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</a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Dialects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Phonology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Phonology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Historical phonology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Orthography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Orthography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Alphabet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Written_Maltese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Written_Maltese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Written Maltese </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Written_Maltese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Samples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Vocabulary </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Vocabulary subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arabic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Arabic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romance_(Sicilian_and_Italian)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romance_(Sicilian_and_Italian)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Romance (Sicilian and Italian) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romance_(Sicilian_and_Italian)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Berber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Berber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Berber </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Berber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 English </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calendar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calendar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Calendar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Time </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Question_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Question_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Question words </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Question_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Sample phrases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Grammar </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Grammar subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adjectives_and_adverbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives_and_adverbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Adjectives and adverbs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives_and_adverbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Nouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Derivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Derivation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Article </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Verbs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Code-switching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Code-switching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Code-switching </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Code-switching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Maltese language</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 132 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-132" aria-hidden="true" > 132 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltees" title="Maltees – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Maltees" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltesische_Sprache" title="Maltesische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Maltesische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%88%8D%E1%89%B5%E1%8A%9B" title="ማልትኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማልትኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="मालटिस भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मालटिस भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة المالطية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة المالطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_malt%C3%A9s" title="Idioma maltés – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma maltés" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_malt%C3%A9s" title="Idioma maltés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma maltés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Maltañe'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Maltañe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_dili" title="Malta dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Malta dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="মাল্টীয় ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাল্টীয় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta-g%C3%AD" title="Malta-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Malta-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Мальтыйская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мальтыйская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Мальтыйская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мальтыйская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Малтийски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Малтийски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malte%C5%A1ki_jezik" title="Malteški jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Malteški jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malteg" title="Malteg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Malteg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malt%C3%A8s" title="Maltès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Maltès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Maltes" title="Pinulongang Maltes – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Maltes" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malt%C5%A1tina" title="Maltština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maltština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_maltese" title="Lingua maltese – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua maltese" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malteg" title="Malteg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Malteg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltesisk_(sprog)" title="Maltesisk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Maltesisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مالطية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مالطية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltesische_Sprache" title="Maltesische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maltesische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltezi%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Maltezišćina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Maltezišćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_keel" title="Malta keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Malta keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Μαλτεζική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαλτεζική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malt%C3%AAs" title="Maltês – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Maltês" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Мальтань кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Мальтань кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_malt%C3%A9s" title="Idioma maltés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma maltés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_lingvo" title="Malta lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malta lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltera" title="Maltera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maltera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="زبان مالتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان مالتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese_bhasa" title="Maltese bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Maltese bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltiskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Maltiskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Maltiskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltais" title="Maltais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Maltais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malteesk" title="Malteesk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Malteesk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Mh%C3%A1ltais" title="An Mháltais – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Mháltais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltish" title="Maltish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Maltish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_dili" title="Malta dili – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Malta dili" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltais" title="Maltais – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Maltais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_maltesa" title="Lingua maltesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua maltesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%B0%ED%83%80%EC%96%B4" title="몰타어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="몰타어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Մալթայերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մալթայերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Maltašćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Maltašćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malte%C5%A1ki_jezik" title="Malteški jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Malteški jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltana_linguo" title="Maltana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Maltana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Maltes" title="Pagsasao a Maltes – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Maltes" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Malta" title="Bahasa Malta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Malta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_maltese" title="Lingua maltese – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua maltese" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltneska" title="Maltneska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Maltneska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_maltese" title="Lingua maltese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua maltese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מלטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Malta" title="Basa Malta – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Malta" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მალტური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მალტური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Мальта тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мальта тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimalta" title="Kimalta – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kimalta" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Мальта кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Мальта кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_maltay%C3%AE" title="Zimanê maltayî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê maltayî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_malteza" title="Lingua malteza – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua malteza" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Melitensis" title="Lingua Melitensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Melitensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Maltiešu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Maltiešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba" title="Maltiečių kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Maltiečių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltees" title="Maltees – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Maltees" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malti_(lingua)" title="Malti (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Malti (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/bangrmalti" title="bangrmalti – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="bangrmalti" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_maltesa" title="Lengua maltesa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua maltesa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ltai_nyelv" title="Máltai nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Máltai nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Малтешки јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Малтешки јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_maltey" title="Fiteny maltey – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny maltey" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="മാൾട്ടീസ് ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാൾട്ടീസ് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_Maltija" title="Lingwa Maltija – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa Maltija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="माल्टी भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="माल्टी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მალტური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მალტური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%89" title="مالطى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مالطى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="مالتی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مالتی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Malta" title="Bahasa Malta – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Malta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltees" title="Maltees – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maltees" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltees" title="Maltees – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Maltees" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E8%AA%9E" title="マルタ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルタ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malteesk_spriak" title="Malteesk spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Malteesk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltesisk" title="Maltesisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Maltesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltesisk" title="Maltesisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Maltesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltum" title="Maltum – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Maltum" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malt%C3%A9s" title="Maltés – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Maltés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮਾਲਟਾਈ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਲਟਾਈ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="مالٹی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مالٹی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="مالتايي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مالتايي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_malt%C3%A8isa" title="Lenga maltèisa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga maltèisa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_malta%C5%84ski" title="Język maltański – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język maltański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_maltesa" title="Língua maltesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua maltesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_tili" title="Malta tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Malta tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_maltez%C4%83" title="Limba malteză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba malteză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_simi" title="Malta simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Malta simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Мальтийский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мальтийский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_maltesa" title="Limba maltesa – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba maltesa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese_leid" title="Maltese leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Maltese leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_malteze" title="Gjuha malteze – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha malteze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_maltisa" title="Lingua maltisa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua maltisa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="මෝල්ටීස් භාෂාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මෝල්ටීස් භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Maltese language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malt%C4%8Dina" title="Maltčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Maltčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malte%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Malteščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Malteščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta%C5%84sko_godka" title="Maltańsko godka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Maltańsko godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%B5%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="زمانی ماڵتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ماڵتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Малтешки језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Малтешки језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malte%C5%A1ki_jezik" title="Malteški jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Malteški jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltan_kieli" title="Maltan kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maltan kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltesiska" title="Maltesiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Maltesiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Maltes" title="Wikang Maltes – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Maltes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="மால்திய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மால்திய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamal%E1%B9%ADit" title="Tamalṭit – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tamalṭit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Мальта теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мальта теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2" title="ภาษามอลตา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษามอลตา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltaca" title="Maltaca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Maltaca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Мальта кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Мальта кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Мальтійська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мальтійська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مالٹی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مالٹی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="مالتا تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مالتا تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_malteze" title="Łéngua malteze – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua malteze" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%27tan_kel%27" title="Mal'tan kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mal'tan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Malta" title="Tiếng Malta – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Malta" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_kiil" title="Malta kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Malta kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malt%C3%A8s_(lingaedje)" title="Maltès (lingaedje) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Maltès (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltes" title="Maltes – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Maltes" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%96%E8%AA%9E" title="馬耳他語 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="馬耳他語" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A9" title="מאלטעזיש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאלטעזיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%96%E6%96%87" title="馬耳他文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬耳他文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltki" title="Maltki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Maltki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%96%E8%AF%AD" title="马耳他语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马耳他语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Malta" title="Bahasa Malta – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Malta" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9166#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Maltese_language" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Semitic language spoken mostly in Malta</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Malti" redirects here. For people with the name, see <a href="/wiki/Malti_(given_name)" title="Malti (given name)">Malti (given name)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Maltese</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Malti</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Maltese" title="Help:IPA/Maltese">[ˈmɐːltɪ]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_people" title="Maltese people">Maltese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">570,000 (2012)<a href="#cite_note-e27-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Semitic_languages" title="Central Semitic languages">Central Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi Arabic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Hilalian_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Arabic dialects">Pre-Hilalian</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Sicilian Arabic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Maltese</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early form</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Siculo-Arabic</a> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cottonera_dialect" title="Cottonera dialect">Cottonera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozitan_dialects" title="Gozitan dialects">Gozitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qormi_dialect" title="Qormi dialect">Qormi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBejtun_dialect" title="Żejtun dialect">Żejtuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltralian" title="Maltralian">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Rural_Maltese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Rural Maltese (page does not exist)">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_West_Maltese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rural West Maltese (page does not exist)">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_East_Maltese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rural East Maltese (page does not exist)">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurrieq_dialect" title="Zurrieq dialect">Zurrieq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_Maltese_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Port Maltese dialect (page does not exist)">Port Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imgarri_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imgarri dialect (page does not exist)">Mġarr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xlukkajr_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xlukkajr dialect (page does not exist)">Xlukkajr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghaxaq_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghaxaq dialect (page does not exist)">Għaxaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria#History" title="Pantelleria">Qawsra</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maltese_alphabet" title="Maltese alphabet">Maltese alphabet</a>) <a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese Braille</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Maltese_Language" title="National Council for the Maltese Language">National Council for the Maltese Language</a> Il-Kunsill Nazzjonali tal-Ilsien Malti</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=mt">mt</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=298">mlt</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/mlt" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:mlt">mlt</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/malt1254">malt1254</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=12-AAC-c">12-AAC-c</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Idioma_malt%C3%A9s.