CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Bicameralism - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ce720b45-85e0-4105-b3e3-f4af5a5f8304","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Bicameralism","wgTitle":"Bicameralism","wgCurRevisionId":1259524975,"wgRevisionId":1259524975,"wgArticleId":204299,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with French-language sources (fr)","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Serbian-language sources (sr)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles lacking in-text citations from August 2024","All articles lacking in-text citations","Use dmy dates from May 2022","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007", "All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021","Articles containing Irish-language text","Articles containing Spanish-language text","Articles containing Swedish-language text","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from October 2023","Articles with permanently dead external links","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Bicameral legislatures","Forms of government","Administrative theory"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Bicameralism","wgRelevantArticleId":204299,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode" :"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q189445","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Bicameralism - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralism"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralism"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Bicameralism rootpage-Bicameralism skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Bicameralism" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Bicameralism" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Bicameralism" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Bicameralism" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_bicameral_legislatures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_bicameral_legislatures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History of bicameral legislatures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_bicameral_legislatures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rationale_for_bicameralism_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rationale_for_bicameralism_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rationale for bicameralism and criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rationale_for_bicameralism_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication_between_houses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication_between_houses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Communication between houses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication_between_houses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_bicameralism_at_the_national_level" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_bicameralism_at_the_national_level"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Examples of bicameralism at the national level</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples_of_bicameralism_at_the_national_level-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples of bicameralism at the national level subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_bicameralism_at_the_national_level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Federal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aristocratic_and_post-aristocratic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aristocratic_and_post-aristocratic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Aristocratic and post-aristocratic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aristocratic_and_post-aristocratic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-House_of_Lords_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Lords_of_the_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>House of Lords of the United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Lords_of_the_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan's_former_House_of_Peers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan's_former_House_of_Peers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Japan's former House of Peers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan's_former_House_of_Peers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unitary_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unitary_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Unitary states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unitary_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italian_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Italian Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indirectly_elected_Upper_Houses_(France,_Ireland,_Netherlands)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indirectly_elected_Upper_Houses_(France,_Ireland,_Netherlands)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Indirectly elected Upper Houses (France, Ireland, Netherlands)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indirectly_elected_Upper_Houses_(France,_Ireland,_Netherlands)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semi-bicameral_(Hong_Kong,_Northern_Ireland;_earlier_in_Norway,_the_Netherlands)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semi-bicameral_(Hong_Kong,_Northern_Ireland;_earlier_in_Norway,_the_Netherlands)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Semi-bicameral (Hong Kong, Northern Ireland; earlier in Norway, the Netherlands)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semi-bicameral_(Hong_Kong,_Northern_Ireland;_earlier_in_Norway,_the_Netherlands)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_bicameralism_in_subnational_entities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_bicameralism_in_subnational_entities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Examples of bicameralism in subnational entities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples_of_bicameralism_in_subnational_entities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples of bicameralism in subnational entities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_bicameralism_in_subnational_entities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Bosnia and Herzegovina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Historical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reform</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reform-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reform subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arab_political_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_political_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Arab political reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_political_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ivory_Coast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ivory_Coast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Ivory Coast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ivory_Coast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Current</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Federal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unitary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unitary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Unitary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unitary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Territorial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_parliaments_with_limited_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_parliaments_with_limited_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>State parliaments with limited recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_parliaments_with_limited_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Historical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bicameralism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="برلمان من مجلسين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برلمان من مجلسين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralismu" title="Bicameralismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bicameralismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ki_palatal%C4%B1_parlament" title="İki palatalı parlament – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İki palatalı parlament" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE" title="দ্বিকক্ষ আইনসভা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্বিকক্ষ আইনসভা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Двухпалатны парламент – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Двухпалатны парламент" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvodomni_sistem" title="Dvodomni sistem – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dvodomni sistem" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralitat" title="Bicameralitat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bicameralitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikameralismus" title="Bikameralismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bikameralismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwysiambraeth" title="Dwysiambraeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dwysiambraeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokammersystem" title="Tokammersystem – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tokammersystem" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweikammersystem" title="Zweikammersystem – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zweikammersystem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahekojalisus" title="Kahekojalisus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kahekojalisus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralidad" title="Bicameralidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bicameralidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C4%89ambra_parlamento" title="Duĉambra parlamento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Duĉambra parlamento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganbera-bitasun" title="Ganbera-bitasun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ganbera-bitasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="دومجلسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دومجلسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicam%C3%A9risme" title="Bicamérisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bicamérisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralismo" title="Bicameralismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bicameralismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%9B%90%EC%A0%9C" title="양원제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="양원제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="द्विसदनपद्धति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="द्विसदनपद्धति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_dua_kamar" title="Sistem dua kamar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sistem dua kamar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralismo" title="Bicameralismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bicameralismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%95-%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%99" title="בית מחוקקים דו-ביתי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בית מחוקקים דו-ביתי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ორპალატიანი სისტემა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ორპალატიანი სისტემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5" title="Екі палаталы жүйе – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Екі палаталы жүйе" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweekummersystem" title="Zweekummersystem – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zweekummersystem" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvej%C5%B3_r%C5%ABm%C5%B3_parlamentas" title="Dvejų rūmų parlamentas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dvejų rūmų parlamentas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bicameralism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Дводомен парламент – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дводомен парламент" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%B2_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AD" title="ദ്വിമണ്ഡല സഭ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദ്വിമണ്ഡല സഭ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ჟირპალატამი პარლამენტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჟირპალატამი პარლამენტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwidewan" title="Dwidewan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dwidewan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%BE%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="လွှတ်တော်နှစ်ရပ်စနစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လွှတ်တော်နှစ်ရပ်စနစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweekamerstelsel" title="Tweekamerstelsel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tweekamerstelsel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="द्विसदनपद्धति – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="द्विसदनपद्धति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%A1%E9%99%A2%E5%88%B6" title="両院制 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="両院制" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokammersystem" title="Tokammersystem – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tokammersystem" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokammersystem" title="Tokammersystem – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tokammersystem" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicamerisme" title="Bicamerisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bicamerisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="دو ایوانیت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دو ایوانیت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikameralizm" title="Bikameralizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bikameralizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralismo" title="Bicameralismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bicameralismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bicameralism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Двухпалатный парламент – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Двухпалатный парламент" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dydhom%C3%ABsia" title="Dydhomësia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dydhomësia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameral" title="Bicameral – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bicameral" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Дводомни систем – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дводомни систем" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaksikamarij%C3%A4rjestelm%C3%A4" title="Kaksikamarijärjestelmä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaksikamarijärjestelmä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tv%C3%A5kammarsystem" title="Tvåkammarsystem – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tvåkammarsystem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="ஈரவை முறைமை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஈரவை முறைமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2" title="ระบบสองสภา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบสองสภา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ift_meclislilik" title="Çift meclislilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çift meclislilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Двопалатний парламент – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Двопалатний парламент" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="دو ایوانیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دو ایوانیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%BF_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A1ng_vi%E1%BB%87n" title="Chế độ lưỡng viện – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chế độ lưỡng viện" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E9%99%A2%E5%88%B6" title="兩院制 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="兩院制" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E9%99%A2%E5%88%B6" title="兩院制 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="兩院制" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistim_pangk%C3%A8ng_dua" title="Sistim pangkèng dua – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Sistim pangkèng dua" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q189445#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Bicameralism" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bicameralism"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bicameralism"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Bicameralism" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Bicameralism" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&oldid=1259524975" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Bicameralism&id=1259524975&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBicameralism"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBicameralism"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Bicameralism&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bicameral_legislatures" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q189445" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Legislature with two chambers</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a form of legislature. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bicameralism (disambiguation)">Bicameralism (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Legislative_chamber" title="Legislative chamber">Chambers</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">Unicameralism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bicameralism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tricameralism" title="Tricameralism">Tricameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicameralism" title="Multicameralism">Multicameralism</a></li></ul> <div style="padding-top:0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senate" title="Senate">Senate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">Parliament</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_group" title="Parliamentary group">Parliamentary group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_(politics)" title="Speaker (politics)">Speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_leader" title="Parliamentary leader">Parliamentary leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_parliament" title="Member of parliament">Member of parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">Whip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_(legislature)" title="Clerk (legislature)">Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_parliament" title="International parliament">International parliament</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_procedure" title="Parliamentary procedure">Parliamentary procedure</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee" title="Committee">Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorum" title="Quorum">Quorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_(parliamentary_procedure)" title="Motion (parliamentary procedure)">Motion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">no-confidence</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_meeting" title="Mass meeting">Mass meeting</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress" title="Congress">Congress</a> (<a href="/wiki/Member_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Congress">Member of Congress</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council" title="Municipal council">Municipal council</a> (<a href="/wiki/Councillor" title="Councillor">Councillor</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Estates" title="The Estates">The Estates</a> (States-General)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_legislatures_by_country" title="List of legislatures by country">Legislatures by country</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Legislature" title="Template:Legislature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Legislature" title="Template talk:Legislature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Legislature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Legislature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bicameralism</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a> that is divided into two separate <a href="/wiki/Deliberative_assembly" title="Deliberative assembly">assemblies</a>, chambers, or houses, known as a <b>bicameral legislature</b>. Bicameralism is distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameralism</a>, in which all members deliberate and vote as a single group. As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, roughly 40% of the world's national legislatures are bicameral, while unicameralism represents 60% nationally and much more at the subnational level.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Often, the members of the two chambers are elected or selected by different methods, which vary from <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction_(area)" title="Jurisdiction (area)">jurisdiction</a> to jurisdiction. This can often lead to the two chambers having very different compositions of members. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Enactment_of_a_bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Enactment of a bill">Enactment</a> of <a href="/wiki/Primary_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary legislation">primary legislation</a> often requires a <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_majority" title="Concurrent majority">concurrent majority</a>—the approval of a majority of members in each of the chambers of the legislature. When this is the case, the legislature may be called an example of <b>perfect bicameralism</b>. However, in many parliamentary and semi-presidential systems, the house to which the executive is <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">UK</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a> of <a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">France</a>) can overrule the other house (e.g. <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> of the UK and <a href="/wiki/Senate_(France)" title="Senate (France)">Senate</a> of France) and may be regarded as an example of <b>imperfect bicameralism</b>. Some legislatures lie in between these two positions, with one house able to overrule the other only under certain circumstances. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_bicameral_legislatures">History of bicameral legislatures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of bicameral legislatures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casas_del_Parlamento._Palacio_de_Westminster_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Casas_del_Parlamento._Palacio_de_Westminster_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Casas_del_Parlamento._Palacio_de_Westminster_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Casas_del_Parlamento._Palacio_de_Westminster_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Casas_del_Parlamento._Palacio_de_Westminster_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Casas_del_Parlamento._Palacio_de_Westminster_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Casas_del_Parlamento._Palacio_de_Westminster_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a>, seat of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:12-07-13-washington-by-RalfR-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/12-07-13-washington-by-RalfR-10.jpg/220px-12-07-13-washington-by-RalfR-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/12-07-13-washington-by-RalfR-10.jpg/330px-12-07-13-washington-by-RalfR-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/12-07-13-washington-by-RalfR-10.jpg/440px-12-07-13-washington-by-RalfR-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10475" data-file-height="5890" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a>, seat of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glimpses_of_the_new_Parliament_Building,_in_New_Delhi_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Glimpses_of_the_new_Parliament_Building%2C_in_New_Delhi_%282%29.jpg/220px-Glimpses_of_the_new_Parliament_Building%2C_in_New_Delhi_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Glimpses_of_the_new_Parliament_Building%2C_in_New_Delhi_%282%29.jpg/330px-Glimpses_of_the_new_Parliament_Building%2C_in_New_Delhi_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Glimpses_of_the_new_Parliament_Building%2C_in_New_Delhi_%282%29.jpg/440px-Glimpses_of_the_new_Parliament_Building%2C_in_New_Delhi_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/New_Parliament_House,_New_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="New Parliament House, New Delhi">New Sansad Bhavan</a>, seat of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The British Parliament is often referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Mother_of_Parliaments" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of Parliaments">Mother of Parliaments</a>" (in fact a misquotation of <a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">John Bright</a>, who remarked in 1865 that "England is the Mother of Parliaments") because the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">British Parliament</a> has been the model for most other parliamentary systems, and its <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">Acts</a> have created many other parliaments.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origins of British bicameralism can be traced to 1341, when the Commons met separately from the nobility and clergy for the first time, creating what was effectively an Upper Chamber and a Lower Chamber, with the knights and burgesses sitting in the latter. This Upper Chamber became known as the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> from 1544 onward, and the Lower Chamber became known as the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons</a>, collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Houses of Parliament">Houses of Parliament</a>. </p><p>Many nations with parliaments have to some degree emulated the British "three-tier" model. Most countries in Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> have similarly organised parliaments with a largely ceremonial <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> who formally opens and closes parliament, a large elected lower house, and (unlike Britain) a smaller upper house.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a> also favoured a bicameral legislature. The idea was to have the Senate be wealthier and wiser. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Benjamin Rush</a> saw this though, and noted that "this type of dominion is almost always connected with opulence". The Senate was created to be a stabilising force, not elected by mass electors, but selected by the State legislators. Senators would be more knowledgeable and more deliberate—a sort of republican nobility—and a counter to what <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> saw as the "fickleness and passion" that could absorb the House.<sup id="cite_ref-HG1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HG1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He noted further that "The use of the Senate is to consist in its proceeding with more coolness, with more system and with more wisdom, than the popular branch." Madison's argument led the Framers to grant the Senate prerogatives in foreign policy, an area where steadiness, discretion, and caution were deemed especially important.<sup id="cite_ref-HG1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HG1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State legislators chose the Senate, and senators had to possess significant property to be deemed worthy and sensible enough for the position. In 1913, the <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">17th Amendment</a> passed, which mandated choosing Senators by popular vote rather than State legislatures.<sup id="cite_ref-HG1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HG1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Compromise" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Compromise">Great Compromise</a>, the Founding Fathers invented a new rationale for bicameralism in which the Senate had an equal number of delegates per state, and the House had representatives by relative populations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rationale_for_bicameralism_and_criticism">Rationale for bicameralism and criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rationale for bicameralism and criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A formidable sinister interest may always obtain the complete command of a dominant assembly by some chance and for a moment, and it is therefore of great use to have a second chamber of an opposite sort, differently composed, in which that interest in all likelihood will not rule.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bagehot" title="Walter Bagehot">Walter Bagehot</a>, "The English Constitution", in Norman St John-Stevas, ed., <i>The Collected Works of Walter Bagehot</i>, London, The Economist, vol. 5, pp. 273–274.</cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federal states</a> have often adopted it as an awkward compromise between existing power held equally by each state or territory and a more democratic proportional legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For states considering a different constitutional arrangement that may shift power to new groupings, bicameralism could be demanded by currently hegemonic groups who would otherwise prevent any structural shift (e.g. military dictatorships, aristocracies). </p><p>The growing awareness of the complexity of the notion of representation and the multi-functional nature of modern legislatures may be affording incipient new rationales for second chambers, though these do generally remain contested institutions in ways that first chambers are not. An example of political controversy regarding a second chamber has been the debate over the powers of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate of Canada</a> or the election of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of France">Senate of France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bicameral legislatures as a result have been trending down for some time with <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a>, proportional legislatures seen as more democratic and effective.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relationship between the two chambers varies: in some cases, they have equal power, while in others, one chamber (the directly elected lower house with proportional representation<sup id="cite_ref-:42_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is clearly superior in its powers. The first tends to be the case in federal systems and those with presidential governments. The second tends to be the case in unitary states with <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary systems</a>. There are two streams of thought: critics believe bicameralism makes meaningful political reforms more difficult to achieve and increases the risk of gridlock—particularly in cases where both chambers have similar powers—while proponents argue the merits of the "<a href="/wiki/Checks_and_balances" class="mw-redirect" title="Checks and balances">checks and balances</a>" provided by the bicameral model, which they believe help prevent ill-considered legislation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communication_between_houses">Communication between houses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Communication between houses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Formal communication between houses is by various methods, including:<sup id="cite_ref-Odgers_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odgers-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Sending messages</dt> <dd>Formal notices, such as of <a href="/wiki/Resolution_(law)" title="Resolution (law)">resolutions</a> or the passing of bills, usually done in writing, via the <a href="/wiki/Clerk_(legislature)" title="Clerk (legislature)">clerk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speaker_(politics)" title="Speaker (politics)">speaker</a> of each house.</dd> <dt>Transmission</dt> <dd>of bills or amendment to bills requiring agreement from the other house.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Joint_session" title="Joint session">Joint session</a></dt> <dd>a <a href="/wiki/Plenary_session" title="Plenary session">plenary session</a> of both houses at the same time and place.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Joint_committee_(legislative)" title="Joint committee (legislative)">Joint committees</a></dt> <dd>which may be formed by committees of each house agreeing to join, or by joint resolution of each house. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> has <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_conference_committee" title="United States congressional conference committee">conference committees</a> to resolve discrepancies between House and Senate versions of a bill, similar to "Conferences" in Westminster parliaments.</dd> <dt>Conferences</dt> <dd>Conferences of the Houses of the English (later British) Parliament met in the <a href="/wiki/Painted_Chamber" title="Painted Chamber">Painted Chamber</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2014_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically there were two distinct types: "ordinary" and "free". The British Parliament last held an ordinary conference in 1860—its elaborate procedure yielding to the simpler sending of messages. A free conference resolves a dispute through "managers" meeting less formally in private. The last free conference at Westminster was in 1836 on an amendment to the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_Act_1835" title="Municipal Corporations Act 1835">Municipal Corporations Act 1835</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the previous one had been in 1740—with not much more success than ordinary conferences, the free type yielded to the greater transparency of messages.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a> there have been two formal conferences, in 1930 and 1931, but many informal conferences.<sup id="cite_ref-Odgers_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odgers-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BlaydenPLPP_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlaydenPLPP-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the "Conference of Managers" remains the usual procedure for dispute resolution in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Australia" title="Parliament of South Australia">Parliament of South Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales" title="Parliament of New South Wales">Parliament of New South Wales</a> in 2011, the <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly" title="New South Wales Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a> requested a free conference with the <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Council" title="New South Wales Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a> over a bill on graffiti; after a year the Council refused, describing the mechanism as archaic and inappropriate.<sup id="cite_ref-BlaydenPLPP_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlaydenPLPP-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two houses of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> have also used conferences, but not since 1947 (although they retain the option).</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_bicameralism_at_the_national_level">Examples of bicameralism at the national level</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples of bicameralism at the national level"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal">Federal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Federal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Webysther_20180212163207_-_Congresso_Nacional.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Webysther_20180212163207_-_Congresso_Nacional.jpg/220px-Webysther_20180212163207_-_Congresso_Nacional.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Webysther_20180212163207_-_Congresso_Nacional.jpg/330px-Webysther_20180212163207_-_Congresso_Nacional.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Webysther_20180212163207_-_Congresso_Nacional.jpg/440px-Webysther_20180212163207_-_Congresso_Nacional.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4226" data-file-height="2377" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress of Brazil</a>, seat of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Brazil)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)">Chamber of Deputies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Senate">Federal Senate</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, link their bicameral systems to their <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal</a> political structure. </p><p>In the United States, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Nepal for example, each state or province is given the same number of seats in one of the houses of the legislature, despite variance between the populations of the states or provinces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament_House_-_panoramio_(7).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Parliament_House_-_panoramio_%287%29.jpg/220px-Parliament_House_-_panoramio_%287%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Parliament_House_-_panoramio_%287%29.jpg/330px-Parliament_House_-_panoramio_%287%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Parliament_House_-_panoramio_%287%29.jpg/440px-Parliament_House_-_panoramio_%287%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The federal bicameral <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a>, which contains a <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The bicameral <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a> consists of two Houses: the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> is called the <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a> is named the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a>. As of 31 August 2017,<sup id="cite_ref-AECannouncement31August2017_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AECannouncement31August2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the lower house has 151 members, each elected from single-member constituencies, known as <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisions of the Australian House of Representatives">electoral divisions</a> (commonly referred to as "electorates" or "seats") using full-preference <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">instant-runoff voting</a>. This tends to lead to the chamber being dominated by two major groups, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal</a>/<a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">National</a> <a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Coalition</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor Party</a>. The government of the day must achieve the confidence of this House to gain and hold power. </p><p>The upper house, the Senate, is also popularly elected, under the <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a> system of <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>. There are a total of 76 senators: 12 senators are elected from each of the 6 <a href="/wiki/Australian_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian state">Australian states</a> (regardless of population) and 2 from each of the 2 autonomous internal territories (the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>). This makes the total number 76, i.e. 6×12 + 2×2. </p><p>In many respects, Australia is a unique hybrid with influences from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, as well as from the traditions and conventions of the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a> and some indigenous features. Australia is exceptional in this sense because the government faces a fully elected upper house, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a>, which must be willing to pass all its legislation. Although only the lower house, the House of Representatives, can hold a no-confidence vote against the government, in practice the support of the Senate is also necessary in order to govern. The Senate maintains the ability similar to that held by the British House of Lords, prior to the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Act_1911" title="Parliament Act 1911">Parliament Act 1911</a>, to block supply against the government of the day. A government that is unable to obtain supply can be dismissed by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">governor-general</a>: however, this is generally considered a last resort and is a highly controversial decision to take, given the conflict between the traditional concept of confidence as derived from the lower house and the ability of the Senate to block supply (see <a href="/wiki/1975_Australian_constitutional_crisis" title="1975 Australian constitutional crisis">1975 Australian constitutional crisis</a>). Many political scientists have held that the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">Australian system of government</a> was consciously devised as a blend or hybrid of the Westminster and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Government of the United States">United States systems of government</a>, especially since the Australian Senate is a powerful upper house like the U.S. Senate; this notion is expressed in the nickname "the Washminster mutation".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike upper houses in most <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster parliamentary systems</a>, the Australian Senate is vested with significant power, including the capacity to block legislation initiated by the government in the House of Representatives. This block can however be overridden in a <a href="/wiki/Joint_meetings_of_the_Australian_Parliament" title="Joint meetings of the Australian Parliament">joint sitting</a> after a <a href="/wiki/Double_dissolution" title="Double dissolution">double dissolution</a> election, at which the House of Representatives has the dominant numbers.As a result of proportional representation, the chamber features a multitude of parties vying for power. The governing party in the lower house rarely has a majority in the Senate, and so generally needs to negotiate with other parties and independents to get legislation passed.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This variant of bicameralism has also been further explored by Tarunabh Khaitan, who coined the phrase "Moderated Parliamentarism" to describe a parliamentary system with several distinctive features: mixed bicameralism, moderated (but distinct) electoral systems for each chamber, weighted multipartisanship, asynchronous electoral schedules, and deadlock resolution through conference committees.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaika_display,_Centre_Block,_Parliament_Hill.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mosaika_display%2C_Centre_Block%2C_Parliament_Hill.jpeg/220px-Mosaika_display%2C_Centre_Block%2C_Parliament_Hill.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mosaika_display%2C_Centre_Block%2C_Parliament_Hill.jpeg/330px-Mosaika_display%2C_Centre_Block%2C_Parliament_Hill.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mosaika_display%2C_Centre_Block%2C_Parliament_Hill.jpeg/440px-Mosaika_display%2C_Centre_Block%2C_Parliament_Hill.