375]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music of Italy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:311px;max-width:311px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:108px;max-width:108px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_violin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Old_violin.jpg/106px-Old_violin.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Old_violin.jpg/159px-Old_violin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Old_violin.jpg/212px-Old_violin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="631" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Pianoforte_Verticale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Pianoforte_Verticale.jpg/197px-Pianoforte_Verticale.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Pianoforte_Verticale.jpg/296px-Pianoforte_Verticale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Pianoforte_Verticale.jpg/394px-Pianoforte_Verticale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Instruments associated with <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>, were invented in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-Erlich-382">[376]</a></div></div></div></div> From <a href="/wiki/Italian_folk_music" title="Italian folk music">folk</a> to <a href="/wiki/European_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="European classical music">classical</a>, music is an intrinsic part of Italian culture. Instruments associated with classical music, including the piano and violin, were invented in Italy,<a href="#cite_note-Erlich-382">[376]</a> and many prevailing forms, such as the <a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">symphony</a>, concerto, and <a href="/wiki/Sonata" title="Sonata">sonata</a>, trace their roots back to innovations in 16th- and 17th-century Italian music. Italy's most famous composers include the Renaissance <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Palestrina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Monteverdi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Gesualdo" title="Carlo Gesualdo">Gesualdo</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti" title="Domenico Scarlatti">Scarlatti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Vivaldi</a>; the classical <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a>; and the Romantic <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Puccini</a>. Classical music has a strong hold in Italy, as evidenced by the fame of its opera houses, such as La Scala, and performers such as the pianist <a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Pollini" title="Maurizio Pollini">Maurizio Pollini</a> and tenor <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti" title="Luciano Pavarotti">Luciano Pavarotti</a>. Italy is known as the birthplace of opera.<a href="#cite_note-Kimbell,_David_R.B.-1994-383">[377]</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_opera" title="Italian opera">Italian opera</a> is believed to have been founded in the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-Kimbell,_David_R.B.-1994-383">[377]</a> Introduced in the early 1920s, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> gained a strong foothold in Italy, and remained popular despite xenophobic policies of the fascists. Italy was represented in the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a> and pop movements of the 1970s, with bands such as <a href="/wiki/Premiata_Forneria_Marconi" title="Premiata Forneria Marconi">PFM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banco_del_Mutuo_Soccorso" title="Banco del Mutuo Soccorso">Banco del Mutuo Soccorso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Orme" title="Le Orme">Le Orme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goblin_(band)" title="Goblin (band)">Goblin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pooh_(band)" title="Pooh (band)">Pooh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-384">[378]</a> The same period saw diversification in the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">cinema of Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cinecitt%C3%A0" title="Cinecittà">Cinecittà</a> films included complex scores by composers including <a href="/wiki/Ennio_Morricone" title="Ennio Morricone">Ennio Morricone</a>. In the 1980s, the first star to emerge from <a href="/wiki/Italian_hip_hop" title="Italian hip hop">Italian hip hop</a> was singer <a href="/wiki/Jovanotti" title="Jovanotti">Jovanotti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-385">[379]</a> Italian metal bands include <a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_of_Fire" title="Rhapsody of Fire">Rhapsody of Fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lacuna_Coil" title="Lacuna Coil">Lacuna Coil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elvenking_(band)" title="Elvenking (band)">Elvenking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forgotten_Tomb" title="Forgotten Tomb">Forgotten Tomb</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fleshgod_Apocalypse" title="Fleshgod Apocalypse">Fleshgod Apocalypse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-386">[380]</a> Italy contributed to the development of <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Italo_disco" title="Italo disco">Italo disco</a>, known for its futuristic sound and prominent use of synthesisers and drum machines, one of the earliest electronic dance genres.<a href="#cite_note-387">[381]</a> Producers such as <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Moroder" title="Giorgio Moroder">Giorgio Moroder</a>, who won three Academy Awards and four Golden Globes, were influential in the development of electronic dance music.<a href="#cite_note-388">[382]</a> Italian pop is represented annually with the <a href="/wiki/Sanremo_Music_Festival" title="Sanremo Music Festival">Sanremo Music Festival</a>, which served as inspiration for the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-389">[383]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gigliola_Cinquetti" title="Gigliola Cinquetti">Gigliola Cinquetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toto_Cutugno" title="Toto Cutugno">Toto Cutugno</a>, and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A5neskin" title="Måneskin">Måneskin</a> won Eurovision, in <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1964" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1964">1964</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1990" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1990">1990</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2021" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2021">2021</a> respectively. Singers such as <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Modugno" title="Domenico Modugno">Domenico Modugno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mina_(Italian_singer)" title="Mina (Italian singer)">Mina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Bocelli" title="Andrea Bocelli">Andrea Bocelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raffaella_Carr%C3%A0" title="Raffaella Carrà">Raffaella Carrà</a>, <a href="/wiki/Il_Volo" title="Il Volo">Il Volo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Bano" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Bano">Al Bano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toto_Cutugno" title="Toto Cutugno">Toto Cutugno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nek" title="Nek">Nek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Tozzi" title="Umberto Tozzi">Umberto Tozzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giorgia_(singer)" title="Giorgia (singer)">Giorgia</a>, Grammy winner <a href="/wiki/Laura_Pausini" title="Laura Pausini">Laura Pausini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eros_Ramazzotti" title="Eros Ramazzotti">Eros Ramazzotti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiziano_Ferro" title="Tiziano Ferro">Tiziano Ferro</a>, Måneskin, and others have received international acclaim.<a href="#cite_note-390">[384]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema of Italy</a></div> Italian cinema began just after the <a href="/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Auguste and Louis Lumière">Lumière brothers</a> introduced motion picture exhibitions.<a href="#cite_note-391">[385]</a> The first Italian director is <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Calcina" title="Vittorio Calcina">Vittorio Calcina</a>, who filmed <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> in 1896.<a href="#cite_note-392">[386]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cabiria" title="Cabiria">Cabiria</a>, from 1914, is the most famous Italian <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a>.<a href="#cite_note-393">[387]</a><a href="#cite_note-394">[388]</a> The oldest European <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> cinema movement, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Futurism_(cinema)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Futurism (cinema)">Italian futurism</a>, took place in the late 1910s.<a href="#cite_note-395">[389]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Federico_Fellini_NYWTS_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Federico_Fellini_NYWTS_2.jpg/220px-Federico_Fellini_NYWTS_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Federico_Fellini_NYWTS_2.jpg/330px-Federico_Fellini_NYWTS_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Federico_Fellini_NYWTS_2.jpg/440px-Federico_Fellini_NYWTS_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="2137" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Federico Fellini</a>, considered one of the most influential and widely revered filmmakers of the 20th century<a href="#cite_note-396">[390]</a></figcaption></figure> After decline in the 1920s, the industry was revitalised in the 1930s with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound</a>. A popular Italian genre, the <a href="/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a>, consisted of comedies with glamorous backgrounds.<a href="#cite_note-397">[391]</a> <a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a> was a sharp contrast to the Telefoni Bianchi-American style comedies and is rather artistic, highly formalistic, expressive in complexity, and deals mainly with contemporary literary material.<a href="#cite_note-398">[392]</a> Cinema was used by Mussolini, who founded Rome's renowned <a href="/wiki/Cinecitt%C3%A0" title="Cinecittà">Cinecittà studio</a>, for the production of <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Fascist_Italy" title="Propaganda in Fascist Italy">Fascist propaganda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-399">[393]</a> After World War II, Italian film was widely recognised and exported until an artistic decline occurred in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-400">[394]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_film_directors" title="List of Italian film directors">Italian film directors</a> include <a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Federico Fellini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Leone" title="Sergio Leone">Sergio Leone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pier Paolo Pasolini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duccio_Tessari" title="Duccio Tessari">Duccio Tessari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luchino_Visconti" title="Luchino Visconti">Luchino Visconti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_De_Sica" title="Vittorio De Sica">Vittorio De Sica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Michelangelo Antonioni</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Roberto Rossellini</a>, recognised among the greatest of all time.<a href="#cite_note-401">[395]</a> The mid-1940s to the early 1950s was the heyday of <a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealism</a>, reflecting the poor condition of post-war Italy.<a href="#cite_note-402">[396]</a> As the country grew wealthier in the 1950s, a form of neorealism known as pink neorealism succeeded, and the <a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">commedia all'italiana</a> genre and other <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">film genres</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">sword-and-sandal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">spaghetti Westerns</a>, were popular in the 1960s and 70s.<a href="#cite_note-403">[397]</a> Actresses such as <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Loren" title="Sophia Loren">Sophia Loren</a> achieved international stardom. Erotic Italian thrillers, or <a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">gialli</a>, produced by directors such as <a href="/wiki/Dario_Argento" title="Dario Argento">Dario Argento</a> in the 1970s, influenced horror.<a href="#cite_note-404">[398]</a> Recently, the Italian scene has received only occasional attention, with movies such as <a href="/wiki/Life_Is_Beautiful" title="Life Is Beautiful">Life Is Beautiful</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_Paradiso" title="Cinema Paradiso">Cinema Paradiso</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Il_Postino:_The_Postman" title="Il Postino: The Postman">Il Postino: The Postman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-405">[399]</a> Cinecittà studio is the largest film and television production facility in Europe,<a href="#cite_note-406">[400]</a> where many international box office hits were filmed. In the 1950s, the number of international productions made there led to Rome's being dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a>". More than 3,000 productions have been made on its lot, of which 90 received an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> nomination, with 47 wins.<a href="#cite_note-407">[401]</a> Italy is the most awarded country at the Academy Awards for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film">Best Foreign Language Film</a>, with 14 wins and 3 <a href="/wiki/Academy_Honorary_Award" title="Academy Honorary Award">Special Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-408">[402]</a> As of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italy&action=edit">[update]</a>, Italian films have won 12 Palmes d'Or,<a href="#cite_note-409">[403]</a> 11 <a href="/wiki/Golden_Lion" title="Golden Lion">Golden Lions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-410">[404]</a> and 7 <a href="/wiki/Golden_Bear" title="Golden Bear">Golden Bears</a>.<a href="#cite_note-411">[405]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport in Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_national_football_team_Euro_2012_final.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Italy_national_football_team_Euro_2012_final.jpg/220px-Italy_national_football_team_Euro_2012_final.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Italy_national_football_team_Euro_2012_final.jpg/330px-Italy_national_football_team_Euro_2012_final.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Italy_national_football_team_Euro_2012_final.jpg/440px-Italy_national_football_team_Euro_2012_final.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Italy_national_football_team" title="Italy national football team">The Azzurri</a> in 2012. <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Italy" title="Football in Italy">Football</a> is the most popular sport in Italy.</figcaption></figure> The most popular sport is <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Italy" title="Football in Italy">football</a>.<a href="#cite_note-412">[406]</a> Italy's <a href="/wiki/Italy_national_football_team" title="Italy national football team">team</a> is one of the most successful, with four <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">World Cup</a> victories (<a href="/wiki/1934_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1934 FIFA World Cup">1934</a>, <a href="/wiki/1938_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1938 FIFA World Cup">1938</a>, <a href="/wiki/1982_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1982 FIFA World Cup">1982</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2006 FIFA World Cup">2006</a>) and two <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro" class="mw-redirect" title="UEFA Euro">UEFA Euro</a> victories (<a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1968" title="UEFA Euro 1968">1968</a> and <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2020" title="UEFA Euro 2020">2020</a>).<a href="#cite_note-413">[407]</a> Italian clubs have won 48 major European trophies, making Italy the second most successful country in Europe, after Spain. Italy's top league is <a href="/wiki/Serie_A" title="Serie A">Serie A</a> and is followed by millions of fans around the world.<a href="#cite_note-414">[408]</a> Other popular team sports include basketball, volleyball, and rugby.<a href="#cite_note-sportface-415">[409]</a> Italy's male and female national volleyball teams are often featured among the world's best. The <a href="/wiki/Italy_men%27s_national_volleyball_team" title="Italy men's national volleyball team">men's team</a> won three consecutive <a href="/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship">World Championships</a> (in 1990, 1994, and 1998). <a href="/wiki/Italy_men%27s_national_basketball_team" title="Italy men's national basketball team">Italy men's basketball team</a>'s best results were gold at <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_1983" title="EuroBasket 1983">EuroBasket 1983</a> and <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_1999" title="EuroBasket 1999">1999</a>, and silver at the <a href="/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics" title="Basketball at the 2004 Summer Olympics">2004 Olympics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lega_Basket_Serie_A" title="Lega Basket Serie A">Lega Basket Serie A</a> is one of the most competitive in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-416">[410]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Italy_national_rugby_union_team" title="Italy national rugby union team">Italy national rugby union team</a> competes in the <a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_Championship" title="Six Nations Championship">Six Nations Championship</a>, and at the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup" title="Rugby World Cup">Rugby World Cup</a>. Among individual sports, bicycle racing is popular;<a href="#cite_note-417">[411]</a> Italians have won the <a href="/wiki/UCI_Road_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_road_race" title="UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race">UCI World Championships</a> <a href="/wiki/UCI_Road_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_road_race#Medalists_by_nation" title="UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race">more than any other country</a>, except <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Giro_d%27Italia" title="Giro d'Italia">Giro d'Italia</a> is a cycling race held every May and one of the three <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour_(cycling)" title="Grand Tour (cycling)">Grand Tours</a>. Alpine skiing is a widespread sport, and the country is a popular skiing destination.<a href="#cite_note-418">[412]</a> Italian skiers achieve good results in <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games" title="Winter Olympic Games">Winter Olympic Games</a> and the <a href="/wiki/FIS_Alpine_Ski_World_Cup" title="FIS Alpine Ski World Cup">Alpine Ski World Cup</a>. Tennis has a significant following: it is the fourth most practised sport.<a href="#cite_note-419">[413]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Italian_Open_(tennis)" title="Italian Open (tennis)">Rome Masters</a>, founded in 1930, is one of the most prestigious tennis tournaments.<a href="#cite_note-420">[414]</a> Italian players won the <a href="/wiki/Davis_Cup" title="Davis Cup">Davis Cup</a> in 1976 and the <a href="/wiki/Fed_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Fed Cup">Fed Cup</a> in 2006, 2009, 2010, and 2013. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Schumacher_2006_USA_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Michael_Schumacher_2006_USA_2.jpg/220px-Michael_Schumacher_2006_USA_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Michael_Schumacher_2006_USA_2.jpg/330px-Michael_Schumacher_2006_USA_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Michael_Schumacher_2006_USA_2.jpg/440px-Michael_Schumacher_2006_USA_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Ferrari_248_F1" title="Ferrari 248 F1">Ferrari 248 F1</a> by <a href="/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari" title="Scuderia Ferrari">Scuderia Ferrari</a>, the oldest surviving team in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_motor_racing" title="Grand Prix motor racing">Grand Prix</a> racing,<a href="#cite_note-targaflorio-421">[415]</a> having competed since 1948, and statistically the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_Grand_Prix_winners_(constructors)" title="List of Formula One Grand Prix winners (constructors)">most successful Formula One team in history</a></figcaption></figure> Motorsports are popular.<a href="#cite_note-sportface-415">[409]</a> Italy has won, by far, the most MotoGP World Championships. Italian <a href="/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari" title="Scuderia Ferrari">Scuderia Ferrari</a> is the oldest surviving team in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_motor_racing" title="Grand Prix motor racing">Grand Prix</a> racing,<a href="#cite_note-targaflorio-421">[415]</a> competing since 1948, and the most successful Formula One team with 232 wins. The <a href="/wiki/Italian_Grand_Prix" title="Italian Grand Prix">Italian Grand Prix</a> of <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> has been held since 1921<a href="#cite_note-422">[416]</a> always at <a href="/wiki/Monza_Circuit" title="Monza Circuit">Autodromo Nazionale Monza</a> (except <a href="/wiki/1980_Italian_Grand_Prix" title="1980 Italian Grand Prix">1980</a>).<a href="#cite_note-423">[417]</a> Other successful Italian car manufacturers in motorsports are <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo" title="Alfa Romeo">Alfa Romeo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancia" title="Lancia">Lancia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maserati" title="Maserati">Maserati</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fiat" title="Fiat">Fiat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-424">[418]</a> Italy has been successful in the Olympics, taking part from the <a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">first Olympiad</a> and in 47 Games out of 48 (not <a href="/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympics" title="1904 Summer Olympics">1904</a>).<a href="#cite_note-425">[419]</a> <a href="/wiki/Italy_at_the_Olympics" title="Italy at the Olympics">Italians</a> have won 618 medals at the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a>, and 141 at the Winter Olympics, with 259 golds, the sixth most successful for total medals. The country hosted Winter Olympics in <a href="/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics" title="1956 Winter Olympics">1956</a> and <a href="/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics" title="2006 Winter Olympics">2006</a>, and will host another in <a href="/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics" title="2026 Winter Olympics">2026</a>; and a Summer games in <a href="/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics" title="1960 Summer Olympics">1960</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion_and_design">Fashion and design</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Italian fashion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Italian design</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prada_milano.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Prada_milano.JPG/220px-Prada_milano.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Prada_milano.JPG/330px-Prada_milano.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Prada_milano.JPG/440px-Prada_milano.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prada" title="Prada">Prada</a> shop at <a href="/wiki/Galleria_Vittorio_Emanuele_II" title="Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II">Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II</a> in Milan</figcaption></figure> Italian fashion has a long tradition. Top Global Fashion Capital Rankings (2013), by <a href="/wiki/Global_Language_Monitor" title="Global Language Monitor">Global Language Monitor</a>, ranked Rome sixth and Milan twelfth.<a href="#cite_note-426">[420]</a> Major Italian fashion labels—such as <a href="/wiki/Gucci" title="Gucci">Gucci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armani" title="Armani">Armani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prada" title="Prada">Prada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Versace" title="Versace">Versace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valentino_SpA" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentino SpA">Valentino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana" title="Dolce & Gabbana">Dolce & Gabbana</a>—are among the finest fashion houses in the world. Jewellers such as <a href="/wiki/Bulgari" title="Bulgari">Bulgari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damiani" title="Damiani">Damiani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buccellati" title="Buccellati">Buccellati</a> were founded in Italy. The fashion magazine <a href="/wiki/Vogue_Italia" title="Vogue Italia">Vogue Italia</a> is one of the most prestigious fashion magazines in the world.