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Idioma_malt%C3%A9s.PNG" decoding="async" width="260" height="217" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="217" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/WIKITONGUES-_Keith_speaking_Maltese.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Keith_speaking_Maltese.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="392" data-durationhint="30" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Keith_speaking_Maltese.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Keith_speaking_Maltese.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/WIKITONGUES-_Keith_speaking_Maltese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Keith_speaking_Maltese.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="270" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/WIKITONGUES-_Keith_speaking_Maltese.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="368" data-height="656" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/WIKITONGUES-_Keith_speaking_Maltese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Keith_speaking_Maltese.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="134" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/WIKITONGUES-_Keith_speaking_Maltese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Keith_speaking_Maltese.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/WIKITONGUES-_Keith_speaking_Maltese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Keith_speaking_Maltese.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Keith_speaking_Maltese.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>A Maltese speaker, recorded in Malta</figcaption></figure> Maltese (Maltese: Malti, also L-Ilsien Malti or Lingwa Maltija) is a <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> language derived from <a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">late medieval Sicilian Arabic</a> with <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)" title="Stratum (linguistics)">superstrata</a>. It is spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Maltese_people" title="Maltese people">Maltese people</a> and is the national language of <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> and the only <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">official</a> Semitic and <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a> language of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. Maltese is considered a <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">North African dialect</a> of Colloquial Arabic that was brought to Malta by Arab and Berber (<a href="/wiki/Aghlabid_dynasty" title="Aghlabid dynasty">Aghlabids</a>), who in 869/870 CE seized control of the island from the Byzantine Empire.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> It is also said that it descents from Siculo-Arabic, which developed as a <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi Arabic</a> dialect in the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Sicily">Emirate of Sicily</a> between 831 and 1091.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Malta" title="Norman invasion of Malta">Norman invasion of Malta</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_Malta#Arrival_of_Christianity" title="History of religion in Malta">re-Christianization of the islands</a>, Maltese evolved independently of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a> in a gradual process of latinisation.<a href="#cite_note-Borg-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> It is therefore exceptional as a variety of historical Arabic that has no <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossic</a> relationship with Classical or <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Maltese is thus <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_639-1_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ISO 639-1 codes">classified</a> separately from the 30 varieties constituting the modern Arabic <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">macrolanguage</a>. Maltese is also distinguished from Arabic and other Semitic languages since its <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> has been deeply influenced by <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The original Arabic base comprises around one-third of the Maltese vocabulary, especially words that denote basic ideas and the <a href="/wiki/Function_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Function words">function words</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> but about half of the vocabulary is derived from standard Italian and Sicilian;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrincat2005-11">[11]</a> and English words make up between 6% and 20% of the vocabulary.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-12">[12]</a> A 2016 study shows that, in terms of basic everyday language, speakers of Maltese are able to understand around a third of what is said to them in <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arabic" title="Libyan Arabic">Libyan Arabic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> which are Maghrebi Arabic dialects related to Siculo-Arabic,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> whereas speakers of Tunisian Arabic and Libyan Arabic are able to understand about 40% of what is said to them in Maltese.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> This reported level of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility#Asymmetric_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">asymmetric intelligibility</a> is considerably lower than the <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a> found between other varieties of Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Maltese has always been written in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>, the earliest surviving example dating from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late Middle Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> It is the only standardised Semitic language written exclusively in the Latin script.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta" title="History of Malta">History of Malta</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Il-Kantilena.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Il-Kantilena.png/200px-Il-Kantilena.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Il-Kantilena.png/300px-Il-Kantilena.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Il-Kantilena.png/400px-Il-Kantilena.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Oldest Maltese text: <a href="/wiki/Il-Kantilena" title="Il-Kantilena">Il-Kantilena</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pietru_Caxaro" title="Pietru Caxaro">Pietru Caxaro</a>, 15th century</figcaption></figure> The origins of the Maltese language are attributed to the arrival, early in the 11th century, of settlers from neighbouring Sicily, where Siculo-Arabic was spoken, reversing the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a>'s conquest of the island at the end of the 9th century.<a href="#cite_note-harvp|Brincat|2005-19">[19]</a> This claim has been corroborated by genetic studies, which show that contemporary <a href="/wiki/Maltese_people" title="Maltese people">Maltese people</a> share common ancestry with Sicilians and <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabrians</a>, with little genetic input from North Africa and the Levant.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Malta" title="Norman invasion of Malta">Norman conquest in 1091</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malta#Medieval_Period:_1091–1224" title="Islam in Malta">expulsion of the Muslims</a>, complete by 1249, permanently isolated the vernacular from its Arabic source, creating the conditions for its evolution into a distinct language.<a href="#cite_note-harvp|Brincat|2005-19">[19]</a> In contrast to Sicily, where Siculo-Arabic became extinct and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a>, the vernacular in Malta continued to develop alongside Italian, eventually replacing it as official language in 1934, alongside English.<a href="#cite_note-harvp|Brincat|2005-19">[19]</a> The first written reference to the Maltese language is in a will of 1436, where it is called lingua maltensi. The oldest known document in Maltese, <a href="/wiki/Il-Kantilena" title="Il-Kantilena">Il-Kantilena</a> (Xidew il-Qada) by <a href="/wiki/Pietru_Caxaro" title="Pietru Caxaro">Pietru Caxaro</a>, dates from the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-Academy-22">[22]</a> The earliest known Maltese dictionary was a 16th-century manuscript entitled "Maltese-Italiano"; it was included in the Biblioteca Maltese of Mifsud in 1764, but is now lost.<a href="#cite_note-agius-23">[23]</a> A list of Maltese words was included in both the Thesaurus Polyglottus (1603) and Propugnaculum Europae (1606) of <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Megiser" title="Hieronymus Megiser">Hieronymus Megiser</a>, who had visited Malta in 1588–1589; <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Magri" title="Domenico Magri">Domenico Magri</a> gave the etymologies of some Maltese words in his Hierolexicon, sive sacrum dictionarium (1677).<a href="#cite_note-Academy-22">[22]</a> An early manuscript dictionary, Dizionario Italiano e Maltese, was discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Vallicelliana" title="Biblioteca Vallicelliana">Biblioteca Vallicelliana</a> in Rome in the 1980s, together with a grammar, the Regole per la Lingua Maltese, attributed to a French knight named Thezan.<a href="#cite_note-agius-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The first systematic lexicon is that of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pietro_Francesco_Agius_de_Soldanis" title="Giovanni Pietro Francesco Agius de Soldanis">Giovanni Pietro Francesco Agius de Soldanis</a>, who also wrote the first systematic grammar of the language and proposed a standard <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-agius-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Self-contradictory plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="Exclamation mark with arrows pointing at each other" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg/38px-Ambox_contradict.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg/57px-Ambox_contradict.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg/76px-Ambox_contradict.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section appears to contradict another section of this article. Please see the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Maltese_language" title="Talk:Maltese language">talk page</a> for more information. (February 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> reports a total of 530,000 Maltese speakers: 450,000 in Malta and 79,000 in the <a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Malta" title="Emigration from Malta">diaspora</a>. Most speakers also use English.<a href="#cite_note-e27-1">[1]</a> The largest diaspora community of Maltese speakers is <a href="/wiki/Maltese_Australians" title="Maltese Australians">in Australia</a>, with 36,000 speakers reported in 2006 (down from 45,000 in 1996, and expected to decline further).<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The Maltese linguistic community in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> originated in the 18th century. Numbering several thousand in the 19th century, it was reported to be only 100 to 200 people as of 2017.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> Maltese is descended from Siculo-Arabic, a Semitic language within the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In the course of its <a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta" title="History of Malta">history</a>, Maltese has been influenced by Sicilian, Italian, to a lesser extent by <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, and more recently by English. Today, the core vocabulary (including both the most commonly used vocabulary and <a href="/wiki/Function_word" title="Function word">function words</a>) is Semitic, with a large number of <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrincat2005-11">[11]</a> Due to the Sicilian influence on Siculo-Arabic, Maltese has many language contact features and is most commonly described as a language with a large number of loanwords.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg1997-28">[28]</a> Maltese has historically been classified in various ways, with some claiming that it was derived from ancient <a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic</a> (another Semitic language) instead of Siculo-Arabic,<a href="#cite_note-Academy-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVella2004263-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> and others claiming it is one of the <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a> (another language family within Afroasiatic).<a href="#cite_note-Academy-22">[22]</a> Less plausibly, <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a> classified it as <a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">regional Italian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dialects">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBejtun_dialect" title="Żejtun dialect">Żejtun dialect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qormi_dialect" title="Qormi dialect">Qormi dialect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cottonera_dialect" title="Cottonera dialect">Cottonera dialect</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maltralian" title="Maltralian">Maltralian</a></div>Urban varieties of Maltese are closer to Standard Maltese than rural varieties,<a href="#cite_note-isser-32">[32]</a> which have some characteristics that distinguish them from Standard Maltese. They tend to show some archaic features<a href="#cite_note-isser-32">[32]</a> such as the realisation of ⟨kh⟩ and ⟨gh⟩ and the <a href="/wiki/Im%C4%81la" title="Imāla">imāla</a> of Arabic ā into ē (or ī especially in Gozo), considered archaic because they are reminiscent of 15th-century transcriptions of this sound.<a href="#cite_note-isser-32">[32]</a> Another archaic feature is the realisation of Standard Maltese ā as ō in rural dialects.<a href="#cite_note-isser-32">[32]</a> There is also a tendency to diphthongise simple vowels, e.g., ū becomes eo or eu.<a href="#cite_note-isser-32">[32]</a> Rural dialects also tend to employ more Semitic roots and <a href="/wiki/Broken_plurals" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken plurals">broken plurals</a> than Standard Maltese.<a href="#cite_note-isser-32">[32]</a> In general, rural Maltese is less distant from its Siculo-Arabic ancestor than is Standard Maltese.<a href="#cite_note-isser-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Consonant phonemes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1996165-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg1997248-34">[34]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td style="border-right: none;"></td> <td style="border-left: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"></td> <td style="border-left: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"></td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"></td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"></td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"></td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <td style="border-right: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></td> <td style="border-left: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a></td> <td style="border-left: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"></td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></td> <td style="border-left: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"></td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <td style="border-right: none;"></td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></td> <td style="border-left: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></td> <td style="border-left: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"></td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"></td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"></td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td style="border-right: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></td> <td style="border-left: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></td> <td style="border-left: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></td> <td style="border-left: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"></td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a></td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"></td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td style="border-right: none;"></td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"></td> <td style="border-left: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"></td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"></td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"></td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"></td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td style="border-right: none;"></td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"></td> <td style="border-left: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"></td> <td style="border-left: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"></td> <td style="border-left: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"></td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"></td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silta_minn_Vassalli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Silta_minn_Vassalli.jpg/220px-Silta_minn_Vassalli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="437" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Silta_minn_Vassalli.jpg/330px-Silta_minn_Vassalli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Silta_minn_Vassalli.jpg/440px-Silta_minn_Vassalli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2337" data-file-height="4640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mikiel_Anton_Vassalli" title="Mikiel Anton Vassalli">Vassalli</a>'s Storja tas-Sultân Ċiru (1831), is an example of Maltese orthography in the 19th century, before the later standardisation introduced in 1924. Note the similarities with the various varieties of romanised Arabic.</figcaption></figure> Voiceless stops are only lightly aspirated and voiced stops are fully voiced. Voicing is carried over from the last segment in <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruent</a> <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">clusters</a>; thus, two- and three-obstruent clusters are either voiceless or voiced throughout, e.g. /niktbu/ is realised [ˈniɡdbu] "we write" (similar assimilation phenomena occur in languages like French or Czech). Maltese has <a href="/wiki/Final-obstruent_devoicing" title="Final-obstruent devoicing">final-obstruent devoicing</a> of voiced obstruents and word-final voiceless stops have <a href="/wiki/No_audible_release" title="No audible release">no audible release</a>, making voiceless–voiced pairs phonetically indistinguishable in word-final position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg1997249–250-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">Gemination</a> is distinctive word-medially and word-finally in Maltese. The distinction is most rigid <a href="/wiki/Intervocalic_consonant" title="Intervocalic consonant">intervocalically</a> after a stressed vowel. Stressed, word-final <a href="/wiki/Syllable#open_syllable" title="Syllable">closed syllables</a> with short vowels end in a long consonant, and those with a long vowel in a single consonant; the only exception is where historic *ʕ and *ɣ meant the <a href="/wiki/Compensatory_lengthening" title="Compensatory lengthening">compensatory lengthening</a> of the succeeding vowel. Some speakers have lost length distinction in clusters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg1997251–252-36">[36]</a> The two nasals /m/ and /n/ assimilate for <a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">place of articulation</a> in clusters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg1997255-37">[37]</a> /t/ and /d/ are usually <a href="/wiki/Dental_stop" title="Dental stop">dental</a>, whereas /t͡s d͡z s z n r l/ are all alveolar. /t͡s d͡z/ are found mostly in words of Italian origin, retaining length (if not word-initial).