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="5163" data-file-height="3441" /></a><figcaption>The federal bicameral <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a>, which contains a <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Canada's elected lower house, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>, comprises Members of Parliament (MPs) from single-member "ridings" based mainly on population (updated every 10 years using Census data). The Commons is democratically elected every four years (constitutionally up to five years). In contrast, in <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Canada's upper house</a>, Senators are appointed to serve until age 75 by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional)" class="mw-redirect" title="Advice (constitutional)">advice</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> through an <a href="/wiki/Independent_Advisory_Board_for_Senate_Appointments" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Advisory Board for Senate Appointments">Independent Advisory Board</a> as of 2016. </p><p>The government (i.e. executive) is responsible to and must maintain the confidence of the elected House of Commons. Although the two chambers formally have many of the same powers, this accountability clearly makes the Commons dominant—determining which party is in power, approving its proposed budget, and (largely) the laws enacted. The Senate primarily acts as a chamber of revision: it rarely rejects bills passed by the Commons but does regularly amend them; such amendments respect each bill's purpose, so they are usually acceptable to the Commons. The Senate's power to investigate issues of concern to Canada can raise their profile (sometimes sharply) on voters' political agendas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Others">Others</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In German, Indian, and Pakistani systems, the upper houses (the <a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat of Germany">Bundesrat</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Senate of Pakistan">Senate</a> respectively) are even more closely linked with the federal system, being appointed or elected directly by the governments or legislatures of each <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">German</a> or <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">Indian state</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Pakistan">Pakistani province</a>. This was also the case in the United States before the <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Seventeenth Amendment</a> was adopted. Because of this coupling to the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive branch</a>, German legal doctrine does not treat the <i>Bundesrat</i> as the second chamber of a bicameral system formally. Rather, it sees the <i>Bundesrat</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></i> as independent constitutional bodies. Only the directly elected <i>Bundestag</i> is considered the parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the German <a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat of Germany"><i>Bundesrat</i></a>, the various <i>Länder</i> have between three and six votes; thus, while the less populated states have a lower weight, they still have a stronger voting power than would be the case in a system based proportionately on population, as the <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">most populous <i>Land</i></a> currently has about 27 times the population of the <a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">least populous</a>. The Indian upper house does not have the states represented equally, but on the basis of their population. </p><p>There is also bicameralism in countries that are not federations, but have upper houses with representation on a territorial basis. For example, in South Africa, the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Provinces" title="National Council of Provinces">National Council of Provinces</a> (and before 1997, the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_South_Africa" title="Senate of South Africa">Senate</a>) has its members chosen by each <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Africa" title="Provinces of South Africa">province</a>'s legislature. </p><p>In Spain, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Senate">Senate</a> functions as a <i>de facto</i> territorially based upper house, and there has been some pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Communities">Autonomous Communities</a> to reform it into a strictly territorial chamber. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> maintains a somewhat close to bicameral legislative system consisting of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, which is elected in elections on the basis of universal suffrage, and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a>, which consists of one representative for each government of member countries, who are competent for a relevant field of legislation. Though the European Union has a highly unusual character in terms of legislature, one could say that the closest point of equivalency lies within bicameral legislatures.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The European Union is considered neither a country nor a state, but it enjoys the power to address national Governments in many areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aristocratic_and_post-aristocratic">Aristocratic and post-aristocratic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aristocratic and post-aristocratic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a few countries, bicameralism involves the juxtaposition of democratic and aristocratic elements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="House_of_Lords_of_the_United_Kingdom">House of Lords of the United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: House of Lords of the United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_Lords_Chamber.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/House_of_Lords_Chamber.png/220px-House_of_Lords_Chamber.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/House_of_Lords_Chamber.png/330px-House_of_Lords_Chamber.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/House_of_Lords_Chamber.png/440px-House_of_Lords_Chamber.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The House of Lords chamber</figcaption></figure> <p>The best known example is the British <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, which includes a number of <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_peer" title="Hereditary peer">hereditary peers</a>. The House of Lords is a vestige of the aristocratic system that once predominated in British politics, while the other house, the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a>, is entirely elected. Over the years, some have proposed reforms to the House of Lords, some of which have been at least partly successful. The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_Act_1999" title="House of Lords Act 1999">House of Lords Act 1999</a> limited the number of hereditary peers (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Life_peer" title="Life peer">life peers</a>, appointed by the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">Monarch</a> on the advice of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a>) to 92, down from around 700. Of these 92, one is the <a href="/wiki/Earl_Marshal" title="Earl Marshal">Earl Marshal</a>, a hereditary office always held by the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Duke of Norfolk">Duke of Norfolk</a>, one is the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Great_Chamberlain" title="Lord Great Chamberlain">Lord Great Chamberlain</a>, a hereditary office held by turns, currently by <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Carington,_7th_Baron_Carrington" title="Rupert Carington, 7th Baron Carrington">Baron Carrington</a>, and the other 90 are <a href="/wiki/Representative_peer" title="Representative peer">elected by all sitting peers</a>. Hereditary peers elected by the House to sit as representative peers sit for life; when a representative peer dies, there is a by-election to fill the vacancy. The power of the House of Lords to block legislation is curtailed by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Acts_1911_and_1949" title="Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949">Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949</a>. Peers can introduce bills except Money Bills, and all legislation must be passed by both <a href="/wiki/Lords_Spiritual_and_Temporal_and_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons">Houses of Parliament</a>. If not passed within two sessions, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> can override the Lords' delay by invoking the <i>Parliament Act</i>. Certain legislation, however, must be approved by both Houses without being forced by the Commons under the <i>Parliament Act</i>. These include any bill that would extend the time length of a Parliament, private bills, bills sent to the House of Lords less than one month before the end of a session, and bills that originated in the House of Lords. </p><p>Life Peers are appointed either by recommendation of the Appointment Commission (the independent body that vets non-partisan peers, typically from academia, business or culture) or by Dissolution Honours, which take place at the end of every Parliamentary term when leaving MPs may be offered a seat to keep their institutional memory. It is traditional to offer a peerage to every outgoing Speaker of the House of Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further reform of the Lords has been proposed; however, no proposed reforms have been able to achieve public consensus or government support. Members of the House of Lords all have an aristocratic title, or are from the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Spiritual" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Spiritual">Clergy</a>. 26 Archbishops and Bishops of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> sit as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Spiritual" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Spiritual">Lords Spiritual</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">Archbishop of York</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_London" title="Bishop of London">Bishop of London</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Durham" title="Bishop of Durham">Bishop of Durham</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Winchester" title="Bishop of Winchester">Bishop of Winchester</a> and the next 21 longest-serving Bishops). It is usual that retiring Archbishops, and certain other Bishops, are appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Crossbencher" title="Crossbencher">Crossbenches</a> and given a life peerage. </p><p>Until 2009, 12 <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Appeal_in_Ordinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of Appeal in Ordinary">Lords of Appeal in Ordinary</a> sat in the House as the highest court in the land; they subsequently became justices of the newly created <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court of the United Kingdom</a>. As of 16 February 2021, 803 people sit in the House of Lords, with 92 Hereditary Peers, 26 Lords Spiritual and 685 Life Peers. Membership is not fixed and decreases only on the death, retirement or resignation of a peer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan's_former_House_of_Peers"><span id="Japan.27s_former_House_of_Peers"></span>Japan's former House of Peers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Japan's former House of Peers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another example of aristocratic bicameralism was the Japanese <a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">House of Peers</a>, abolished after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and replaced with the present <a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors" title="House of Councillors">House of Councillors</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unitary_states">Unitary states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Unitary states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Senate_@_Jardin_du_Luxembourg_@_Paris_(23764477852).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Senate_%40_Jardin_du_Luxembourg_%40_Paris_%2823764477852%29.jpg/200px-Senate_%40_Jardin_du_Luxembourg_%40_Paris_%2823764477852%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Senate_%40_Jardin_du_Luxembourg_%40_Paris_%2823764477852%29.jpg/300px-Senate_%40_Jardin_du_Luxembourg_%40_Paris_%2823764477852%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Senate_%40_Jardin_du_Luxembourg_%40_Paris_%2823764477852%29.jpg/400px-Senate_%40_Jardin_du_Luxembourg_%40_Paris_%2823764477852%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_-_Palais_Bourbon_(24519023495).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Paris_-_Palais_Bourbon_%2824519023495%29.jpg/200px-Paris_-_Palais_Bourbon_%2824519023495%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Paris_-_Palais_Bourbon_%2824519023495%29.jpg/300px-Paris_-_Palais_Bourbon_%2824519023495%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Paris_-_Palais_Bourbon_%2824519023495%29.jpg/400px-Paris_-_Palais_Bourbon_%2824519023495%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Some bicameral legislatures have chambers that meet in different buildings, at different parts of the city. Here, France's upper house called the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of France">Senate</a> meet in the <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Palace" title="Luxembourg Palace">Luxembourg Palace</a> (top), while the lower house, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of France">National Assembly</a>, meets at the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Bourbon" title="Palais Bourbon">Palais Bourbon</a> (bottom).</div></div></div></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary states</a> like <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> have bicameral systems. In countries such as these, the upper house generally focuses on scrutinizing and possibly vetoing the decisions of the lower house. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italian_Parliament">Italian Parliament</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Italian Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the other hand, in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a> consists of two chambers that have the same role and power: the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Senate">Senate</a> (Senate of the Republic, commonly considered the <i>upper house</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Chamber_of_Deputies" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Chamber of Deputies">Chamber of Deputies</a> (considered the <i>lower house</i>). The main difference among the two chambers is the way the two chambers are composed: the deputies, in fact, are elected on a nationwide basis, whilst the members of the Senate are elected on a regional basis: this may lead to different majorities among the two chambers because, for example, a party may be the first nationally but second or third in some regions. Considering that in the Italian Republic the Government needs to win confidence votes in both the chambers, it may happen that a Government has a strong majority (usually) in the Chamber of Deputies and a weak one (or no majority at all) in the Senate. This has led sometimes to legislative deadlocks, and has caused instability in the Italian Government.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indirectly_elected_Upper_Houses_(France,_Ireland,_Netherlands)"><span id="Indirectly_elected_Upper_Houses_.28France.2C_Ireland.2C_Netherlands.29"></span>Indirectly elected Upper Houses (France, Ireland, Netherlands)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Indirectly elected Upper Houses (France, Ireland, Netherlands)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some of these countries, the upper house is indirectly elected. Members of France's <a href="/wiki/French_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="French Senate">Senate</a> and Ireland's <a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Seanad Éireann</a> are chosen by <a href="/wiki/Electoral_college" title="Electoral college">electoral colleges</a>. In Ireland, it consists of members of the lower house, local councillors, the <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a>, and graduates of selected universities, while the Netherlands' <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of the Netherlands">Senate</a> is chosen by members of provincial assemblies (who, in turn, are directly elected). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Semi-bicameral_(Hong_Kong,_Northern_Ireland;_earlier_in_Norway,_the_Netherlands)"><span id="Semi-bicameral_.28Hong_Kong.2C_Northern_Ireland.3B_earlier_in_Norway.2C_the_Netherlands.29"></span>Semi-bicameral (Hong Kong, Northern Ireland; earlier in Norway, the Netherlands)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Semi-bicameral (Hong Kong, Northern Ireland; earlier in Norway, the Netherlands)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, members of the unicameral <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Council (Hong Kong)">Legislative Council</a> returned from the democratically elected geographical constituencies and partially democratic <a href="/wiki/Functional_constituency_(Hong_Kong)" title="Functional constituency (Hong Kong)">functional constituencies</a> are required to vote separately since 1998 on motions, bills or amendments to government bills not introduced by the government. The passage of these motions, bills or amendments to government motions or bills requires double majority in both groups simultaneously. (Before 2004, when elections to the Legislative Council from the <a href="/wiki/Election_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Election Committee">Election Committee</a> was abolished, members returned through the Election Committee vote with members returned from geographical constituencies.) The double majority requirement does not apply to motions, bills and amendments introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Government">government</a>. </p><p>Another similar situation are <a href="/wiki/Cross-community_vote" title="Cross-community vote">cross-community votes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> when the <i>petition of concern</i> procedure is invoked. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> had a kind of <a href="/wiki/Qualified_unicameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualified unicameralism">semi-bicameral legislature</a> with two chambers, or departments, within the same elected body, the <a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">Storting</a>. These were called the Lagting and the Odelsting, and were abolished after the general election of 2009. According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morten_S%C3%B8berg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morten Søberg (page does not exist)">Morten Søberg</a>, there was a related system in the 1798 constitution of the <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_bicameralism_in_subnational_entities">Examples of bicameralism in subnational entities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Examples of bicameralism in subnational entities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some countries with federal systems, individual states (like those of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Argentina" title="Provinces of Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States and territories of India">India</a>) may also have bicameral legislatures. A few such states as <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> in the U.S., <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> in Australia, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> in Germany, and <a href="/wiki/Tucum%C3%A1n_Province" title="Tucumán Province">Tucumán</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_Province,_Argentina" title="Córdoba Province, Argentina">Córdoba</a> in Argentina have later adopted unicameral systems. (<a href="/wiki/States_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Brazil">Brazilian states</a> and <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Canada">Canadian provinces</a> all abolished upper houses). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Legislaturas_provinciales_de_Argentina.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Legislaturas_provinciales_de_Argentina.png/170px-Legislaturas_provinciales_de_Argentina.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Legislaturas_provinciales_de_Argentina.png/255px-Legislaturas_provinciales_de_Argentina.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Legislaturas_provinciales_de_Argentina.png/340px-Legislaturas_provinciales_de_Argentina.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="4280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_provincial_legislatures_in_Argentina" title="List of provincial legislatures in Argentina">Provincial legislatures in Argentina</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Only 8 out of 24 <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Argentina" title="Provinces of Argentina">provinces</a> still have bicameral legislatures, with a <a href="/wiki/Senate" title="Senate">Senate</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies" title="Chamber of Deputies">Chamber of Deputies</a>: <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province" title="Buenos Aires Province">Buenos Aires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catamarca_Province" title="Catamarca Province">Catamarca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corrientes_Province" title="Corrientes Province">Corrientes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entre_R%C3%ADos_Province" title="Entre Ríos Province">Entre Ríos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mendoza_Province" title="Mendoza Province">Mendoza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salta_Province" title="Salta Province">Salta</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Province" title="San Luis Province">San Luis</a> (since 1987) and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Province" title="Santa Fe Province">Santa Fe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tucum%C3%A1n_Province" title="Tucumán Province">Tucumán</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_Province,_Argentina" title="Córdoba Province, Argentina">Córdoba</a> changed to <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> systems in 1990 and 2001 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Santiago_del_Estero_Province" title="Santiago del Estero Province">Santiago del Estero</a> changed to a bicameral legislature in 1884, but changed back to a unicameral system in 1903. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia_2">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the Australian states were founded as British colonies in the 19th century, they each had a bicameral Parliament. The lower house was traditionally elected based on the one-vote-one-value principle, with universal male suffrage, later expanded to women, whereas the upper house was either appointed on the advice of the government or elected, with a strong bias towards country voters and landowners. After <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a>, these became the state Parliaments. In Queensland, the appointed <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Legislative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Queensland Legislative Council">upper house</a> was abolished in 1922, while in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> there were similar attempts at abolition, before the <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Council" title="New South Wales Legislative Council">upper house</a> was reformed in the 1970s to provide for direct election.