<a href="#cite_note-427">[421]</a> Italy is prominent in the field of design, notably interior, architectural, industrial, and urban designs.<a href="#cite_note-428">[422]</a><a href="#cite_note-429">[423]</a> Milan and Turin are the nation's leaders in architectural and industrial design. The city of Milan hosts <a href="/wiki/Fiera_Milano" title="Fiera Milano">Fiera Milano</a>, Europe's largest design fair.<a href="#cite_note-430">[424]</a> Milan hosts major design- and architecture-related events and venues, such as the Fuori Salone and the <a href="/wiki/Milan_Furniture_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Milan Furniture Fair">Milan Furniture Fair</a>, and has been home to the designers <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Munari" title="Bruno Munari">Bruno Munari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucio_Fontana" title="Lucio Fontana">Lucio Fontana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Castellani" title="Enrico Castellani">Enrico Castellani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Piero_Manzoni" title="Piero Manzoni">Piero Manzoni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-431">[425]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_meal_structure" title="Italian meal structure">Italian meal structure</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_foods_and_drinks" title="List of Italian foods and drinks">List of Italian foods and drinks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salumi_e_vino_lucchese.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Salumi_e_vino_lucchese.JPG/220px-Salumi_e_vino_lucchese.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Salumi_e_vino_lucchese.JPG/330px-Salumi_e_vino_lucchese.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Salumi_e_vino_lucchese.JPG/440px-Salumi_e_vino_lucchese.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Italian wine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salumi" title="Salumi">salumi</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian cuisine</a> is heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">ancient Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">ancient Roman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Byzantine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arabic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish</a> cuisines.<a href="#cite_note-432">[426]</a> Significant changes occurred with the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, with items such as potatoes, tomatoes, and maize becoming main ingredients from the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-433">[427]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean diet</a> forms the basis of Italian cuisine, which is rich in <a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">pasta</a>, fish, fruits, and vegetables and characterised by its simplicity and variety, with many dishes having only four to eight ingredients.<a href="#cite_note-434">[428]</a> Italian cuisine is noted for its regional diversity,<a href="#cite_note-435">[429]</a> abundance of difference in taste, and as one of the most popular in the world,<a href="#cite_note-436">[430]</a> wielding strong influence abroad.<a href="#cite_note-437">[431]</a><a href="#cite_note-438">[432]</a><a href="#cite_note-439">[433]</a> Italian cuisine relies heavily on traditional products; the country has a large number of traditional specialties protected under <a href="/wiki/Geographical_indications_and_traditional_specialities_in_the_European_Union" title="Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union">EU law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-440">[434]</a> Italy is home to 395 <a href="/wiki/Michelin_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Michelin Star">Michelin Star</a>-rated restaurants.<a href="#cite_note-441">[435]</a><a href="#cite_note-442">[436]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_cheeses" title="List of Italian cheeses">Cheese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salumi" title="Salumi">cold cuts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">wine</a> are central to Italian cuisine, with regional declinations and <a href="/wiki/Protected_designation_of_origin" title="Protected designation of origin">protected designation of origin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Geographical_indications_and_traditional_specialities_in_the_European_Union#Protected_geographical_indication_(PGI)" title="Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union">protected geographical indication</a> labels, along with <a href="/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">pizza</a> and coffee forming part of gastronomic culture.<a href="#cite_note-443">[437]</a> Desserts have a long tradition of merging local flavours, such as citrus fruits, pistachio, and almonds, with sweet cheeses such as <a href="/wiki/Mascarpone" title="Mascarpone">mascarpone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ricotta" title="Ricotta">ricotta</a> or exotic tastes such as cocoa, vanilla, and cinnamon. <a href="/wiki/Gelato" title="Gelato">Gelato</a>,<a href="#cite_note-444">[438]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiramisu" title="Tiramisu">tiramisu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-445">[439]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cassata" title="Cassata">cassata</a> are among the most famous examples of Italian desserts. The <a href="/wiki/Italian_meal_structure" title="Italian meal structure">Italian meal structure</a> is typical of the Mediterranean region and differs from North, Central, and East European meal structures, although it still often consists of breakfast (<a href="/wiki/Italian_meal_structure#Breakfast_(colazione)" title="Italian meal structure">colazione</a>), lunch (<a href="/wiki/Italian_meal_structure#Lunch_(pranzo)" title="Italian meal structure">pranzo</a>), and dinner (<a href="/wiki/Italian_meal_structure#Supper_(cena)" title="Italian meal structure">cena</a>).<a href="#cite_note-446">[440]</a> However, much less emphasis is placed on breakfast, which is often skipped or involves lighter portions than are seen in non-Mediterranean Western countries.<a href="#cite_note-447">[441]</a> Late-morning and mid-afternoon snacks, called <a href="/wiki/Italian_meal_structure#Mid-afternoon_snack_(merenda)" title="Italian meal structure">merenda</a> (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: merende), are often included.<a href="#cite_note-448">[442]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_holidays,_festivals_and_folklore">Public holidays, festivals and folklore</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays in Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions of Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore of Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frecce_Tricolori_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Frecce_Tricolori_2022.jpg/220px-Frecce_Tricolori_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Frecce_Tricolori_2022.jpg/330px-Frecce_Tricolori_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Frecce_Tricolori_2022.jpg/440px-Frecce_Tricolori_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2378" data-file-height="1598" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Frecce_Tricolori" title="Frecce Tricolori">Frecce Tricolori</a>, with the smoke trail representing the <a href="/wiki/National_colours_of_Italy" title="National colours of Italy">national colours of Italy</a>, above the <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_Monument" title="Victor Emmanuel II Monument">Victor Emmanuel II Monument</a> in Rome during the celebrations of the <a href="/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica" title="Festa della Repubblica">Festa della Repubblica</a></figcaption></figure> Public holidays include religious, national, and regional observances. Italy's National Day, the <a href="/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica" title="Festa della Repubblica">Festa della Repubblica</a> ('Republic Day'),<a href="#cite_note-449">[443]</a> is celebrated on 2 June, with the main celebration taking place in Rome, and commemorates the birth of the Italian Republic in 1946.<a href="#cite_note-Italian_Embassy_in_London-450">[444]</a> The ceremony includes deposition of a wreath as a tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Italy)" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy)">Italian Unknown Soldier</a> and a military parade along <a href="/wiki/Via_dei_Fori_Imperiali" title="Via dei Fori Imperiali">Via dei Fori Imperiali</a> in Rome. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy%27s_Day#Italy" title="Saint Lucy's Day">Saint Lucy's Day</a>, on 13 December, is popular among children in some Italian regions, where she plays a role similar to Santa Claus.<a href="#cite_note-451">[445]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a> is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Italian_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian folklore">folklore</a> figure of <a href="/wiki/Befana" title="Befana">Befana</a>, a broomstick-riding old woman who, on the night of 5 January, brings good children gifts, and bad ones charcoal or bags of ashes.<a href="#cite_note-452">[446]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a> coincides with <a href="/wiki/Ferragosto" title="Ferragosto">Ferragosto</a> on 15 August, the summer vacation period.<a href="#cite_note-453">[447]</a> The Italian national <a href="/wiki/Patronal_festival" title="Patronal festival">patronal day</a>, on 4 October, celebrates <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Francis_and_Catherine" title="Feast of Saints Francis and Catherine">Saints Francis and Catherine</a>. Each city or town also celebrates a public holiday on the festival of the local patron saint.<a href="#cite_note-Italian_Embassy_in_London-450">[444]</a> Festivals and festivities include the <a href="/wiki/Palio_di_Siena" title="Palio di Siena">Palio di Siena</a> horse race, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week#Italy" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a> rites, <a href="/wiki/Saracen_Joust" title="Saracen Joust">Saracen Joust</a> of Arezzo, and the <a href="/wiki/Calcio_storico_fiorentino" title="Calcio storico fiorentino">calcio storico fiorentino</a>. In 2013, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> included among the <a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">intangible cultural heritage</a> Italian festivals and <a href="/wiki/Paso_(float)" title="Paso (float)">pasos</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Varia_di_Palmi" title="Varia di Palmi">Varia di Palmi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Macchina_di_Santa_Rosa" title="Macchina di Santa Rosa">Macchina di Santa Rosa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Viterbo" title="Viterbo">Viterbo</a>, and faradda di li candareri in <a href="/wiki/Sassari" title="Sassari">Sassari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-454">[448]</a> Other festivals include <a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Italy" title="Carnival in Italy">carnivals</a> in Venice, <a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Viareggio" title="Carnival of Viareggio">Viareggio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Satriano_di_Lucania" title="Carnival of Satriano di Lucania">Satriano di Lucania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamoiada" title="Mamoiada">Mamoiada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Ivrea" title="Carnival of Ivrea">Ivrea</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival" title="Venice Film Festival">Venice Film Festival</a>, awarding the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Lion" title="Golden Lion">Golden Lion</a> and held since 1932, is the oldest in the world and one of the "Big Three" European film festivals, alongside <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival" title="Berlin International Film Festival">Berlin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-455">[449]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/64px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">Outline of Italy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Italia, pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[iˈtaːlja]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1d\/It-Italia.ogg\/It-Italia.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"It-Italia.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1d/It-Italia.ogg/It-Italia.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:It-Italia.ogg" title="File:It-Italia.ogg">ⓘ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Italian: Repubblica Italiana, pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Italy is often grouped in Western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Kingdom of Naples is used by historians, but not by its rulers, who kept the original 'Kingdom of Sicily' (i.e., there existed two Kingdoms of Sicily). </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> The Guardia di Finanza operates a large fleet of ships, aircraft and helicopters, enabling it to patrol Italy's waters and to participate in warfare scenarios. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> The Holy See's sovereignty has been recognised explicitly in many international agreements and is particularly emphasised in article 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a> of 11 February 1929, in which "Italy recognises the sovereignty of the Holy See in international matters as an inherent attribute in conformity with its traditions and the requirements of its mission to the world" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aloha.net/~mikesch/treaty.htm">Lateran Treaty, English translation</a>). </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-id2020-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-id2020_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-id2020_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.istat.it/it/files//2021/05/REPORT_INDICATORI-DEMOGRAFICI-2020.pdf">"Indicatori demografici, anno 2020"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210503091112/https://www.istat.it/it/files//2021/05/REPORT_INDICATORI-DEMOGRAFICI-2020.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indicatori+demografici%2C+anno+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.istat.it%2Fit%2Ffiles%2F%2F2021%2F05%2FREPORT_INDICATORI-DEMOGRAFICI-2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.europa.eu/data/datasets/s2237_95_2_516_eng?locale=en">"Special Eurobarometer 516"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>: <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>. September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629085321/http://data.europa.eu/data/datasets/s2237_95_2_516_eng?locale=en">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2023. 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Retrieved 10 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=demo.istat.it&rft.atitle=ISTAT+%E2%80%93+Demography%2C+Statistics%2C+Demographic+Balance%2C+Resident+Population&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdemo.istat.it%2Fapp%2F%3Fl%3Den%26a%3D2024%26i%3DD7B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.IT-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.IT_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.IT_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.IT_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.IT_7-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=136,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Italy)"</a>. www.imf.org. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 22 October 2024. 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European Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201009091832/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gini+coefficient+of+equivalised+disposable+income+%E2%80%93+EU-SILC+survey&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdatabrowser%2Fview%2Ftessi190%2Fdefault%2Ftable%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/24"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. p. 288. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226213750/http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/86?v=9&c=72&file=1997026">"Legge Regionale 15 ottobre 1997, n. 26"</a>. Regione autonoma della Sardegna – Regione Autònoma de Sardigna. 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Retrieved 31 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legge+Regionale+15+ottobre+1997%2C+n.+26&rft.pub=Regione+autonoma+della+Sardegna+%E2%80%93+Regione+Aut%C3%B2noma+de+Sardigna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regione.sardegna.it%2Fj%2Fv%2F86%3Fv%3D9%26c%3D72%26file%3D1997026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.regione.fvg.it/rafvg/cms/RAFVG/cultura-sport/patrimonio-culturale/comunita-linguistiche">"Regione Autonoma Friuli-Venezia Giulia – Comunità linguistiche regionali"</a>. regione.fvg.it. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904201140/https://www.regione.fvg.it/rafvg/cms/RAFVG/cultura-sport/patrimonio-culturale/comunita-linguistiche">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=regione.fvg.it&rft.atitle=Regione+Autonoma+Friuli-Venezia+Giulia+%E2%80%93+Comunit%C3%A0+linguistiche+regionali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.regione.fvg.it%2Frafvg%2Fcms%2FRAFVG%2Fcultura-sport%2Fpatrimonio-culturale%2Fcomunita-linguistiche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comune.campione-d-italia.co.it">"Comune di Campione d'Italia"</a>. Comune.campione-d-italia.co.it. 14 July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430223743/http://www.comune.campione-d-italia.co.it">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comune+di+Campione+d%27Italia&rft.pub=Comune.campione-d-italia.co.it&rft.date=2010-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comune.campione-d-italia.co.it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/italy">"Southern Europe, a peninsula extending into the central Mediterranean Sea, northeast of Tunisia"</a>. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210701235642/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/italy">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Southern+Europe%2C+a+peninsula+extending+into+the+central+Mediterranean+Sea%2C+northeast+of+Tunisia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fitaly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DGACM-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DGACM_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DGACM_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Depts/DGACM/RegionalGroups.shtml">"UNITED NATIONS DGACM"</a>. United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170821045724/http://www.un.org/depts/DGACM/RegionalGroups.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNITED+NATIONS+DGACM&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FDepts%2FDGACM%2FRegionalGroups.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Academic works describing Italy as a Western European country:<div><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hancock, M. Donald; Conradt, David P.; Peters, B. Guy; Safran, William; Zariski, Raphael (11 November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsinwester00hanc_0">Politics in Western Europe: an introduction to the politics of the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and the European Union</a> (2nd ed.). Chatham House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5664-3039-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5664-3039-5"><bdi>978-1-5664-3039-5</bdi></a>. <q>list of Western European countries Italy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+in+Western+Europe%3A+an+introduction+to+the+politics+of+the+United+Kingdom%2C+France%2C+Germany%2C+Italy%2C+Sweden%2C+and+the+European+Union&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Chatham+House+Publishers&rft.date=1998-11-11&rft.isbn=978-1-5664-3039-5&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=M.+Donald&rft.au=Conradt%2C+David+P.&rft.au=Peters%2C+B.+Guy&rft.au=Safran%2C+William&rft.au=Zariski%2C+Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticsinwester00hanc_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ugo, Ascoli; Emmanuele, Pavolini (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BEzRDAAAQBAJ&q=list+of+Western+European+countries+Italy">The Italian welfare state in a European perspective: A comparative analysis</a>. Policy Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4473-3444-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4473-3444-6"><bdi>978-1-4473-3444-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+welfare+state+in+a+European+perspective%3A+A+comparative+analysis&rft.pub=Policy+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4473-3444-6&rft.aulast=Ugo&rft.aufirst=Ascoli&rft.au=Emmanuele%2C+Pavolini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBEzRDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dlist%2Bof%2BWestern%2BEuropean%2Bcountries%2BItaly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Zloch-Christy, Iliana (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eastwestfinancia00zloc">East-West Financial Relations: Current Problems and Future Prospects</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5213-9530-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5213-9530-4"><bdi>978-0-5213-9530-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 September 2019. <q>list of Western European countries Italy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East-West+Financial+Relations%3A+Current+Problems+and+Future+Prospects&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-5213-9530-4&rft.aulast=Zloch-Christy&rft.aufirst=Iliana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feastwestfinancia00zloc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Clout, Hugh D. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WGbIT90ppZsC">Western Europe: Geographical Perspectives</a>. Longman Scientific & Technical. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5820-1772-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5820-1772-6"><bdi>978-0-5820-1772-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Europe%3A+Geographical+Perspectives&rft.pub=Longman+Scientific+%26+Technical&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-5820-1772-6&rft.aulast=Clout&rft.aufirst=Hugh+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWGbIT90ppZsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Furlong, Paul (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JNNsOl65D0AC&q=italy+western+European+country">Modern Italy: Representation and Reform</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1349-7983-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1349-7983-7"><bdi>978-1-1349-7983-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Italy%3A+Representation+and+Reform&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-1349-7983-7&rft.aulast=Furlong&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJNNsOl65D0AC%26q%3Ditaly%2Bwestern%2BEuropean%2Bcountry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hanf, Kenneth; Jansen, Alf-Inge (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=31wSBAAAQBAJ&q=West+Europe+Italy">Governance and Environment in Western Europe: Politics, Policy and Administration</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3178-7917-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3178-7917-6"><bdi>978-1-3178-7917-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governance+and+Environment+in+Western+Europe%3A+Politics%2C+Policy+and+Administration&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-3178-7917-6&rft.aulast=Hanf&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=Jansen%2C+Alf-Inge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D31wSBAAAQBAJ%26q%3DWest%2BEurope%2BItaly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-Treccani-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Treccani_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Treccani_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Italia", Dizionario enciclopedico italiano (in Italian), vol. VI, <a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Treccani</a>, 1970, p. 413</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Italia&rft.btitle=Dizionario+enciclopedico+italiano&rft.pages=413&rft.pub=Treccani&rft.date=1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/italy-population">"Italy Population 2022 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)"</a>. worldpopulationreview.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220221180502/https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/italy-population">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldpopulationreview.com&rft.atitle=Italy+Population+2022+%28Demographics%2C+Maps%2C+Graphs%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldpopulationreview.com%2Fcountries%2Fitaly-population&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_WaldmanCatherine_Mason2006" class="citation book cs1">Carl Waldman; Catherine Mason (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC">Encyclopedia of European Peoples</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 586. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2918-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2918-1"><bdi>978-1-4381-2918-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230311102543/https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+European+Peoples&rft.pages=586&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2918-1&rft.au=Carl+Waldman&rft.au=Catherine+Mason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkfv6HKXErqAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMommsen1855" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen, Theodor</a> (1855). <a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome_(Mommsen)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Rome (Mommsen)">History of Rome</a>, Book II: From the Abolition of the Monarchy in Rome to the Union of Italy. Leipzig: Reimer & Hirsel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Rome%2C+Book+II%3A+From+the+Abolition+of+the+Monarchy+in+Rome+to+the+Union+of+Italy&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Reimer+%26+Hirsel&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Mommsen&rft.aufirst=Theodor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazenby1998" class="citation book cs1">Lazenby, John Francis (4 February 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hannibalswarmili00laze">Hannibal's War: A Military History of the Second Punic War</a>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hannibalswarmili00laze/page/29">29</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3004-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3004-0"><bdi>978-0-8061-3004-0</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive. <q>Italy homeland of the Romans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hannibal%27s+War%3A+A+Military+History+of+the+Second+Punic+War&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1998-02-04&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3004-0&rft.aulast=Lazenby&rft.aufirst=John+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhannibalswarmili00laze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-See-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-See_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-See_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSée" class="citation web cs1">Sée, Henri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131007010542/http://www.efm.bris.ac.uk/het/see/ModernCapitalism.pdf">"Modern Capitalism Its Origin and Evolution"</a> (PDF). University of Rennes. Batoche Books. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efm.bris.ac.uk/het/see/ModernCapitalism.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 October 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Rennes&rft.atitle=Modern+Capitalism+Its+Origin+and+Evolution&rft.aulast=S%C3%A9e&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efm.bris.ac.uk%2Fhet%2Fsee%2FModernCapitalism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-herkimer-westerncivilization/chapter/italian-trade-cities">"Italian Trade Cities | Western Civilization"</a>. courses.lumenlearning.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211102035722/https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-herkimer-westerncivilization/chapter/italian-trade-cities">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=courses.lumenlearning.com&rft.atitle=Italian+Trade+Cities+%7C+Western+Civilization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcourses.lumenlearning.com%2Fatd-herkimer-westerncivilization%2Fchapter%2Fitalian-trade-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090307050237/http://library.thinkquest.org/TQ0312582/unification.html">"Unification of Italy"</a>. Library.thinkquest.org. 4 April 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.thinkquest.org/TQ0312582/unification.html">the original</a> on 7 March 2009. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unification+of+Italy&rft.pub=Library.thinkquest.org&rft.date=2003-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.thinkquest.org%2FTQ0312582%2Funification.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120224012449/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=italian_colonial">"The Italian Colonial Empire"</a>. All Empires. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=italian_colonial">the original</a> on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2012. <q>At its peak, just before WWII, the Italian Empire comprehended the territories of present time Italy, Albania, Rhodes, Dodecanese, Libya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, the majority of Somalia and the little concession of Tientsin in China</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Colonial+Empire&rft.pub=All+Empires&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allempires.com%2Farticle%2Findex.php%3Fq%3Ditalian_colonial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJon_Rynn" class="citation web cs1">Jon Rynn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalmakeover.com/sites/economicreconstruction.com/static/JonRynn/FirstChapterDissertation.pdf">"WHAT IS A GREAT POWER?"</a> (PDF). economicreconstruction.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170428053310/http://globalmakeover.com/sites/economicreconstruction.com/static/JonRynn/FirstChapterDissertation.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=economicreconstruction.com&rft.atitle=WHAT+IS+A+GREAT+POWER%3F&rft.au=Jon+Rynn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalmakeover.com%2Fsites%2Feconomicreconstruction.com%2Fstatic%2FJonRynn%2FFirstChapterDissertation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/01/pdf/text.pdf">"IMF Advanced Economies List. World Economic Outlook, April 2016, p. 148"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160421023851/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/01/pdf/text.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IMF+Advanced+Economies+List.+World+Economic+Outlook%2C+April+2016%2C+p.+148&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2016%2F01%2Fpdf%2Ftext.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/manufacturing-by-country">"Manufacturing by Country 2023"</a>. worldpopulationreview.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130004544/https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/manufacturing-by-country">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldpopulationreview.com&rft.atitle=Manufacturing+by+Country+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldpopulationreview.com%2Fcountry-rankings%2Fmanufacturing-by-country&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Gabriele Abbondanza, Italy as a Regional Power: the African Context from National Unification to the Present Day (Rome: Aracne, 2016); "<a href="/wiki/Operation_Alba" title="Operation Alba">Operation Alba</a> may be considered one of the most important instances in which Italy has acted as a regional power, taking the lead in executing a technically and politically coherent and determined strategy." See Federiga Bindi, Italy and the European Union (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2011), p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nTKBdY5HBeUC&q=Canada%2520Among%2520Nations%252C%25202004%253A%2520Setting%2520Priorities+Straight">Canada Among Nations, 2004: Setting Priorities Straight</a>. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. 17 January 2005. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2836-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2836-9"><bdi>978-0-7735-2836-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116145100/https://books.google.com/books?id=nTKBdY5HBeUC&q=Canada%2520Among%2520Nations%252C%25202004%253A%2520Setting%2520Priorities+Straight">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2016. <q>The United States is the sole world's superpower. France, Italy, Germany and the United Kingdom are great powers</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+Among+Nations%2C+2004%3A+Setting+Priorities+Straight&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+%E2%80%93+MQUP&rft.date=2005-01-17&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2836-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnTKBdY5HBeUC%26q%3DCanada%252520Among%252520Nations%25252C%2525202004%25253A%252520Setting%252520Priorities%2BStraight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterio2013" class="citation book cs1">Sterio, Milena (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-QuI6n_OVMYC&q=The%20Right%20to%20Self-determination%20Under%20International%20Law%3A%20%22selfistans%22%2C%20Secession%20and%20the%20Rule%20of%20the%20Great%20Powers">The right to self-determination under international law: "selfistans", secession and the rule of the great powers</a>. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. xii (preface). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4156-6818-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4156-6818-7"><bdi>978-0-4156-6818-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116110143/https://books.google.com/books?id=-QuI6n_OVMYC&q=The%20Right%20to%20Self-determination%20Under%20International%20Law%3A%20%22selfistans%22%2C%20Secession%20and%20the%20Rule%20of%20the%20Great%20Powers#v=snippet&q=The%20Right%20to%20Self-determination%20Under%20International%20Law%3A%20%22selfistans%22%2C%20Secession%20and%20the%20Rule%20of%20the%20Great%20Powers&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2016. <q>The great powers are super-sovereign states: an exclusive club of the most powerful states economically, militarily, politically and strategically. These states include veto-wielding members of the United Nations Security Council (United States, United Kingdom, France, China, and Russia), as well as economic powerhouses such as Germany, Italy and Japan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+right+to+self-determination+under+international+law%3A+%22selfistans%22%2C+secession+and+the+rule+of+the+great+powers&rft.place=Milton+Park%2C+Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.pages=xii+%28preface%29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-4156-6818-7&rft.aulast=Sterio&rft.aufirst=Milena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-QuI6n_OVMYC%26q%3DThe%2520Right%2520to%2520Self-determination%2520Under%2520International%2520Law%253A%2520%2522selfistans%2522%252C%2520Secession%2520and%2520the%2520Rule%2520of%2520the%2520Great%2520Powers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Barone2010" class="citation web cs1">Michael Barone (2 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120922063927/http://www.crvp.org/book/Series04/IV-5/chapter_vi.htm">"The essence of Italian culture and the challenge of the global age"</a>. Council for Research in Values and philosophy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crvp.org/book/Series04/IV-5/chapter_vi.htm">the original</a> on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+essence+of+Italian+culture+and+the+challenge+of+the+global+age&rft.pub=Council+for+Research+in+Values+and+philosophy&rft.date=2010-09-02&rft.au=Michael+Barone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crvp.org%2Fbook%2FSeries04%2FIV-5%2Fchapter_vi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Alberto Manco, Italia. Disegno storico-linguistico, 2009, <a href="/wiki/Napoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoli">Napoli</a>, L'Orientale, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-8950-4462-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-8950-4462-0">978-8-8950-4462-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Adams, Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (London: Fitzroy and Dearborn, 1997), 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus/1B*.html">1.35</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221215151343/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus/1B%2A.html">Archived</a> 15 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, on LacusCurtius; Aristotle, Politics, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0058%3Abook%3D7%3Asection%3D1329b#note-link2">7.1329b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910185719/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0058%3Abook%3D7%3Asection%3D1329b">Archived</a> 10 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, on Perseus; Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Thuc.+6.2.4&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0200">6.2.4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924213434/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Thuc.+6.2.4&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0200">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, on Perseus </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Pallottino, M., History of Earliest Italy, trans. Ryle, M & Soper, K. in Jerome Lectures, Seventeenth Series, p. 50 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Giovanni Brizzi, Roma. Potere e identità: dalle origini alla nascita dell'impero cristiano, Bologna, Patron, 2012 p. 94 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlà-Uhink2017" class="citation book cs1">Carlà-Uhink, Filippo (25 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dSY-DwAAQBAJ&q=cato+italy+south+of+the+Alps&pg=PT49">The "Birth" of Italy: The Institutionalization of Italy as a Region, 3rd–1st Century BCE</a>. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-1105-4478-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-1105-4478-7"><bdi>978-3-1105-4478-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%22Birth%22+of+Italy%3A+The+Institutionalization+of+Italy+as+a+Region%2C+3rd%E2%80%931st+Century+BCE&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2017-09-25&rft.isbn=978-3-1105-4478-7&rft.aulast=Carl%C3%A0-Uhink&rft.aufirst=Filippo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdSY-DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcato%2Bitaly%2Bsouth%2Bof%2Bthe%2BAlps%26pg%3DPT49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevene2010" class="citation book cs1">Levene, D. S. (17 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aLsRDAAAQBAJ&q=cato+walls+of+Italy&pg=PA108">Livy on the Hannibalic War</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1981-5295-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1981-5295-8"><bdi>978-0-1981-5295-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328152752/https://books.google.com/books?id=aLsRDAAAQBAJ&q=cato+walls+of+Italy&pg=PA108#v=snippet&q=cato%20walls%20of%20Italy&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 12 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Livy+on+the+Hannibalic+War&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010-06-17&rft.isbn=978-0-1981-5295-8&rft.aulast=Levene&rft.aufirst=D.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaLsRDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcato%2Bwalls%2Bof%2BItaly%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlà-Uhink2017" class="citation book cs1">Carlà-Uhink, Filippo (25 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dSY-DwAAQBAJ&q=Tota+Italia+essays&pg=PT454">The "Birth" of Italy: The Institutionalization of Italy as a Region, 3rd–1st Century BCE</a>. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-1105-4478-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-1105-4478-7"><bdi>978-3-1105-4478-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240211000755/https://books.google.com/books?id=dSY-DwAAQBAJ&q=Tota+Italia+essays&pg=PT454#v=snippet&q=Tota%20Italia%20essays&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 12 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%22Birth%22+of+Italy%3A+The+Institutionalization+of+Italy+as+a+Region%2C+3rd%E2%80%931st+Century+BCE&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2017-09-25&rft.isbn=978-3-1105-4478-7&rft.aulast=Carl%C3%A0-Uhink&rft.aufirst=Filippo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdSY-DwAAQBAJ%26q%3DTota%2BItalia%2Bessays%26pg%3DPT454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2020" class="citation book cs1">Williams, J. H. C. (22 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522000630/https://books.google.it/books?id=RPj_FkEeVO4C&dq=beyond+the+Rubicon&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiI5YrC6rbkAhUvDmMBHXZOCMAQ6AEIKTAA">Beyond the Rubicon: Romans and Gauls in Republican Italy – J. H. C. Williams – Google Books</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1981-5300-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1981-5300-9"><bdi>978-0-1981-5300-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RPj_FkEeVO4C&q=beyond+the+Rubicon">the original</a> on 22 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Rubicon%3A+Romans+and+Gauls+in+Republican+Italy+%E2%80%93+J.+H.+C.+Williams+%E2%80%93+Google+Books&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020-05-22&rft.isbn=978-0-1981-5300-9&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=J.+H.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRPj_FkEeVO4C%26q%3Dbeyond%2Bthe%2BRubicon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong1866" class="citation book cs1">Long, George (1866). Decline of the Roman republic: Volume 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decline+of+the+Roman+republic%3A+Volume+2&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAurigemma" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aurigemma, Salvatore. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/gallia-cisalpina_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)">"Gallia Cisalpina"</a>. treccani.it (in Italian). Enciclopedia Italiana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404054511/https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/gallia-cisalpina_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=treccani.it&rft.atitle=Gallia+Cisalpina&rft.aulast=Aurigemma&rft.aufirst=Salvatore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fgallia-cisalpina_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/297743/Italy">"Italy (ancient Roman territory)"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110232259/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/297743/Italy">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Italy+%28ancient+Roman+territory%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F297743%2FItaly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/la-riorganizzazione-amministrativa-dell-italia-costantino-roma-il-senato-e-gli-equilibri-dell-italia-romana_%28Enciclopedia-Costantiniana%29">"La riorganizzazione amministrativa dell'Italia. Costantino, Roma, il Senato e gli equilibri dell'Italia romana"</a> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211119225335/https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/la-riorganizzazione-amministrativa-dell-italia-costantino-roma-il-senato-e-gli-equilibri-dell-italia-romana_(Enciclopedia-Costantiniana)">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+riorganizzazione+amministrativa+dell%27Italia.+Costantino%2C+Roma%2C+il+Senato+e+gli+equilibri+dell%27Italia+romana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fla-riorganizzazione-amministrativa-dell-italia-costantino-roma-il-senato-e-gli-equilibri-dell-italia-romana_%2528Enciclopedia-Costantiniana%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Letters 9.23 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> ytaliiens (1265) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/italien">TLFi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181029191636/http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/italien">Archived</a> 29 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120318214257/http://www.homolaicus.com/storia/medioevo/comune_medievale.htm">"IL COMUNE MEDIEVALE"</a>. homolaicus.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.homolaicus.com/storia/medioevo/comune_medievale.htm">the original</a> on 18 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=homolaicus.com&rft.atitle=IL+COMUNE+MEDIEVALE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.homolaicus.com%2Fstoria%2Fmedioevo%2Fcomune_medievale.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociety" class="citation web cs1">Society, National Geographic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190626220707/http://www.nationalgeographic.it/scienza/2012/01/20/news/erano_padani_iprimi_abitanti_ditalia-807204">"Erano padani i primi abitanti d'Italia"</a>. National Geographic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgeographic.it/scienza/2012/01/20/news/erano_padani_iprimi_abitanti_ditalia-807204">the original</a> on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Erano+padani+i+primi+abitanti+d%27Italia&rft.aulast=Society&rft.aufirst=National+Geographic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.it%2Fscienza%2F2012%2F01%2F20%2Fnews%2Ferano_padani_iprimi_abitanti_ditalia-807204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers 2001, ch. 2. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3064-6463-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-3064-6463-2">0-3064-6463-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> 42.7–41.5 ka (<a href="/wiki/68%E2%80%9395%E2%80%9399.7_rule" title="68–95–99.7 rule">1σ CI</a>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouka2012" class="citation journal cs1">Douka, Katerina; et al. (2012). "A new chronostratigraphic framework for the Upper Palaeolithic of Riparo Mochi (Italy)". Journal of Human Evolution. 62 (2): 286–299. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JHumE..62..286D">2012JHumE..62..286D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2011.11.009">10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.11.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22189428">22189428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Evolution&rft.atitle=A+new+chronostratigraphic+framework+for+the+Upper+Palaeolithic+of+Riparo+Mochi+%28Italy%29&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=286-299&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22189428&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2011.11.009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012JHumE..62..286D&rft.aulast=Douka&rft.aufirst=Katerina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iipp.it">"Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protostoria"</a>. IIPP. 29 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131015231105/http://www.iipp.it">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Istituto+Italiano+di+Preistoria+e+Protostoria&rft.pub=IIPP&rft.date=2010-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iipp.it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/94">"Rock Drawings in Valcamonica"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100703183257/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/94">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2010. Retrieved 29 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rock+Drawings+in+Valcamonica&rft.pub=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonaniIvy1994" class="citation journal cs1">Bonani, Georges; Ivy, Susan D.; et al. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.library.arizona.edu/objectviewer?o=http%3A%2F%2Fradiocarbon.library.arizona.edu%2FVolume36%2FNumber2%2Fazu_radiocarbon_v36_n2_247_250_v.pdf">"AMS 14 C Age Determination of Tissue, Bone and Grass Samples from the Ötzal Ice Man"</a> (PDF). Radiocarbon. 36 (2): 247–250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0033822200040534">10.1017/s0033822200040534</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100720211402/https://digitalcommons.library.arizona.edu/objectviewer?o=http%3A%2F%2Fradiocarbon.library.arizona.edu%2FVolume36%2FNumber2%2Fazu_radiocarbon_v36_n2_247_250_v.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 July 2010. Retrieved 4 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiocarbon&rft.atitle=AMS+%3Cspan+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3Bmargin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3Bvertical-align%3A0.8em%3Bline-height%3A1.0em%3Bfont-size%3A80%25%3Btext-align%3Aright%22%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E14%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Cbr+%2F%3E%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3EC%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3Bmargin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3Bvertical-align%3A0.8em%3Bline-height%3A1.0em%3Bfont-size%3A80%25%3Btext-align%3Aleft%22%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Cbr+%2F%3E%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+Age+Determination+of+Tissue%2C+Bone+and+Grass+Samples+from+the+%C3%96tzal+Ice+Man&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=247-250&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0033822200040534&rft.aulast=Bonani&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.au=Ivy%2C+Susan+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.library.arizona.edu%2Fobjectviewer%3Fo%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fradiocarbon.library.arizona.edu%252FVolume36%252FNumber2%252Fazu_radiocarbon_v36_n2_247_250_v.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaclotOudart2000" class="citation journal cs1">Raclot, Thierry; Oudart, Hugues (January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Focl.2000.0077">"CORPS GRAS ET OBESITE Acides gras alimentaires et obésité: aspects qualitatifs et quantitatifs"</a>. Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides. 7 (1): 77–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Focl.2000.0077">10.1051/ocl.2000.0077</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1258-8210">1258-8210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ol%C3%A9agineux%2C+Corps+gras%2C+Lipides&rft.atitle=CORPS+GRAS+ET+OBESITE+Acides+gras+alimentaires+et+ob%C3%A9sit%C3%A9%3A+aspects+qualitatifs+et+quantitatifs&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-85&rft.date=2000-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Focl.2000.0077&rft.issn=1258-8210&rft.aulast=Raclot&rft.aufirst=Thierry&rft.au=Oudart%2C+Hugues&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1051%252Focl.2000.0077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Emilio Peruzzi, Mycenaeans in early Latium, (Incunabula Graeca 75), Edizioni dell'Ateneo & Bizzarri, Roma, 1980 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bpp.it/Apulia/html/archivio/1987/II/art/R87II015.html">"II 1987: Uomini e vicende di Magna Grecia"</a>. bpp.it. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204123345/https://www.bpp.it/Apulia/html/archivio/1987/II/art/R87II015.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bpp.it&rft.atitle=II+1987%3A+Uomini+e+vicende+di+Magna+Grecia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bpp.it%2FApulia%2Fhtml%2Farchivio%2F1987%2FII%2Fart%2FR87II015.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett,_Julian1997" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Julian (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qk_tofvS8EsC">Trajan: Optimus Princeps : a Life and Times</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16524-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16524-2"><bdi>978-0-415-16524-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trajan%3A+Optimus+Princeps+%3A+a+Life+and+Times&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-16524-2&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqk_tofvS8EsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorcillo" class="citation journal cs1">Morcillo, Marta García. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/362374">"The Glory of Italy and Rome's Universal Destiny in Strabo's Geographika, in: A. Fear – P. Liddel (eds), Historiae Mundi. Studies in Universal History. Duckworth: London 2010: 87-101"</a>. Historiae Mundi: Studies in Universal History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220114073554/https://www.academia.edu/362374">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historiae+Mundi%3A+Studies+in+Universal+History&rft.atitle=The+Glory+of+Italy+and+Rome%27s+Universal+Destiny+in+Strabo%27s+Geographika%2C+in%3A+A.+Fear+%E2%80%93+P.+Liddel+%28eds%29%2C+Historiae+Mundi.+Studies+in+Universal+History.+Duckworth%3A+London+2010%3A+87-101.&rft.aulast=Morcillo&rft.aufirst=Marta+Garc%C3%ADa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F362374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeaveney1987" class="citation book cs1">Keaveney, Arthur (January 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ojoOAAAAQAAJ">Arthur Keaveney: Rome and the Unification of Italy</a>. Croom Helm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-3121-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-3121-8"><bdi>978-0-7099-3121-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240211000835/https://books.google.com/books?id=ojoOAAAAQAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 20 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arthur+Keaveney%3A+Rome+and+the+Unification+of+Italy&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1987-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7099-3121-8&rft.aulast=Keaveney&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DojoOAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillanovich2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Billanovich, Giuseppe (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fVylk1KUS84C&dq=Italia+domina+provinciarum&pg=PR13">Libreria Universitaria Hoepli, Lezioni di filologia, Giuseppe Billanovich e Roberto Pesce: Corpus Iuris Civilis, Italia non erat provincia, sed domina provinciarum, Feltrinelli, p.363</a> (in Italian). Roberto Pesce. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-8965-4309-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-8965-4309-2"><bdi>978-8-8965-4309-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240211000801/https://books.google.com/books?id=fVylk1KUS84C&dq=Italia+domina+provinciarum&pg=PR13#v=onepage&q=Italia%20domina%20provinciarum&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 20 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Libreria+Universitaria+Hoepli%2C+Lezioni+di+filologia%2C+Giuseppe+Billanovich+e+Roberto+Pesce%3A+Corpus+Iuris+Civilis%2C+Italia+non+erat+provincia%2C+sed+domina+provinciarum%2C+Feltrinelli%2C+p.363&rft.pub=Roberto+Pesce&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-8-8965-4309-2&rft.aulast=Billanovich&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfVylk1KUS84C%26dq%3DItalia%2Bdomina%2Bprovinciarum%26pg%3DPR13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._FearP._Liddel2010" class="citation book cs1">A. Fear; P. Liddel, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/362374">"The Glory of Italy and Rome's Universal Destiny in Strabo's Geographika"</a>. Historiae Mundi. Studies in Universal History. London: Duckworth. pp. 87–101. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220114073554/https://www.academia.edu/362374">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Glory+of+Italy+and+Rome%27s+Universal+Destiny+in+Strabo%27s+Geographika&rft.btitle=Historiae+Mundi.+Studies+in+Universal+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=87-101&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F362374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeaveney1987" class="citation book cs1">Keaveney, Arthur (January 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ojoOAAAAQAAJ">Arthur Keaveney: Rome and the Unification of Italy</a>. Croom Helm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780709931218" title="Special:BookSources/9780709931218"><bdi>9780709931218</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241002210931/https://books.google.com/books?id=ojoOAAAAQAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 20 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arthur+Keaveney%3A+Rome+and+the+Unification+of+Italy&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1987-01&rft.isbn=9780709931218&rft.aulast=Keaveney&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DojoOAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillanovich2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Billanovich, Giuseppe (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fVylk1KUS84C&dq=Italia+domina+provinciarum&pg=PR13">Libreria Universitaria Hoepli, Lezioni di filologia, Giuseppe Billanovich e Roberto Pesce: Corpus Iuris Civilis, Italia non erat provincia, sed domina provinciarum, Feltrinelli, p.363</a> (in Italian). Roberto Pesce. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788896543092" title="Special:BookSources/9788896543092"><bdi>9788896543092</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241002210932/https://books.google.com/books?id=fVylk1KUS84C&dq=Italia+domina+provinciarum&pg=PR13#v=onepage&q=Italia%20domina%20provinciarum&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 20 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Libreria+Universitaria+Hoepli%2C+Lezioni+di+filologia%2C+Giuseppe+Billanovich+e+Roberto+Pesce%3A+Corpus+Iuris+Civilis%2C+Italia+non+erat+provincia%2C+sed+domina+provinciarum%2C+Feltrinelli%2C+p.363&rft.pub=Roberto+Pesce&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9788896543092&rft.aulast=Billanovich&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfVylk1KUS84C%26dq%3DItalia%2Bdomina%2Bprovinciarum%26pg%3DPR13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleicken2015" class="citation book cs1">Bleicken, Jochen (15 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OXqfCgAAQBAJ&dq=Italia+roman+homeland&pg=PT375">Italy: the absolute center of the Republic and the Roman Empire</a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780241003909" title="Special:BookSources/9780241003909"><bdi>9780241003909</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241002211034/https://books.google.com/books?id=OXqfCgAAQBAJ&dq=Italia+roman+homeland&pg=PT375#v=onepage&q=Italia%20roman%20homeland&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 20 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italy%3A+the+absolute+center+of+the+Republic+and+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2015-10-15&rft.isbn=9780241003909&rft.aulast=Bleicken&rft.aufirst=Jochen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOXqfCgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DItalia%2Broman%2Bhomeland%26pg%3DPT375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorcillo2010" class="citation book cs1">Morcillo, Martha García (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hb6OAQAAQBAJ&dq=Rectrix+mundi+omnium+terrarum+parens&pg=PA97">"The Roman Italy: Rectrix Mundi and Omnium Terrarum Parens"</a>. In A. Fear; P. Liddel (eds.). Historiae Mundi. Studies in Universal History. London: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472519801" title="Special:BookSources/9781472519801"><bdi>9781472519801</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241002210933/https://books.google.com/books?id=hb6OAQAAQBAJ&dq=Rectrix+mundi+omnium+terrarum+parens&pg=PA97#v=onepage&q=Rectrix%20mundi%20omnium%20terrarum%20parens&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 20 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Roman+Italy%3A+Rectrix+Mundi+and+Omnium+Terrarum+Parens&rft.btitle=Historiae+Mundi.+Studies+in+Universal+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781472519801&rft.aulast=Morcillo&rft.aufirst=Martha+Garc%C3%ADa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhb6OAQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DRectrix%2Bmundi%2Bomnium%2Bterrarum%2Bparens%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hb6OAQAAQBAJ&dq=Rectrix+mundi+omnium+terrarum+parens&pg=PA97">Altri nomi e appellativi relazionati allo status dell'Italia in epoca romana</a> (in Italian). Bloomsbury. 20 November 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472519801" title="Special:BookSources/9781472519801"><bdi>9781472519801</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241002210933/https://books.google.com/books?id=hb6OAQAAQBAJ&dq=Rectrix+mundi+omnium+terrarum+parens&pg=PA97#v=onepage&q=Rectrix%20mundi%20omnium%20terrarum%20parens&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 20 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Altri+nomi+e+appellativi+relazionati+allo+status+dell%27Italia+in+epoca+romana&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2013-11-20&rft.isbn=9781472519801&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhb6OAQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DRectrix%2Bmundi%2Bomnium%2Bterrarum%2Bparens%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abebooks.it/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=22910180903&searchurl=sortby%3D20%26tn%3Ditalia%2Bomnium%2Bterrarum%2Bparens&cm_sp=snippet-_-srp1-_-title1">"Antico appellativo dell'Italia romana: Italia Omnium Terrarum Parens"</a> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240909021454/https://www.abebooks.it/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=22910180903&searchurl=sortby%3D20%26tn%3Ditalia%2Bomnium%2Bterrarum%2Bparens&cm_sp=snippet-_-srp1-_-title1">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2024. Retrieved 20 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antico+appellativo+dell%27Italia+romana%3A+Italia+Omnium+Terrarum+Parens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abebooks.it%2Fservlet%2FBookDetailsPL%3Fbi%3D22910180903%26searchurl%3Dsortby%253D20%2526tn%253Ditalia%252Bomnium%252Bterrarum%252Bparens%26cm_sp%3Dsnippet-_-srp1-_-title1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaagepera1979" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rein_Taagepera" title="Rein Taagepera">Taagepera, Rein</a> (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D". Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 115–138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1170959">10.2307/1170959</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1170959">1170959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+History&rft.atitle=Size+and+Duration+of+Empires%3A+Growth-Decline+Curves%2C+600+B.C.+to+600+A.D&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=115-138&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1170959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1170959%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Taagepera&rft.aufirst=Rein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurchinAdamsHall2006" class="citation journal cs1">Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf">"East–West Orientation of Historical Empires"</a> (PDF). Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5195%2FJWSR.2006.369">10.5195/JWSR.2006.369</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1076-156X">1076-156X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160517210851/http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World-Systems+Research&rft.atitle=East%E2%80%93West+Orientation+of+Historical+Empires&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=222&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5195%2FJWSR.2006.369&rft.issn=1076-156X&rft.aulast=Turchin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Adams%2C+Jonathan+M.&rft.au=Hall%2C+Thomas+D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeterturchin.com%2FPDF%2FTurchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard2010" class="citation book cs1">Richard, Carl J. (2010). Why we're all Romans: the Roman contribution to the western world (1st pbk. ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. xi–xv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6779-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6779-5"><bdi>978-0-7425-6779-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+we%27re+all+Romans%3A+the+Roman+contribution+to+the+western+world&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=xi-xv&rft.edition=1st+pbk.&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6779-5&rft.aulast=Richard&rft.aufirst=Carl+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarris2011" class="citation book cs1">Sarris, Peter (2011). Empires of faith: the fall of Rome to the rise of Islam, 500–700 (1st. pub. ed.). Oxford: Oxford UP. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1992-6126-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1992-6126-0"><bdi>978-0-1992-6126-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+faith%3A+the+fall+of+Rome+to+the+rise+of+Islam%2C+500%E2%80%93700&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=118&rft.edition=1st.+pub.&rft.pub=Oxford+UP&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-1992-6126-0&rft.aulast=Sarris&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy/Lombards-and-Byzantines">"History of Italy"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220929150112/https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy/Lombards-and-Byzantines">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=History+of+Italy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FItaly%2FLombards-and-Byzantines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy/Carolingian-and-post-Carolingian-Italy-774-962">"Carolingian and post-Carolingian Italy, 774–962"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221007160553/https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy/Carolingian-and-post-Carolingian-Italy-774-962">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Carolingian+and+post-Carolingian+Italy%2C+774%E2%80%93962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FItaly%2FCarolingian-and-post-Carolingian-Italy-774-962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolan2006" class="citation book cs1">Nolan, Cathal J. (2006). The age of wars of religion, 1000–1650: an encyclopedia of global warfare and civilization (1. publ. ed.). Westport (Connecticut): Greenwood Press. p. 360. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-3045-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-3045-2"><bdi>978-0-3133-3045-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+age+of+wars+of+religion%2C+1000%E2%80%931650%3A+an+encyclopedia+of+global+warfare+and+civilization&rft.place=Westport+%28Connecticut%29&rft.pages=360&rft.edition=1.+publ.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-3133-3045-2&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.aufirst=Cathal+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Jones_(historian)" title="Philip Jones (historian)">Jones, Philip</a> (1997). The Italian city-state: from Commune to Signoria. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 55–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1982-2585-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1982-2585-0"><bdi>978-0-1982-2585-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+city-state%3A+from+Commune+to+Signoria&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=55-77&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-1982-2585-0&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiall2008" class="citation book cs1">Niall, Ferguson (2008). The Ascent of Money: The Financial History of the World. Penguin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ascent+of+Money%3A+The+Financial+History+of+the+World&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Niall&rft.aufirst=Ferguson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lane-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lane_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lane_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane1991" class="citation book cs1">Lane, Frederic C. (1991). Venice, a maritime republic (4. print. ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-1460-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-1460-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-1460-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venice%2C+a+maritime+republic&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=73&rft.edition=4.+print.&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-1460-0&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Frederic+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> G. Benvenuti – Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova, Venezia – Newton & Compton editori, Roma 1989; Armando Lodolini, Le repubbliche del mare, Biblioteca di storia patria, 1967, Roma. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeris1982" class="citation book cs1">Peris, Persi (1982). Conoscere l'Italia. Istituto Geografico De Agostini. p. 74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conoscere+l%27Italia&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Istituto+Geografico+De+Agostini&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Peris&rft.aufirst=Persi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubbliche-marinare">"Repubbliche Marinare"</a>. Treccani.it (in Italian). Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190829104758/http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubbliche-marinare">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Treccani.it&rft.atitle=Repubbliche+Marinare&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Frepubbliche-marinare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=29771">"Repubbliche marinare"</a>. thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it (in Italian). <a href="/wiki/National_Central_Library_(Florence)" title="National Central Library (Florence)">National Central Library (Florence)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101131949/https://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=29771">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it&rft.atitle=Repubbliche+marinare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it%2Ftermine.php%3Fid%3D29771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZorzi1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alvise_Zorzi" title="Alvise Zorzi">Zorzi, Alvise</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IP5OAAAAMAAJ&q=%22even+in+countries+where+aid+is+near+at+hand+%22+%22attack+from+the+sea%22">Venice: The Golden Age, 697 – 1797</a>. New York: Abbeville Press. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8965-9406-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8965-9406-8"><bdi>0-8965-9406-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202182132/https://books.google.com/books?id=IP5OAAAAMAAJ&q=%22even+in+countries+where+aid+is+near+at+hand+%22+%22attack+from+the+sea%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venice%3A+The+Golden+Age%2C+697+%E2%80%93+1797&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=Abbeville+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-8965-9406-8&rft.aulast=Zorzi&rft.aufirst=Alvise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIP5OAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522even%2Bin%2Bcountries%2Bwhere%2Baid%2Bis%2Bnear%2Bat%2Bhand%2B%2522%2B%2522attack%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bsea%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2010" class="citation book cs1">Ali, Ahmed Essa with Othman (2010). Studies in Islamic civilization: the Muslim contribution to the Renaissance. Herndon, VA: International Institute of Islamic Thought. pp. 38–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56564-350-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56564-350-5"><bdi>978-1-56564-350-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Islamic+civilization%3A+the+Muslim+contribution+to+the+Renaissance&rft.place=Herndon%2C+VA&rft.pages=38-40&rft.pub=International+Institute+of+Islamic+Thought&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-56564-350-5&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Ahmed+Essa+with+Othman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Eleni Sakellariou, Southern Italy in the Late Middle Ages: Demographic, Institutional and Economic Change in the Kingdom of Naples, c.1440–c.1530 (Brill, 2012), pp. 63–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Stéphane Barry and Norbert Gualde, "The Biggest Epidemics of History" (La plus grande épidémie de l'histoire), in L'Histoire n° 310, June 2006, pp. 45–46; "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/effects/death_toll.shtml">Plague</a>". Brown University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831003435/http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/effects/death_toll.shtml">Archived</a> 31 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-strathern-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-strathern_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-strathern_76-1">b</a> Strathern, Paul The Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance (2003) </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.florentine-society.ru/Medici_Chapel_Mysteries.htm">Peter Barenboim, Sergey Shiyan, Michelangelo: Mysteries of Medici Chapel, SLOVO, Moscow, 2006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511133416/http://www.florentine-society.ru/Medici_Chapel_Mysteries.htm">Archived</a> 11 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-8505-0825-2" title="Special:BookSources/5-8505-0825-2">5-8505-0825-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Encyclopædia Britannica, Renaissance, 2008, O.Ed.; Har, Michael H. History of Libraries in the Western World, Scarecrow Press Incorporate, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-3724-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-3724-2">0-8108-3724-2</a>; Norwich, John Julius, A Short History of Byzantium, 1997, Knopf, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-6794-5088-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-6794-5088-2">0-6794-5088-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Encyclopædia Britannica, 1993 ed., Vol. 16, pp. 605ff / Morison, Christopher Columbus, 1955 ed., pp. 14ff </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03126d.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia "John & Sebastian Cabot""</a>. newadvent. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200518005335/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03126d.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia+%22John+%26+Sebastian+Cabot%22&rft.pub=newadvent&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F03126d.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_Martone2016" class="citation book cs1">Eric Martone (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MHJ1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA109">Italian Americans: The History and Culture of a People</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 504. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6106-9995-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6106-9995-2"><bdi>978-1-6106-9995-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240211001055/https://books.google.com/books?id=MHJ1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA109">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 22 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Americans%3A+The+History+and+Culture+of+a+People&rft.pages=504&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-6106-9995-2&rft.au=Eric+Martone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMHJ1DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene1837" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Greene" title="George Washington Greene">Greene, George Washington</a> (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1qsuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PAPA13">The Life and Voyages of Verrazzano</a>. Cambridge University: Folsom, Wells, and Thurston. p. 13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240211000806/https://books.google.com/books?id=1qsuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PAPA13#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 18 August 2017 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Voyages+of+Verrazzano&rft.place=Cambridge+University&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Folsom%2C+Wells%2C+and+Thurston&rft.date=1837&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=George+Washington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1qsuAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPAPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Napoleon Bonaparte, "The Economy of the Empire in Italy: Instructions from Napoleon to Eugène, Viceroy of Italy", Exploring the European Past: Texts & Images, Second Edition, ed. Timothy E. Gregory (Mason: Thomson, 2007), 65–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaiorinoMarchetti_TricamoZagami2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maiorino, Tarquinio; Marchetti Tricamo, Giuseppe; Zagami, Andrea (2002). Il tricolore degli italiani. Storia avventurosa della nostra bandiera (in Italian). Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-8045-0946-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-8045-0946-2"><bdi>978-8-8045-0946-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+tricolore+degli+italiani.+Storia+avventurosa+della+nostra+bandiera&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Arnoldo+Mondadori+Editore&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-8-8045-0946-2&rft.aulast=Maiorino&rft.aufirst=Tarquinio&rft.au=Marchetti+Tricamo%2C+Giuseppe&rft.au=Zagami%2C+Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988">; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Benvenuti_in_Italia/Conoscere_Italia/bandieraInno.htm">The tri-coloured standard</a>.Getting to Know Italy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (retrieved 5 October 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080223131121/http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Benvenuti_in_Italia/Conoscere_Italia/bandieraInno.htm">Archived</a> 23 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Article 1 of the law n. 671 of 31 December 1996 ("National celebration of the bicentenary of the first national flag") </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/risorgimento_(Dizionario-di-Storia)">"Risorgimento in 'Dizionario di Storia'"</a>. treccani.it (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922035556/https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/risorgimento_(Dizionario-di-Storia)">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=treccani.it&rft.atitle=Risorgimento+in+%27Dizionario+di+Storia%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Frisorgimento_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaiorinoMarchetti_TricamoZagami2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maiorino, Tarquinio; Marchetti Tricamo, Giuseppe; Zagami, Andrea (2002). Il tricolore degli italiani. Storia avventurosa della nostra bandiera (in Italian). Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-8045-0946-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-8045-0946-2"><bdi>978-8-8045-0946-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+tricolore+degli+italiani.+Storia+avventurosa+della+nostra+bandiera&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Arnoldo+Mondadori+Editore&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-8-8045-0946-2&rft.aulast=Maiorino&rft.aufirst=Tarquinio&rft.au=Marchetti+Tricamo%2C+Giuseppe&rft.au=Zagami%2C+Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quirinale.it/page/inno">"Fratelli d'Italia"</a> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426052752/https://www.quirinale.it/page/inno">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fratelli+d%27Italia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quirinale.it%2Fpage%2Finno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-scholar_and_patriot-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scholar_and_patriot_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scholar_and_patriot_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iWK7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PAPA133&q=Garibaldi%2Bone%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bgreatest%2Bgenerals%2Bof%2Bmodern%2Btime">"Scholar and Patriot"</a>. Manchester University Press – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scholar+and+Patriot&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiWK7AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPAPA133%26q%3DGaribaldi%252Bone%252Bof%252Bthe%252Bgreatest%252Bgenerals%252Bof%252Bmodern%252Btime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225978/Giuseppe-Garibaldi">"Giuseppe Garibaldi (Italian revolutionary)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140226091529/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225978/Giuseppe-Garibaldi">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Giuseppe+Garibaldi+%28Italian+revolutionary%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F225978%2FGiuseppe-Garibaldi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Denis Mack Smith, Modern Italy: A Political History, (University of Michigan Press, 1997) p. 15. A literary echo may be found in the character of Giorgio Viola in Joseph Conrad's <a href="/wiki/Nostromo" title="Nostromo">Nostromo</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Enrico Dal Lago, "Lincoln, Cavour, and National Unification: American Republicanism and Italian Liberal Nationalism in Comparative Perspective". The Journal of the Civil War Era 3#1 (2013): 85–113.; William L. Langer, ed., An Encyclopedia of World Cup History. 4th ed. 1968. pp 704–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.montecarlonews.it/2017/08/28/notizie/argomenti/altre-notizie-1/articolo/un-nizzardo-su-quattro-prese-la-via-dellesilio-in-seguito-allunita-ditalia-dice-lo-scrittore.html">""Un nizzardo su quattro prese la via dell'esilio" in seguito all'unità d'Italia, dice lo scrittore Casalino Pierluigi"</a> (in Italian). 28 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200219165302/http://www.montecarlonews.it/2017/08/28/notizie/argomenti/altre-notizie-1/articolo/un-nizzardo-su-quattro-prese-la-via-dellesilio-in-seguito-allunita-ditalia-dice-lo-scrittore.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Un+nizzardo+su+quattro+prese+la+via+dell%27esilio%22+in+seguito+all%27unit%C3%A0+d%27Italia%2C+dice+lo+scrittore+Casalino+Pierluigi&rft.date=2017-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.montecarlonews.it%2F2017%2F08%2F28%2Fnotizie%2Fargomenti%2Faltre-notizie-1%2Farticolo%2Fun-nizzardo-su-quattro-prese-la-via-dellesilio-in-seguito-allunita-ditalia-dice-lo-scrittore.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Mack Smith, Denis (1997). Modern Italy; A Political History. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-4721-0895-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-4721-0895-6">0-4721-0895-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelocal.it/20170317/everything-to-know-about-march-17th-italys-unity-unification-risorgimento-day">"Everything you need to know about March 17th, Italy's Unity Day"</a>. 17 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170617212538/https://www.thelocal.it/20170317/everything-to-know-about-march-17th-italys-unity-unification-risorgimento-day">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Everything+you+need+to+know+about+March+17th%2C+Italy%27s+Unity+Day&rft.date=2017-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.it%2F20170317%2Feverything-to-know-about-march-17th-italys-unity-unification-risorgimento-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> (Bosworth (2005), p. 49.) </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rai.it/ufficiostampa/assets/template/us-articolo.html?ssiPath=/articoli/2021/10/Redipuglia-Il-sacrario-della-Grande-Guerra-c1dc61c5-9a1c-44c8-b203-9d16d943d7ec-ssi.html#:~:text=Il%20sacrario%20militare%20di%20Redipuglia,caduti%20durante%20la%20Grande%20Guerra.">"Redipuglia. Il sacrario della Grande Guerra"</a> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240625213329/https://www.rai.it/ufficiostampa/assets/template/us-articolo.html?ssiPath=/articoli/2021/10/Redipuglia-Il-sacrario-della-Grande-Guerra-c1dc61c5-9a1c-44c8-b203-9d16d943d7ec-ssi.html#:~:text=Il%20sacrario%20militare%20di%20Redipuglia,caduti%20durante%20la%20Grande%20Guerra.">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2024. Retrieved 23 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Redipuglia.+Il+sacrario+della+Grande+Guerra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rai.it%2Fufficiostampa%2Fassets%2Ftemplate%2Fus-articolo.html%3FssiPath%3D%2Farticoli%2F2021%2F10%2FRedipuglia-Il-sacrario-della-Grande-Guerra-c1dc61c5-9a1c-44c8-b203-9d16d943d7ec-ssi.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIl%2520sacrario%2520militare%2520di%2520Redipuglia%2Ccaduti%2520durante%2520la%2520Grande%2520Guerra.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319075828/http://www.piacenzaprimogenita150.it/index.php?it%2F176%2Fil-1861-e-le-quattro-guerre-per-lindipendenza-1848-1918">"Il 1861 e le quattro Guerre per l'Indipendenza (1848–1918)"</a> (in Italian). 6 March 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.piacenzaprimogenita150.it/index.php?it%2F176%2Fil-1861-e-le-quattro-guerre-per-lindipendenza-1848-1918">the original</a> on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+1861+e+le+quattro+Guerre+per+l%27Indipendenza+%281848%E2%80%931918%29&rft.date=2015-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.piacenzaprimogenita150.it%2Findex.php%3Fit%252F176%252Fil-1861-e-le-quattro-guerre-per-lindipendenza-1848-1918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923183754/http://www.beniculturali.it/mibac/export/MiBAC/sito-MiBAC/Contenuti/MibacUnif/Eventi/visualizza_asset.html_1239896580.html">"La Grande Guerra nei manifesti italiani dell'epoca"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beniculturali.it/mibac/export/MiBAC/sito-MiBAC/Contenuti/MibacUnif/Eventi/visualizza_asset.html_1239896580.html">the original</a> on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Grande+Guerra+nei+manifesti+italiani+dell%27epoca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beniculturali.it%2Fmibac%2Fexport%2FMiBAC%2Fsito-MiBAC%2FContenuti%2FMibacUnif%2FEventi%2Fvisualizza_asset.html_1239896580.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenovesi2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Genovesi, Piergiovanni (11 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_LntMIUOXngC&q=%22quarta+guerra+d%27indipendenza%22&pg=PA41">Il Manuale di Storia in Italia, di Piergiovanni Genovesi</a> (in Italian). FrancoAngeli. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-8568-1868-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-8568-1868-0"><bdi>978-8-8568-1868-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116110143/https://books.google.com/books?id=_LntMIUOXngC&q=%22quarta+guerra+d%27indipendenza%22&pg=PA41#v=snippet&q=%22quarta%20guerra%20d'indipendenza%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+Manuale+di+Storia+in+Italia%2C+di+Piergiovanni+Genovesi&rft.pub=FrancoAngeli&rft.date=2009-06-11&rft.isbn=978-8-8568-1868-0&rft.aulast=Genovesi&rft.aufirst=Piergiovanni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_LntMIUOXngC%26q%3D%2522quarta%2Bguerra%2Bd%2527indipendenza%2522%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Burgwyn, H. James: Italian foreign policy in the interwar period, 1918–1940. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997. p. 4. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-2759-4877-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-2759-4877-3">0-2759-4877-3</a>; Schindler, John R.: Isonzo: The Forgotten Sacrifice of the Great War. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001. p. 303. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-2759-7204-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-2759-7204-6">0-2759-7204-6</a>; Mack Smith, Denis: Mussolini. Knopf, 1982. p. 31. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3945-0694-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-3945-0694-4">0-3945-0694-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortara1925" class="citation book cs1">Mortara, G (1925). La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra. New Haven: Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Salute+pubblica+in+Italia+durante+e+dopo+la+Guerra&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Mortara&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> G.Sabbatucci, La vittoria mutilata, in AA.VV., Miti e storia dell'Italia unita, Il Mulino, Bologna 1999, pp.101–106 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyttelton2008" class="citation book cs1">Lyttelton, Adrian (2008). The Seizure of Power: Fascism in Italy, 1919–1929. New York: Routledge. pp. 75–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4155-5394-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4155-5394-0"><bdi>978-0-4155-5394-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seizure+of+Power%3A+Fascism+in+Italy%2C+1919%E2%80%931929&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=75-77&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-4155-5394-0&rft.aulast=Lyttelton&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/March-on-Rome">"March on Rome | Italian history"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150504055509/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/508871/March-on-Rome">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=March+on+Rome+%7C+Italian+history&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FMarch-on-Rome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodogno2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Davide_Rodogno" title="Davide Rodogno">Rodogno, Davide</a> (2006). Fascism's European Empire: Italian Occupation during the Second World War. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism%27s+European+Empire%3A+Italian+Occupation+during+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Rodogno&rft.aufirst=Davide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKallis2000" class="citation book cs1">Kallis, Aristotle A. (2000). Fascist ideology: territory and expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922–1945. London, England; New York City, USA: Routledge. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascist+ideology%3A+territory+and+expansionism+in+Italy+and+Germany%2C+1922%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London%2C+England%3B+New+York+City%2C+USA&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Kallis&rft.aufirst=Aristotle+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallBellamy" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Terence; Bellamy, Richard. The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought. p. 133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Twentieth-Century+Political+Thought&rft.pages=133&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Terence&rft.au=Bellamy%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_J._Lee2008" class="citation book cs1">Stephen J. Lee (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u-mm5UDlzBEC&pg=PA157">European Dictatorships, 1918–1945</a>. Routledge. pp. 157–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4154-5484-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4154-5484-1"><bdi>978-0-4154-5484-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240211001320/https://books.google.com/books?id=u-mm5UDlzBEC&pg=PA157#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Dictatorships%2C+1918%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=157-158&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-4154-5484-1&rft.au=Stephen+J.+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du-mm5UDlzBEC%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> James H. Burgwyn (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/rmis/2004/00000009/00000003/art00005">General Roatta's war against the partisans in Yugoslavia: 1942</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054155/http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/rmis/2004/00000009/00000003/art00005">Archived</a> 21 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Journal of Modern Italian Studies, Volume 9, Number 3, pp. 314–329(16) </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> G. Bianchi, La Resistenza, in: AA.VV., Storia d'Italia, vol. 8, pp. 368-369. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istitutobiggini.it/storia_pisano.pdf">"Storia della guerra civile in Italia"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013183444/https://www.istitutobiggini.it/storia_pisano.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Storia+della+guerra+civile+in+Italia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istitutobiggini.it%2Fstoria_pisano.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988">; See the books from Italian historian <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Pisan%C3%B2" title="Giorgio Pisanò">Giorgio Pisanò</a> Storia della guerra civile in Italia, 1943–1945, 3 voll., Milano, FPE, 1965 and the book L'Italia della guerra civile ("Italy of civil war"), published in 1983 by the Italian writer and journalist <a href="/wiki/Indro_Montanelli" title="Indro Montanelli">Indro Montanelli</a> as the fifteen volume of the Storia d'Italia ("History of Italy") by the same author. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavone1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pavone, Claudio (1991). Una guerra civile. Saggio storico sulla moralità della Resistenza (in Italian). Torino: Bollati Boringhieri. p. 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8-8339-0629-9" title="Special:BookSources/8-8339-0629-9"><bdi>8-8339-0629-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Una+guerra+civile.+Saggio+storico+sulla+moralit%C3%A0+della+Resistenza&rft.place=Torino&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=Bollati+Boringhieri&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=8-8339-0629-9&rft.aulast=Pavone&rft.aufirst=Claudio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViganò2001" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Viganò, Marino (2001), "Un'analisi accurata della presunta fuga in Svizzera", Nuova Storia Contemporanea (in Italian), vol. 3</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuova+Storia+Contemporanea&rft.atitle=Un%27analisi+accurata+della+presunta+fuga+in+Svizzera&rft.volume=3&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Vigan%C3%B2&rft.aufirst=Marino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/28/newsid_3564000/3564529.stm">"1945: Italian partisans kill Mussolini"</a>. 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Scientific Data. 5: 180214. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatSD...580214B">2018NatSD...580214B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsdata.2018.214">10.1038/sdata.2018.214</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6207062">6207062</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30375988">30375988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Data&rft.atitle=Present+and+future+K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger+climate+classification+maps+at+1-km+resolution&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=180214&rft.date=2018-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6207062%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30375988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsdata.2018.214&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatSD...580214B&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Hylke+E.&rft.au=Zimmermann%2C+Niklaus+E.&rft.au=McVicar%2C+Tim+R.&rft.au=Vergopolan%2C+Noemi&rft.au=Berg%2C+Alexis&rft.au=Wood%2C+Eric+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6207062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ideegreen.it/cosa-significa-clima-temperato-cosa-significa-clima-continentale-141457.html">"Che cosa significa clima temperato e cosa significa clima continentale"</a> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308180036/https://www.ideegreen.it/cosa-significa-clima-temperato-cosa-significa-clima-continentale-141457.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Che+cosa+significa+clima+temperato+e+cosa+significa+clima+continentale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ideegreen.it%2Fcosa-significa-clima-temperato-cosa-significa-clima-continentale-141457.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Adriana Rigutti, Meteorologia, Giunti, p. 95, 2009.; Thomas A. Blair, Climatology: General and Regional, Prentice Hall pp. 131–132 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clima.meteoam.it/atlanteClimatico.php?ling=eng">"Climate Atlas of Italy"</a>. Network of the Air Force Meteorological Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114223307/http://clima.meteoam.it/atlanteClimatico.php?ling=eng">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+Atlas+of+Italy&rft.pub=Network+of+the+Air+Force+Meteorological+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclima.meteoam.it%2FatlanteClimatico.php%3Fling%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minambiente.it/sites/default/files/archivio/allegati/biodiversita/italian_fifth_report_cbd.pdf">"Italy's Fifth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity"</a> (PDF). Italian Ministry for the Environment, Land and Sea. p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518094031/http://www.minambiente.it/sites/default/files/archivio/allegati/biodiversita/italian_fifth_report_cbd.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italy%27s+Fifth+National+Report+to+the+Convention+on+Biological+Diversity&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Italian+Ministry+for+the+Environment%2C+Land+and+Sea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minambiente.it%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Farchivio%2Fallegati%2Fbiodiversita%2Fitalian_fifth_report_cbd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=it">"Italy – Main Details"</a>. Convention on Biological Diversity. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512013114/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile.shtml?country=it">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italy+%E2%80%93+Main+Details&rft.pub=Convention+on+Biological+Diversity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbd.int%2Fcountries%2Fprofile%2F%3Fcountry%3Dit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faunaitalia.it/documents/CKmap_ITA.pdf">"Checklist E Distribuzione Della Fauna Italiana"</a> (PDF) (in Italian). p. 29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230109172951/https://faunaitalia.it/documents/CKmap_ITA.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Checklist+E+Distribuzione+Della+Fauna+Italiana&rft.pages=29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffaunaitalia.it%2Fdocuments%2FCKmap_ITA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mite.gov.it/sites/default/files/archivio/biblioteca/qcn_14.pdf">"Mammiferi d'Italia – Ministero della Transizione Ecologica"</a> (PDF) (in Italian). p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529064555/https://www.mite.gov.it/sites/default/files/archivio/biblioteca/qcn_14.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mammiferi+d%27Italia+%E2%80%93+Ministero+della+Transizione+Ecologica&rft.pages=7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mite.gov.it%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Farchivio%2Fbiblioteca%2Fqcn_14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/uccelli">"Uccelli"</a> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311153732/https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/uccelli">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2022. 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Retrieved 22 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Reptile+Database&rft.atitle=Distribution%3A+italy&rft.au=Peter+Uetz&rft.au=Jakob+Hallermann&rft.au=Jiri+Hosek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freptile-database.reptarium.cz%2Fadvanced_search%3Flocation%3Ditaly%26submit%3DSearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legambienteanimalhelp.it/anfibi-autoctoni">"Quali sono gli anfibi autoctoni?"</a> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319075835/http://www.legambienteanimalhelp.it/anfibi-autoctoni">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2022. 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Retrieved 10 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+fishes+reported+from+Italy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.us%2Fcountry%2FCountryChecklist.php%3Fwhat%3Dlist%26trpp%3D50%26c_code%3D380%26csub_code%3D%26cpresence%3Dpresent%26sortby%3Dalpha2%26vhabitat%3Dall2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cittametropolitana.mi.it/gev/dove_operiamo/index.html">"Dove operiamo"</a> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230109172951/https://www.cittametropolitana.mi.it/gev/dove_operiamo/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dove+operiamo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cittametropolitana.mi.it%2Fgev%2Fdove_operiamo%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Pignatti, S. (1982). Flora d'Italia. Edagricole, Bologna, vol. 1–3, 1982 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161226162840/https://www.openstarts.units.it/dspace/bitstream/10077/3767/1/Guarino%20et%20al%2C%20bioidentify.pdf">"Riccardo Guarino, Sabina Addamiano, Marco La Rosa, Sandro Pignatti Flora Italiana Digitale:an interactive identification tool for the Flora of Italy"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 12 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+inventory+of+vascular+plants+endemic+to+Italy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiotaxa.org%2FPhytotaxa%2Farticle%2Fview%2Fphytotaxa.168.1.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://initalia.virgilio.it/i-parchi-fioriti-e-gli-orti-botanici-piu-belli-ditalia-3693">"I parchi fioriti e gli orti botanici più belli d'Italia"</a> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230109172952/https://initalia.virgilio.it/i-parchi-fioriti-e-gli-orti-botanici-piu-belli-ditalia-3693">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+parchi+fioriti+e+gli+orti+botanici+pi%C3%B9+belli+d%27Italia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finitalia.virgilio.it%2Fi-parchi-fioriti-e-gli-orti-botanici-piu-belli-ditalia-3693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.casevacanza.it/idee/i-giardini-piu-belli-d-italia">"Top10: i giardini più belli d'Italia"</a> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230109172951/https://www.casevacanza.it/idee/i-giardini-piu-belli-d-italia">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top10%3A+i+giardini+pi%C3%B9+belli+d%27Italia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.casevacanza.it%2Fidee%2Fi-giardini-piu-belli-d-italia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tuttogreen.it/giardino-all-italiana">"Alla scoperta delle meraviglie del giardino all'italiana"</a> (in Italian). 