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg1997254-38">[38]</a> /d͡z/ and /ʒ/ are only found in loanwords, e.g. /ɡad͡zd͡zɛtta/ "newspaper" and /tɛlɛˈviʒin/ "television".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg1997247-39">[39]</a> The pharyngeal fricative /ħ/ is velar ([<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]), uvular ([<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>]), or glottal ([<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]) for some speakers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg1997260-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> Maltese has five short vowels, /ɐ ɛ ɪ ɔ ʊ/, written a e i o u; six long vowels, /ɐː ɛː ɪː iː ɔː ʊː/, written a, e, ie, i, o, u, all of which (with the exception of ie /ɪː/) can be known to represent long vowels in writing only if they are followed by an orthographic għ or h (otherwise, one needs to know the pronunciation; e.g. nar (fire) is pronounced /nɐːr/); and seven <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>, /ɐɪ ɐʊ ɛɪ ɛʊ ɪʊ ɔɪ ɔʊ/, written aj or għi, aw or għu, ej or għi, ew, iw, oj, and ow or għu.<a href="#cite_note-Borg-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_phonology">Historical phonology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Historical phonology">edit</a>]</div> The original Arabic consonant system has undergone partial collapse under European influence, with many Classical Arabic consonants having undergone mergers and modifications in Maltese:<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Classical Arabic </th> <td>ت /t/</td> <td>ط /tˤ/</td> <td>ث /θ/ </td> <td>د /d/</td> <td>ض /dˤ/</td> <td>ذ /ð/</td> <td>ظ /ðˤ/ </td> <td>س /s/</td> <td>ص /sˤ/</td> <td>ح /ħ/</td> <td>خ /x~χ/ </td> <td>ع /ʕ/</td> <td>غ /ɣ~ʁ/ </td> <td colspan="2">ق /q/ </td> <td>ه /h/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Maltese </th> <td colspan="3">/t/ </td> <td colspan="4">/d/ </td> <td colspan="2">/s/ </td> <td colspan="2">/ħ/ </td> <td colspan="2">/ː/, /∅/ </td> <td>/ʔ/ </td> <td>/k/ </td> <td>/∅/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Orthography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Alphabet">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-MOS plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-mos" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs editing to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a>. In particular, it has problems with punctuation and text styling in the table. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit">improve the content</a>. (October 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Maltese_alphabet" title="Maltese alphabet">Maltese alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese Braille</a></div> The modern system of Maltese orthography was introduced in 1924.<a href="#cite_note-aurp-42">[42]</a> Below is the Maltese alphabet, with <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> symbols and approximate English pronunciation: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter</th> <th>Name</th> <th>IPA (Alphabet Name(s))</th> <th>Maltese example</th> <th>IPA (orthographically representing)</th> <th>Approximate English pronunciation </th></tr> <tr> <td> A a</td> <td>a</td> <td>aː</td> <td>anġlu 'angel'</td> <td>ɐ, aː, æː</td> <td>similar to 'u' in nut in <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">RP</a>; [aː] similar to father in Irish English; [æː] similar to cat in American English, in some dialects it may be [ɒː] in some locations as in what in some American English Dialects </td></tr> <tr> <td> B b </td> <td>be</td> <td>beː</td> <td>ballun 'ball'</td> <td>b</td> <td>bar, but at the end of a word it is devoiced to [p]. </td></tr> <tr> <td> Ċ ċ </td> <td>ċe</td> <td>t͡ʃeː</td> <td>ċavetta 'key'</td> <td>t͡ʃ</td> <td>church (note: undotted 'c' has been replaced by 'k', so when 'c' does appear, it is to be spoken the same way as 'ċ') </td></tr> <tr> <td> D d </td> <td>de</td> <td>deː</td> <td>dar 'home'</td> <td>d</td> <td>day, but at the end of a word it is devoiced to [t]. </td></tr> <tr> <td> E e </td> <td>e</td> <td>eː</td> <td>envelopp 'envelope'</td> <td>eː, ɛ, øː, ə</td> <td>[e:] somewhat like face in Northern England English [ɛ] end when short, it is often changed to [øː, œ] when following and more often when followed by a w, when at the end in an unstressed syllable it is pronounced as schwa [ə, Vᵊ] comma </td></tr> <tr> <td> F f </td> <td>effe</td> <td>ɛf(ː)ᵊ</td> <td>fjura 'flower'</td> <td>f</td> <td>far </td></tr> <tr> <td> Ġ ġ </td> <td>ġe</td> <td>d͡ʒøː</td> <td>ġelat 'ice cream'</td> <td>d͡ʒ</td> <td>gem, but at the end of a word it is devoiced to [tʃ]. </td></tr> <tr> <td> G g </td> <td>ge</td> <td>geː</td> <td>gallettina 'biscuit'</td> <td>ɡ</td> <td>game, but at the end of a word it is devoiced to [k]. </td></tr> <tr> <td> GĦ għ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">ajn</a></td> <td>ajn, æːn</td> <td>għasfur 'bird'</td> <td>(ˤ)ː, ħː</td> <td>has the effect of lengthening and <a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">pharyngealising</a> associated vowels (għi and għu are [i̞(ˤ)j] (may be transcribed as [ə(ˤ)j]) and [oˤ]). When found at the end of a word or immediately before 'h' it has the sound of a double 'ħ' (see below). </td></tr> <tr> <td> H h </td> <td>akka</td> <td>ak(ː)ɐ</td> <td>hu 'he'</td> <td></td> <td>not pronounced unless it is at the end of a word, in which case it has the sound of 'ħ'. </td></tr> <tr> <td> Ħ ħ </td> <td>ħe</td> <td>ħeː, heː, xe:</td> <td>ħanut 'shop'</td> <td>ħ</td> <td>no English equivalent; sounds similar to /h/ but is articulated with a lowered <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td> I i </td> <td>i</td> <td>iː</td> <td>ikel 'food'</td> <td>i̞ː, iː, ɪ</td> <td>[i̞ː] bite (the way commonly realized in Irish English or [iː] in other words as beet but more forward) and when short as [ɪ] bit, occasionally 'i' is used to display il-vokali tal-leħen (the vowel of the voice) as in words like l-iskola or l-iMdina, in this case it takes the schwa sound. </td></tr> <tr> <td> IE ie </td> <td>ie</td> <td>iːᵊ, ɛː</td> <td>ieqaf 'stop'</td> <td>ɛː, iːᵊ</td> <td>sounds similar to yield or RP near, or opened up slightly towards bed or RP square </td></tr> <tr> <td> J j </td> <td>je</td> <td>jə, jæ, jɛ</td> <td>jum 'day'</td> <td>j</td> <td>yard </td></tr> <tr> <td> K k </td> <td>ke</td> <td>kə, kæ, kɛ</td> <td>kelb 'dog'</td> <td>k</td> <td>kettle </td></tr> <tr> <td> L l </td> <td>elle</td> <td>ɛl(ː)ᵊ</td> <td>libsa 'dress'</td> <td>l</td> <td>line </td></tr> <tr> <td> M m </td> <td>emme</td> <td>ɛm(ː)ᵊ</td> <td>mara 'woman'</td> <td>m</td> <td>march </td></tr> <tr> <td> N n </td> <td>enne</td> <td>ɛn(ː)ᵊ</td> <td>nanna 'granny'</td> <td>n</td> <td>next </td></tr> <tr> <td> O o </td> <td>o</td> <td>oː</td> <td>ors 'bear'</td> <td>o, ɔ, ɒ</td> <td>[o] as in somewhere between similar to Scottish English o in no [ɔ] like 'aw' in <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">RP</a> law, but short or [ɒ] as in water in some American dialects. </td></tr> <tr> <td> P p </td> <td>pe</td> <td>peː, pə</td> <td>paġna 'page, sheet'</td> <td>p</td> <td>part </td></tr> <tr> <td> Q q </td> <td>qe</td> <td>ʔø, ʔ(ʷ)ɛ, ʔ(ʷ)æ, ʔ(ʷ)ə</td> <td>qattus 'cat'</td> <td>ʔ</td> <td>glottal stop, found in the Cockney English pronunciation of "bottle" or the phrase "uh-oh" /ʔʌʔoʊ/. </td></tr> <tr> <td> R r </td> <td>erre</td> <td>ɛɹ(ː)ᵊ, æɹ(:)ᵊ, ɚ(ː)ᵊ or ɛr(ː)ᵊ, ær(:)ᵊ, ər(ː)ᵊ</td> <td>re 'king'</td> <td>r, ɹ</td> <td>[r] as in General American English butter, or <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">ɹ</a> road (r realization changes depending on dialect or location in the word.) </td></tr> <tr> <td> S s </td> <td>esse</td> <td>ɛs(ː)ᵊ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sliem" class="mw-redirect" title="Sliem">sliem</a> 'peace'</td> <td>s</td> <td>sand </td></tr> <tr> <td> T t </td> <td>te</td> <td>teː</td> <td>tieqa 'window'</td> <td>t</td> <td>tired </td></tr> <tr> <td> U u </td> <td>u</td> <td>uː, ʉ</td> <td>uviera 'egg cup'</td> <td>u, ʉ, ʊ</td> <td>[u] as in General American English boot or in some dialects it may be realized as [ʉ] as in some American English realizations of student, short u is [ʊ] put </td></tr> <tr> <td> V v </td> <td>ve</td> <td>vøː, veː, və</td> <td>vjola 'violet'</td> <td>v</td> <td>vast, but at the end of a word it is devoiced to [f] may be said as [w] in the word Iva(yes) sometimes this is just written as Iwa. </td></tr> <tr> <td> W w </td> <td>ve doppja /u doppja/we</td> <td>vedɒp(ː)jɐ, uːdɒp(ː)jɐ, wøː</td> <td>widna 'ear'</td> <td>w</td> <td>west </td></tr> <tr> <td> X x </td> <td>xe</td> <td>ʃə, ʃøː</td> <td>xadina 'monkey'</td> <td>ʃ / ʒ</td> <td>shade, sometimes as measure; when doubled the sound is elongated, as in "Cash shin" vs. "Cash in". </td></tr> <tr> <td> Ż ż </td> <td>że/żeta</td> <td>zə, zø:, ze:t(ɐ)</td> <td>żarbun 'shoe'</td> <td>z</td> <td>maze, but at the end of a word it is devoiced to [s]. </td></tr> <tr> <td> Z z </td> <td>ze</td> <td>t͡sə, t͡søː, t͡seːt(ɐ)</td> <td>zalza 'sauce'</td> <td>t͡s / d͡z</td> <td>pizza </td></tr> </tbody></table> Final vowels with grave accents (à, è, ì, ò, ù) are also found in some Maltese words of Italian origin, such as libertà 'freedom', sigurtà (old Italian: sicurtà 'security'), or soċjetà (Italian: società 'society'). The official rules governing the structure of the Maltese language are recorded in the official guidebook Tagħrif fuq il-Kitba Maltija (English: Knowledge on Writing in Maltese) issued by the Akkademja tal-Malti (Academy of the Maltese language). The first edition of this book was printed in 1924 by the Maltese government's printing press. The rules were further expanded in the 1984 book, iż-Żieda mat-Tagħrif, which focused mainly on the increasing influence of Romance and English words. In 1992 the academy issued the Aġġornament tat-Tagħrif fuq il-Kitba Maltija, which updated the previous works.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Maltese_Language" title="National Council for the Maltese Language">National Council for the Maltese Language</a> (KNM) is the main regulator of the Maltese language (see Maltese Language Act, below). However, the academy's orthography rules are still valid and official. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Written_Maltese">Written Maltese</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Written Maltese">edit</a>]</div> Since Maltese evolved after the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Normans" title="Italo-Normans">Italo-Normans</a> ended Arab rule of the islands, a written form of the language was not developed for a long time after the Arabs' expulsion in the middle of the thirteenth century. Under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a>, both French and Italian were used for official documents and correspondence. During the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">British colonial period</a>, the use of English was encouraged through education, with Italian being regarded as the next-most important language. In the late 18th century and throughout the 19th century, philologists and academics such as <a href="/wiki/Mikiel_Anton_Vassalli" title="Mikiel Anton Vassalli">Mikiel Anton Vassalli</a> made a concerted effort to standardise written Maltese. Many examples of written Maltese exist from before this period, always in the Latin alphabet, <a href="/wiki/Il-Kantilena" title="Il-Kantilena">Il-Kantilena</a> from the 15th century being the earliest example of written Maltese. In 1934, Maltese was recognised as an official language. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samples">Samples</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Samples">edit</a>]</div> Maltese has both <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> vocabulary and words derived from <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, primarily <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>. Words such as tweġiba (Arabic origin) and risposta (Italian origin) have the same meaning ('answer') but are both used in Maltese (rather like 'answer' and 'response' in English. Below are two versions of the same translations, one with vocabulary mostly derived from Semitic root words and the using Romance <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> (from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/eu-law/decision-making/treaties/pdf/treaty_establishing_a_constitution_for_europe/treaty_establishing_a_constitution_for_europe_mt.pdf">Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151229065750/http://europa.eu/eu-law/decision-making/treaties/pdf/treaty_establishing_a_constitution_for_europe/treaty_establishing_a_constitution_for_europe_mt.pdf">Archived</a> 2015-12-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://op.europa.eu/mt/publication-detail/-/publication/3c32722f-0136-4d8f-a03e-bfaf70d16349">p. 17</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804014022/https://op.europa.eu/mt/publication-detail/-/publication/3c32722f-0136-4d8f-a03e-bfaf70d16349">Archived</a> 2020-08-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>): <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Maltese (Semitic vocabulary) </th> <th>Maltese (Romance vocabulary) </th></tr> <tr> <td> The Union is founded on the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities. These values are common to the Member States in a society in which pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity and equality between women and men prevail. </td> <td>L-Għaqda hija mibnija fuq is-siwi ta' għadir għall-ġieħ il-bniedem, ta' ħelsien, ta' għażil il-ġemgħa, ta' ndaqs bejn il-ġnus, tas-saltna tad-dritt<a href="#cite_note-44">[a]</a> u tal-għadir għall-ħaqq tal-bniedem, wkoll il-ħaqq ta' wħud li huma f'minoranzi.<a href="#cite_note-45">[b]</a> Dan is-siwi huwa mqassam bejn il-Pajjiżi<a href="#cite_note-46">[c]</a> Msieħba, f'nies li tħaddan il-kotrija, li ma tgħejjibx, li ddann, li tgħaqqad u li tiżen indaqs in-nisa u l-irġiel. </td> <td> L-Unjoni hija bbażata fuq il-valuri tar-rispett għad-dinjità tal-bniedem, il-libertà, id-demokrazija, l-ugwaljanza, l-istat tad-dritt u r-rispett għad-drittijiet tal-bniedem, inklużi d-drittijiet ta' persuni li jagħmlu parti minn minoranzi. Dawn il-valuri huma komuni għall-Istati Membri f'soċjetà fejn jipprevalu l-pluraliżmu, in-non-diskriminazzjoni, it-tolleranza, il-ġustizzja, is-solidarjetà u l-ugwaljanza bejn in-nisa u l-irġiel. </td></tr></tbody></table> Below is the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> in Maltese compared to other Semitic languages (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>) with <a href="/wiki/Cognates" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognates">cognates</a> highlighted: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Maltese<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> </th> <th>Standard Arabic (Romanised)<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> </th> <th>Syriac (Romanised)<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come, thy will be done, on earth, as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread and forgive us our trespasses as we forgive those who trespass against us; and lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. Amen </td> <td lang="mt" style="font-style: italic;">Missierna, li inti fis-smewwiet, jitqaddes ismek, tiġi saltnatek, ikun li trid int, kif fis-sema, hekkda fl-art. Ħobżna ta' kuljum agħtina llum. Aħfrilna dnubietna, bħalma naħfru lil min hu ħati għalina. U la ddaħħalniex fit-tiġrib, iżda eħlisna mid-deni. Ammen </td> <td lang="ar-Latn" style="font-style: italic;"> ʔabāna, allaḏi fī as-samāwāt, li-yataqaddas ismuka, li-yaʔti malakūtuka, li-takun mašīʔatuka, kamā fī as-samāʔi kaḏālika ʕalā al-arḍ. ḵubzana kafāfanā ʔaʕṭinā alyawm, wa aḡfir lanā ḏunūbanā, kamā naḡfiru naḥnu ʔayḍan lil-muḏnibīn ʔilaynā. wa lā tudḵilna fī tajāriba, lākin najjinā min aš-širrīr. ʔāmīn </td> <td lang="syc-Latn" style="font-style: italic;">Abun, d-bashmayo, nithqadash shmokh, tithe malkuthokh, nehwe sebyonokh aykano d-bashmayo oph bar`o. hab lan lahmo d-sunqonan yowmono washbuq lan hawbayn wahtohayn aykano doph hnan shbaqan l-hayobayn lo ta`lan l-nesyuno elo paso lan men bisho Amin </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vocabulary">edit</a>]</div> Although the original vocabulary of Maltese was <a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Siculo-Arabic</a>, it has incorporated a large number of borrowings from <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance</a> sources (<a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>) and, more recently, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic language">Germanic</a> ones (from <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriggieri199459-50">[47]</a> The historical source of modern Maltese vocabulary is 52% Italian/Sicilian, 32% Arabic/Siculo-Arabic, and 6% English, with some of the remainder being French.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrincat2005-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> Today, most <a href="/wiki/Function_word" title="Function word">function words</a> are Arabic, so despite only making up about a third of the vocabulary, they are the most used when speaking the language. In this way, Maltese is similar to <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic language">Germanic language</a> that has been strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Norman_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman French">Norman French</a> and Latin (58% of English vocabulary). As a result of this, Romance language-speakers (and to a lesser extent English speakers) can often easily understand more technical ideas expressed in Maltese, such as Ġeografikament, l-Ewropa hi parti tas-superkontinent ta' l-Ewrasja ('Geographically, Europe is part of the supercontinent of Eurasia'), while not understanding a single word of a basic sentence such as Ir-raġel qiegħed fid-dar ('The man is in the house'), which would be easily understood by any Arabic speaker. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabic">Arabic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Arabic">edit</a>]</div> At that time Malta was thoroughly Arabized. The conquerors brought to the island the vulgar (colloquial) variation of Arabic, not the classical one (Classical Arabic), Therefore the Maltese language differs from Classical Arabic in the same way as the Arabic dialects differ from Classical Arabic. the Maltese language also comprises a considerable number of <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi</a> features<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a>, in other ways it can be closer to other Arabic dialects, or closer to Classical Arabic than to the other dialects as in the word ra ('to see'). Arabic supplies between 32%<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrincat2005-11">[11]</a> and 40%<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-12">[12]</a> of the language's vocabulary. <a href="#CITEREFŻammit2000">Żammit (2000)</a> found that 40% of a sample of 1,821 <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Quranic Arabic</a> roots were found in Maltese, considerably lower than that found in <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan</a> (58%) and <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese</a> (72%) varieties of Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŻammit2000241–245-53">[50]</a> An analysis of the etymology of the 41,000 words in Aquilina's Maltese–English Dictionary shows that 32% of the Maltese vocabulary is of Arabic origin,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrincat2005-11">[11]</a> although another source claims 40%.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> Usually, words expressing basic concepts and ideas, such as raġel (man), mara (woman), tifel (boy), dar (house), xemx (sun), sajf (summer), are of Arabic origin. Moreover, <a href="/wiki/Belles-lettres" title="Belles-lettres">belles-lettres</a> in Maltese aim to maximise their use of vocabulary belonging to this group.