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the 1970s, Australian states (except Queensland, which is unicameral) began to reform their upper houses to introduce proportional representation in line with the Federal Senate. The first was the <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Legislative_Council" title="South Australian Legislative Council">South Australian Legislative Council</a> in 1973, which initially used a <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party list</a> system (replaced with STV in 1982),<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by the Single Transferable Vote being introduced for the <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Council" title="New South Wales Legislative Council">New South Wales Legislative Council</a> in 1978,<sup id="cite_ref-LA_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LA-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_Legislative_Council" title="Western Australian Legislative Council">Western Australian Legislative Council</a> in 1987<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Legislative_Council" title="Victorian Legislative Council">Victorian Legislative Council</a> in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nowadays, the upper house both federally and in most states is elected using <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> while the lower house uses <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff voting</a> in single member electorates. This is reversed in the state of <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, where proportional representation is used for the <a href="/wiki/Tasmania_House_of_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasmania House of Assembly">lower house</a> and single member electorates for the <a href="/wiki/Tasmania_Legislative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasmania Legislative Council">upper house</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bosnia_and_Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bosnia and Herzegovina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Legislature of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, one of the two entities of <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, is a bicameral legislative body. The House of Representatives has 98 delegates, elected for four-year terms by proportional representation. The House of Peoples has 58 members, 17 delegates from among each of the constituent peoples of the Federation, and 7 delegates from among the other peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a>, the other entity, has a unicameral parliament, known as the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Republika_Srpska)" title="National Assembly (Republika Srpska)">National Assembly</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there is also a Council of Peoples who is <i>de facto</i> the other legislative house.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only 6 of the 36 states or Union Territories of India have bicameral legislatures, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, while the rest all have unicameral legislatures. The lower houses are called <a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">Legislative Assemblies</a>, and their members are elected by universal adult suffrage from single-member constituencies in state elections, which are normally held every five years called Vidhana Sabha. In the six states with bicameral legislatures, the upper house is called the <a href="/wiki/State_Legislative_Council_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Legislative Council (India)">Legislative Council</a> (<i>Vidhan Parishad</i>) or Vidhana Parishat, one-third of whose members are elected every two years. Members of the Legislative Council are elected in various ways: </p> <ul><li>One-third are elected by the members of local bodies in the state such as <a href="/wiki/Municipal_governance_in_India" title="Municipal governance in India">municipalities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gram_panchayat" title="Gram panchayat"><i>gram panchayats</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Panchayat_samiti" title="Panchayat samiti">block development councils</a> and <a href="/wiki/District_Councils_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="District Councils of India">district councils</a>.</li> <li>One-third are elected by the members of the state's <a href="/wiki/State_Legislative_Assembly_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Legislative Assembly (India)">Legislative Assembly</a> from amongst persons who are not members of the State Legislative Assembly.</li> <li>One-sixth are nominated by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_(India)" title="Governor (India)">governor</a> of the state from amongst persons having knowledge or practical experience in fields such as <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts">arts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">co-operative movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">social service</a>.</li> <li>One-twelfth are elected from special constituencies by persons who are college graduates of three years' standing residing in those constituencies.</li> <li>One-twelfth are elected by persons engaged for at least three years in teaching in <a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">educational institutions within the state</a> not lower than <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary schools</a>, including <a href="/wiki/College" title="College">colleges</a> and <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>From 1956 to 1958 the Andhra Pradesh Legislature was unicameral. In 1958, when the State Legislative Council was formed, it became bicameral until 1 June 1985 when it was abolished. This continued until March 2007 when the State Legislative Council was reestablished and elections were held for its seats. In <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, a resolution was passed on 14 May 1986 and the state's Legislative Council was dissolved on 1 November 1986. Again on 12 April 2010, a resolution was passed to reestablish the council, but was ultimately unsuccessful. Similarly, the states of <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> have also dissolved the upper houses of their <a href="/wiki/State_Legislature_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Legislature (India)">state legislatures</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1930s, the legislature of the State of Nebraska was reduced from bicameral to unicameral with the 43 members that once comprised that state's Senate. One of the arguments used to sell the idea at the time to Nebraska voters was that by adopting a unicameral system, the perceived evils of the "<a href="/wiki/Conference_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference committee">conference committee</a>" process would be eliminated. </p><p>A conference committee is appointed when the two chambers cannot agree on the same wording of a proposal, and consists of a small number of legislators from each chamber. This tends to place much power in the hands of only a small number of legislators. Whatever legislation, if any, the conference committee finalizes is presented in an unamendable "take-it-or-leave-it" manner by both chambers. </p><p>During his term as <a href="/wiki/Governor" title="Governor">governor</a> of the State of <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ventura" title="Jesse Ventura">Jesse Ventura</a> proposed converting the Minnesotan legislature to a single chamber with <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>, as a reform that he felt would solve many legislative difficulties and impinge upon legislative corruption. In his book on political issues, <i>Do I Stand Alone?</i>, Ventura argued that bicameral legislatures for provincial and local areas were excessive and unnecessary, and discussed unicameralism as a reform that could address many legislative and budgetary problems for states. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical">Historical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Historical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The German federal state of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> had a bicameral legislature from 1946 to 1999, when the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Bavaria">Senate</a> was abolished by a referendum amending the state's constitution. The other 15 states have used a unicameral system since their founding. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, regional and local <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">Soviets</a> were unicameral. After the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">1993 Russian Constitution</a>, bicameralism was introduced in some regions. Bicameral regional legislatures are still technically allowed by federal law but this clause is dormant now. The last region to switch from bicameralism to unicameralism was <a href="/wiki/Sverdlovsk_Oblast" title="Sverdlovsk Oblast">Sverdlovsk Oblast</a> in 2012. </p><p>Four <a href="/wiki/Federative_units_of_Brazil" title="Federative units of Brazil">Brazilian states</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cear%C3%A1" title="Ceará">Ceará</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a>) had bicameral legislatures that were abolished when <a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Getúlio Vargas</a> came to power after the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Revolution_of_1930" title="Brazilian Revolution of 1930">Revolution of 1930</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reform">Reform</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_political_reform">Arab political reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Arab political reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2005 report<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on democratic reform in the Arab world by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a> co-sponsored by former Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a> urged Arab states to adopt bicameralism, with upper chambers appointed on a 'specialized basis'. The Council claimed that this would protect against the '<a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a>', expressing concerns that without a system of checks and balances extremists would use the single chamber parliaments to restrict the rights of <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minority</a> groups. </p><p>In 2002, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> adopted a bicameral system with an elected lower chamber and an appointed upper house. This led to a boycott of parliamentary elections that year by the <a href="/wiki/Al_Wefaq" title="Al Wefaq">Al Wefaq</a> party, who said that the government would use the upper house to veto their plans. Many secular critics of bicameralism were won around to its benefits in 2005, after many MPs in the lower house voted for the introduction of so-called <a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">morality police</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/2009_Romanian_parliamentary_reform_referendum" title="2009 Romanian parliamentary reform referendum">referendum</a> on introducing a unicameral Parliament instead of the current bicameral <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania" title="Parliament of Romania">Parliament</a> was held in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> on 22 November 2009. The turnout rate was 50.95%, with 77.78% of "Yes" votes for a unicameral Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This referendum had a consultative role, thus requiring a parliamentary initiative and another referendum to ratify the new proposed changes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ivory_Coast">Ivory Coast</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ivory Coast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/2016_Ivorian_constitutional_referendum" title="2016 Ivorian constitutional referendum">referendum</a> on a new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ivory_Coast#2016_Constitution_(proposed)" title="Constitution of Ivory Coast">constitution</a> was held on 30 October 2016. The constitution draft would create a bicameral <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Parliament of Ivory Coast">Parliament</a> instead of the current unicameral. The <a href="/wiki/Senate_(Ivory_Coast)" title="Senate (Ivory Coast)">Senate</a> is expected to represent the interests of territorial collectivities and Ivoirians living abroad. Two thirds of the Senate is to be elected at the same time as the general election. The remaining one third is appointed by the president elect.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current">Current</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Current"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unibicameral_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Unibicameral_Map.svg/750px-Unibicameral_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="750" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Unibicameral_Map.svg/1125px-Unibicameral_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Unibicameral_Map.svg/1500px-Unibicameral_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#38b4d8; color:black;"> </span> Nations with a bicameral legislature</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f09c30; color:black;"> </span> Nations with a unicameral legislature </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b0e947; color:black;"> </span> Nations with a unicameral legislature and an advisory body</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#303030; color:white;"> </span> Nations with no legislature</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a0989f; color:black;"> </span> No data</div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federal_2">Federal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Federal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Country</th> <th colspan="2">Bicameral body</th> <th rowspan="3">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>Upper house</th> <th>Lower house </th></tr> <tr> <th>Seats of Upper house</th> <th>Seats of Lower house </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Argentine_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine National Congress">National Congress</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3">Of the twenty-three provincial legislatures, eight (<a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_Buenos_Aires_Province" title="Legislature of Buenos Aires Province">Buenos Aires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_Catamarca" title="Legislature of Catamarca">Catamarca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_Corrientes" title="Legislature of Corrientes">Corrientes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_Entre_R%C3%ADos" title="Legislature of Entre Ríos">Entre Ríos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_Mendoza" title="Legislature of Mendoza">Mendoza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_Salta" title="Legislature of Salta">Salta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_San_Luis" title="Legislature of San Luis">San Luis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_Santa_Fe" title="Legislature of Santa Fe">Santa Fe</a>) are bicameral, while the remaining fifteen and the legislature of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_City_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous City of Buenos Aires">Autonomous City of Buenos Aires</a> are unicameral. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Senate" title="Argentine Senate">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Chamber_of_Deputies" title="Argentine Chamber of Deputies">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>72</td> <td>257 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3">All of the state parliaments except <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Queensland" title="Parliament of Queensland">Queensland</a>'s are also bicameral. The legislatures of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Northern_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of the Northern Territory">NT</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory_Legislative_Assembly" title="Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly">ACT</a> are unicameral. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>76</td> <td>151 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Parliament" title="Austrian Parliament">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3">All of the <i><a href="/wiki/States_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Austria">Bundesländer</a></i> have unicameral parliaments. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_(Austria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat (Austria)">Bundesrat</a> (Federal Council)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Austria)" title="National Council (Austria)">Nationalrat</a> (National Council) </td></tr> <tr> <td>61</td> <td>183 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Federal_Parliament" title="Belgian Federal Parliament">Federal Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3">All of the <a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">community and regional</a> parliaments are unicameral. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Senate">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Chamber_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Chamber of Representatives">Chamber of Representatives</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>60</td> <td>150 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Parliamentary Assembly</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3">The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Federation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Parliament of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Parliament of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> is also bicameral, while the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Republika_Srpska)" title="National Assembly (Republika Srpska)">National Assembly of Republika Srpska</a> is unicameral. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peoples_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="House of Peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina">House of Peoples</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="House of Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina">House of Representatives</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>42 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3">All of the 26 state legislatures and the Federal District legislature are unicameral. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Brazil">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of Brazil">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>81</td> <td>513 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3">All of the provincial and territorial legislatures are unicameral. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>105</td> <td>338 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Federal Parliamentary Assembly">Federal Parliamentary Assembly</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3">Regional Councils are unicameral. Assemblypersons of the Regional Councils are elected directly. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Federation" title="House of Federation">House of Federation</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peoples%27_Representatives" title="House of Peoples' Representatives">House of Peoples' Representatives</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>112</td> <td>547 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">N/A</td> <td rowspan="3">Technically, Bundestag and Bundesrat form two distinct unicameral legislative constitutional bodies not framed by a comprehensive institution. German jurisprudence doesn't recognise the Bundesrat as a parliamentary chamber, because it consists of members of the state governments. Although it must always be heard in the legislative process, it only has to give consent to bills in certain defined areas. All of the federal states (<i><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Länder</a></i>) today have unicameral <i><a href="/wiki/Landtag" title="Landtag">Landtage</a></i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat (Germany)">Bundesrat</a> (Federal Council)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> (Federal <a href="/wiki/Diet_(assembly)" title="Diet (assembly)">Diet</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>69</td> <td>736 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3">Six of the <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">twenty-eight states</a> also have bicameral legislatures, consisting of the upper house, the <a href="/wiki/State_Legislative_Council_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Legislative Council (India)">State Legislative Council</a> (Vidhan Parishad) and the lower house, the <a href="/wiki/State_Legislative_Assembly_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Legislative Assembly (India)">State Legislative Assembly</a> (Vidhan Sabha) respectively. The remaining twenty-two states and the <a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">union territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a> have unicameral legislatures. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a> (Council of States)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> (House of the People) </td></tr> <tr> <td>245</td> <td>543 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia" title="Parliament of Malaysia">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3">All the 13 State Legislative Assemblies are unicameral. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Negara" title="Dewan Negara">Dewan Negara</a> (Senate)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Rakyat" title="Dewan Rakyat">Dewan Rakyat</a> (House of Representatives) </td></tr> <tr> <td>70</td> <td>222 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Mexico">Congress</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3">All the 31 State Congresses and the Congress of Mexico City are unicameral. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Mexico">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of Mexico">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>128</td> <td>500 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span>   </span><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Nepal">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3">All of the provincial assemblies are unicameral.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nepal)" title="National Assembly (Nepal)">Rastriya Sabha</a> (National Assembly)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Nepal)" title="House of Representatives (Nepal)">Pratinidhi Sabha</a> (House of Representatives) </td></tr> <tr> <td>59</td> <td>275 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nigeria)" title="National Assembly (Nigeria)">National Assembly</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Nigeria" title="Senate of Nigeria">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Nigeria)" title="House of Representatives (Nigeria)">House of Representatives</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>109</td> <td>360 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3">All of the provincial assemblies are unicameral. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Senate of Pakistan">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>96</td> <td>336 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Russia)" title="Federal Assembly (Russia)">Federal Assembly</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3">All the regional legislatures are now unicameral while bicameralism in regions is technically allowed by the Federation. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Federation_Council_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation Council of Russia">Federation Council</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>178</td> <td>450 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Somalia" title="Federal Parliament of Somalia">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Somalian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalian Senate">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower House">House of The People</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>54</td> <td>275 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Assembly of Switzerland">Federal Assembly</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3">All of the cantons have unicameral parliaments. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Council_of_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Council of States">Council of States</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council of Switzerland">National Council</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>46</td> <td>200 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3">All of the state legislatures are bicameral, except <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebraska legislature">Nebraska</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Council of the District of Columbia">Council of the District of Columbia</a> is unicameral. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100</td> <td>435 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unitary">Unitary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Unitary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Country</th> <th colspan="2">Bicameral body</th> <th rowspan="3">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>Upper house</th> <th>Lower house </th></tr> <tr> <th>Seats of Upper house</th> <th>Seats of Lower house </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Algeria" title="Parliament of Algeria">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Nation" title="Council of the Nation">Council of the Nation</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Assembly" title="People's National Assembly">People's National Assembly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>144</td> <td>407 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Antigua and Barbuda">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives of Antigua and Barbuda">House of Representatives</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Bahamas" title="Parliament of the Bahamas">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Bahamas" title="Parliament of the Bahamas">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Bahamas" title="Parliament of the Bahamas">House of Assembly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>39 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Bahrain)" title="National Assembly (Bahrain)">National Assembly</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Council_(Bahrain)" title="Consultative Council (Bahrain)">Consultative Council</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Representatives">Council of Representatives</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>40</td> <td>40 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/23px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/35px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/45px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Barbados" title="Parliament of Barbados">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Barbados" title="Senate of Barbados">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Barbados" title="House of Assembly of Barbados">House of Assembly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Belarus">National Assembly</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of the Republic of Belarus">Council</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives of Belarus">House of Representatives</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>64</td> <td>110 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Belize)" title="National Assembly (Belize)">National Assembly</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Belize">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives of Belize">House of Representatives</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>31 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Bhutan" title="Parliament of Bhutan">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Bhutan)" title="National Council (Bhutan)">National Council</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Bhutan)" title="National Assembly (Bhutan)">National Assembly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td>47 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Plurinational_Legislative_Assembly" title="Plurinational Legislative Assembly">Plurinational Legislative Assembly</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Plurinational_Legislative_Assembly" title="Plurinational Legislative Assembly">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plurinational_Legislative_Assembly" title="Plurinational Legislative Assembly">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>36</td> <td>130 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Burundi" title="Parliament of Burundi">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Burundi">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Burundi">National Assembly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>39</td> <td>123 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Cambodia" title="Parliament of Cambodia">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Cambodia">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Cambodia">National Assembly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>62</td> <td>125 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Cameroon" title="Parliament of Cameroon">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Cameroon)" title="Senate (Cameroon)">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Cameroon">National Assembly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100</td> <td>180 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Chile" title="National Congress of Chile">National Congress</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Chile" title="Senate of Chile">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Chile" title="Chamber of Deputies of Chile">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>50</td> <td>155 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Colombia" title="Congress of Colombia">Congress</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Colombia" title="Senate of Colombia">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_of_Colombia" title="Chamber of Representatives of Colombia">Chamber of Representatives</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>108</td> <td>188 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Parliament of the Czech Republic">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Parliament_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of the Parliament of the Czech Republic">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_the_Parliament_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>81</td> <td>200 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">National Assembly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>108</td> <td>500 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Congo</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Parliament of the Republic of the Congo">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of the Republic of the Congo">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of the Republic of the Congo">National Assembly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>72</td> <td>151 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Congress of the Dominican Republic">Congress</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Senate of the Dominican Republic">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Chamber of Deputies of the Dominican Republic">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>32</td> <td>190 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Egypt" title="Parliament of Egypt">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Egypt)" title="Senate (Egypt)">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Egypt)" title="House of Representatives (Egypt)">House of Representatives</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>300</td> <td>596 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Parliament of Equatorial Guinea">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Equatorial_Guinea)" title="Senate (Equatorial Guinea)">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Equatorial_Guinea)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Equatorial Guinea)">National Assembly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>70</td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/45px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Eswatini" title="Parliament of Eswatini">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Eswatini" title="Senate of Eswatini">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Eswatini" title="House of Assembly of Eswatini">House of Assembly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td>70 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">Parliament</a></b> in the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">Fifth French Republic</a></td> <td rowspan="3">All <a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional Council (France)">Regional Councils</a> are unicameral. The regional councillors are elected directly. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_(France)" title="Senate (France)">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>348</td> <td>577 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/20px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/31px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/40px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Gabon" title="Parliament of Gabon">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Gabon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate (Gabon)">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Gabon)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Gabon)">National Assembly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>102</td> <td>143 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Grenada" title="Parliament of Grenada">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Grenada" title="Parliament of Grenada">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Grenada" title="Parliament of Grenada">House of Representatives</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/46px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Parliament">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Haiti)" title="Senate (Haiti)">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Haiti)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Haiti)">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td>119 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly">People's Consultative Assembly</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3">All of the provinces have unicameral parliaments. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Regional_Representative_Council" title="Regional Representative Council">Regional Representative Council</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Representative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Representative Council">People's Representative Council</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>136</td> <td>575 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><b><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a></b></i></span></td> <td rowspan="3">A <a href="/wiki/Thirty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_Bill_2013" title="Thirty-second Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2013">2013 proposal to abolish the Seanad</a> was defeated at referendum. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Seanad Éireann</a> (Senate of Ireland<i>)</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a> (Assembly of Ireland) </td></tr> <tr> <td>60</td> <td>160 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3">Both houses possess the same powers. The executive is responsible to both houses. All of the <a href="/wiki/Regional_council_(Italy)" title="Regional council (Italy)">regional councils</a> are unicameral. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Senate">Senate of the Republic</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Chamber_of_Deputies" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Chamber of Deputies">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>200</td> <td>400 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Parliament of Ivory Coast">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Ivory_Coast)" title="Senate (Ivory Coast)">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Ivory_Coast)" title="National Assembly (Ivory Coast)">National Assembly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>99</td> <td>255 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Jamaica" title="Parliament of Jamaica">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Jamaica" title="Parliament of Jamaica">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Jamaica" title="Parliament of Jamaica">House of Representatives</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td>63 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">National Diet</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Councillors of Japan">House of Councillors</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives of Japan">House of Representatives</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>248</td> <td>465 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Jordan" title="Parliament of Jordan">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Jordan" title="Parliament of Jordan">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Jordan" title="Parliament of Jordan">House of Representatives</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>65</td> <td>130 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Kazakhstan" title="Parliament of Kazakhstan">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3">All of the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4slihat" title="Mäslihat">mäslihats</a> (local assemblies) are unicameral. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Kazakhstan" title="Senate of Kazakhstan">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4jilis" title="Mäjilis">Mäjilis</a> (Assembly of People) </td></tr> <tr> <td>49</td> <td>107 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Kenya" title="Parliament of Kenya">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Kenya" title="Senate of Kenya">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Kenya">National Assembly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>67</td> <td>349 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lesotho" title="Parliament of Lesotho">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Lesotho" title="Senate of Lesotho">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Lesotho)" title="National Assembly (Lesotho)">National Assembly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>33</td> <td>120 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_Liberia" title="Legislature of Liberia">Legislature</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Liberia" title="Senate of Liberia">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Liberia" title="House of Representatives of Liberia">House of Representatives</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td>73 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Madagascar" title="Parliament of Madagascar">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Madagascar">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Madagascar">National Assembly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>151 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Morocco" title="Parliament of Morocco">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors_(Morocco)" title="House of Councillors (Morocco)">House of Councillors</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Morocco)" title="House of Representatives (Morocco)">House of Representatives</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>120</td> <td>395 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly of the Union">Pyidaungsu Hluttaw</a> (Assembly of the Union)</b></td> <td rowspan="3">All the 14 State and Region Hluttaw (Assemblies) are unicameral. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Nationalities" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Nationalities">Amyotha Hluttaw</a> (House of Nationalities)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Myanmar)" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives (Myanmar)">Pyithu Hluttaw</a> (House of Representatives) </td></tr> <tr> <td>224</td> <td>440 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Namibia" title="Parliament of Namibia">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council of Namibia">National Council</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Namibia">National Assembly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>42</td> <td>104 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of the Netherlands">Eerste Kamer</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives of the Netherlands">Tweede Kamer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>75</td> <td>150 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Oman">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of State of Oman">Majlis al-Dawla</a> (Council of State)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Consultative Assembly of Oman">Majlis al-Shura</a> (Consultative Assembly) </td></tr> <tr> <td>83</td> <td>90 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Palau_National_Congress" title="Palau National Congress">National Congress</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Palau" title="Senate of Palau">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Delegates_of_Palau" title="House of Delegates of Palau">House of Delegates</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Paraguay" title="Congress of Paraguay">Congress</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Paraguay" title="Senate of Paraguay">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Paraguay" title="Chamber of Deputies of Paraguay">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>45</td> <td>80 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Congress</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3">The <a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro_Parliament" title="Bangsamoro Parliament">Bangsamoro Parliament</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao</a> and all Sangguniang Panlalawigan (Provincial Council), Sangguniang Panlungsod (City Council), and Sangguiniang Bayan (Municipal Council) are unicameral. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td>316 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Poland)">National Assembly</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3">All of the <a href="/wiki/Voivodeship_sejmik" title="Voivodeship sejmik">voivodeship sejmiks</a> are unicameral. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of the Republic of Poland">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejm of the Republic of Poland">Sejm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diet_(assembly)" title="Diet (assembly)"><i>Diet</i></a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>100</td> <td>460 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania" title="Parliament of Romania">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Romania" title="Senate of Romania">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of Romania">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>136</td> <td>330 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Rwanda" title="Parliament of Rwanda">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Rwanda)" title="Senate (Rwanda)">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Rwanda)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Rwanda)">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td>80 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Parliament of Saint Lucia">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Senate of Saint Lucia">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Saint_Lucia" title="House of Assembly of Saint Lucia">House of Assembly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Parliament" title="Slovenian Parliament">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3">In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Slovenia" title="Constitutional Court of Slovenia">Constitutional Court of Slovenia</a> recognized the Slovenian Parliament as incompletely bicameral. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Slovenia)" title="National Council (Slovenia)">National Council</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Slovenia)" title="National Assembly (Slovenia)">National Assembly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>40</td> <td>90 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3">All of the provincial legislatures are unicameral. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Provinces" title="National Council of Provinces">National Council of Provinces</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_South_Africa" title="National Assembly of South Africa">National Assembly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>90</td> <td>400 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a></span></span></b></td> <td rowspan="3">A fixed number of 208 members of the Senate are elected by citizens, a variable number (currently 57) are appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">autonomous regions</a>. Congress of Deputies can override a negative vote of the Senate on a bill with an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute majority">absolute majority</a> affirmative vote. Moreover, each Spanish autonomous region has its own <a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_regional_legislatures" title="List of Spanish regional legislatures">unicameral regional parliament</a>, with wide-ranging legislative powers on their own. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Senate">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Congress_of_Deputies" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Congress of Deputies">Congress of Deputies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>265</td> <td>350 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Assembly_(Tajikistan)" title="Supreme Assembly (Tajikistan)">Supreme Assembly</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Tajikistan" title="National Assembly of Tajikistan">National Assembly</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Representatives_(Tajikistan)" title="Assembly of Representatives (Tajikistan)">Assembly of Representatives</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>33</td> <td>63 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Thailand">National Assembly</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Thailand" title="Senate of Thailand">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Thailand)" title="House of Representatives (Thailand)">House of Representatives</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>200</td> <td>500 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/35px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/46px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3">The <a href="/wiki/Tobago_House_of_Assembly" title="Tobago House of Assembly">Tobago House of Assembly</a> in the island of <a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a> is unicameral. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Trinidad and Tobago">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives of Trinidad and Tobago">House of Representatives</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>31</td> <td>41 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Turkmenistan" title="National Council of Turkmenistan">National Council</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Council_of_Turkmenistan" title="People's Council of Turkmenistan">People's Council</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Turkmenistan" title="Assembly of Turkmenistan">Assembly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>56</td> <td>125 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> have devolved unicameral legislatures, each with a varying range of powers. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>806</td> <td>650 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Uruguay" title="General Assembly of Uruguay">General Assembly</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Uruguay" title="Senate of Uruguay">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_of_Uruguay" title="Chamber of Representatives of Uruguay">Chamber of Representatives</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td>99 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Oliy_Majlis" title="Oliy Majlis">Oliy Majlis</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Uzbekistan" title="Senate of Uzbekistan">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Chamber_of_Uzbekistan" title="Legislative Chamber of Uzbekistan">Legislative Chamber</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100</td> <td>150 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>Parliament</b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shura_Council_(Yemen)" title="Shura Council (Yemen)">Shura Council</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Yemen)" title="House of Representatives (Yemen)">House of Representatives</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>111</td> <td>301 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Zimbabwe" title="Parliament of Zimbabwe">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Zimbabwe" title="Senate of Zimbabwe">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Zimbabwe" title="National Assembly of Zimbabwe">National Assembly of Zimbabwe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>80</td> <td>280 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territorial">Territorial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Territorial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Country</th> <th colspan="2">Bicameral body</th> <th rowspan="3">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>Upper house</th> <th>Lower house </th></tr> <tr> <th>Seats of Upper house</th> <th>Seats of Lower house </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg/23px-Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg/35px-Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg/46px-Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Fono" title="American Samoa Fono">Fono</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3">Unincorporated territory of the United States </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Senate" title="American Samoa Senate">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_House_of_Representatives" title="American Samoa House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>21 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bermuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bermuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bermuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Bermuda" title="Parliament of Bermuda">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3">British Overseas Territory </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Bermuda" title="Senate of Bermuda">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Bermuda" title="House of Assembly of Bermuda">House of Assembly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>36 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Tynwald" title="Tynwald">Tynwald</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3">British Overseas Territory </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Legislative Council of the Isle of Man">Legislative Council</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Keys" title="House of Keys">House of Keys</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands_Commonwealth_Legislature" title="Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Legislature">Commonwealth Legislature</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3">Commonwealth of the United States </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands_Senate" title="Northern Mariana Islands Senate">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands_House_of_Representatives" title="Northern Mariana Islands House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/45px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico">Legislative Assembly</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3">Unincorporated territory of the United States/Commonwealth </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Senate of Puerto Rico">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Puerto_Rico" title="House of Representatives of Puerto Rico">House of Representatives</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td>51 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_parliaments_with_limited_recognition">State parliaments with limited recognition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: State parliaments with limited recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Country</th> <th colspan="2">Bicameral body</th> <th rowspan="3">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>Upper house</th> <th>Lower house </th></tr> <tr> <th>Seats of Upper house</th> <th>Seats of Lower house </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Somaliland" title="Parliament of Somaliland">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3">Each house has 82 members. The constitution of Somaliland does not clarify how members of the elders house are elected. But the members of the house of representative are elected once every five years. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Elders_(Somaliland)" title="House of Elders (Somaliland)">House of Elders</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Somaliland)" title="House of Representatives (Somaliland)">House of Representatives</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>82</td> <td>82 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_2">Historical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Historical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Rigsdagen" title="Rigsdagen">Rigsdagen</a></b></td> <td rowspan="2">Under the 1849 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Denmark" title="Constitution of Denmark">constitution</a> <i>Rigsdagen</i> was created, with two houses, an upper and a lower house. However, after the <a href="/wiki/1953_Danish_constitutional_and_electoral_age_referendum" title="1953 Danish constitutional and electoral age referendum">1953 referendum</a>, both <i>Rigsdagen</i> and the <i>Landsting</i> was abolished, making the <i>Folketing</i> the <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">sole chamber</a> of the parliament. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landsting_(Denmark)" title="Landsting (Denmark)">Landsting</a> (<a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Folketing" title="Folketing">Folketing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Parliament of the Hellenes</a></b></td> <td rowspan="2">The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Senate" title="Greek Senate">Senate</a> as an upper chamber was established by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1844" title="Greek Constitution of 1844">Greek Constitution of 1844</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece_(Wittelsbach)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Greece (Wittelsbach)">Kingdom of Greece</a>, and was abolished by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1864" title="Greek Constitution of 1864">Greek Constitution of 1864</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Senate" title="Greek Senate">Senate</a> was reestabished by the <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1927" title="Greek Constitution of 1927">Constitution of 1927</a>, which establishing the <a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">Second Hellenic Republic</a> and was disestablished by the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece_(Gl%C3%BCcksburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)">Kingdom of Greece</a> at 1935. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_Senate" title="Greek Senate">Gerousia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senate" title="Senate">Senate</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Vouli</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies" title="Chamber of Deputies">Chamber of Deputies</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="National Assembly (Hungary)">Assembly of the Realm</a></b></td> <td rowspan="2">Between 1608 and 1918 the Hungarian Parliament called <i>Országgyűlés</i> (Assembly of the Realm) had a bicameral structure, both houses having the same rights in legislature. In 1848 the popular representation was introduced for the Lower Table (replacing the representation of the Estates), while with Act VII of 1885 the Upper Table was slightly transformed, but its historical and partly aristocratic nature was preserved. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Upper Table (after 1885: House of Lords)</td> <td>Lower Table (after 1848: House of Representatives) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="National Assembly (Hungary)">Assembly of the Realm</a></b></td> <td rowspan="2">Between 1927 and 1944 the Hungarian Parliament became bicameral again, as Act XXII of 1926 reistanted the upper chamber, now simply called <i>Felsőház</i> (Upper House). This new house was partly an elected body: the mid-level local governments (counties) and some corporative, cultural and scientific associations (such as, e.g., the universities or the chamber of commerce) got the right to co-opt deputies from their own members. From 1945 on, the Hungarian Parliament is a unicameral legislative body. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Upper House</td> <td>House of Representatives </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Althing" title="Althing">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="2">Once the Icelandic Parliament was restored by royal decree in 1844, it originally operated unicamerally from 1845 to 1874 when it became principally bicameral with an additional third chamber, known as Unified Parliament. However, the third chamber consisted of the union of the other two and deliberated as a single body, which makes some scholars classify it as only a bicameral system. However, the third chamber did have its own speaker distinct from the speakers for the other two chambers. The Icelandic Parliament followed the legislatures of Denmark and Sweden and became unicameral once more in 1991. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Upper Chamber</td> <td>Lower Chamber </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">Korea, South</a></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of South Korea">National Assembly</a></b></td> <td rowspan="2">Under the first constitution (<a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="First Republic of South Korea">first republic</a>, 1948–52), the National Assembly was unicameral. The second and third constitutions (first republic, 1952–60) regulated the National Assembly was bicameral and consisted of the House of Commons and the Senate, but only the House of Commons was established and the House of Commons could not pass a bill to establish the Senate. During the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Second_Republic_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Republic of South Korea">second republic</a> (1960–61), the National Assembly became practically bicameral, but it was overturned by the <a href="/wiki/May_16_coup" title="May 16 coup">May 16 coup</a>. The National Assembly has been unicameral since its reopen in 1963. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_(South_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate (South Korea)">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_(South_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Commons (South Korea)">House of Commons</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="2">Until 1950, the New Zealand Parliament was bicameral. It became unicameral in 1951, following the abolition of the Legislative Council, leaving the House of Representatives as the sole parliamentary chamber. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Legislative_Council" title="New Zealand Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives of New Zealand">House of Representatives</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>Congress</b></td> <td rowspan="2">The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Peru#1979_Constitution" title="Constitution of Peru">1979 Constitution</a>, which marked the return to democracy, followed the trend of previous constitutions by retaining a bicameral legislature. However it was dissolved altogether by President <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a> by his <a href="/wiki/1992_Peruvian_constitutional_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Peruvian constitutional crisis">1992 autocoup</a>. Later, under the newer <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Peru" title="Constitution of Peru">1993 constitution</a>, the bicameral system was replaced by the unicameral <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru" title="Congress of the Republic of Peru">Congress of the Republic</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Senate</td> <td>Chamber of Deputies </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cortes" title="Portuguese Cortes">Cortes</a></b></td> <td rowspan="2">During the period of Constitutional Monarchy, the Portuguese Parliament was bicameral. The lower house was the Chamber of Deputies and the upper house was the Chamber of Peers (except during the 1838–1842 period, where a Senate existed instead). With the replacement of the Monarchy by the Republic in 1910, the Parliament continued to be bicameral with a Chamber of Deputies and a Senate existing until 1926. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Most_Worthy_Peers" title="Chamber of Most Worthy Peers">Chamber of Peers</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Portugal_(1822%E2%80%931910)" title="Chamber of Deputies of Portugal (1822–1910)">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union</a></b></td> <td rowspan="2">The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a> superseded the Supreme Soviet. The Soviet of the Republics briefly succeeded the Soviet of Nationalities in late 1991. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Soviet_of_Nationalities" title="Soviet of Nationalities">Soviet of Nationalities</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soviet_of_the_Union" title="Soviet of the Union">Soviet of the Union</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Riksdagen</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Until 1970, the Swedish <a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Riksdag</a> was bicameral. It became unicameral in 1971, but retained the name Riksdag. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Swedish-language text"><span lang="sv" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rsta_kammaren" title="Första kammaren">Första kammaren</a></span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andra_kammaren" title="Andra kammaren">Andra kammaren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Yugoslavia">Federal Assembly</a></b></td> <td rowspan="2">Between 1974 and 1992. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chamber of Republics</td> <td>Federal Chamber </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Parliament">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="2">It was established with the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_constitution_of_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish constitution of 1961">Turkish constitution of 1961</a> and abolished with the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_constitution_of_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish constitution of 1982">Turkish constitution of 1982</a>, although it did not exist between 1980 and 1982 either as a result of the <a href="/wiki/1980_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="1980 coup d'état in Turkey">1980 coup d'état in Turkey</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Turkey)" title="Senate of the Republic (Turkey)">Senate of the Republic</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">National Assembly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/45px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>Congress</b></td> <td rowspan="2">Under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela">1999 constitution</a>, the bicameral system was replaced by the unicameral <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Venezuela" title="National Assembly of Venezuela">National Assembly of Venezuela</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Venezuela" title="Senate of Venezuela">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Chamber_of_Deputies" title="Venezuelan Chamber of Deputies">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/35px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/46px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Fiji" title="Parliament of Fiji">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="2">Original bicameral system suspended by <a href="/wiki/2006_Fijian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Fijian coup d'état">2006 coup</a>. <a href="/wiki/2013_Constitution_of_Fiji" title="2013 Constitution of Fiji">2013 Constitution of Fiji</a> abolished it and replaced it with a single chamber Parliament. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Fiji" title="Senate of Fiji">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Fiji" title="House of Representatives of Fiji">House of Representatives</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mauritania_%281959%E2%80%932017%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritania_%281959%E2%80%932017%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mauritania_%281959%E2%80%932017%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritania_%281959%E2%80%932017%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mauritania_%281959%E2%80%932017%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritania_%281959%E2%80%932017%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Mauritania">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="2">Under the 2017 Referendum, the bicameral system was replaced by the unicameral system. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Mauritania" title="Senate of Mauritania">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Mauritania)" title="National Assembly (Mauritania)">National Assembly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg/46px-State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>Parliament</b></td> <td rowspan="2">Between 1950 and 1979 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Iran" title="Senate of Iran">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Consultative_Assembly" title="National Consultative Assembly">National Assembly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Parliament" title="Croatian Parliament">Parliament</a></b></td> <td rowspan="2">Between 1990 and 2001 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chamber of Counties</td> <td>Chamber of Representatives </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">Republic of Vietnam</a></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>National Assembly</b></td> <td rowspan="2">Between 1966 and 1975 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1967_South_Vietnamese_Senate_election" title="1967 South Vietnamese Senate election">Senate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1967_South_Vietnamese_parliamentary_election" title="1967 South Vietnamese parliamentary election">House of Representatives</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Czechoslovakia)" title="National Assembly (Czechoslovakia)">National Assembly</a></b></td> <td rowspan="2">Between 1920 and 1939 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Senate</td> <td>Chamber of Deputies </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Federal Assembly (Czechoslovakia)">Federal Assembly</a></b></td> <td rowspan="2">Under the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Act_on_the_Czechoslovak_Federation" title="Constitutional Act on the Czechoslovak Federation">Constitutional Act on the Czechoslovak Federation</a>, the Federal Assembly replaced the unicameral <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Communist_Czechoslovakia)" title="National Assembly (Communist Czechoslovakia)">National Assembly</a> in 1969. Its two constituent republics, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czech (Socialist) Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovak (Socialist) Republic</a>, had unicameral legislatures (<a href="/wiki/Czech_National_Council" title="Czech National Council">Czech National Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Council" title="Slovak National Council">Slovak National Council</a>). When <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia was dissolved</a> at the start of 1993, the Federal Assembly was disbanded. The Czech Republic established their upper house, the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Senate of the Czech Republic">Senate</a>, in December 1992. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chamber of Nations</td> <td>Chamber of People </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolished_upper_houses" title="List of abolished upper houses">List of abolished upper houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricameralism" title="Tricameralism">Tricameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">Unicameralism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.ipu.org/compare?field=country%3A%3Afield_structure_of_parliament#pie">"IPU PARLINE database: Structure of parliaments"</a>. <i>ipu.org</i>. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503232124/https://data.ipu.org/compare?field=country%3A%3Afield_structure_of_parliament#pie">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ipu.org&rft.atitle=IPU+PARLINE+database%3A+Structure+of+parliaments&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.ipu.org%2Fcompare%3Ffield%3Dcountry%253A%253Afield_structure_of_parliament%23pie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeidleDocherty2003" class="citation book cs1">Seidle, F. Leslie; Docherty, David C. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i6je60BF-3sC&pg=PA3"><i>Reforming parliamentary democracy</i></a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773525085" title="Special:BookSources/9780773525085"><bdi>9780773525085</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reforming+parliamentary+democracy&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780773525085&rft.aulast=Seidle&rft.aufirst=F.+Leslie&rft.au=Docherty%2C+David+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di6je60BF-3sC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulian_Go2007" class="citation book cs1">Julian Go (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kYmmnYKEvE0C&pg=PA94">"A Globalizing Constitutionalism?, Views from the Postcolony, 1945–2000"</a>. In Arjomand, Saïd Amir (ed.). <i>Constitutionalism and political reconstruction</i>. Brill. pp. 92–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004151741" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004151741"><bdi>978-9004151741</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Globalizing+Constitutionalism%3F%2C+Views+from+the+Postcolony%2C+1945%E2%80%932000&rft.btitle=Constitutionalism+and+political+reconstruction&rft.pages=92-94&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9004151741&rft.au=Julian+Go&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkYmmnYKEvE0C%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/features/how-the-westminster-parliamentary-system-was-exported-around-the-world">"How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World"</a>. University of Cambridge. 2 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216190945/http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/features/how-the-westminster-parliamentary-system-was-exported-around-the-world">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+the+Westminster+Parliamentary+System+was+exported+around+the+World&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=2013-12-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cam.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Ffeatures%2Fhow-the-westminster-parliamentary-system-was-exported-around-the-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HG1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HG1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HG1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HG1_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150730195430/http://archives.democrats.rules.house.gov/Archives/jcoc2br.htm">"The Constitutional Background – House of Representatives archives"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.democrats.rules.house.gov/Archives/jcoc2br.htm">the original</a> on 30 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Constitutional+Background+%E2%80%93+House+of+Representatives+archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.democrats.rules.house.gov%2FArchives%2Fjcoc2br.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:42_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWirls2021" class="citation book cs1">Wirls, D. (2021). <i>The Senate : From White Supremacy to Governmental Gridlock</i>. University of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-4689-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-4689-4"><bdi>978-0-8139-4689-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Senate+%3A+From+White+Supremacy+to+Governmental+Gridlock&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-4689-4&rft.aulast=Wirls&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberation.fr/politiques/010132156-senat-le-triomphe-de-l-anomalie">Liberation.fr</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120928055906/http://www.liberation.fr/politiques/010132156-senat-le-triomphe-de-l-anomalie">Archived</a> 28 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Sénat, le triomphe de l'anomalie</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWirls2004" class="citation book cs1">Wirls, Daniel (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51878651"><i>The invention of the United States Senate</i></a>. Stephen Wirls. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-7438-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-7438-6"><bdi>0-8018-7438-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51878651">51878651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+invention+of+the+United+States+Senate&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51878651&rft.isbn=0-8018-7438-6&rft.aulast=Wirls&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F51878651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Odgers-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Odgers_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Odgers_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/Odgers_Australian_Senate_Practice/Chapter_21#h02">"Chapter 21: Relations with the House of Representatives"</a>. <i>Odgers' Australian Senate Practice</i> (14th ed.). Parliament of Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518084044/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/Odgers_Australian_Senate_Practice/Chapter_21#h02">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+21%3A+Relations+with+the+House+of+Representatives&rft.btitle=Odgers%27+Australian+Senate+Practice&rft.edition=14th&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Australia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2FAbout_Parliament%2FSenate%2FPowers_practice_n_procedures%2FOdgers_Australian_Senate_Practice%2FChapter_21%23h02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones2014-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jones2014_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2014" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Clyve (2014). "Accommodation in the Painted Chamber for Conferences between the Lords and the Commons from 1600 to 1834". <i>Parliamentary History</i>. <b>33</b> (2): 342–357. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1750-0206.12100">10.1111/1750-0206.12100</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0264-2824">0264-2824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+History&rft.atitle=Accommodation+in+the+Painted+Chamber+for+Conferences+between+the+Lords+and+the+Commons+from+1600+to+1834&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=342-357&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1750-0206.12100&rft.issn=0264-2824&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Clyve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blayden 2017 p.6; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1836/aug/11/free-conference-municipal-corporations">"Free Conference—Municipal Corporations' Act Amendment (, )"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. 11 August 1836. HC Deb vol 35 cc1125–7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312065113/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1836/aug/11/free-conference-municipal-corporations">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=Free+Conference%E2%80%94Municipal+Corporations%27+Act+Amendment+%28%2C+%29&rft.pages=HC+Deb+vol+35+cc1125-7&rft.date=1836-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1836%2Faug%2F11%2Ffree-conference-municipal-corporations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blayden 2017 p.6; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/lords-jrnl/vol25/pp518-526">"Managers for the Free Conference, on the Bill to prevent Commerce with Spain"</a>. <i>House of Lords Journal</i>. British History Online. 22–24 April 1740. Volume 25, pp.518–526. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180220033241/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/lords-jrnl/vol25/pp518-526">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=House+of+Lords+Journal&rft.atitle=Managers+for+the+Free+Conference%2C+on+the+Bill+to+prevent+Commerce+with+Spain.&rft.pages=Volume+25%2C+pp.518-526&rft.date=1740-04-22%2F1740-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Flords-jrnl%2Fvol25%2Fpp518-526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlaydenPLPP-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BlaydenPLPP_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlaydenPLPP_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlayden2017" class="citation web cs1">Blayden, Lynsey (September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aspg.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/BlaydenPLPP-Research-Essay-Free-Conferences-in-New-South-Wales.pdf">"Do free conferences have a place in the present-day NSW Parliament?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Australasian Study of Parliament Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180220033243/https://www.aspg.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/BlaydenPLPP-Research-Essay-Free-Conferences-in-New-South-Wales.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+free+conferences+have+a+place+in+the+present-day+NSW+Parliament%3F&rft.pub=Australasian+Study+of+Parliament+Group&rft.date=2017-09&rft.aulast=Blayden&rft.aufirst=Lynsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aspg.org.au%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F09%2FBlaydenPLPP-Research-Essay-Free-Conferences-in-New-South-Wales.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrump2007" class="citation journal cs1">Crump, Rick (Spring 2007). "Why the conference procedure remains the preferred method for resolving disputes between the two houses of the South Australian Parliament". <i>Australasian Parliamentary Review</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 120–136. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.611.7131">10.1.1.611.7131</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australasian+Parliamentary+Review&rft.atitle=Why+the+conference+procedure+remains+the+preferred+method+for+resolving+disputes+between+the+two+houses+of+the+South+Australian+Parliament&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=120-136&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.611.7131%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Crump&rft.aufirst=Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AECannouncement31August2017-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AECannouncement31August2017_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aec.gov.au/media/media-releases/2017/08-31.htm">"Determination of membership entitlement to the House of Representatives"</a>. <i>aec.gov.au</i>. 31 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831130456/http://www.aec.gov.au/media/media-releases/2017/08-31.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aec.gov.au&rft.atitle=Determination+of+membership+entitlement+to+the+House+of+Representatives&rft.date=2017-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aec.gov.au%2Fmedia%2Fmedia-releases%2F2017%2F08-31.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1980" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, Elaine (1980). "The 'Washminster' mutation". <i>Politics</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 32–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00323268008401755">10.1080/00323268008401755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politics&rft.atitle=The+%27Washminster%27+mutation&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=32-40&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00323268008401755&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/pops/pop34">"Papers on Parliament No. 34 Representation and Institutional Change: 50 Years of Proportional Representation in the Senate"</a>. 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170103003608/http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/pops/pop34">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Papers+on+Parliament+No.+34+Representation+and+Institutional+Change%3A+50+Years+of+Proportional+Representation+in+the+Senate&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2FAbout_Parliament%2FSenate%2FPowers_practice_n_procedures%2Fpops%2Fpop34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhaitan2021" class="citation journal cs1">Khaitan, Tarunabh (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cjccl.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/6-Khaitan.pdf">"Balancing Accountability and Effectiveness: A Case for Moderated Parliamentarism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Canadian Journal of Comparative and Contemporary Law</i>. <b>7</b>: 81–155<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Comparative+and+Contemporary+Law&rft.atitle=Balancing+Accountability+and+Effectiveness%3A+A+Case+for+Moderated+Parliamentarism&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=81-155&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Khaitan&rft.aufirst=Tarunabh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cjccl.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F05%2F6-Khaitan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Bundesverfassungsgericht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesverfassungsgericht">Bundesverfassungsgericht</a></i>, BVerfGE 37, 363, Aktenzeichen 2 BvF 2, 3/73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">European Union Politics, John McCormick, 3rd Edition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/about/mps-and-lords/about-lords/lords-appointment/">How do you become a Member of the House of Lords?" – UK Parliament</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210112203428/https://www.parliament.uk/about/mps-and-lords/about-lords/lords-appointment/">Archived</a> 12 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFasoneRomaniello" class="citation web cs1">Fasone, Cristina; Romaniello, Maria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191228100009/https://parliamentsandlegislatures.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/italy-by-c-fasone-and-m-romaniello.pdf">"The Italian Parliament: Symmetric Bicameralism Under Review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parliamentsandlegislatures.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/italy-by-c-fasone-and-m-romaniello.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Parliament%3A+Symmetric+Bicameralism+Under+Review&rft.aulast=Fasone&rft.aufirst=Cristina&rft.au=Romaniello%2C+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparliamentsandlegislatures.files.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F04%2Fitaly-by-c-fasone-and-m-romaniello.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFusaro" class="citation web cs1">Fusaro, Carlo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223201219/http://www.carlofusaro.it/in_english/Bicameralism_in_ITA_2013.pdf">"Bicameralism in Italy. 150 Years of Poor Design, Disappointing Performances, Aborted Reforms"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Carlo Fusaro</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carlofusaro.it/in_english/Bicameralism_in_ITA_2013.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carlo+Fusaro&rft.atitle=Bicameralism+in+Italy.+150+Years+of+Poor+Design%2C+Disappointing+Performances%2C+Aborted+Reforms&rft.aulast=Fusaro&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carlofusaro.it%2Fin_english%2FBicameralism_in_ITA_2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClementi2016" class="citation web cs1">Clementi, Francesco (23 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://constitutionnet.org/news/italian-constitutional-reforms-towards-stable-and-efficient-government">"Italian constitutional reforms: Towards a stable and efficient government"</a>. <i>ConstitutionNet</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221175127/http://constitutionnet.org/news/italian-constitutional-reforms-towards-stable-and-efficient-government">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ConstitutionNet&rft.atitle=Italian+constitutional+reforms%3A+Towards+a+stable+and+efficient+government&rft.date=2016-06-23&rft.aulast=Clementi&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconstitutionnet.org%2Fnews%2Fitalian-constitutional-reforms-towards-stable-and-efficient-government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minervanett.no/">"Minerva"</a>. <i>Minerva</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181217134415/https://www.minervanett.no/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minerva&rft.atitle=Minerva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minervanett.no%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malamud, Andrés and Martín Costanzo (2010) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositorio.ul.pt/handle/10451/11915">Bicameralismo subnacional: el caso argentino en perspectiva comparada</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210113161734/https://repositorio.ul.pt/handle/10451/11915">Archived</a> 13 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". In: Igor Vivero Ávila (ed.), Democracia y reformas políticas en México y América Latina (pp. 219–246). Mexico: M. A. Porrúa.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/rearvision/australias-upper-houses/11038996">"Australia's Upper Houses – ABC Rear Vision"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. 24 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201107230458/https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/rearvision/australias-upper-houses/11038996">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+Upper+Houses+%E2%80%93+ABC+Rear+Vision&rft.pub=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=2019-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fradionational%2Fprograms%2Frearvision%2Faustralias-upper-houses%2F11038996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunstan1981" class="citation book cs1">Dunstan, Don (1981). <i>Felicia: The political memoirs of Don Dunstan</i>. Griffin Press Limited. pp. 214–215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-33815-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-33815-4"><bdi>0-333-33815-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Felicia%3A+The+political+memoirs+of+Don+Dunstan&rft.pages=214-215&rft.pub=Griffin+Press+Limited&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-333-33815-4&rft.aulast=Dunstan&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LA-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LA_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/web/common.nsf/key/LARole">"Role and History of the Legislative Assembly"</a>. Parliament of New South Wales. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110423094710/https://parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/web/common.nsf/key/LARole">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Role+and+History+of+the+Legislative+Assembly&rft.pub=Parliament+of+New+South+Wales&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.nsw.gov.au%2Fprod%2Fweb%2Fcommon.nsf%2Fkey%2FLARole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Electoral Reform expected to alter balance of power, <i>The Australian</i>, 11 June 1987, p.5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution (Parliamentary Reform) Act 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffithSrinivasan2001" class="citation book cs1">Griffith, Gareth; Srinivasan, Sharath (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/researchpapers/Documents/state-upper-houses-in-australia/bg01-01.pdf"><i>State Upper Houses in Australia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New South Wales Parliamentary Library Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127235022/https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/researchpapers/Documents/state-upper-houses-in-australia/bg01-01.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Upper+Houses+in+Australia&rft.pub=New+South+Wales+Parliamentary+Library+Service&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rft.au=Srinivasan%2C+Sharath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.nsw.gov.au%2Fresearchpapers%2FDocuments%2Fstate-upper-houses-in-australia%2Fbg01-01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.advokat-prnjavorac.com/legislation/constitution_fbih.pdf">"Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305182336/https://advokat-prnjavorac.com/legislation/constitution_fbih.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Federation+of+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.advokat-prnjavorac.com%2Flegislation%2Fconstitution_fbih.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.narodnaskupstinars.net/?q=en/national-assembly/about-national-assembly">"About National Assembly – NSRS"</a>. <i>narodnaskupstinars.net</i>. 28 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170408154612/http://narodnaskupstinars.net/?q=en/national-assembly/about-national-assembly">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=narodnaskupstinars.net&rft.atitle=About+National+Assembly+%E2%80%93+NSRS&rft.date=2015-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.narodnaskupstinars.net%2F%3Fq%3Den%2Fnational-assembly%2Fabout-national-assembly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vijecenarodars.net/">"Home page"</a>. <i>vijecenarodars.net</i> (in Serbian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191208112946/https://www.vijecenarodars.net/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vijecenarodars.net&rft.atitle=Home+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vijecenarodars.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 171, Clause 3 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a> (1950)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705153315/http://www.cfr.org/pdf/Arab_Democracy_TF.pdf">"2005 report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfr.org/pdf/Arab_Democracy_TF.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2005+report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fpdf%2FArab_Democracy_TF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news-ro.info/referendum-turnout-5095-7778-said-yes-for-a-unicameral-parliament-8884-voted-for-the-decrease-in-the-number-of-parliamentarians.html">Referendum turnout 50.95%. 