11 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230109172951/https://www.tuttogreen.it/giardino-all-italiana">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2023. 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Retrieved 15 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yourtrip.com&rft.atitle=What+is+Italy+national+animal%3F&rft.date=2021-01&rft.au=Sheri+Foster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fit.yourtripagent.com%2F4052-what-is-italy-s-national-animal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Hansen2018" class="citation web cs1">James Hansen (June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.affaritaliani.it/culturaspettacoli/il-lupo-grigio-degli-appennini-e-l-animale-dell-italia-544778.html">"Il lupo grigio degli appennini e l animale dell Italia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221126224852/https://www.affaritaliani.it/culturaspettacoli/il-lupo-grigio-degli-appennini-e-l-animale-dell-italia-544778.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+lupo+grigio+degli+appennini+e+l+animale+dell+Italia&rft.date=2018-06&rft.au=James+Hansen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.affaritaliani.it%2Fculturaspettacoli%2Fil-lupo-grigio-degli-appennini-e-l-animale-dell-italia-544778.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-altovastese-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-altovastese_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-altovastese_160-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205120852/http://www.altovastese.it/cultura/il-corbezzolo-simbolo-unita-italia-specie-che-resiste-agli-incendi">"Il corbezzolo simbolo dell'Unità d'Italia. Una specie che resiste agli incendi"</a> (in Italian). 3 October 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.altovastese.it/cultura/il-corbezzolo-simbolo-unita-italia-specie-che-resiste-agli-incendi">the original</a> on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+corbezzolo+simbolo+dell%27Unit%C3%A0+d%27Italia.+Una+specie+che+resiste+agli+incendi&rft.date=2011-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.altovastese.it%2Fcultura%2Fil-corbezzolo-simbolo-unita-italia-specie-che-resiste-agli-incendi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivy1797" class="citation book cs1">Livy (1797). The history of Rome. George Baker (trans.). Printed for A. 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Retrieved 26 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSN&rft.atitle=Il+fiore+nazionale+dell%27Italia+%28e+quello+degli+altri+Paesi+del+mondo%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fit-it%2Fnotizie%2Fmondo%2Fqual-%25C3%25A8-il-fiore-nazionale-dei-paesi-del-mondo%2Fss-AA1eWqXE%23image%3D25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090701064224/http://dev.prenhall.com/divisions/hss/worldreference/IT/environment.html">"Italy – Environment"</a>. Dev.prenhall.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dev.prenhall.com/divisions/hss/worldreference/IT/environment.html">the original</a> on 1 July 2009. 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Retrieved 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regione+e+aree+protette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fregione-e-aree-protette_%2528L%2527Italia-e-le-sue-Regioni%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uccellidaproteggere.it/La-conservazione/Cosa-fa-l-Italia-Le-azioni/Le-aree-protette-in-Italia">"Le aree protette in Italia"</a> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220302220957/http://www.uccellidaproteggere.it/La-conservazione/Cosa-fa-l-Italia-Le-azioni/Le-aree-protette-in-Italia">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2022. 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Retrieved 28 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ANSA.it&rft.atitle=Renewables+provided+37%25+of+Italy%27s+energy+in+2020+%E2%80%93+English&rft.date=2021-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ansa.it%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2F2021%2F05%2F25%2Frenewables-provided-37-of-italys-energy-in-2020_1a075060-c823-4076-a338-79367427dfd2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan_Kennedy2011" class="citation web cs1">Duncan Kennedy (14 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13741105">"Italy nuclear: Berlusconi accepts referendum blow"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110612112154/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13741105">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italy+nuclear%3A+Berlusconi+accepts+referendum+blow&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2011-06-14&rft.au=Duncan+Kennedy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-13741105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> United Nations Statistics Division, Millennium Development Goals indicators: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/SeriesDetail.aspx?srid=749&crid=">Carbon dioxide emissions (CO2), thousand metric tons of CO2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091225014715/http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/SeriesDetail.aspx?srid=749&crid=">Archived</a> 25 December 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (collected by CDIAC); Human-produced, direct emissions of carbon dioxide only. 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Retrieved 19 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sicurezzanazionale.gov.it&rft.atitle=About+us+%E2%80%93+Sistema+di+informazione+per+la+sicurezza+della+Repubblica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sicurezzanazionale.gov.it%2Fsisr.nsf%2Fenglish%2Fabout-us.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dirittoeconomia.net/diritto/fonti_diritto/gerarchia_fonti.htm">"GERARCHIA DELLE FONTI"</a> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220117194800/https://www.dirittoeconomia.net/diritto/fonti_diritto/gerarchia_fonti.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GERARCHIA+DELLE+FONTI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dirittoeconomia.net%2Fdiritto%2Ffonti_diritto%2Fgerarchia_fonti.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/law/help/guide/nations/italy.php">"Guide to Law Online: Italy | Law Library of Congress"</a>. loc.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508132418/https://www.loc.gov/law/help/guide/nations/italy.php">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=loc.gov&rft.atitle=Guide+to+Law+Online%3A+Italy+%26%23124%3B+Law+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Flaw%2Fhelp%2Fguide%2Fnations%2Fitaly.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rainbow-europe.org/country-ranking">"Country Ranking – Rainbow Europe"</a>. rainbow-europe.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190521004552/https://rainbow-europe.org/country-ranking">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rainbow-europe.org&rft.atitle=Country+Ranking+%E2%80%93+Rainbow+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frainbow-europe.org%2Fcountry-ranking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.menschenrechte.org/en/2018/03/06/the-struggle-against-torture-in-italy-the-failure-of-the-italian-law">"The Struggle against Torture in Italy – The Failure of the Italian Law – English"</a>. menschenrechte.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190608005803/https://www.menschenrechte.org/en/2018/03/06/the-struggle-against-torture-in-italy-the-failure-of-the-italian-law">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=menschenrechte.org&rft.atitle=The+Struggle+against+Torture+in+Italy+%E2%80%93+The+Failure+of+the+Italian+Law+%E2%80%93+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.menschenrechte.org%2Fen%2F2018%2F03%2F06%2Fthe-struggle-against-torture-in-italy-the-failure-of-the-italian-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walters-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walters_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walters_180-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walters_180-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReece_Walters2013" class="citation journal cs1">Reece Walters (2013). Kerry Carrington; Matthew Ball; Erin O'Brien; Juan Tauri (eds.). "Eco Mafia and Environmental Crime". Crime, Justice and Social Democracy: International Perspectives. Palgrave Macmillan: 286. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137008695_19">10.1057/9781137008695_19</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3494-3575-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3494-3575-3"><bdi>978-1-3494-3575-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crime%2C+Justice+and+Social+Democracy%3A+International+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Eco+Mafia+and+Environmental+Crime&rft.pages=286&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137008695_19&rft.isbn=978-1-3494-3575-3&rft.au=Reece+Walters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BuonannoMastrobuoni-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BuonannoMastrobuoni_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BuonannoMastrobuoni_181-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulo_BuonannoGiovanni_Mastrobuoni2013" class="citation book cs1">Paulo Buonanno; Giovanni Mastrobuoni (2013). 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Retrieved 21 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Confesercenti&rft.atitle=Confesercenti%2C+la+crisi+economica+rende+ancor+pi%C3%B9+pericolosa+la+mafia&rft.date=2008-11-11&rft.au=Claudio+Tucci&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilsole24ore.com%2Fart%2FSoleOnLine4%2FEconomia%2520e%2520Lavoro%2F2008%2F11%2Fconfesercenti-mafia-racket-pizzo.shtml%3Fuuid%3D20ff3b9c-afe7-11dd-8057-9c09c8bfa449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNick_Squires2010" class="citation news cs1">Nick Squires (9 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/6957240/Italy-claims-finally-defeating-the-mafia.html">"Italy claims finally defeating the mafia"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. 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Retrieved 21 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Italy+claims+finally+defeating+the+mafia&rft.date=2010-01-09&rft.au=Nick+Squires&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fitaly%2F6957240%2FItaly-claims-finally-defeating-the-mafia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiefer2007" class="citation news cs1">Kiefer, Peter (22 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/22/world/europe/22iht-italy.4.8001812.html">"Mafia crime is 7% of GDP in Italy, group reports"</a>. 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Retrieved 19 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mafia+crime+is+7%25+of+GDP+in+Italy%2C+group+reports&rft.date=2007-10-22&rft.aulast=Kiefer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F10%2F22%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F22iht-italy.4.8001812.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaria_Loi2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maria Loi (1 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429082416/http://www.antimafiaduemila.com/content/view/20052/78">"Rapporto Censis: 13 milioni di italiani convivono con la mafia"</a>. Censis (in Italian). Antimafia Duemila. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130908050448/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/oct/01/mafia-influence-hovers-over-italians">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mafia%27s+influence+hovers+over+13%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E+%3C%2Fspan%3Em+Italians%2C+says+report&rft.date=2009-10-01&rft.aulast=Kington&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2009%2Foct%2F01%2Fmafia-influence-hovers-over-italians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFANSA2011" class="citation web cs1">ANSA (14 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mafiatoday.com/sicilian-mafia-ndrangheta/italy-anti-mafia-police-arrest-35-suspects-in-northern-lombardy-region">"Italy: Anti-mafia police arrest 35 suspects in northern Lombardy region"</a>. adnkronos.com. 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TravelPulse.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TravelPulse&rft.atitle=Ranking+the+30+Most-Visited+Cities+in+the+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelpulse.com%2Fnews%2Fdestinations%2Franking-the-30-most-visited-cities-in-the-world.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/convention">"The World Heritage Convention"</a>. UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827065310/https://whc.unesco.org/en/convention">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Heritage+Convention&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fconvention&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/it">"Italy"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211201134320/http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/it">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italy&rft.pub=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fstatesparties%2Fit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> Italy has been described as a "cultural superpower" by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/coming-to-the-us-the-year-of-italian-culture-2013/2012/10/15/29f404a8-1703-11e2-9855-71f2b202721b_story.html">The Washington Post</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20141226233723/http://m.theaustralian.com.au/arts/italys-cultural-superpower-status-at-stake/story-e6frg8n6-1111113103044">The Australian</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/coming-to-the-us-the-year-of-italian-culture-2013/2012/10/15/29f404a8-1703-11e2-9855-71f2b202721b_story.html">the former Foreign Affairs Minister Giulio Terzi</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laquilablog.it/obama-litalia-superpotenza-culturale/48727-0409/">the U.S. President Barack Obama</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141226231012/http://www.arabnews.com/italy-cultural-superpower">Archived</a> 26 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillinger2005" class="citation book cs1">Killinger, Charles (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00char/page/3">Culture and customs of Italy</a> (1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00char/page/3">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-2489-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-2489-5"><bdi>978-0-3133-2489-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+customs+of+Italy&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=1.+publ.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-3133-2489-5&rft.aulast=Killinger&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturecustomsof00char%2Fpage%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole1995" class="citation book cs1">Cole, Alison (1995). Virtue and magnificence: art of the Italian Renaissance courts. New York: H.N. Abrams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-2733-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-2733-9"><bdi>978-0-8109-2733-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Virtue+and+magnificence%3A+art+of+the+Italian+Renaissance+courts&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=H.N.+Abrams&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8109-2733-9&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChronopoulou2024" class="citation web cs1">Chronopoulou, Angeliki (23 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/44592878">"Reggia Di Caserta Historical Overview"</a>. Academia. Retrieved 23 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia&rft.atitle=Reggia+Di+Caserta+Historical+Overview&rft.date=2024-01-23&rft.aulast=Chronopoulou&rft.aufirst=Angeliki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F44592878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFERRAND2013" class="citation book cs1">FERRAND, Franck (24 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qTdlAQAAQBAJ">Dictionnaire amoureux de Versailles</a>. Place des éditeurs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782259222679" title="Special:BookSources/9782259222679"><bdi>9782259222679</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+amoureux+de+Versailles&rft.pub=Place+des+%C3%A9diteurs&rft.date=2013-10-24&rft.isbn=9782259222679&rft.aulast=FERRAND&rft.aufirst=Franck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqTdlAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justitaly.org/italy/italy-architecture.asp">Architecture in Italy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120115053940/http://www.justitaly.org/italy/italy-architecture.asp">Archived</a> 15 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ItalyTravel.com </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> Sear, Frank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rkdt_p6uvw0C&pg=PA10">Roman architecture.</a> Cornell University Press, 1983. p. 10. Web. 23 September 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justitaly.org/italy/architecture/christian-byzanthine.asp">Italy Architecture: Early Christian and Byzanthine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130328131150/http://www.justitaly.org/italy/architecture/christian-byzanthine.asp">Archived</a> 28 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ItalyTravel.com </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justitaly.org/italy/architecture/romanesque.asp">Italy Architecture: Romanesque</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130328120342/http://www.justitaly.org/italy/architecture/romanesque.asp">Archived</a> 28 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ItalyTravel.com </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellCole2012" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Stephen J; Cole, Michael Wayne (2012). Italian Renaissance Art. New York: Thames & Hudson Inc. pp. 95–97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Renaissance+Art&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=95-97&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson+Inc&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J&rft.au=Cole%2C+Michael+Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentre" class="citation web cs1">Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/712">"City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=City+of+Vicenza+and+the+Palladian+Villas+of+the+Veneto&rft.aulast=Centre&rft.aufirst=UNESCO+World+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> R. De Fusco, A thousand years of architecture in Europe, pg. 443. </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHersey2001" class="citation book cs1">Hersey, George (2001). Architecture and Geometry in the Age of the Baroque. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-2263-2784-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-2263-2784-1"><bdi>0-2263-2784-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+and+Geometry+in+the+Age+of+the+Baroque&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-2263-2784-1&rft.aulast=Hersey&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justitaly.org/italy/architecture/neoclassicism.asp">Italy Architecture: Neoclassicism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130328084932/http://www.justitaly.org/italy/architecture/neoclassicism.asp">Archived</a> 28 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ItalyTravel.com </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/renzo-piano">"Renzo Piano"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 20 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Renzo+Piano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Ftopic%2Fperson%2Frenzo-piano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/roman/painting.html">"Roman Painting"</a>. art-and-archaeology.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130726163006/http://art-and-archaeology.com/roman/painting.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roman+Painting&rft.pub=art-and-archaeology.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.art-and-archaeology.com%2Froman%2Fpainting.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070319123717/http://www.accd.edu/sac/vat/arthistory/arts1303/Rome4.htm">"Roman Wall Painting"</a>. accd.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accd.edu/sac/vat/arthistory/arts1303/Rome4.htm">the original</a> on 19 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roman+Wall+Painting&rft.pub=accd.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accd.edu%2Fsac%2Fvat%2Farthistory%2Farts1303%2FRome4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> Gale, Matthew. "Pittura Metafisica". Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> Duckworth, George Eckel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BuLEo5U9sb0C&pg=PA3">The nature of Roman comedy: a study in popular entertainment.</a> University of Oklahoma Press, 1994. p. 3. Web. 15 October 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LHA_SydyKOYC&pg=PAPA39">Poetry and Drama: Literary Terms and Concepts</a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6153-0490-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6153-0490-5"><bdi>978-1-6153-0490-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poetry+and+Drama%3A+Literary+Terms+and+Concepts.&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-6153-0490-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLHA_SydyKOYC%26pg%3DPAPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandPertile1999" class="citation book cs1">Brand, Peter; <a href="/wiki/Lino_Pertile" title="Lino Pertile">Pertile, Lino</a>, eds. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3uq0bObScHMC&pg=PAPA5">"2 – Poetry. Francis of Assisi (pp. 5ff.)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3uq0bObScHMC">The Cambridge History of Italian Literature</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5216-6622-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5216-6622-0"><bdi>978-0-5216-6622-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610172548/https://books.google.com/books?id=3uq0bObScHMC&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2+%E2%80%93+Poetry.+Francis+of+Assisi+%28pp.+5ff.%29&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Italian+Literature&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-5216-6622-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3uq0bObScHMC%26pg%3DPAPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloom-350">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom_350-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom_350-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom, Harold</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westerncanonbook00bloorich">The Western Canon</a>. Harcourt Brace. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1519-5747-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1519-5747-7"><bdi>978-0-1519-5747-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Western+Canon&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-1519-5747-7&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwesterncanonbook00bloorich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> See also <a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Western canon</a> for other "canons" that include the Divine Comedy. </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> Ernest Hatch Wilkins, The invention of the sonnet, and other studies in Italian literature (Rome: Edizioni di Storia e letteratura, 1959), 11–39 </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/70836/Giovanni-Boccaccio/755/The-Decameron">"Giovanni Boccaccio: The Decameron."</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131219020413/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/70836/Giovanni-Boccaccio/755/The-Decameron">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Giovanni+Boccaccio%3A+The+Decameron.