<a href="#cite_note-isser-32">[32]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Maltese </th> <th>Moroccan </th> <th>Egyptian </th> <th>Hejazi </th> <th>Standard Arabic </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/iva#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:iva">iva</a> (ijwa, ija, iwa) </td> <td>iyeh </td> <td>aywa </td> <td>īwa </td> <td>نعم (naʕam) </td> <td>yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fejn#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:fejn">fejn</a> </td> <td>fīn, wīn </td> <td>fēn </td> <td>fēn </td> <td>أين ('ayn) </td> <td>where </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/xiex#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:xiex">xiex</a> </td> <td>šnu, 'āš </td> <td>'ēh </td> <td>'ēš </td> <td>ماذا (māḏā) </td> <td>what </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/g%C4%A7aliex#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:għaliex">għaliex</a> </td> <td>ʕlāš, ʕlayāš </td> <td>lēh </td> <td>lēš </td> <td>لماذا (limāḏā) </td> <td>why </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C4%A1ewwa#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:ġewwa">ġewwa</a> </td> <td>el-dāḵil </td> <td>gowwa </td> <td>juwwa </td> <td>داخل (dāḵil) </td> <td>inside </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/barra#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:barra">barra</a> </td> <td>barra </td> <td>barra </td> <td>barra </td> <td>خارج (ḵārij) </td> <td>outside </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C4%A1ab#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:ġab">ġab</a> </td> <td>jāb </td> <td>gāb </td> <td>jāb </td> <td>أحضر ('aḥḍara), جاء بـ (jā'a bi-) </td> <td>to bring </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/saqsa#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:saqsa">saqsa</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/staqsa#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:staqsa">staqsa</a>* </td> <td>saqṣa, sāl </td> <td>sa'al </td> <td>sa'al </td> <td>سأل (sa'ala) </td> <td>to ask </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/raqad#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:raqad">raqad</a> </td> <td>nʕas, rqad </td> <td>nām </td> <td>nām, ragad </td> <td>نام (nāma), رقد (raqada) </td> <td>to sleep </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ra#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:ra">ra</a> </td> <td>šāf </td> <td>šāf </td> <td>šāf </td> <td>رأى (ra'ā) </td> <td>to see </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ried#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:ried">ried</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/xtaq#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:xtaq">xtaq</a>** </td> <td>ḥabb, bḡa </td> <td>ʕāyez </td> <td>biḡi </td> <td>أراد ('arāda) </td> <td>to want </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C4%A7dax#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:ħdax">ħdax</a> </td> <td>ḥdāš </td> <td>ḥidāšar </td> <td>iḥdaʕaš </td> <td>أَحَدَ عَشَرَ ('aḥada ʕašara) </td> <td>eleven </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tnax#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:tnax">tnax</a> </td> <td>tnāš </td> <td>itnašar </td> <td>iṭnaʕaš </td> <td>اِثْنَا عَشَرَ (iṯnā ʕašara) </td> <td>twelve </td></tr></tbody></table> Notes: * from Arabic استقصى (istaqṣā) "to investigate", ** from Arabic اشتاق (ištāqa) "to yearn for ". The following table compares additional cognates in Maltese and some other varieties of Arabic (all forms are written phonetically, as in the source):<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Maltese </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Cairene</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Damascene</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Iraqi</a> </th> <th>Negev (bedouin) </th> <th>Yemenite (Sanaani) </th> <th>Moroccan </th> <th>Standard Arabic </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>qalb /ʔalp/ </td> <td>'alb </td> <td>'aleb </td> <td>galeb </td> <td>galb </td> <td>galb </td> <td>qalb </td> <td>قلب (qalb) /qalb/ </td> <td>heart </td></tr> <tr> <td>waqt /waʔt/ </td> <td>wa't </td> <td>wa'et </td> <td>waket </td> <td>wagt </td> <td>wagt </td> <td>waqt </td> <td>وقت (waqt) /waqt/ </td> <td>time </td></tr> <tr> <td>qamar /ʔamar/ </td> <td>'amar </td> <td>'amar </td> <td>qamar </td> <td>gumar </td> <td>gamar </td> <td>qmar </td> <td>قمر (qamar) /qamar/ </td> <td>moon </td></tr> <tr> <td>kelb /kelp/ </td> <td>kalb </td> <td>kaleb </td> <td>čaleb </td> <td>čalb </td> <td>kalb </td> <td>kalb </td> <td>كلب (kalb) /kalb/ </td> <td>dog </td></tr></tbody></table> Siculo-Arabic dialect which was spoken in Sicily and Malta is the <a href="/wiki/Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic relationship (linguistics)">ancestor</a> of the Maltese language,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrincat2005-11">[11]</a> some Siculo-Arabic words are still used in modern <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> (a Romance language spoken in Sicily): <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Maltese </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Siculo-Arabic</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a>) </th> <th>Arabic text </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bebbuxu#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:bebbuxu">bebbuxu</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/babbaluci#Sicilian" class="extiw" title="wikt:babbaluci">babbaluci</a> </td> <td>ببوش (babbūš) (a Berber word) </td> <td>snail </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C4%A1iebja#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:ġiebja">ġiebja</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gebbia#Sicilian" class="extiw" title="wikt:gebbia">gebbia</a> </td> <td>جابية (jābiya) </td> <td>cistern </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C4%A1un%C4%A1lien#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:ġunġlien">ġunġlien</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/giuggiulena#Sicilian" class="extiw" title="wikt:giuggiulena">giuggiulena</a> </td> <td>جلجلان (juljulān) </td> <td>sesame seed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sieqja#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:sieqja">sieqja</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/saia#Sicilian" class="extiw" title="wikt:saia">saia</a> </td> <td>ساقية (sāqiya) </td> <td>canal </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kenur#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:kenur">kenur</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tannura#Sicilian" class="extiw" title="wikt:tannura">tannura</a> </td> <td>تنور (tannūr) </td> <td>oven </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C5%BCag%C4%A7fran#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:żagħfran">żagħfran</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zaffarana#Sicilian" class="extiw" title="wikt:zaffarana">zaffarana</a> </td> <td>زعفران (zaʿfarān) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C5%BCahra#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:żahra">żahra</a> (less common than <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fjura#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:fjura">fjura</a>, borrowed from Sicilian) </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zagara#Sicilian" class="extiw" title="wikt:zagara">zagara</a> </td> <td>زهرة (zahra) </td> <td>blossom </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C5%BCbib#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:żbib">żbib</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zibbibbu#Sicilian" class="extiw" title="wikt:zibbibbu">zibbibbu</a> </td> <td>زبيب (zabīb) </td> <td>raisins </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zokk#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:zokk">zokk</a> (borrowed through Sicilian) </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zuccu#Sicilian" class="extiw" title="wikt:zuccu">zuccu</a> </td> <td>ساق (sāq) </td> <td>tree trunk </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tebut#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:tebut">tebut</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tabbutu#Sicilian" class="extiw" title="wikt:tabbutu">tabbutu</a> </td> <td>تابوت (tābūt) </td> <td>coffin </td></tr></tbody></table> The Maltese language has merged many of the original Arabic consonants (in particular the <a href="/wiki/Emphatic_consonant" title="Emphatic consonant">emphatic consonants</a>) with others common to European languages. Thus, original <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> /d/, /ð/, and /dˤ/ all merged into Maltese /d/. The vowels, meanwhile, separated from the three in Classical Arabic (/a i u/) into five, as is more typical of many European languages (/a ɛ i o u/). Some unstressed short vowels have been elided. The common Arabic greeting as salāmu 'alaykum is cognate with is-sliem għalikom in Maltese (lit. 'the peace for you', peace be with you), as are similar greetings in other Semitic languages (e.g. shalom ʿalekhem in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romance_(Sicilian_and_Italian)">Romance (Sicilian and Italian)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Romance (Sicilian and Italian)">edit</a>]</div> An analysis of the etymology of the 41,000 words in Aquilina's Maltese–English Dictionary shows that words of Romance origin make up 52% of the Maltese vocabulary,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrincat2005-11">[11]</a> although other sources claim from 40%<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-12">[12]</a> to 55%. Romance vocabulary tends to deal with more complex concepts. Most words come from <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> and thus exhibit Sicilian phonetic characteristics, such as /u/ rather than Italian /o/, and /i/ rather than Italian /e/ (e.g. tiatru not teatro and fidi not fede). Also, as with Old Sicilian, /ʃ/ (English sh) is written x and this produces spellings such as: ambaxxata /ambaʃːaːta/ ('embassy'), xena /ʃeːna/ ('scene'; compare Italian ambasciata, scena). <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Maltese </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/skola#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:skola">skola</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scola#Sicilian" class="extiw" title="wikt:scola">scola</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scuola#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:scuola">scuola</a> </td> <td>school </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gvern#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:gvern">gvern</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cuvernu#Sicilian" class="extiw" title="wikt:cuvernu">cuvernu</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/governo#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:governo">governo</a> </td> <td>government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/repubblika#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:repubblika">repubblika</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rip%C3%B9bblica#Sicilian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ripùbblica">ripùbblica</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/repubblica#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:repubblica">repubblica</a> </td> <td>republic </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/re#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:re">re</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/re#Sicilian" class="extiw" title="wikt:re">re</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/re#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:re">re</a> </td> <td>king (Germanic) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/natura#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:natura">natura</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/natura#Sicilian" class="extiw" title="wikt:natura">natura</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/natura#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:natura">natura</a> </td> <td>nature </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pulizija#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:pulizija">pulizija</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pulizz%C3%ACa#Sicilian" class="extiw" title="wikt:pulizzìa">pulizzìa</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/polizia#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:polizia">polizia</a> </td> <td>police </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C4%8Bentru#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:ċentru">ċentru</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/centru#Sicilian" class="extiw" title="wikt:centru">centru</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/centro#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:centro">centro</a> </td> <td>centre </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/teatru#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:teatru">teatru</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tiatru#Sicilian" class="extiw" title="wikt:tiatru">tiatru</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/teatro#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:teatro">teatro</a> </td> <td>theatre </td></tr></tbody></table> A tendency in modern Maltese is to adopt further influences from English and Italian. Complex Latinate English words adopted into Maltese are often given Italian or Sicilian forms,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrincat2005-11">[11]</a> even if the resulting words do not appear in either of those languages. For instance, the words evaluation, industrial action, and chemical armaments become evalwazzjoni, azzjoni industrjali, and armamenti kimiċi in Maltese, while the Italian terms are valutazione, vertenza sindacale, and armi chimiche respectively. (The origin of the terms may be narrowed even further to <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>; the phrase <a href="/wiki/Industrial_action" title="Industrial action">industrial action</a> is meaningless in the United States.) This is comparable to the situation with English borrowings into the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" title="Italo-Australian dialect">Italo-Australian dialect</a>. English words of Germanic origin are generally preserved relatively unchanged. Some influences of <a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Romance</a> on the Arabic and <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a> spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> are theorised; these may then have passed into Maltese.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKossmann201375-56">[53]</a> For example, in <a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">calendar</a> <a href="/wiki/Month" title="Month">month</a> names, the word furar 'February' is only found in the Maghreb and in Maltese – proving the word's ancient pedigree. The region also has a form of another Latin month in awi/ussu < augustus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKossmann201375-56">[53]</a> This word does not appear to be a loan word through Arabic, and may have been taken over directly from Late Latin or African Romance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKossmann201375-56">[53]</a> Scholars theorise that a Latin-based system provided forms such as awi/ussu and furar in African Romance, with the system then mediating Latin/Romance names through Arabic for some month names during the Islamic period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKossmann201376-57">[54]</a> The same situation exists for Maltese which mediated words from <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, and retains both non-Italian forms such as awissu/awwissu and frar, and Italian forms such as april.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKossmann201376-57">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berber">Berber</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Berber">edit</a>]</div> Like the <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi Arabic dialects</a>, Maltese has a significant vocabulary derived from <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a>. Whether these words entered Maltese by being inherited from <a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Siculo-Arabic</a> or were directly loaned from Berber languages is not yet known. These include:<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Maltese </th> <th>Berber languages </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>gremxula </td> <td>azrem ašal, lit. 'land worm', (<a href="/wiki/Kabyle_language" title="Kabyle language">Kabyle</a>) </td> <td>lizard </td></tr> <tr> <td>fekruna </td> <td>tifakrunin (<a href="/wiki/Jerba_Berber" title="Jerba Berber">Jerbi</a>), ifekran (<a href="/wiki/Shilha_language" title="Shilha language">Tashelhiyt</a>), ifkran (Kabyle) </td> <td>turtle </td></tr> <tr> <td>geddum </td> <td>aqadum, lit. 'face, frown' (Kabyle) </td> <td>chin </td></tr> <tr> <td>gendus </td> <td>gandūz, lit. 'young calf' (Jerbi) </td> <td>ox, bull </td></tr> <tr> <td>gerżuma </td> <td>ageržum (<a href="/wiki/Mozabite_language" title="Mozabite language">Mozabite</a>, Tashelhiyt) </td> <td>throat </td></tr> <tr> <td>tfief </td> <td>tilfaf (<a href="/wiki/Ouargli_language" title="Ouargli language">Ouargli</a>), tifāf, tilfāf, tiffāf (<a href="/wiki/Tarifit" title="Tarifit">Tarifit</a>) </td> <td>sow thistle (<a href="/wiki/Sonchus_oleraceus" title="Sonchus oleraceus">Sonchus oleraceus</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>tengħud </td> <td>talaɣūda (<a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian Arabic</a>), telɣūda (<a href="/wiki/Algerian_Arabic" title="Algerian Arabic">Algerian Arabic</a>) </td> <td>spurge (<a href="/wiki/Euphorbia" title="Euphorbia">Euphorbia</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>kosksu </td> <td>kuskesu, kuskus (Kabyle) </td> <td>couscous, small round pasta </td></tr> <tr> <td>fartas </td> <td>aferḍas (Ouargli, Kabyle) </td> <td>bald </td></tr> <tr> <td>għaffeġ </td> <td>‘affež (Algerian Arabic), effeẓ (Ouargli, Mozabite) </td> <td>to crush, to squash </td></tr> <tr> <td>żrinġ </td> <td>tažrant (Jerbi) </td> <td>frog </td></tr> <tr> <td>żrar </td> <td>zrar (Mozabite, Ouargli), azrar (Kabyle, <a href="/wiki/Nafusi_language" title="Nafusi language">Nafusi</a>) </td> <td>gravel </td></tr> <tr> <td>werżieq </td> <td>wárẓag (<a href="/wiki/Mrazig" title="Mrazig">Mrazig</a>) </td> <td>cicada, lit. screamer, shrieker </td></tr> <tr> <td>buqexrem </td> <td>buqišrem (Kabyle) </td> <td>vervain (<a href="/wiki/Verbena_officinalis" title="Verbena officinalis">Verbena officinalis</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>fidloqqom </td> <td>fudalɣem (Kabyle) </td> <td>borage (<a href="/wiki/Borage" title="Borage">Borago officinalis</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>żorr </td> <td>uzur (Kabyle), uzzur (Tarifit) </td> <td>rude, arrogant </td></tr> <tr> <td>lellex </td> <td>lelleš (Mozabite) </td> <td>to shine, to glitter </td></tr> <tr> <td>pespes </td> <td>bbesbes (Ouargli) </td> <td>to whisper </td></tr> <tr> <td>teptep </td> <td>ṭṭebṭeb (Ouargli) </td> <td>to blink, to twinkle </td></tr> <tr> <td>webbel </td> <td>webben (Mozabite) </td> <td>to induce, to tempt </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: English">edit</a>]</div> English loanwords, which are becoming more commonplace, may constitute up to 20% of Maltese vocabulary,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-12">[12]</a> though other sources claim as little as 6%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrincat2005-11">[11]</a> This percentage discrepancy is due to the fact that a number of new English loanwords are sometimes not considered part of the official Maltese vocabulary, hence they are not included in certain dictionaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrincat2005-11">[11]</a> Also, English loanwords of Latinate origin are very often Italianized, as discussed above. English loanwords are generally transliterated, although standard English pronunciation is virtually always retained. Below are a few examples: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Maltese </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>futbol </td> <td>football </td></tr> <tr> <td>baskitbol </td> <td>basketball </td></tr> <tr> <td>klabb </td> <td>club </td></tr> <tr> <td>friġġ </td> <td>fridge </td></tr></tbody></table> "Fridge" is a common <a href="/wiki/Clipping_(morphology)" title="Clipping (morphology)">shortening</a> of "refrigerator". "Refrigerator" is a Latinate word which could be imported into Maltese as rifriġeratori, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> word is frigorifero or refrigeratore. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calendar">Calendar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Calendar">edit</a>]</div> The days of the week (Maltese: jiem il-ġimgħa) in Maltese, which are derived from Arabic, are referred to by number which is also typical in other Semitic languages, Days of the week are commonly preceded by the word nhar meaning 'day'. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Maltese </th> <th>Literal </th></tr> <tr> <td>Sunday </td> <td>Il-Ħadd </td> <td>first [day] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monday </td> <td>It-Tnejn </td> <td>second [day] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tuesday </td> <td>It-Tlieta </td> <td>third [day] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wednesday </td> <td>L-Erbgħa </td> <td>fourth [day] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thursday </td> <td>Il-Ħamis </td> <td>fifth [day] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Friday </td> <td>Il-Ġimgħa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Friday_prayer" title="Friday prayer">gathering</a> [day] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saturday </td> <td>Is-Sibt </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a> [day] </td></tr></tbody></table> The months of the year (Maltese: xhur is-sena) in Maltese are mostly derived from <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a>, though Frar and Awwissu may be derived from <a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Romance</a> via <a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Siculo-Arabic</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Maltese </th></tr> <tr> <td>January </td> <td>Jannar </td></tr> <tr> <td>February </td> <td>Frar </td></tr> <tr> <td>March </td> <td>Marzu </td></tr> <tr> <td>April </td> <td>April </td></tr> <tr> <td>May </td> <td>Mejju </td></tr> <tr> <td>June </td> <td>Ġunju </td></tr> <tr> <td>July </td> <td>Lulju </td></tr> <tr> <td>August </td> <td>Awwissu </td></tr> <tr> <td>September </td> <td>Settembru </td></tr> <tr> <td>October </td> <td>Ottubru </td></tr> <tr> <td>November </td> <td>Novembru </td></tr> <tr> <td>December </td> <td>Diċembru </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time">Time</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Time">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Maltese </th></tr> <tr> <td>today </td> <td>illum </td></tr> <tr> <td>yesterday </td> <td>ilbieraħ </td></tr> <tr> <td>tomorrow </td> <td>għada </td></tr> <tr> <td>second </td> <td>sekonda </td></tr> <tr> <td>minute </td> <td>minuta (archaic: dqiqa) </td></tr> <tr> <td>hour </td> <td>siegħa </td></tr> <tr> <td>day </td> <td>jum or ġurnata </td></tr> <tr> <td>week </td> <td>ġimgħa </td></tr> <tr> <td>month </td> <td>xahar </td></tr> <tr> <td>year </td> <td>sena </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Question_words">Question words</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Question words">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Maltese </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>What (standalone) </td> <td>Xiex </td> <td>Xiex? </td> <td>What? </td></tr> <tr> <td>What (preceding) </td> <td>X' </td> <td>X' għamilt? </td> <td>What did you do? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Who </td> <td>Min </td> <td>Min hu dak? </td> <td>Who is he? </td></tr> <tr> <td>How </td> <td>Kif </td> <td>Kif inti llum? </td> <td>How are you today? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Where </td> <td>Fejn </td> <td>Fejn sejjer? </td> <td>Where are you going? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Where (from) </td> <td>Mnejn </td> <td>Mnejn ġie? </td> <td>Where did he come from? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Why </td> <td>Għala, Għaliex, Għalxiex, Ilgħala </td> <td>Għala telaq? </td> <td>Why did he leave? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Which </td> <td>Liem, Liema </td> <td>Liem wieħed hu tajjeb? </td> <td>Which one is good? </td></tr> <tr> <td>When </td> <td>Meta </td> <td>Meta ħa titlaq? </td> <td>When will you leave? </td></tr> <tr> <td>How Much </td> <td>Kemm </td> <td>Kemm jiswa dan? </td> <td>How much does this cost? </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sample_phrases">Sample phrases</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sample phrases">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> </th> <th>Maltese </th></tr> <tr> <td>Hello. </td> <td>Ħelow. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yes. </td> <td>Iva. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yes, please. </td> <td>Iva, jekk jogħġbok. </td></tr> <tr> <td>No. </td> <td>Le. </td></tr> <tr> <td>No thanks. </td> <td>Le grazzi. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Please. </td> <td>Jekk jogħġbok. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thank you. </td> <td>Grazzi. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thank you very much. </td> <td>Grazzi ħafna. </td></tr> <tr> <td>You're welcome. </td> <td>M'hemmx imniex. </td></tr> <tr> <td>I'd like a coffee please. </td> <td>Nixtieq kafè, jekk jogħġbok. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Two beers please. </td> <td>Żewġ birer, jekk jogħġbok. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cheers! </td> <td>Evviva! </td></tr> <tr> <td>Excuse me. </td> <td>Skużani. </td></tr> <tr> <td>What time is it? </td> <td>X'ħin hu? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Can you repeat that please? </td> <td>Tista' tirrepeti jekk jogħġbok? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Please speak more slowly. </td> <td>Jekk jogħġbok tkellem iktar bil-mod. </td></tr> <tr> <td>I don't understand. </td> <td>Mhux qed nifhem. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sorry. </td> <td>Skużani. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Where are the toilets? </td> <td>Fejn huma t-toilets? </td></tr> <tr> <td>How much does this cost? </td> <td>Kemm jiswa dan? / Kemm tiswa din? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Welcome! </td> <td>Merħba! </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good morning. </td> <td>Bonġu. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good afternoon. </td> <td>Il-wara nofsinhar it-tajjeb. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good evening. </td> <td>Is-serata t-tajba. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Goodnight. </td> <td>Il-lejl it-tajjeb. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Goodbye. </td> <td>Saħħa. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Grammar">edit</a>]</div> Maltese grammar is fundamentally derived from <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Arabic</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> noun pluralisation patterns are also used on borrowed words. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjectives_and_adverbs">Adjectives and adverbs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Adjectives and adverbs">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjectives</a> follow <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a>. There are no separately formed native <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbs</a>, and word order is fairly flexible. Both nouns and adjectives of <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> origin take the definite article (for example, It-tifel il-kbir, lit. "The boy the elder"="The elder boy"). This rule does not apply to adjectives of Romance origin. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Nouns">edit</a>]</div> Nouns are pluralised and also have a <a href="/wiki/Dual_grammatical_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual grammatical number">dual</a> marker. Semitic plurals are complex; if they are regular, they are marked by -iet/-ijiet, e.g., art, artijiet "lands (territorial possessions or property)" (cf. Arabic -at and Hebrew -ot/-oth) or -in (cf. Arabic -īn and Hebrew -im). If irregular, they fall in the pluralis fractus (<a href="/wiki/Broken_plural" title="Broken plural">broken plural</a>) category, in which a word is pluralised by internal vowel changes: ktieb, kotba " book", "books"; raġel, irġiel "man", "men". Words of Romance origin are usually pluralised in two manners: addition of -i or -jiet. For example, lingwa, lingwi "languages", from Sicilian lingua, lingui. Words of English origin are pluralised by adding either an "-s" or "-jiet", for example, friġġ, friġis from the word fridge. Some words can be pluralised with either of the suffixes to denote the plural. A few words borrowed from English can amalgamate both suffixes, like brikksa from the English brick, which can adopt either collective form brikks or the plural form brikksiet. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Derivation">Derivation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Derivation">edit</a>]</div> As in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, nouns are often derived by changing, adding or removing the vowels within a <a href="/wiki/Triliteral_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Triliteral root">triliteral root</a>. These are some of the patterns used for nouns:<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> <ul><li>CaCiC – xadin (monkey), sadid (rust)</li> <li>CCiC – żbib (raisin)</li> <li>CaCCa – baqra (cow), basla (onion)</li> <li>CeCCa – werqa (leaf), xewqa (wish)</li> <li>CoCCa – borka (wild duck), forka (gallows)</li> <li>CaCC – qalb (heart), sajd (fishing)</li> <li>CeCC – kelb (dog), xemx (sun)</li> <li>CCuCija – tfulija (childhood), xbubija (maidenhood)</li> <li>CCuCa – rtuba (softness), bjuda (whiteness)</li> <li>CaCCaC – tallab (beggar), bajjad (whitewasher)</li></ul> The so-called mimated nouns use the <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a> m- in addition to <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> changes. This pattern can be used to indicate <a href="/wiki/Location_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Location (geography)">place</a> <a href="/wiki/Name" title="Name">names</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">tools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abstraction" title="Abstraction">abstractions</a>, etc. These are some of the patterns used for mimated nouns: <ul><li>ma-CCeC – marden (spindle)</li> <li>mi-CCeC – minkeb (elbow), miżwed (pod)</li> <li>mu-CCaC – musmar (nail), munqar (beak)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article">Article</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Article">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Proclitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proclitic">proclitic</a> il- is the <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite article</a>, equivalent to "the" in English and "al-" in Arabic. The Maltese article becomes l- before or after a vowel. <ul><li>l-omm (the mother)</li> <li>rajna l-Papa (we saw the Pope)</li> <li>il-missier (the father)</li></ul> The Maltese article <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (linguistics)">assimilates</a> to a following non-ġ <a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">coronal consonant</a> (called konsonanti xemxin "<a href="/wiki/Sun_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun letter">sun consonants</a>"), namely: <ul><li>Ċ iċ-ċikkulata (the chocolate)</li> <li>D id-dar (the house)</li> <li>N in-nar (the fire)</li> <li>R ir-razzett (the farm)</li> <li>S is-serrieq (the saw)</li> <li>T it-tifel (the child)</li> <li>X ix-xemx (the sun)</li> <li>Ż iż-żarbuna (the shoe)</li> <li>Z iz-zalzett (the sausage)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Verbs">edit</a>]</div> Verbs show the Semitic <a href="/wiki/Triliteral" class="mw-redirect" title="Triliteral">triliteral</a> pattern, in which a verb is <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugated</a> with <a href="/wiki/Prefix_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefix (linguistics)">prefixes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Infix" title="Infix">infixes</a> (for example ktibna, Arabic katabna, Hebrew kathabhnu (Modern Hebrew: katavnu) "we wrote"). An example is the Semitic root X-M-X ('sun'), for example xemx (sun), xmux (suns), xemxi (sunny), xemxata (sunstroke), nixxemmex (I sunbathe), ma xxemmixtx (I didn't sunbathe), tixmix (the act of sunbathing). Maltese also features the <a href="/wiki/Agglutination" title="Agglutination">agglutination</a> of verb suffixes indicating direction of action, for example agħmilhomli "make them for me"← agħmel "make" in the imperative + hom from huma "them" + li suffix indicating first person singular and ħasletielu "she washed it for him"←ħaslet "she washed" from the verb ħasel "to wash" + ie the object + lu suffix indicating third person masculine singular. The two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tenses</a> are present and perfect. The Maltese verb system incorporates Romance verbs and adds Maltese suffixes and prefixes to them, for example; iddeċidejna "we decided" ← (i)ddeċieda "decide", a Romance verb + -ejna, a Maltese first person plural perfect marker. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malta#Media" title="Languages of Malta">Language in the media in Malta</a></div> As Malta is a multilingual country, the use of Maltese in the mass media is shared with other European languages, namely <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>. The majority of television stations broadcast from Malta in English or Maltese, although broadcasts from <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> in Italian are also received on the islands. Similarly, there are more Maltese-language radio programs than English ones broadcast from Malta, but again, Italian broadcasts are also picked up. Coverage in newspaper periodicals is generally equally split between Maltese and English. Maltese is little used on the internet and few websites are written in the language. In a survey of Maltese cultural websites conducted in 2004 on behalf of the Maltese government, 12 of 13 were in English only and the remaining one was multilingual but did not include Maltese.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> In 2011, only 6.5 per cent of Maltese internet users reported employing Maltese online, which may be a consequence of the lack of online support for the language.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Code-switching">Code-switching</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Code-switching">edit</a>]</div> The Maltese population, being fluent in both Maltese and English, displays <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code-switching</a> (referred to as <a href="/wiki/Maltenglish" title="Maltenglish">Maltenglish</a>) in certain localities and between certain social groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrincat2005-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/32px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/48px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/64px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Malta" title="Portal:Malta">Malta portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malta" title="Languages of Malta">Languages of Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_people" title="Maltese people">Maltese people</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dritt#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:dritt">dritt</a> (pl. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/drittijiet#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:drittijiet">drittijiet</a>) is derived from Sicilian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/drittu#Sicilian" class="extiw" title="wikt:drittu">drittu</a> (right). </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/minoranza#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:minoranza">minoranza</a> (pl. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/minoranzi#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:minoranzi">minoranzi</a>) is derived from Italian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/minoranza#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:minoranza">minoranza</a> (minority). </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pajji%C5%BC#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:pajjiż">pajjiż</a> (pl. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pajji%C5%BCi#Maltese" class="extiw" title="wikt:pajjiżi">pajjiżi</a>) is derived from Sicilian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pajisi#Sicilian" class="extiw" title="wikt:pajisi">pajisi</a> (country). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e27-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mlt">Maltese</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (27th ed., 2024) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Martine Vanhove, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00009708/document">« De quelques traits prehilaliens en maltais »</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221015180634/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00009708/document">Archived</a> 2022-10-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in: Peuplement et arabisation au Maghreb cccidental : dialectologie et histoire, Casa Velazquez - Universidad de Zaragoza (1998), pp.97-108 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislation.mt/eli/const/eng/pdf">"Constitution of Malta"</a>. Leġiżlazzjoni Malta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190515163529/http://www.justiceservices.gov.mt/DownloadDocument.aspx?app=lom&itemid=8566&l=1">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le%C4%A1i%C5%BClazzjoni+Malta&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+Malta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegislation.mt%2Feli%2Fconst%2Feng%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hayes, John (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44742157">"THE INTEGRATION OF ROMANCE VOCABULARY IN MALTESE"</a>. Romance Philology. 54 (2): 393.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Romance+Philology&rft.atitle=THE+INTEGRATION+OF+ROMANCE+VOCABULARY+IN+MALTESE&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=393&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44742157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/So-who-are-the-real-Maltese-.535578">So who are the 'real' Maltese</a>. September 13, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312063245/http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20140914/local/So-who-are-the-real-Maltese-.535578">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-12. <q>The kind of Arabic used in the Maltese language is most likely derived from the language spoken by those that repopulated the island from Sicily in the early second millennium; it is known as Siculo-Arab. The Maltese are mostly descendants of these people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=So+who+are+the+%27real%27+Maltese&rft.date=2014-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofmalta.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2FSo-who-are-the-real-Maltese-.535578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Borg-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Borg_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Borg_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbert_J._BorgMarie_Azzopardi-Alexander1997" class="citation book cs1">Albert J. Borg; Marie Azzopardi-Alexander (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tYf-fZ-izycC&pg=PR13">Maltese</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-02243-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-02243-9"><bdi>978-0-415-02243-9</bdi></a>. <q>In fact, Maltese displays some areal traits typical of Maghrebine Arabic, although over the past 800 years of independent evolution it has drifted apart from Tunisian and Libyan Arabic</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maltese&rft.pages=xiii&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-02243-9&rft.au=Albert+J.+Borg&rft.au=Marie+Azzopardi-Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtYf-fZ-izycC%26pg%3DPR13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrincat2005">Brincat (2005)</a>: "Originally Maltese was an Arabic dialect, but it was immediately exposed to Latinisation because the Normans conquered the islands in 1090, while Christianisation, which was complete by 1250, cut off the dialect from contact with Classical Arabic. Consequently Maltese developed on its own, slowly but steadily absorbing new words from Sicilian and Italian according to the needs of the developing community." </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoberman2007" class="citation book cs1">Hoberman, Robert D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gaktTQ8vq28C&q=robert+d+hoberman+morphologies+of+Asia+and+Africa+Chapter+13&pg=PA257">"Chapter 13: Maltese Morphology"</a>. In Kaye, Alan S. (ed.). Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Vol. 1. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrown. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575061092" title="Special:BookSources/9781575061092"><bdi>9781575061092</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170930180345/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gaktTQ8vq28C&pg=PA257&lpg=PA257&dq=robert+d+hoberman+morphologies+of+Asia+and+Africa+Chapter+13&source=bl&ots=g5l67Yg1jh&sig=xKG6ccrdQbPeSXvT6yrMBZyjEfI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj4xanIz8zWAhVJb1AKHTcZCmIQ6AEIJjAA#v=onepage&q=robert%20d%20hoberman%20morphologies%20of%20Asia%20and%20Africa%20Chapter%2013&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-30. <q>Maltese is the chief exception: Classical or Standard Arabic is irrelevant in the Maltese linguistic community and there is no diglossia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+13%3A+Maltese+Morphology&rft.btitle=Morphologies+of+Asia+and+Africa&rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Eisenbrown&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781575061092&rft.aulast=Hoberman&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgaktTQ8vq28C%26q%3Drobert%2Bd%2Bhoberman%2Bmorphologies%2Bof%2BAsia%2Band%2BAfrica%2BChapter%2B13%26pg%3DPA257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoberman2007" class="citation book cs1">Hoberman, Robert D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gaktTQ8vq28C&q=robert+d+hoberman+morphologies+of+Asia+and+Africa+Chapter+13&pg=PA257">"Chapter 13: Maltese Morphology"</a>. In Kaye, Alan S. (ed.). Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrown. pp. 257–258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575061092" title="Special:BookSources/9781575061092"><bdi>9781575061092</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170930180345/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gaktTQ8vq28C&pg=PA257&lpg=PA257&dq=robert+d+hoberman+morphologies+of+Asia+and+Africa+Chapter+13&source=bl&ots=g5l67Yg1jh&sig=xKG6ccrdQbPeSXvT6yrMBZyjEfI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj4xanIz8zWAhVJb1AKHTcZCmIQ6AEIJjAA#v=onepage&q=robert%20d%20hoberman%20morphologies%20of%20Asia%20and%20Africa%20Chapter%2013&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-30. <q>yet it is in its morphology that Maltese also shows the most elaborate and deeply embedded influence from the Romance languages, Sicilian and Italian, with which it has long been in intimate contact.... As a result Maltese is unique and different from Arabic and other Semitic languages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+13%3A+Maltese+Morphology&rft.btitle=Morphologies+of+Asia+and+Africa&rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=257-258&rft.pub=Eisenbrown&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781575061092&rft.aulast=Hoberman&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgaktTQ8vq28C%26q%3Drobert%2Bd%2Bhoberman%2Bmorphologies%2Bof%2BAsia%2Band%2BAfrica%2BChapter%2B13%26pg%3DPA257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrincat2005">Brincat (2005)</a>: "An analysis of the etymology of the 41,000 words in Aquilina's Maltese-English Dictionary shows that 32.41% are of Arabic origin, 52.46% are from Sicilian and Italian, and 6.12% are from English. Although nowadays we know that all languages are mixed to varying degrees, this is quite an unusual formula. However, the words derived from Arabic are more frequent because they denote the basic ideas and include the function words." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrincat2005-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrincat2005_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrincat2005_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrincat2005_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrincat2005_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrincat2005_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrincat2005_11-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrincat2005_11-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrincat2005_11-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrincat2005_11-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrincat2005_11-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrincat2005_11-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrincat2005">Brincat (2005)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_12-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/european_languages/languages/maltese.shtml">"Languages across Europe – Maltese, Malti"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913054653/http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/european_languages/languages/maltese.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Languages+across+Europe+%E2%80%93+Maltese%2C+Malti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Flanguages%2Feuropean_languages%2Flanguages%2Fmaltese.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fling.auf.net%2Flingbuzz%2F002930%2Fcurrent.pdf&embedded=true&chrome=false&dov=1">"Mutual Intelligibility of Spoken Maltese, Libyan Arabic and Tunisian Arabic Functionally Tested: A Pilot Study"</a>. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011132849/https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fling.auf.net%2Flingbuzz%2F002930%2Fcurrent.pdf&embedded=true&chrome=false&dov=1">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2017. <q>To summarise our findings, we might observe that when it comes to the most basic everyday language, as reflected in our data sets, speakers of Maltese are able to understand less than a third of what is being said to them in either Tunisian or Benghazi Libyan Arabic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mutual+Intelligibility+of+Spoken+Maltese%2C+Libyan+Arabic+and+Tunisian+Arabic+Functionally+Tested%3A+A+Pilot+Study&rft.pages=1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fviewer%3Furl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fling.auf.net%252Flingbuzz%252F002930%252Fcurrent.pdf%26embedded%3Dtrue%26chrome%3Dfalse%26dov%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorgAzzopardi-Alexander1997" class="citation book cs1">Borg, Albert J.; Azzopardi-Alexander, Marie (1997). Maltese. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-02243-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-02243-6"><bdi>0-415-02243-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maltese&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-415-02243-6&rft.aulast=Borg&rft.aufirst=Albert+J.&rft.au=Azzopardi-Alexander%2C+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fling.auf.net%2Flingbuzz%2F002930%2Fcurrent.pdf&embedded=true&chrome=false&dov=1">"Mutual Intelligibility of Spoken Maltese, Libyan Arabic and Tunisian Arabic Functionally Tested: A Pilot Study"</a>. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011132849/https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fling.auf.net%2Flingbuzz%2F002930%2Fcurrent.pdf&embedded=true&chrome=false&dov=1">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2017. <q>Speakers of Tunisian and Libyan Arabic are able to understand about 40% of what is said to them in Maltese.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mutual+Intelligibility+of+Spoken+Maltese%2C+Libyan+Arabic+and+Tunisian+Arabic+Functionally+Tested%3A+A+Pilot+Study&rft.pages=1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fviewer%3Furl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fling.auf.net%252Flingbuzz%252F002930%252Fcurrent.pdf%26embedded%3Dtrue%26chrome%3Dfalse%26dov%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fling.auf.net%2Flingbuzz%2F002930%2Fcurrent.pdf&embedded=true&chrome=false&dov=1">"Mutual Intelligibility of Spoken Maltese, Libyan Arabic and Tunisian Arabic Functionally Tested: A Pilot Study"</a>. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011132849/https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fling.auf.net%2Flingbuzz%2F002930%2Fcurrent.pdf&embedded=true&chrome=false&dov=1">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2017. <q>In comparison, speakers of Libyan Arabic and speakers of Tunisian Arabic understand about two-thirds of what is being said to them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mutual+Intelligibility+of+Spoken+Maltese%2C+Libyan+Arabic+and+Tunisian+Arabic+Functionally+Tested%3A+A+Pilot+Study&rft.pages=1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fviewer%3Furl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fling.auf.net%252Flingbuzz%252F002930%252Fcurrent.pdf%26embedded%3Dtrue%26chrome%3Dfalse%26dov%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vassallohistory.wordpress.com/history-of-the-maltese-language/the-cantilena">The Cantilena</a>. 2013-10-19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208234852/https://vassallohistory.wordpress.com/history-of-the-maltese-language/the-cantilena/">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-12-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cantilena&rft.date=2013-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvassallohistory.wordpress.com%2Fhistory-of-the-maltese-language%2Fthe-cantilena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kunsilltalmalti.gov.mt/eng">Il-Kunsill Nazzjonali tal-Ilsien Malti</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040314/http://www.kunsilltalmalti.gov.mt/eng">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-01-06. <q>Fundamentally, Maltese is a Semitic tongue, the same as Arabic, Aramaic, Hebrew, Phoenician, Carthaginian and Ethiopian. However, unlike other Semitic languages, Maltese is written in the Latin alphabet, but with the addition of special characters to accommodate certain Semitic sounds. Nowadays, however, there is much in the Maltese language today that is not Semitic, due to the immeasurable Romantic influence from our succession of (Southern) European rulers through the ages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il-Kunsill+Nazzjonali+tal-Ilsien+Malti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kunsilltalmalti.gov.mt%2Feng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-harvp|Brincat|2005-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harvp|Brincat|2005_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvp|Brincat|2005_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvp|Brincat|2005_19-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrincat2005">Brincat (2005)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelice2007" class="citation news cs1">Felice, A. E. (5 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/genetic-origin-of-contemporary-maltese.9032">"Genetic origin of contemporary Maltese"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_of_Malta" title="Times of Malta">Times of Malta</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191109022535/https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/genetic-origin-of-contemporary-maltese.9032">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Malta&rft.atitle=Genetic+origin+of+contemporary+Maltese&rft.date=2007-08-05&rft.aulast=Felice&rft.aufirst=A.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofmalta.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2Fgenetic-origin-of-contemporary-maltese.9032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapelli2006" class="citation journal cs1">Capelli, C.; et al. (Mar 2006). "Population structure in the Mediterranean basin: a Y chromosome perspective". <a href="/wiki/Ann._Hum._Genet." class="mw-redirect" title="Ann. Hum. Genet.">Ann. Hum. Genet.</a> 70 (2): 207–225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1529-8817.2005.00224.x">10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00224.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2108%2F37090">2108/37090</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16626331">16626331</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25536759">25536759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ann.+Hum.+Genet.&rft.atitle=Population+structure+in+the+Mediterranean+basin%3A+a+Y+chromosome+perspective&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=207-225&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2108%2F37090&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25536759%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16626331&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1529-8817.2005.00224.x&rft.aulast=Capelli&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Academy-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Academy_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Academy_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Academy_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Academy_22-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL-Akkademja_tal-Malti" class="citation web cs1">L-Akkademja tal-Malti. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://akkademjatalmalti.org/ilsien-malti/l-istorja-tieghu/">"The Maltese Language Academy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923054701/http://www.akkademjatalmalti.com/page.asp?p=9023">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-09-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Maltese+Language+Academy&rft.au=L-Akkademja+tal-Malti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fakkademjatalmalti.org%2Filsien-malti%2Fl-istorja-tieghu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-agius-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-agius_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-agius_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-agius_23-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgius1990" class="citation journal cs1">Agius, D. A. (1990). "Reviewed Work: A Contribution to Arabic Lexical Dialectology by Al-Miklem Malti". Bull. Br. Soc. Middle East. Stud. 17 (2): 171–180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13530199008705515">10.1080/13530199008705515</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/194709">194709</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bull.+Br.+Soc.+Middle+East.+Stud.&rft.atitle=Reviewed+Work%3A+A+Contribution+to+Arabic+Lexical+Dialectology+by+Al-Miklem+Malti&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=171-180&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13530199008705515&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F194709%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Agius&rft.aufirst=D.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassola2012" class="citation journal cs1">Cassola, A. (June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/23994">"Italo-Maltese relations (ca. 1150–1936): people, culture, literature, language"</a>. Mediterr. Rev. 5 (1): 1–20. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2005-0836">2005-0836</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210821001150/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/23994">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-21. Retrieved 2021-08-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediterr.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Italo-Maltese+relations+%28ca.+1150%E2%80%931936%29%3A+people%2C+culture%2C+literature%2C+language&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=2012-06&rft.issn=2005-0836&rft.aulast=Cassola&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.um.edu.mt%2Flibrary%2Foar%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F23994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> "As at the 2006 Australian Census, the number of Australians speaking Maltese at home was 36,514, compared to 41,250 in 2001 and 45,243 in 1996. The 2006 figures represent a drop of 19.29% when compared with the 1996 figures. Given that many of those who speak Maltese at home are over the age of 60, the number of Maltese speakers will invariably go for a nosedive by 2016." Joseph Carmel Chetcuti, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2010-03-02/opinions/why-its-time-to-bury-the-maltese-language-in-australia-271078/">Why It's time to bury the Maltese language in Australia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113165841/http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2010-03-02/opinions/why-its-time-to-bury-the-maltese-language-in-australia-271078/">Archived</a> 2018-11-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Malta Independent, 2 March 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Nigel Mifsud, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tvm.com.mt/en/news/maltas-ambassador-meets-maltese-who-have-lived-their-whole-life-in-tunisia/">Malta's Ambassador meets Maltese who have lived their whole life in Tunisia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113165700/https://www.tvm.com.mt/en/news/maltas-ambassador-meets-maltese-who-have-lived-their-whole-life-in-tunisia/">Archived</a> 2018-11-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, TVM, 13 November 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Merritt_Ruhlen" title="Merritt Ruhlen">Merritt Ruhlen</a>. 1991. A Guide to the World's Languages, Volume 1: Classification. Stanford. David Dalby. 2000. The Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech Communities. Linguasphere Observatory. Gordon, Raymond G., Jr., ed. 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 15th ed. Summer Institute of Linguistics. Alan S. Kaye & Judith Rosenhouse. 1997. "Arabic Dialects and Maltese", The Semitic Languages. Ed. Robert Hetzron. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. Pages 263–311. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg1997-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorg1997_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorg1997">Borg (1997)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVella2004263-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVella2004263_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVella2004">Vella (2004)</a>, p. 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Punic-language">"Punic language"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615054045/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/483501/Punic-language">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Punic+language&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FPunic-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheehan2017" class="citation book cs1">Sheehan, Sean (12 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LRGrRy7S750C&pg=PA80">Malta</a>. Marshall Cavendish. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761409939" title="Special:BookSources/9780761409939"><bdi>9780761409939</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 January 2017 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malta&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2017-01-12&rft.isbn=9780761409939&rft.aulast=Sheehan&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLRGrRy7S750C%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-isser-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isser_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-isser_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-isser_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-isser_32-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-isser_32-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-isser_32-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-isser_32-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-isser_32-7">h</a> Isserlin. Studies in Islamic History and Civilization. BRILL 1986, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-264-014-X" title="Special:BookSources/965-264-014-X">965-264-014-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1996165-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1996165_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHume1996">Hume (1996)</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg1997248-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorg1997248_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorg1997">Borg (1997)</a>, p. 248. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg1997249–250-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorg1997249–250_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorg1997">Borg (1997)</a>, pp. 249–250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg1997251–252-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorg1997251–252_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorg1997">Borg (1997)</a>, pp. 251–252. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg1997255-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorg1997255_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorg1997">Borg (1997)</a>, p. 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg1997254-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorg1997254_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorg1997">Borg (1997)</a>, p. 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg1997247-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorg1997247_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorg1997">Borg (1997)</a>, p. 247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg1997260-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorg1997260_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorg1997">Borg (1997)</a>, p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuech2017" class="citation book cs1">Puech, Gilbert (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/82196652">The Languages of Malta Chapter 2: Loss of emphatic and guttural consonants: From medieval to contemporary Maltese</a>. Language Science Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-96110-070-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-96110-070-5"><bdi>978-3-96110-070-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Languages+of+Malta+Chapter+2%3A+Loss+of+emphatic+and+guttural+consonants%3A+From+medieval+to+contemporary+Maltese&rft.pub=Language+Science+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-96110-070-5&rft.aulast=Puech&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F82196652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aurp-42"><a href="#cite_ref-aurp_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuroux2000" class="citation book cs1">Auroux, Sylvain (2000). History of the language sciences: an international handbook on the evolution of the study of language from the beginnings to the present. Berlin: New York : Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-011103-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-011103-3"><bdi>978-3-11-011103-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+language+sciences%3A+an+international+handbook+on+the+evolution+of+the+study+of+language+from+the+beginnings+to+the+present&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-11-011103-3&rft.aulast=Auroux&rft.aufirst=Sylvain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMifsud1995" class="citation book cs1">Mifsud, Manwel (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fO5kE8BKf7cC">Loan Verbs in Maltese: A Descriptive and Comparative Study</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10091-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10091-6"><bdi>978-90-04-10091-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Loan+Verbs+in+Maltese%3A+A+Descriptive+and+Comparative+Study&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10091-6&rft.aulast=Mifsud&rft.aufirst=Manwel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfO5kE8BKf7cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wordproject.org/bibles/resources/our_father/m/Missierna%20_%20Malta.html">"Missierna : Malta"</a>. www.wordproject.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230825162154/https://www.wordproject.org/bibles/resources/our_father/m/Missierna%20_%20Malta.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-25. Retrieved 2023-08-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wordproject.org&rft.atitle=Missierna+%3A+Malta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wordproject.org%2Fbibles%2Fresources%2Four_father%2Fm%2FMissierna%2520_%2520Malta.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lords-prayer-words.com/lords_prayer_arabic.html">"Arabic Prayer-The Lord's Prayer"</a>. www.lords-prayer-words.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230825162154/https://www.lords-prayer-words.com/lords_prayer_arabic.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-25. Retrieved 2023-08-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lords-prayer-words.com&rft.atitle=Arabic+Prayer-The+Lord%27s+Prayer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lords-prayer-words.com%2Flords_prayer_arabic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://syriacorthodoxresources.org/Liturgy/Common/Abundbashmayo.html">"The Lord's Prayer"</a>. syriacorthodoxresources.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230610084344/https://syriacorthodoxresources.org/Liturgy/Common/Abundbashmayo.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-10. Retrieved 2023-08-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=syriacorthodoxresources.org&rft.atitle=The+Lord%27s+Prayer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsyriacorthodoxresources.org%2FLiturgy%2FCommon%2FAbundbashmayo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriggieri199459-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriggieri199459_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFriggieri1994">Friggieri (1994)</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.translationsmalta.com/page.aspx?pid=22">About Malta</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]; GTS; retrieved on 2008-02-24 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/28326/1/THE%20MALTESE%20AND%20THE%20ARABIC%20DIALECTS.pdf">The Maltese And The Arabic Dialects: Introduction An Approach From Linguistic Georgraphy, by Reinhold Kontzi</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŻammit2000241–245-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŻammit2000241–245_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŻammit2000">Żammit (2000)</a>, pp. 241–245. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Compare with approx. 25–33% of Old English or Germanic words in Modern English. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKayeRosenhouse1997" class="citation book cs1">Kaye, Alan S.; Rosenhouse, Judith (1997). "Arabic Dialects and Maltese". In Hetzron, Robert (ed.). The Semitic Languages. Routledge. pp. 263–311.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arabic+Dialects+and+Maltese&rft.btitle=The+Semitic+Languages&rft.pages=263-311&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Kaye&rft.aufirst=Alan+S.&rft.au=Rosenhouse%2C+Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKossmann201375-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKossmann201375_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKossmann201375_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKossmann201375_56-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKossmann2013">Kossmann 2013</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKossmann201376-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKossmann201376_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKossmann201376_57-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKossmann2013">Kossmann 2013</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHull2019" class="citation web cs1">Hull, Geoffrey (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/52367">"Exploring the Berber element in Maltese"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230826093027/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/52367">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-26. Retrieved 2023-08-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+Berber+element+in+Maltese&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Hull&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.um.edu.mt%2Flibrary%2Foar%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F52367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://utalk.com/en/store/maltese">"Learn Maltese with uTalk"</a>. utalk.