&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F70836%2FGiovanni-Boccaccio%2F755%2FThe-Decameron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> Steven Swann Jones, The Fairy Tale: The Magic Mirror of Imagination, Twayne Publishers, New York, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8057-0950-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8057-0950-9">0-8057-0950-9</a>, p. 38; Bottigheimer 2012a, 7; Waters 1894, xii; Zipes 2015, 599.; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpieOpie1974" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Iona_Opie" class="mw-redirect" title="Iona Opie">Opie, Iona</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Opie" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Opie">Opie, Peter</a> (1974), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classicfairytale00opie_0">The Classic Fairy Tales</a>, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1921-1559-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1921-1559-1"><bdi>978-0-1921-1559-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classic+Fairy+Tales&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-1921-1559-1&rft.aulast=Opie&rft.aufirst=Iona&rft.au=Opie%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclassicfairytale00opie_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> See p. 20. The claim for earliest fairy-tale is still debated, see for example Jan M. Ziolkowski, Fairy tales from before fairy tales: the medieval Latin past of wonderful lies, University of Michigan Press, 2007. Ziolkowski examines <a href="/wiki/Egbert_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Egbert of Liège">Egbert of Liège</a>'s Latin beast poem Fecunda natis (The Richly Laden Ship, c. 1022/24), the earliest known version of "<a href="/wiki/Little_Red_Riding_Hood" title="Little Red Riding Hood">Little Red Riding Hood</a>". Further info: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071023044216/http://www.leithart.com/archives/003139.php">Little Red Pentecostal</a>, Peter J. Leithart, 9 July 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Academy-of-Arcadia">Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Academy of Arcadia". Encyclopedia Britannica</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alessandro-Manzoni">"Alessandro Manzoni | Italian author"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 18 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Alessandro+Manzoni+%26%23124%3B+Italian+author&rft.date=2023-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAlessandro-Manzoni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaetana_MarronePaolo_Puppa2006" class="citation book cs1">Gaetana Marrone; Paolo Puppa (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d9NcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PAPA1654">Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies</a>. Routledge. p. 1654. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1354-5530-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1354-5530-9"><bdi>978-1-1354-5530-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Italian+Literary+Studies&rft.pages=1654&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-1354-5530-9&rft.au=Gaetana+Marrone&rft.au=Paolo+Puppa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd9NcAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPAPA1654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> Giovanni Gasparini. La corsa di Pinocchio. Milano, Vita e Pensiero, 1997. p. 117. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8-8343-4889-3" title="Special:BookSources/8-8343-4889-3">8-8343-4889-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The 20th-Century art book (Reprinted. ed.). dsdLondon: Phaidon Press. 2001. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-3542-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-3542-6"><bdi>978-0-7148-3542-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+20th-Century+art+book.&rft.place=dsdLondon&rft.edition=Reprinted.&rft.pub=Phaidon+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-3542-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates">"All Nobel Prizes in Literature"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110529091551/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+Nobel+Prizes+in+Literature&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fliterature%2Flaureates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garin-360">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garin_360-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garin_360-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garin_360-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarin2008" class="citation book cs1">Garin, Eugenio (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sVP3vBmDktQC">History of Italian Philosophy</a>. VIBS. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-0420-2321-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-0420-2321-5"><bdi>978-9-0420-2321-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Italian+Philosophy&rft.pub=VIBS&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9-0420-2321-5&rft.aulast=Garin&rft.aufirst=Eugenio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsVP3vBmDktQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerodotus" class="citation book cs1">Herodotus. The Histories. Penguin Classics. p. 226.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Histories&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.au=Herodotus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Thomas-Aquinas">"St. Thomas Aquinas | Biography, Philosophy, & Facts"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 20 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=St.+Thomas+Aquinas+%7C+Biography%2C+Philosophy%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FSaint-Thomas-Aquinas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> Gatti, Hilary. Giordano Bruno and Renaissance Science: Broken Lives and Organizational Power. Cornell University Press, 2002, 1, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8785-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8785-4">0-8014-8785-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hostettler-2011-364">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hostettler-2011_364-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hostettler-2011_364-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHostettler2011" class="citation book cs1">Hostettler, John (2011). Cesare Beccaria: The Genius of 'On Crimes and Punishments'. Hampshire: Waterside Press. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9043-8063-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9043-8063-4"><bdi>978-1-9043-8063-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cesare+Beccaria%3A+The+Genius+of+%27On+Crimes+and+Punishments%27&rft.place=Hampshire&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Waterside+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-9043-8063-4&rft.aulast=Hostettler&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montessori-365">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Montessori_365-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Montessori_365-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amshq.org/Montessori-Education/Introduction-to-Montessori">"Introduction to Montessori Method"</a>. American Montessori Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Montessori+Method&rft.pub=American+Montessori+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famshq.org%2FMontessori-Education%2FIntroduction-to-Montessori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair" class="citation web cs1">Blair, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130913011656/http://www.dartmouthapologia.org/articles/show/125">"Reason and Faith: The Thought of Thomas Aquinas"</a>. The Dartmouth Apologia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dartmouthapologia.org/articles/show/125">the original</a> on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Dartmouth+Apologia&rft.atitle=Reason+and+Faith%3A+The+Thought+of+Thomas+Aquinas&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dartmouthapologia.org%2Farticles%2Fshow%2F125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> Moschovitis Group Inc, Christian D. Von Dehsen and Scott L. Harris, Philosophers and religious leaders, (The Oryx Press, 1999), 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123082708/http://history-world.org/enlightenment_throughout_europe.htm">"The Enlightenment throughout Europe"</a>. International World History Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history-world.org/enlightenment_throughout_europe.htm">the original</a> on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+World+History+Project&rft.atitle=The+Enlightenment+throughout+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory-world.org%2Fenlightenment_throughout_europe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-maritain.nd.edu-369">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maritain.nd.edu_369-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maritain.nd.edu_369-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525033238/http://maritain.nd.edu/jmc/etext/hop70.htm">"History of Philosophy 70"</a>. maritain.nd.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maritain.nd.edu/jmc/etext/hop70.htm">the original</a> on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=maritain.nd.edu&rft.atitle=History+of+Philosophy+70&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaritain.nd.edu%2Fjmc%2Fetext%2Fhop70.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScarangello1964" class="citation journal cs1">Scarangello, Anthony (1964). "Major Catholic-Liberal Educational Philosophers of the Italian Risorgimento". History of Education Quarterly. 4 (4): 232–250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F367499">10.2307/367499</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/367499">367499</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147563567">147563567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Education+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Major+Catholic-Liberal+Educational+Philosophers+of+the+Italian+Risorgimento&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=232-250&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147563567%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F367499%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F367499&rft.aulast=Scarangello&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPernicone2009" class="citation book cs1">Pernicone, Nunzio (2009). Italian Anarchism 1864–1892. AK Press. pp. 111–113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Anarchism+1864%E2%80%931892&rft.pages=111-113&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Pernicone&rft.aufirst=Nunzio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalestriniMoroni1997" class="citation book cs1">Balestrini, Nanni; Moroni, Primo (1997). L'orda d'oro 1968–1977. La grande ondata rivoluzionaria e creativa, politica ed esistenziale. SugarCo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8-8078-1462-5" title="Special:BookSources/8-8078-1462-5"><bdi>8-8078-1462-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27orda+d%27oro+1968%E2%80%931977.+La+grande+ondata+rivoluzionaria+e+creativa%2C+politica+ed+esistenziale&rft.pub=SugarCo&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=8-8078-1462-5&rft.aulast=Balestrini&rft.aufirst=Nanni&rft.au=Moroni%2C+Primo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.melogranoarte.it/storia-del-teatro-nelle-citta-ditalia">"Storia del Teatro nelle città d'Italia"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 27 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Storia+del+Teatro+nelle+citt%C3%A0+d%27Italia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.melogranoarte.it%2Fstoria-del-teatro-nelle-citta-ditalia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/itinerari/itinerario/storiateatrospazioscenicotoscana.html">"Storia del teatro: lo spazio scenico in Toscana"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 28 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Storia+del+teatro%3A+lo+spazio+scenico+in+Toscana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrunelleschi.imss.fi.it%2Fitinerari%2Fitinerario%2Fstoriateatrospazioscenicotoscana.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> Of this second line, Dario Fo speaks of a true alternative culture to the official one: although widespread as an idea, some scholars such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Antonucci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Antonucci (page does not exist)">Giovanni Antonucci</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Antonucci" class="extiw" title="it:Giovanni Antonucci">it</a>] do not agree in considering it as such. In this regard, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonucci1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Antonucci, Giovanni (1995). Storia del teatro italiano (in Italian). Newton Compton Editori. pp. 10–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-8798-3974-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-8798-3974-7"><bdi>978-8-8798-3974-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+del+teatro+italiano&rft.pages=10-14&rft.pub=Newton+Compton+Editori&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-8-8798-3974-7&rft.aulast=Antonucci&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonucci1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Antonucci, Giovanni (1995). Storia del teatro italiano (in Italian). Newton Compton Editori. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-8798-3974-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-8798-3974-7"><bdi>978-8-8798-3974-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+del+teatro+italiano&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Newton+Compton+Editori&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-8-8798-3974-7&rft.aulast=Antonucci&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaffee,_JudithCrick,_Olly2015" class="citation book cs1">Chaffee, Judith; Crick, Olly (2015). The Routledge Companion to Commedia Dell'Arte. London and New York: Rutledge Taylor and Francis Group. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4157-4506-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4157-4506-2"><bdi>978-0-4157-4506-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Commedia+Dell%27Arte&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Rutledge+Taylor+and+Francis+Group&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-4157-4506-2&rft.au=Chaffee%2C+Judith&rft.au=Crick%2C+Olly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatritzky2006" class="citation book cs1">Katritzky, M. A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9fV4gz5FmiAC&q=the+art+of+commedia">The Art of Commedia: A Study in the Commedia dell'arte 1560–1620 with Special Reference to the Visual Records</a>. New York: Editions Rodopi. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-0420-1798-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-0420-1798-6"><bdi>978-9-0420-1798-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Commedia%3A+A+Study+in+the+Commedia+dell%27arte+1560%E2%80%931620+with+Special+Reference+to+the+Visual+Records&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Editions+Rodopi&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-9-0420-1798-6&rft.aulast=Katritzky&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9fV4gz5FmiAC%26q%3Dthe%2Bart%2Bof%2Bcommedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> Giacomo Oreglia (2002). Commedia dell'arte. Ordfront. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-1732-4602-6" title="Special:BookSources/9-1732-4602-6">9-1732-4602-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/balt/hd_balt.htm">"The Ballet"</a>. metmuseum.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=The+Ballet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fbalt%2Fhd_balt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080209205503/http://www.michaelminn.net/andros/index.php?de_medici_catherine">"Andros on Ballet – Catherine Medici De"</a>. michaelminn.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michaelminn.net/andros/index.php?de_medici_catherine">the original</a> on 9 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=michaelminn.net&rft.atitle=Andros+on+Ballet+%E2%80%93+Catherine+Medici+De&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.michaelminn.net%2Fandros%2Findex.php%3Fde_medici_catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erlich-382">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erlich_382-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erlich_382-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErlich1990" class="citation book cs1">Erlich, Cyril (1990). The Piano: A History. Oxford University Press, US; Revised edition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1981-6171-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1981-6171-4"><bdi>978-0-1981-6171-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Piano%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US%3B+Revised+edition&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-1981-6171-4&rft.aulast=Erlich&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1914" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Edward Heron (1914). Violin-making, as it was and is: Being a Historical, Theoretical, and Practical Treatise on the Science and Art of Violin-making, for the Use of Violin Makers and Players, Amateur and Professional. Preceded by An Essay on the Violin and Its Position as a Musical Instrument. E. Howe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violin-making%2C+as+it+was+and+is%3A+Being+a+Historical%2C+Theoretical%2C+and+Practical+Treatise+on+the+Science+and+Art+of+Violin-making%2C+for+the+Use+of+Violin+Makers+and+Players%2C+Amateur+and+Professional.+Preceded+by+An+Essay+on+the+Violin+and+Its+Position+as+a+Musical+Instrument&rft.pub=E.+Howe&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Edward+Heron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> Accessed 5 September 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kimbell,_David_R.B.-1994-383">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kimbell,_David_R.B.-1994_383-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kimbell,_David_R.B.-1994_383-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimbell,_David_R.B.1994" class="citation book cs1">Kimbell, David R.B. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C37Gq2GagZIC">Italian Opera</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5214-6643-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5214-6643-1"><bdi>978-0-5214-6643-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Opera&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-5214-6643-1&rft.au=Kimbell%2C+David+R.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC37Gq2GagZIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeller,_Catalano_and_Colicci2017" class="citation book cs1">Keller, Catalano and Colicci (25 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gh03DwAAQBAJ&q=keller%20catalano%20and%20colicci&pg=PT1022">Garland Encyclopedia of World Music</a>. Routledge. pp. 604–625. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3515-4426-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3515-4426-9"><bdi>978-1-3515-4426-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music&rft.pages=604-625&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-09-25&rft.isbn=978-1-3515-4426-9&rft.au=Keller%2C+Catalano+and+Colicci&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGh03DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dkeller%2520catalano%2520and%2520colicci%26pg%3DPT1022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSisario2012" class="citation news cs1">Sisario, Ben (3 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/04/arts/music/jovanotti-italian-rapper-brings-his-act-to-new-york.html">"A Roman Rapper Comes to New York, Where He Can Get Real"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/04/arts/music/jovanotti-italian-rapper-brings-his-act-to-new-york.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Roman+Rapper+Comes+to+New+York%2C+Where+He+Can+Get+Real&rft.date=2012-10-03&rft.aulast=Sisario&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F10%2F04%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fjovanotti-italian-rapper-brings-his-act-to-new-york.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpe-Young2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/MusicMight" title="MusicMight">Sharpe-Young, Garry</a> (2003). A–Z of Power Metal. Rockdetector Series. Cherry Red Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-901447-13-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-901447-13-2"><bdi>978-1-901447-13-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A%E2%80%93Z+of+Power+Metal&rft.series=Rockdetector+Series&rft.pub=Cherry+Red+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-901447-13-2&rft.aulast=Sharpe-Young&rft.aufirst=Garry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonnell2008" class="citation news cs1">McDonnell, John (1 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2008/sep/01/sceneandhearditalodisco">"Scene and heard: Italo-disco"</a>. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 14 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Scene+and+heard%3A+Italo-disco&rft.date=2008-09-01&rft.aulast=McDonnell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusicblog%2F2008%2Fsep%2F01%2Fsceneandhearditalodisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> "This record was a collaboration between Philip Oakey, the big-voiced lead singer of the techno-pop band the Human League, and Giorgio Moroder, the Italian-born father of disco who spent the '80s writing synth-based pop and film music." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvan_Cater" class="citation web cs1">Evan Cater. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/r59464">"Philip Oakey & Giorgio Moroder: Overview"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a>. Retrieved 21 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philip+Oakey+%26+Giorgio+Moroder%3A+Overview&rft.pub=AllMusic&rft.au=Evan+Cater&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fr59464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYiorgos_Kasapoglou2007" class="citation web cs1">Yiorgos Kasapoglou (27 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esctoday.com/news/read/7817">"Sanremo Music Festival kicks off tonight"</a>. esctoday.com. Retrieved 18 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sanremo+Music+Festival+kicks+off+tonight&rft.pub=esctoday.com&rft.date=2007-02-27&rft.au=Yiorgos+Kasapoglou&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esctoday.com%2Fnews%2Fread%2F7817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCirone2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cirone, Federica (29 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.socialboost.it/cantanti-italiani-quali-sono-quelli-che-hanno-avuto-piu-successo-allestero/">"Cantanti italiani, quali sono quelli che hanno avuto più successo all'estero"</a> (in Italian). socialboost.it. Retrieved 5 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cantanti+italiani%2C+quali+sono+quelli+che+hanno+avuto+pi%C3%B9+successo+all%27estero&rft.pub=socialboost.it&rft.date=2023-08-29&rft.aulast=Cirone&rft.aufirst=Federica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialboost.it%2Fcantanti-italiani-quali-sono-quelli-che-hanno-avuto-piu-successo-allestero%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180320195614/https://catalogue-lumiere.com/pays/italie">"L'œuvre cinématographique des frères Lumière – Pays: Italie"</a> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue-lumiere.com/pays/italie">the original</a> on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27%C5%93uvre+cin%C3%A9matographique+des+fr%C3%A8res+Lumi%C3%A8re+%E2%80%93+Pays%3A+Italie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalogue-lumiere.com%2Fpays%2Fitalie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180321124127/https://festival.ilcinemaritrovato.it/proiezione/italy-1896-in-honor-of-aldo-bernardini">"Il Cinema Ritrovato – Italia 1896 – Grand Tour Italiano"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://festival.ilcinemaritrovato.it/proiezione/italy-1896-in-honor-of-aldo-bernardini">the original</a> on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+Cinema+Ritrovato+%E2%80%93+Italia+1896+%E2%80%93+Grand+Tour+Italiano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffestival.ilcinemaritrovato.it%2Fproiezione%2Fitaly-1896-in-honor-of-aldo-bernardini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archivio.quirinale.it/aspr/gianni-bisiach/AV-002-000398/26-febbraio-1896-papa-leone-xiii-filmato-fratelli-lumiere">"26 febbraio 1896 – Papa Leone XIII filmato Fratelli Lumière"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 1 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=26+febbraio+1896+%E2%80%93+Papa+Leone+XIII+filmato+Fratelli+Lumi%C3%A8re&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchivio.quirinale.it%2Faspr%2Fgianni-bisiach%2FAV-002-000398%2F26-febbraio-1896-papa-leone-xiii-filmato-fratelli-lumiere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Cinematografia", Dizionario enciclopedico italiano (in Italian), vol. III, <a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Treccani</a>, 1970, p. 226</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cinematografia&rft.btitle=Dizionario+enciclopedico+italiano&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Treccani&rft.date=1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrea_Fioravanti2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Andrea Fioravanti (2006). La "storia" senza storia. Racconti del passato tra letteratura, cinema e televisione (in Italian). Morlacchi Editore. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-8607-4066-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-8607-4066-3"><bdi>978-8-8607-4066-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+%22storia%22+senza+storia.+Racconti+del+passato+tra+letteratura%2C+cinema+e+televisione&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Morlacchi+Editore&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-8-8607-4066-3&rft.au=Andrea+Fioravanti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brevestoriadelcinema.org/04-4-il-cinema-delle-avanguardie">"Il cinema delle avanguardie"</a> (in Italian). 30 September 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+cinema+delle+avanguardie&rft.date=2017-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brevestoriadelcinema.org%2F04-4-il-cinema-delle-avanguardie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libreriamo.it/intrattenimento/federico-fellini-i-10-film-regista">"Federico Fellini, i 10 migliori film per conoscere il grande regista"</a> (in Italian). 