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240508144110/https://utalk.com/en/store/maltese">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-08. Retrieved 2024-05-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=utalk.com&rft.atitle=Learn+Maltese+with+uTalk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Futalk.com%2Fen%2Fstore%2Fmaltese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TeachYourselfMalteseJosephAquilina/page/n49/">"Teach Yourself Maltese Joseph Aquilina"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Teach+Yourself+Maltese+Joseph+Aquilina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTeachYourselfMalteseJosephAquilina%2Fpage%2Fn49%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/minerva/html/dok/malta.doc">"Country report for MINERVA Plus in 2005"</a>. 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Times of Malta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323233339/https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/Maltese-language-hardly-used-on-the-internet.365554">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-23. Retrieved 2023-03-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Malta&rft.atitle=Maltese+language+hardly+used+on+the+internet&rft.date=2011-05-16&rft.aulast=Camilleri&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofmalta.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2FMaltese-language-hardly-used-on-the-internet.365554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAquilina1965" class="citation book cs1">Aquilina, Joseph (1965). Teach Yourself Maltese. English University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teach+Yourself+Maltese&rft.pub=English+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Aquilina&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzzopardi2007" class="citation book cs1">Azzopardi, C. (2007). Gwida għall-Ortografija. Malta: Klabb Kotba Maltin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gwida+g%C4%A7all-Ortografija&rft.place=Malta&rft.pub=Klabb+Kotba+Maltin&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Azzopardi&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorg1997" class="citation book cs1">Borg, Alexander (1997). "Maltese Phonology". In Kaye, Alan S. (ed.). Phonologies of Asia and Africa. Vol. 1. Eisenbrauns. pp. 245–285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575060194" title="Special:BookSources/9781575060194"><bdi>9781575060194</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maltese+Phonology&rft.btitle=Phonologies+of+Asia+and+Africa&rft.pages=245-285&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781575060194&rft.aulast=Borg&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorgAzzopardi-Alexander1997" class="citation book cs1">Borg, Albert J.; Azzopardi-Alexander, Marie (1997). Maltese. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-02243-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-02243-9"><bdi>978-0-415-02243-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maltese&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-02243-9&rft.aulast=Borg&rft.aufirst=Albert+J.&rft.au=Azzopardi-Alexander%2C+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrincat2005" class="citation journal cs1">Brincat, Joseph M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://macmillandictionaries.com/MED-Magazine/February2005/27-LI-Maltese.htm">"Maltese – an unusual formula"</a>. MED Magazine (27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050905023705/http://www.macmillandictionary.com/med-magazine/February2005/27-LI-Maltese.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2005. Retrieved 22 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MED+Magazine&rft.atitle=Maltese+%E2%80%93+an+unusual+formula&rft.issue=27&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Brincat&rft.aufirst=Joseph+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmacmillandictionaries.com%2FMED-Magazine%2FFebruary2005%2F27-LI-Maltese.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bugeja, Kaptan Pawlu, Kelmet il-Malti (Maltese—English, English—Maltese Dictionary). Associated News Group, Floriana. 1999.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriggieri1994" class="citation journal cs1">Friggieri, Oliver (1994). "Main Trends in the History of Maltese Literature". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neohelicon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neohelicon (page does not exist)">Neohelicon</a>. 21 (2): 59–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02093244">10.1007/BF02093244</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144795860">144795860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neohelicon&rft.atitle=Main+Trends+in+the+History+of+Maltese+Literature&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=59-69&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02093244&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144795860%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Friggieri&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume1996" class="citation journal cs1">Hume, Elizabeth (1996). "Coronal Consonant, Front Vowel Parallels in Maltese". <a href="/wiki/Natural_Language_%26_Linguistic_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural Language & Linguistic Theory">Natural Language & Linguistic Theory</a>. 14 (1): 163–203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00133405">10.1007/bf00133405</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170703136">170703136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natural+Language+%26+Linguistic+Theory&rft.atitle=Coronal+Consonant%2C+Front+Vowel+Parallels+in+Maltese&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=163-203&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00133405&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170703136%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKossmann2013" class="citation book cs1">Kossmann, Maarten (2013). The Arabic Influence on Northern Berber. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004253094" title="Special:BookSources/9789004253094"><bdi>9789004253094</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabic+Influence+on+Northern+Berber&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789004253094&rft.aulast=Kossmann&rft.aufirst=Maarten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMifsudA._J._Borg1997" class="citation book cs1">Mifsud, M.; A. J. Borg (1997). Fuq l-għatba tal-Malti. Strasbourg: <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fuq+l-g%C4%A7atba+tal-Malti&rft.place=Strasbourg&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Mifsud&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=A.+J.+Borg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVassalli1827" class="citation book cs1">Vassalli, Michelantonio (1827). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grammaticadella00vassgoog">Grammatica della lingua Maltese</a>. Stampata per l'autore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammatica+della+lingua+Maltese&rft.pub=Stampata+per+l%27autore&rft.date=1827&rft.aulast=Vassalli&rft.aufirst=Michelantonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrammaticadella00vassgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVella2004" class="citation book cs1">Vella, Alexandra (2004). "Language contact and Maltese intonation: Some parallels with other language varieties". In Kurt Braunmüller and Gisella Ferraresi (ed.). Aspects of Multilingualism in European Language History. Hamburg Studies on Multiculturalism. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-1922-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-1922-0"><bdi>978-90-272-1922-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language+contact+and+Maltese+intonation%3A+Some+parallels+with+other+language+varieties&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Multilingualism+in+European+Language+History&rft.series=Hamburg+Studies+on+Multiculturalism&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-272-1922-0&rft.aulast=Vella&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŻammit2000" class="citation book cs1">Żammit, Martin (2000). "Arabic and Maltese Cognate Roots". In Mifsud, Manwel (ed.). Proceedings of the Third International Conference of Aida. Malta: Association Internationale de Dialectologie Arabe. pp. 241–245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99932-0-044-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-99932-0-044-4"><bdi>978-99932-0-044-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arabic+and+Maltese+Cognate+Roots&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Third+International+Conference+of+Aida&rft.place=Malta&rft.pages=241-245&rft.pub=Association+Internationale+de+Dialectologie+Arabe&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-99932-0-044-4&rft.aulast=%C5%BBammit&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaltese+language" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>(it) Giovan Pietro Francesco Agius de Soldanis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FviLm_AB_AoC">Della lingua punica presentemente usata da maltesi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430040527/https://books.google.com/books?id=FviLm_AB_AoC">Archived</a> 2023-04-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, per Generoso Salomoni alla Piazza di S. Ignazio. Si vendono in Malta, 1750</li> <li>(it) Antonio Emanuele Caruana, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QnFGatQjpccC">Sull'origine della Lingua Maltese</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412070833/https://books.google.com/books?id=QnFGatQjpccC">Archived</a> 2023-04-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Malta, Tipografia C. Busuttil, 1896</li> <li>(it) Giovanni Battista Falzon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oG49AQAAMAAJ">Dizionario Maltese-Italiano-Inglese</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412070833/https://books.google.com/books?id=oG49AQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> 2023-04-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, G. Muscat, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ec4NAAAAQAAJ">1845 (1 ed.)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404120627/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ec4NAAAAQAAJ">Archived</a> 2023-04-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1882 (2 ed.)</li> <li>(it) Giuseppe Nicola Letard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ed8OAAAAQAAJ">Nuova guida alla conversazione italiana, inglese e maltese ad uso delle scuole</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430040601/https://books.google.com/books?id=ed8OAAAAQAAJ">Archived</a> 2023-04-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Malta, 1866–75</li> <li>(it) Fortunato Panzavecchia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grammaticadella01panzgoog">Grammatica della Lingua Maltese</a>, M. Weiss, Malta, 1845</li> <li>(it) Michele Antonio Vassalli, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grammaticadella00vassgoog">Grammatica della lingua Maltese</a>, 2 ed., Malta, 1827</li> <li>(it) Michele Antonio Vassalli, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uO1LAAAAcAAJ">Lexicon Melitense-Latino-Italum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412070834/https://books.google.com/books?id=uO1LAAAAcAAJ">Archived</a> 2023-04-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Roma, Fulgonius, 1796</li> <li>(it) Francesco Vella, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hLYNAAAAQAAJ">Osservazioni sull'alfabeto maltese</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430040600/https://books.google.com/books?id=hLYNAAAAQAAJ">Archived</a> 2023-04-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1840</li> <li>(it) Francesca Morando, Il-lingwa Maltija. Origine, storia, comparazione linguistica e aspetti morfologici, Prefazione di Joseph M. Brincat, Palermo, Edizioni La Zisa, 2017, ISBN 978-88-9911-339-1</li> <li>(en) S. Mamo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DcwNAAAAQAAJ">English-Maltese Dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430040602/https://books.google.com/books?id=DcwNAAAAQAAJ">Archived</a> 2023-04-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Malta, A. Aquilina, 1885</li> <li>(en) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M-k9AAAAYAAJ">A Short Grammar of the Maltese Language</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412070836/https://books.google.com/books?id=M-k9AAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> 2023-04-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Malta, 1845</li> <li>(en) C. F. Schlienz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DcwNAAAAQAAJ">Views on the Improvement of the Maltese Language</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430040602/https://books.google.com/books?id=DcwNAAAAQAAJ">Archived</a> 2023-04-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Malta, 1838</li> <li>(en) Francesco Vella, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9eI9AAAAYAAJ">Maltese Grammar for the Use of the English</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412070835/https://books.google.com/books?id=9eI9AAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> 2023-04-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Glaucus Masi, Leghorn, 1831</li> <li>(en) Francesco Vella, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JgmIXQP58ccC">Dizionario portatile delle lingue Maltese Italiana, Inglese. pt. 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430040604/https://books.google.com/books?id=JgmIXQP58ccC">Archived</a> 2023-04-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Livorno, 1843</li> <li>(en) Joseph Aquilina, Teach Yourself Maltese, English University Press, 1965</li> <li>(en) Geoffrey Hull, The Malta Language Question: A Case Study in Cultural Imperialism, Said International, Valletta, 1993</li> <li>(mt) Vicenzo Busuttil, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DiziunariuMillMaltiGhallInglis/page/n5/mode/2up">Diziunariu mill Inglis ghall Malti</a>, 2 parts, N. C. Cortis & Sons, Malta, 1900</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="mt:"> Maltese edition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to Maltese language, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Maltese_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Maltese language">Maltese language category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic_language" title="Template:Arabic language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic_language" title="Template talk:Arabic language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arabic_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> language</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabic_alphabet" title="History of the Arabic alphabet">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages" title="Influence of Arabic on other languages">Influence on other languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Eastern numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Diacritics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#I‘jām_(phonetic_distinctions_of_consonants)" title="Arabic diacritics">i‘jām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#Tashkil_(marks_used_as_phonetic_guides)" title="Arabic diacritics">Tashkil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#Harakat_(short_vowel_marks)" title="Arabic diacritics">Harakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunation" title="Nunation">Nunation</a> (tanwin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddah" title="Shaddah">Shaddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagger_alif" title="Dagger alif">Dagger alif</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_alphabet" title="Maltese alphabet">Maltese alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph#Arabic_ʼAlif" title="Aleph">ʾAlif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)#Arabic_bāʾ" title="Bet (letter)">Bāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taw#Arabic_tāʾ" title="Taw">Tāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AE%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ṯāʾ">Ṯāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimel#Arabic_ǧīm" title="Gimel">Ǧīm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth#Arabic_ḥāʾ" title="Heth">Ḥāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AA%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ḫāʾ">Ḫāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet#Arabic_dāl" title="Dalet">Dāl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8E%C4%81l" title="Ḏāl">Ḏāl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resh#Arabic_rāʼ" title="Resh">Rāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">Zāy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Arabic_sīn" title="Shin (letter)">Sīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Arabic_shīn" title="Shin (letter)">Šīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsade#Arabic_Ṣād" title="Tsade">Ṣād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8C%C4%81d" title="Ḍād">Ḍād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teth#Arabic_Ṭāʾ" title="Teth">Ṭāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%92%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ẓāʾ">Ẓāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin#Arabic_ʿAyn" title="Ayin">ʿAyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghayn" title="Ghayn">Ġayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Fāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoph#Arabic_qāf" title="Qoph">Qāf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaph#Arabic_kāf" title="Kaph">Kāf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamedh#Arabic_lām" title="Lamedh">Lām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem#Arabic_mīm" title="Mem">Mīm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)#Arabic_nūn" title="Nun (letter)">Nūn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)#Arabic_hāʾ" title="He (letter)">Hāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)#Arabic_wāw" title="Waw (letter)">Wāw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodh#Arabic_yāʾ" title="Yodh">Yāʾ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Arabic_language" title="Proto-Arabic language">Proto-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Arabic" title="Nabataean Arabic">Nabataean Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic">Old Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hijazi_Arabic" title="Old Hijazi Arabic">Old Hijazi Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-classical_Arabic" title="Pre-classical Arabic">Pre-classical Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern spoken</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Hilalian_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Arabic dialects">Pre-Hilalian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Arabic" title="Andalusi Arabic">Andalusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maltese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltralian" title="Maltralian">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottonera_dialect" title="Cottonera dialect">Cottenera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozitan_dialects" title="Gozitan dialects">Gozitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qormi_dialect" title="Qormi dialect">Qormi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBejtun_dialect" title="Żejtun dialect">Żejtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurrieq_dialect" title="Zurrieq dialect">Żurrieqi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Hilalian_Urban_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Urban Arabic dialects">Urban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Tunis" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunis</a> (North-Eastern Tunisian)</li></ul></li> <li>Village <ul><li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Sahil" title="Tunisian Arabic">Sahili</a> (Sahel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Sfax" title="Tunisian Arabic">Sfaxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jijel_Arabic" title="Jijel Arabic">Jijel</a> (Lesser Kabylia)</li></ul></li> <li>Western <ul><li>Traras-Msirda</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebli_Arabic" title="Jebli Arabic">Jebli</a> (Mountain)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Judeo-Maghrebi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hilalian_dialects" title="Hilalian dialects">Hilalian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Central Hilal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Arabic" title="Algerian Arabic">Algerian koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Algerian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Algerian Arabic">Judeo-Algerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Saharan_Arabic" title="Algerian Saharan Arabic">Algerian Saharan</a></li> <li>Eastern Algerian</li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Hilal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian koiné</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maqil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fessi_dialect" title="Fessi dialect">Fessi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nemadi_dialect" title="Nemadi dialect">Nemadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Morocco_Arabic" title="Eastern Morocco Arabic">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Morocco_Arabic" title="Western Morocco Arabic">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Algerian_Arabic" title="Western Algerian Arabic">Western Algerian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sulaym <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arabic" title="Libyan Arabic">Libyan koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Egyptian_Bedawi_Arabic" title="Western Egyptian Bedawi Arabic">Western Egyptian Bedawi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nile Valley</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%CA%BDidi_Arabic" title="Saʽidi Arabic">Saʽidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Arabic" title="Sudanese Arabic">Sudanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Levantine_Arabic" title="North Levantine Arabic">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_Arabic" title="Cilician Arabic">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arabic" title="Syrian Arabic">Syrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Arabic" title="Aleppo Arabic">Aleppine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Arabic" title="Damascus Arabic">Damascene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Levantine_Arabic" title="South Levantine Arabic">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arabic" title="Jordanian Arabic">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Palestinian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gilit_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Gilit Mesopotamian Arabic">Gilit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Arabic" title="Baghdadi Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzestani_Arabic" title="Khuzestani Arabic">Khuzestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawi_Arabic" title="Shawi Arabic">Shawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="South Mesopotamian Arabic">South</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="North Mesopotamian Arabic">North</a> (Qeltu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Arabic" title="Anatolian Arabic">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Arabic" title="Cypriot Arabic">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judeo-Iraqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Arabic" title="Peninsular Arabic">Peninsular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrani_Arabic" title="Bahrani Arabic">Bahrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareqi_Arabic" title="Bareqi Arabic">Bareqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Arabian_Arabic" title="Northwest Arabian Arabic">Bedawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofari_Arabic" title="Dhofari Arabic">Dhofari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_Gulf_Arabic" title="Bahraini Gulf Arabic">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Arabic" title="Emirati Arabic">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Arabic" title="Kuwaiti Arabic">Kuwaiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Hejazi Arabic">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdi_Arabic" title="Najdi Arabic">Najdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Arabic" title="Omani Arabic">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihhi_Arabic" title="Shihhi Arabic">Shihhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Arabic" title="Yemeni Arabic">Yemeni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadhrami_Arabic" title="Hadhrami Arabic">Hadhrami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San%CA%BDani_Arabic" title="Sanʽani Arabic">Sanʽani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%CA%BDizzi-Adeni_Arabic" title="Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic">Taʽizzi-Adeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tihamiyya_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tihamiyya Arabic">Tihami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Arabic" title="Central Asian Arabic">Central Asian</a> <ul><li>Bakhtiari</li> <li>Bukhara</li> <li>Kashkadarya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Arabic" title="Khorasani Arabic">Khorasani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirvani_Arabic" title="Shirvani Arabic">Shirvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Arabic" title="Chadian Arabic">Chadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Arabic">Nigerian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin_Arabic" title="Bedouin Arabic">Bedouin Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judeo-Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Algerian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Algerian Arabic">Judeo-Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Egyptian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Egyptian Arabic">Judeo-Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judeo-Iraqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a> <ul><li>Kjal</li> <li>Wqal</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a> <ul><li>Tunisene</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a> <ul><li>Adeni</li> <li>Beda</li> <li>Habban</li> <li>Sanʽani</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic-based_creole_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic-based creole languages">Creoles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pidgin_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin Arabic">pidgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bimbashi_Arabic" title="Bimbashi Arabic">Bimbashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Pidgin_Arabic" title="Gulf Pidgin Arabic">Gulf Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Bengali_Pidgin_Arabic" title="Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic">Jordanian Bengali Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juba_Arabic" title="Juba Arabic">Juba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maridi_Arabic" title="Maridi Arabic">Maridi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubi_language" title="Nubi language">Nubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin_madam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin madam">Pidgin madam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turku_Arabic" title="Turku Arabic">Turku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongor_Arabic" title="Bongor Arabic">Bongor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Phonology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_and_moon_letters" title="Sun and moon letters">Sun and moon letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajwid" title="Tajwid">Tajwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Im%C4%81la" title="Imāla">Imāla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BEI%CA%BFrab" title="ʾIʿrab">ʾIʿrāb (case)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Triliteral root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_Arabic_Corpus" title="Quranic Arabic Corpus">Quranic Arabic Corpus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Script</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajami_script" title="Ajami script">Ajami script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijazi_script" title="Hijazi script">Hijazi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeli_Thuluth" title="Jeli Thuluth">Jeli Thuluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kairouani_calligraphy" title="Kairouani calligraphy">Kairouani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_script" title="Maghrebi script">Maghrebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashq" title="Mashq">Mashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh (script)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm" title="Rasm">Rasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruq%CA%BFah_script" title="Ruqʿah script">Ruqʿah script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini (script)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliq_script" title="Taliq script">Taliq script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawqi" title="Tawqi">Tawqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_keyboard" title="Arabic keyboard">Arabic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script_in_Unicode" title="Arabic script in Unicode">Arabic script in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">ISO/IEC 8859-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1256" title="Windows-1256">Windows-1256</a></li> <li>MS-DOS codepages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_708" title="Code page 708">708</a></li> <li>709</li> <li>710</li> <li>711</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_720" title="Code page 720">720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_864" title="Code page 864">864</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArabic_encoding" title="MacArabic encoding">MacArabic encoding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Islam and Arabic language</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_language" title="Category:Arabic language">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Semitic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Semitic_languages" title="Template:Semitic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Semitic_languages" title="Template talk:Semitic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Semitic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Semitic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Semitic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Semitic_languages" title="East Semitic languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Semitic_languages" title="Central Semitic languages">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Semitic_languages" title="South Semitic languages">South</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Semitic_languages" title="East Semitic languages">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaano-Akkadian_language" title="Canaano-Akkadian language">Canaano-Akkadian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilmun#People,_language_and_religion" title="Dilmun">Dilmunite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Eblaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishite_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kishite language">Kishite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Semitic_languages" title="Central Semitic languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Arabic_language" title="Proto-Arabic language">Proto-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic">Old Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadanitic" title="Dadanitic">Dadanitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian#Dumaitic" title="Ancient North Arabian">Dumaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasaitic" title="Hasaitic">Hasaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hismaic" title="Hismaic">Hismaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safaitic#Language" title="Safaitic">Safaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamudic" title="Thamudic">Thamudic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Arabic" title="Nabataean Arabic">Nabataean Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-classical_Arabic" title="Pre-classical Arabic">Pre-classical Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Dialect groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Siculo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maltese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Arabic" title="Peninsular Arabic">Peninsular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Semitic_languages" title="Northwest Semitic languages">Northwest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Aramaic" title="Old Aramaic">Old Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic" title="Imperial Aramaic">Imperial Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic#Middle_Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Middle Aramaic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialect groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armazic_language" title="Armazic language">Armazic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic_languages" title="Eastern Aramaic languages">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_Aramaic" title="Hatran Aramaic">Ashurian and Hatran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Jewish Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Aramaic_languages" title="Western Aramaic languages">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Aramaic" title="Lebanese Aramaic">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Aramaic" title="Nabataean Aramaic">Nabataean</a></li> <li>Palestinian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Christian Palestinian Aramaic">Christian Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Jewish Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan Aramaic language">Samaritan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Aramaic" title="Palmyrene Aramaic">Palmyrene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Neo- Aramaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Neo-Aramaic" title="Central Neo-Aramaic">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mla%E1%B8%A5s%C3%B4_language" title="Mlaḥsô language">Mlaḥsô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turoyo_language" title="Turoyo language">Turoyo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Mandaic" title="Neo-Mandaic">Neo-Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Neo-Aramaic" title="Northeastern Neo-Aramaic">Northeastern</a> <ul><li>Christian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barwar" title="Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barwar">Barwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Bohtan" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan">Bohtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Hertevin" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Hertevin">Hértevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koy_Sanjaq_Christian_Neo-Aramaic" title="Koy Sanjaq Christian Neo-Aramaic">Koy Sanjaq Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Qaraqosh" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Qaraqosh">Qaraqosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Senaya" title="Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Senaya">Senaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Suret</a> <ul><li>Assyrian</li> <li>Chaldean</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Urmia Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Inter-Zab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Koy_Sanjaq" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Koy Sanjaq">Koy Sanjaq Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanandaj_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Sanandaj Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Sanandaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Trans-Zab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Urmia Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Zakho</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Neo-Aramaic" title="Western Neo-Aramaic">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_languages" title="Canaanite languages">Canaanite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonite_language" title="Ammonite language">Ammonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edomite_language" title="Edomite language">Edomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israelian_Hebrew" title="Israelian Hebrew">northern dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moabite_language" title="Moabite language">Moabite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amorite_language" title="Amorite language">Amorite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic" title="Ugaritic">Ugaritic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Alla_inscription#Language" title="Deir Alla inscription">South Gileadite</a> (Deir Alla)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taymanitic" title="Taymanitic">Taymanitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samalian_language" title="Samalian language">Samalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutean_language" title="Sutean language">Sutean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Semitic_languages" title="South Semitic languages">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Semitic">Southeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%E1%B9%AD%E1%B8%A5ari_language" title="Baṭḥari language">Baṭḥari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4arsusi_language" title="Ḥarsusi language">Ḥarsusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoby%C3%B3t_language" title="Hobyót language">Hobyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehri_language" title="Mehri language">Mehri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehri_language" title="Shehri language">Shehri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soqotri_language" title="Soqotri language">Soqotri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southwest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abyssinian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Abyssinian languages">Abyssinian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahalik_language" title="Dahalik language">Dahalik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigre_language" title="Tigre language">Tigre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trans- versal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a>–<a href="/wiki/Argobba_language" title="Argobba language">Argobba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harari_language" title="Harari language">Harari</a>–<a href="/wiki/Gurage_people" title="Gurage people">East Gurage</a> <ul><li>East Gurage <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silt%CA%BCe_language" title="Siltʼe language">Siltʼe</a> <ul><li>Inneqor</li> <li>Ulbare</li> <li>Wolane</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zay_language" title="Zay language">Zay</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>N-group <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gafat_language" title="Gafat language">Gafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soddo_language" title="Soddo language">Soddo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tt-group <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesmes_language" title="Mesmes language">Mesmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muher_language" title="Muher language">Muher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurage_people" title="Gurage people">West Gurage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inor_language" title="Inor language">Inor</a> <ul><li>Endegen</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesqan_language" title="Mesqan language">Mesqan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebat_Bet_Gurage_language" title="Sebat Bet Gurage language">Sebat Bet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaha_language" title="Chaha language">Chaha</a></li> <li>Ezha</li> <li>Gumer</li> <li>Gura</li> <li>Gyeto</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite languages">Yemenite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faifi_language" title="Faifi language">Faifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadramautic_language" title="Hadramautic language">Hadramautic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaean_language" title="Minaean language">Minaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatabanian_language" title="Qatabanian language">Qatabanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rijal_Alma_(speech_variety)" title="Rijal Alma (speech variety)">Rijal Alma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razihi_language" title="Razihi language">Razihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabaic" title="Sabaic">Sabaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himyaritic_language" title="Himyaritic language">Himyaritic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a> or historical languages.</li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dialects_and_accents_of_Maltese" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maltese_dialects" title="Template:Maltese dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maltese_dialects" title="Template talk:Maltese dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maltese_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maltese dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dialects_and_accents_of_Maltese" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dialects and accents of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maltese</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Localized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cottonera_dialect" title="Cottonera dialect">Cottonera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBejtun_dialect" title="Żejtun dialect">Żejtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qormi_dialect" title="Qormi dialect">Qormi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_Central_Maltese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rural Central Maltese (page does not exist)">Rural Central</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_West_Maltese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rural West Maltese (page does not exist)">Rural West</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_East_Maltese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rural East Maltese (page does not exist)">Rural East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozitan_dialects" title="Gozitan dialects">Gozitan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imgarri_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imgarri dialect (page does not exist)">Mġarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurrieq_dialect" title="Zurrieq dialect">Żurrieq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-localized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltralian" title="Maltralian">Maltralian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltenglish" title="Maltenglish">Maltenglish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Sicily" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Sicily" title="Template:Languages of Sicily"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Sicily" title="Template talk:Languages of Sicily"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Sicily" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Sicily"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Sicily" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Languages of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymian_language" title="Elymian language">Elymian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norman" title="Old Norman">Old Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicani" title="Sicani">Sicani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siculian" title="Siculian">Siculian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Siculo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Italian_Koin%C3%A9" title="Southern Italian Koiné">Southern Italian Koiné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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