20 January 2022. Retrieved 10 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federico+Fellini%2C+i+10+migliori+film+per+conoscere+il+grande+regista&rft.date=2022-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibreriamo.it%2Fintrattenimento%2Ffederico-fellini-i-10-film-regista&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-397"><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz2001" class="citation cs2">Katz, Ephraim (2001), "Italy", The Film Encyclopedia, HarperResource, pp. 682–685, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0607-4214-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0607-4214-0"><bdi>978-0-0607-4214-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Italy&rft.btitle=The+Film+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=682-685&rft.pub=HarperResource&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-0607-4214-0&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Ephraim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunetta2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brunetta, Gian Piero (2002). 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Ccat.sas.upenn.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100731200507/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/italians/resources/Amiciprize/1996/mussolini.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cinema+Under+Mussolini&rft.pub=Ccat.sas.upenn.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccat.sas.upenn.edu%2Fitalians%2Fresources%2FAmiciprize%2F1996%2Fmussolini.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mymovies.it/cinemanews/2009/16629">"STORIA 'POCONORMALE' DEL CINEMA: ITALIA ANNI '80, IL DECLINO"</a> (in Italian). 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Retrieved 8 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=The+Bicycle+Thief+%2F+Bicycle+Thieves+%281949%29&rft.aulast=Ebert&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frogerebert.suntimes.com%2Fapps%2Fpbcs.dll%2Farticle%3FAID%3D%2F19990319%2FREVIEWS08%2F903190306%2F1023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151211230213/http://www.moviemaker.com/archives/moviemaking/directing/articles-directing/the-25-most-influential-directors-of-all-time-3358">"The 25 Most Influential Directors of All Time"</a>. MovieMaker Magazine. 7 July 2002. 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Retrieved 21 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MovieMaker+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+25+Most+Influential+Directors+of+All+Time&rft.date=2002-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moviemaker.com%2Farchives%2Fmoviemaking%2Fdirecting%2Farticles-directing%2Fthe-25-most-influential-directors-of-all-time-3358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.criterion.com/explore/6-italian-neorealism">"Italian Neorealism – Explore – The Criterion Collection"</a>. 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Continuum. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1247-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1247-8"><bdi>978-0-8264-1247-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Cinema%3A+From+Neorealism+to+the+Present&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1247-8&rft.aulast=Bondanella&rft.aufirst=Peter+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPiTBFMc7tp4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-408"><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sorrisi.com/cinema/migliori-film/oscar-2022-paolo-sorrentino-e-gli-altri-candidati-come-miglior-film-internazionale">"Oscar 2022: Paolo Sorrentino e gli altri candidati come miglior film internazionale"</a> (in Italian). 26 October 2021. 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Retrieved 5 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Colonist&rft.atitle=World%27s+first+museum+about+gelato+culture+opens+in+Italy&rft.date=2012-10-13&rft.aulast=Jewkes&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timescolonist.com%2Flife%2Ftravel%2Fworld-s-first-museum-about-gelato-culture-opens-in-italy-1.15866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-445"><a href="#cite_ref-445">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSquires2013" class="citation news cs1">Squires, Nick (23 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/10261930/Tiramisu-claimed-by-Treviso.html">"Tiramisu claimed by Treviso"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130829091009/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/10261930/Tiramisu-claimed-by-Treviso.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Tiramisu+claimed+by+Treviso&rft.date=2013-08-23&rft.aulast=Squires&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fitaly%2F10261930%2FTiramisu-claimed-by-Treviso.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-446"><a href="#cite_ref-446">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.studiare-in-italia.it/php5/study-italy.php?idorizz=5&idvert=62">"Mangiare all'italiana"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 12 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mangiare+all%27italiana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.studiare-in-italia.it%2Fphp5%2Fstudy-italy.php%3Fidorizz%3D5%26idvert%3D62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-447"><a href="#cite_ref-447">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lacucinaitaliana.it/news/in-primo-piano/colazioni-strane-nel-mondo">"Colazioni da incubo in giro per il mondo"</a> (in Italian). 29 March 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colazioni+da+incubo+in+giro+per+il+mondo&rft.date=2016-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lacucinaitaliana.it%2Fnews%2Fin-primo-piano%2Fcolazioni-strane-nel-mondo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-448"><a href="#cite_ref-448">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corriere.it/cook/news/cards/merenda-abitudine-tutta-italiana-cinque-ricette-salutari-tutta-famiglia/merenda-come-deve-essere_principale.shtml">"Merenda, una abitudine tutta italiana: cinque ricette salutari per tutta la famiglia"</a> (in Italian). 12 August 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Merenda%2C+una+abitudine+tutta+italiana%3A+cinque+ricette+salutari+per+tutta+la+famiglia&rft.date=2021-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.corriere.it%2Fcook%2Fnews%2Fcards%2Fmerenda-abitudine-tutta-italiana-cinque-ricette-salutari-tutta-famiglia%2Fmerenda-come-deve-essere_principale.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-449"><a href="#cite_ref-449">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://calendario.eugeniosongia.com/feste.htm">"Le feste mobili. Feste religiose e feste civili in Italia"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 29 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+feste+mobili.+Feste+religiose+e+feste+civili+in+Italia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcalendario.eugeniosongia.com%2Ffeste.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Italian_Embassy_in_London-450">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Italian_Embassy_in_London_450-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Italian_Embassy_in_London_450-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amblondra.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Londra/Menu/In_linea_con_utente/Domande_frequenti/altro.htm">"Festività nazionali in Italia"</a> (in Italian). Italian Embassy in London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120624220055/http://www.amblondra.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Londra/Menu/In_linea_con_utente/Domande_frequenti/altro.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Festivit%C3%A0+nazionali+in+Italia&rft.pub=Italian+Embassy+in+London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amblondra.esteri.it%2FAmbasciata_Londra%2FMenu%2FIn_linea_con_utente%2FDomande_frequenti%2Faltro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-451"><a href="#cite_ref-451">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121015021932/http://bestofsicily.com/mag/art333.htm">"Saint Lucy – Sicily's Most Famous Woman – Best of Sicily Magazine"</a>. bestofsicily.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bestofsicily.com/mag/art333.htm">the original</a> on 15 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bestofsicily.com&rft.atitle=Saint+Lucy+%E2%80%93+Sicily%27s+Most+Famous+Woman+%E2%80%93+Best+of+Sicily+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestofsicily.com%2Fmag%2Fart333.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-452"><a href="#cite_ref-452">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2005" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Christian (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IKqOUfqt4cIC&pg=PAPA144">Traditional Festivals</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5760-7089-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5760-7089-5"><bdi>978-1-5760-7089-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Festivals&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-5760-7089-5&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIKqOUfqt4cIC%26pg%3DPAPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-453"><a href="#cite_ref-453">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Boardman2000" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Boardman (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VHAUAQAAIAAJ">Rome: A Cultural and Literary Companion</a> (Google Books). University of California: Signal Books. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902669-15-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902669-15-1"><bdi>978-1-902669-15-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome%3A+A+Cultural+and+Literary+Companion&rft.place=University+of+California&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Signal+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-902669-15-1&rft.au=Jonathan+Boardman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVHAUAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-454"><a href="#cite_ref-454">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00721">"Celebrations of big shoulder-borne processional structures"</a>. UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122708/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=EN">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celebrations+of+big+shoulder-borne+processional+structures&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Fich%2Findex.php%3Flg%3Den%26pg%3D00011%26RL%3D00721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-455"><a href="#cite_ref-455">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2014" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Ariston (24 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/venice-film-festival-unveils-lineup-720770">"Venice: David Gordon Green's 'Manglehorn,' Abel Ferrara's 'Pasolini' in Competition Lineup"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160218220740/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/venice-film-festival-unveils-lineup-720770">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Venice%3A+David+Gordon+Green%27s+%27Manglehorn%2C%27+Abel+Ferrara%27s+%27Pasolini%27+in+Competition+Lineup&rft.date=2014-07-24&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Ariston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Fvenice-film-festival-unveils-lineup-720770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/3291348/addio-lido-last-postcards-from-the-venice-film-festival/">"Addio, Lido: Last Postcards from the Venice Film Festival"</a>. Time. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140920162423/http://time.com/3291348/addio-lido-last-postcards-from-the-venice-film-festival">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Addio%2C+Lido%3A+Last+Postcards+from+the+Venice+Film+Festival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F3291348%2Faddio-lido-last-postcards-from-the-venice-film-festival%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCushman-RoisinGačićPoulain2001" class="citation book cs1">Cushman-Roisin, Benoit; Gačić, Miroslav; Poulain, Pierre-Marie (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OFwkVgQNHlsC">Physical oceanography of the Adriatic Sea</a>. 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0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikijunior:Countries_A-Z" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Wikijunior:Countries A-Z">Wikijunior:Countries A-Z</a> has a page on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikijunior:Countries_A-Z/Italy" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Wikijunior:Countries A-Z/Italy">Italy</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Italy at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Italy" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Italy">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Italia" class="extiw" title="c:Italia">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Italy" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Italy">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Italy" class="extiw" title="q:Italy">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Italy" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Italy">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Italy" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Italy">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Italy" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Italy">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Italy" class="extiw" title="voy:Italy">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38" class="extiw" title="d:Q38">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17433142">Italy</a> from <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/italy/">Italy</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216082829/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/italy.htm">Italy</a> from UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd.org/italy/">Italy</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europa.eu/European-union/about-eu/countries/member-countries/italy_en">Italy</a> at the European Union</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Italy" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Italy">Wikimedia Atlas of Italy</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/365331">Italy</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifs.du.edu/IFs/frm_CountryProfile/IT">Key Development Forecasts for Italy</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.governo.it/">Government website</a> (in Italian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.italia.it/en/">Italian tourism official website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" 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Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121869395">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/152361066">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204565/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvd8mVMcRhwVmbtcqCPcP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4027833-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79021783">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11864655t">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11864655t">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564289">Japan</a></li><li><a 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[\"CITEREFBlair\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBleicken2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBloom1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonaniIvy1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBondanella2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrandPertile1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrunetta2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckley2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuonomo2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbellCole2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCardini2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarl_WaldmanCatherine_Mason2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarlà-Uhink2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCentre\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaffee,_JudithCrick,_Olly2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChronopoulou2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCirone2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClaudio_Tucci2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCole1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCushman-RoisinGačićPoulain2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDadush\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawidowicz,_Lucy_S.1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDell\u0026#039;orto2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDi_Pietro2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinuPagliaiCasiniSofi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDisraeli1835\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouka2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuarte,_A.Fernandes,_J.Bernardes,_J.Miguel,_G.2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuncan_Kennedy2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbert\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElio_Trifari\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllyatt2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEric_Martone2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErlich1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEuropean_Commission\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvan_Cater\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFERRAND2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoot2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaetana_MarronePaolo_Puppa2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGenovesi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreene1837\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaigh2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilChadwick2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHans_M._Kristensen_/_Natural_Resources_Defense_Council2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerodotus\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHersey2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHooper2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHostettler2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFISTAT\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFIstat\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFItalian_Ministry_of_Defence\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Hansen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJewkes2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJon_Rynn\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonathan_Boardman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKallis2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatritzky2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatz2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKazmin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeane\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeaveney1987\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKeller,_Catalano_and_Colicci2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiefer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKillinger2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimbell,_David_R.B.1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKington2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLane1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrence_S._KaplanMorris_Honick2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLazenby1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLenarduzzi2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeustean2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevene2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLivy1797\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLong1866\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyttelton2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyttelton2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaioManzoli2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaiorinoMarchetti_TricamoZagami2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMaria_Loi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMax_Roser2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonnell2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Barone2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMommsen1855\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorcillo\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorcillo2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMortara1925\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMortensen2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiall2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholas_Crafts,_Gianni_Toniolo1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNick_Squires2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNick_Squires2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNolan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOpieOpie1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrsi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaulo_BuonannoGiovanni_Mastrobuoni2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPavone1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeris1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPernicone2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_UetzJakob_HallermannJiri_Hosek\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPisa2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPress2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaclotOudart2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReece_Walters2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRelated_Articles2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiganti1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Ventresca2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodogno2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarris2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScarangello1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSensenbrennerArcelli\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharpe-Young2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheri_Foster2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinger1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSisario2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSociety\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSquires2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephen_J._Lee2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSterio2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSée\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaagepera1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor_Martin1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTobagi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurchinAdamsHall2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViganò2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVillamizar2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeidhorn2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitehouse2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYiorgos_Kasapoglou2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZorzi1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZwingle2002\"] = 1,\n [\"Constituent_entities\"] = 1,\n [\"Etymology\"] = 1,\n [\"Infrastructure\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 6,\n [\"AllMusic\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 3,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"CO2\"] = 3,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 94,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 51,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 265,\n [\"Convert\"] = 28,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Council of Europe members\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries and territories bordering the Mediterranean Sea\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"EU members\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 6,\n [\"European Economic Area (EEA)\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"G20\"] = 1,\n [\"G8 nations\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 9,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 14,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"IncreaseNeutral\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Italy Labelled Map Scalable\"] = 1,\n [\"Italy topics\"] = 1,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 6,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Largest cities of Italy\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 2,\n [\"Literally\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 43,\n [\"Map caption\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 7,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"OSCE\"] = 1,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Plural form\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 7,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"SimpleNuclide\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 2,\n [\"Sovereign states of Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaces\"] = 7,\n [\"Switcher\"] = 1,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 23,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikibooks\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","480","12.5"],["?","440","11.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","340","8.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","300","7.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","280","7.3"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","180","4.7"],["recursiveClone 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