77.78 said YES for a unicameral Parliament, 88.84% voted for the decrease in the number of Parliamentarians</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721231024/http://www.news-ro.info/referendum-turnout-5095-7778-said-yes-for-a-unicameral-parliament-8884-voted-for-the-decrease-in-the-number-of-parliamentarians.html">Archived</a> 21 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Official results from the Romanian Central Electoral Commission</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://constitutionnet.org/news/innovations-draft-constitution-cote-divoire-towards-hyper-presidentialism">"Innovations of the Draft Constitution of Cote d'Ivoire: Towards hyper-presidentialism?"</a>. <i>ConstitutionNet</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190408021122/http://constitutionnet.org/news/innovations-draft-constitution-cote-divoire-towards-hyper-presidentialism">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ConstitutionNet&rft.atitle=Innovations+of+the+Draft+Constitution+of+Cote+d%27Ivoire%3A+Towards+hyper-presidentialism%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconstitutionnet.org%2Fnews%2Finnovations-draft-constitution-cote-divoire-towards-hyper-presidentialism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223153410/http://constitution.org.np/userfiles/constitution%20of%20nepal%202072-en.pdf">"Constitution of Nepal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://constitution.org.np/userfiles/constitution%20of%20nepal%202072-en.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Nepal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconstitution.org.np%2Fuserfiles%2Fconstitution%2520of%2520nepal%25202072-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAroney2008" class="citation journal cs1">Aroney, Nicholas (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=687101067008103021026024001076080090096055058047023043031088001109087108029089028121061053000000033097052116074125026022096070009094010045014121127004118118086071075085127002099028023121082113095080104121081027119117006027108109092066005102102089&EXT=pdf&INDEX=TRUE">"Four Reasons for an Upper House: Representative Democracy, Public Deliberation, Legislative Outputs and Executive Accountability"</a>. <i>Adelaide Law Review</i>. <b>29</b><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Adelaide+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Four+Reasons+for+an+Upper+House%3A+Representative+Democracy%2C+Public+Deliberation%2C+Legislative+Outputs+and+Executive+Accountability&rft.volume=29&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Aroney&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fposeidon01.ssrn.com%2Fdelivery.php%3FID%3D687101067008103021026024001076080090096055058047023043031088001109087108029089028121061053000000033097052116074125026022096070009094010045014121127004118118086071075085127002099028023121082113095080104121081027119117006027108109092066005102102089%26EXT%3Dpdf%26INDEX%3DTRUE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicameralism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=505822"><i>Noncontemporaneous Lawmaking: Can the 110th Senate Enact a Bill Passed by the 109th House?</i></a>, 16 Cornell J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 331 (2007).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=932574">Against Mix-and-Match Lawmaking</a> Aaron-Andrew P. Bruhl, <i>Against Mix-and-Match Lawmaking]</i>, 16 <b>Cornell J.L. & Pub. Pol'y</b> 349 (2007).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=956155"><i>Defending the (Not So) Indefensible: A Reply to Professor Aaron-Andrew P. Bruhl</i></a>, 16 <b>Cornell J.L. & Pub. Pol'y</b> 363 (2007).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_bicameral_legislatures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_bicameral_legislatures" title="Template:National bicameral legislatures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_bicameral_legislatures" title="Template talk:National bicameral legislatures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_bicameral_legislatures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National bicameral legislatures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_bicameral_legislatures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">National <a class="mw-selflink selflink">bicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislatures</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Argentina" title="National Congress of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Parliament" title="Austrian Parliament">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Federal_Parliament" title="Belgian Federal Parliament">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Egypt" title="Parliament of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Federal Parliamentary Assembly">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia" title="Parliament of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Union" title="Congress of the Union">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Nepal" title="Federal Parliament of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nigeria)" title="National Assembly (Nigeria)">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Russia)" title="Federal Assembly (Russia)">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Somalia" title="Federal Parliament of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Legislature_(South_Sudan)" title="National Legislature (South Sudan)">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Legislature_(Sudan)" title="National Legislature (Sudan)">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Algeria" title="Parliament of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Bahamas" title="Parliament of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Bahrain)" title="National Assembly (Bahrain)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Barbados" title="Parliament of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Belize)" title="National Assembly (Belize)">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Bhutan" title="Parliament of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurinational_Legislative_Assembly" title="Plurinational Legislative Assembly">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Burundi" title="Parliament of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Cambodia" title="Parliament of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Cameroon" title="Parliament of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Chile" title="National Congress of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Colombia" title="Congress of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Parliament of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Parliament of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Congress of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Parliament of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Eswatini" title="Parliament of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Gabon" title="Parliament of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Grenada" title="Parliament of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Haiti)" title="National Assembly (Haiti)">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Parliament of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Jamaica" title="Parliament of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Jordan" title="Parliament of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Kazakhstan" title="Parliament of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Kenya" title="Parliament of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lesotho" title="Parliament of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_Liberia" title="Legislature of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Madagascar" title="Parliament of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Morocco" title="Parliament of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyidaungsu_Hluttaw" title="Pyidaungsu Hluttaw">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Namibia" title="Parliament of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Oman" title="Council of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau_National_Congress" title="Palau National Congress">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Paraguay" title="Congress of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Poland" title="Parliament of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania" title="Parliament of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Rwanda" title="Parliament of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Parliament of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Parliament" title="Slovenian Parliament">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Assembly_(Tajikistan)" title="Supreme Assembly (Tajikistan)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Thailand)" title="National Assembly (Thailand)">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Turkmenistan" title="National Council of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Uruguay" title="General Assembly of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliy_Majlis" title="Oliy Majlis">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Zimbabwe" title="Parliament of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent and<br />other territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Fono" title="American Samoa Fono">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Bermuda" title="Parliament of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynwald" title="Tynwald">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands_Commonwealth_Legislature" title="Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Legislature">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">Non-UN states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Somaliland" title="Parliament of Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Venezuela" title="Congress of Venezuela">Venezuela (1811-1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Congress" title="Confederate States Congress">Confederate States (1862–1865)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Czechoslovakia)" title="National Assembly (Czechoslovakia)">Czechoslovakia (1920–1939)</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Federal Assembly (Czechoslovakia)">(1969–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riigikogu#Division" title="Riigikogu">Estonia (1938–1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Serbia#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly of Serbia">Serbia (1901–1903)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union (1938–1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Texas" title="Congress of the Republic of Texas">Texas (1836–1845)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Yugoslavia" title="Assembly of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia (1931–1939, 1945–1963, 1974–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Serbia and Montenegro">FR Yugoslavia (1992–2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire (1876–1878, 1908–1920)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">Unicameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricameralism" title="Tricameralism">Tricameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicameralism" title="Multicameralism">Multicameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legislatures_by_country" title="List of legislatures by country">List of legislatures by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_unicameral_legislatures" title="Template:National unicameral legislatures">National unicameral legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_lower_houses" title="Template:National lower houses">National lower houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_upper_houses" title="Template:National upper houses">National upper houses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lower_houses_of_national_legislatures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_lower_houses" title="Template:National lower houses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_lower_houses" title="Template talk:National lower houses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_lower_houses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National lower houses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lower_houses_of_national_legislatures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower houses</a> of national <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislatures</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Chamber_of_Deputies" title="Argentine Chamber of Deputies">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Austria)" title="National Council (Austria)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_(Belgium)" title="Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="House of Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Brazil)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peoples%27_Representatives" title="House of Peoples' Representatives">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Rakyat" title="Dewan Rakyat">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Mexico)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Nepal)" title="House of Representatives (Nepal)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Nigeria)" title="House of Representatives (Nigeria)">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Somalia#House_of_the_People" title="Federal Parliament of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Legislative_Assembly_(South_Sudan)" title="National Legislative Assembly (South Sudan)">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Sudan" title="National Assembly of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Switzerland)" title="National Council (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Assembly" title="People's National Assembly">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="House of Representatives (Antigua and Barbuda)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Bahamas#House_of_Assembly" title="Parliament of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_(Bahrain)" title="Council of Representatives (Bahrain)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Barbados" title="House of Assembly of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Belarus)" title="House of Representatives (Belarus)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Belize)" title="House of Representatives (Belize)">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Bhutan)" title="National Assembly (Bhutan)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Bolivia)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Bolivia)">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Burundi)" title="National Assembly (Burundi)">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Cambodia)" title="National Assembly (Cambodia)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Cameroon)" title="National Assembly (Cameroon)">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Central_African_Republic)" title="National Assembly (Central African Republic)">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Chile" title="Chamber of Deputies of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_of_Colombia" title="Chamber of Representatives of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="National Assembly (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="National Assembly (Republic of the Congo)">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Chamber of Deputies of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Egypt)" title="House of Representatives (Egypt)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Equatorial_Guinea)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Equatorial Guinea)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Eswatini" title="House of Assembly of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Gabon" title="National Assembly of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Grenada#House_of_Representatives" title="Parliament of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Haiti)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Haiti)">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Indonesia)" title="House of Representatives (Indonesia)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Ivory_Coast)" title="National Assembly (Ivory Coast)">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Jamaica" title="Parliament of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Jordan)" title="House of Representatives (Jordan)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4jilis" title="Mäjilis">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Kenya)" title="National Assembly (Kenya)">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Lesotho)" title="National Assembly (Lesotho)">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Liberia" title="House of Representatives of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Madagascar)" title="National Assembly (Madagascar)">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Morocco)" title="House of Representatives (Morocco)">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyithu_Hluttaw" title="Pyithu Hluttaw">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Namibia)" title="National Assembly (Namibia)">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)" title="House of Representatives (Netherlands)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_(Oman)" title="Consultative Assembly (Oman)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Delegates_of_Palau" title="House of Delegates of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Paraguay" title="Chamber of Deputies of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Romania)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Romania)">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Rwanda)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Rwanda)">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Saint_Lucia" title="House of Assembly of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Slovenia)" title="National Assembly (Slovenia)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_South_Africa" title="National Assembly of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies" title="Congress of Deputies">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Representatives_(Tajikistan)" title="Assembly of Representatives (Tajikistan)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Thailand)" title="House of Representatives (Thailand)">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Trinidad_and_Tobago)" title="House of Representatives (Trinidad and Tobago)">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_of_Uruguay" title="Chamber of Representatives of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Chamber_of_Uzbekistan" title="Legislative Chamber of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Yemen)" title="House of Representatives (Yemen)">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Zimbabwe" title="National Assembly of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent and<br />other territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_House_of_Representatives" title="American Samoa House of Representatives">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Bermuda" title="House of Assembly of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Keys" title="House of Keys">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands_House_of_Representatives" title="Northern Mariana Islands House of Representatives">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Puerto_Rico" title="House of Representatives of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">Non-UN states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Somaliland)" title="House of Representatives (Somaliland)">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolished_lower_houses" title="List of abolished lower houses">Defunct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cuba_(1902%E2%80%931959)#Constitution_of_1940" title="Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Fiji" title="House of Representatives of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_(British_Guiana)" title="Legislative Assembly (British Guiana)">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Hungary#House_of_Representatives" title="Diet of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Commons" title="Irish House of Commons">Kingdom of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Dáil Éireann (Irish Free State)">Irish Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(South_Korea)" title="House of Representatives (South Korea)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Nicaragua#Presidents_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies_before_1979" title="National Congress of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Northern_Ireland" title="House of Commons of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru#History" title="Congress of the Republic of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Portugal_(1822%E2%80%931910)" title="Chamber of Deputies of Portugal (1822–1910)">Portugal (Kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Portugal_(1910%E2%80%931926)" title="Chamber of Deputies of Portugal (1910–1926)">Portugal (Republic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andra_kammaren" title="Andra kammaren">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Chamber_of_Deputies" title="Venezuelan Chamber of Deputies">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bicameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">Unicameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricameralism" title="Tricameralism">Tricameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicameralism" title="Multicameralism">Multicameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolished_lower_houses" title="List of abolished lower houses">List of abolished lower houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legislatures_by_country" title="List of legislatures by country">List of legislatures by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_upper_houses" title="Template:National upper houses">National upper houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_bicameral_legislatures" title="Template:National bicameral legislatures">National bicameral legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_unicameral_legislatures" title="Template:National unicameral legislatures">National unicameral legislatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Upper_houses_of_national_legislatures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_upper_houses" title="Template:National upper houses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_upper_houses" title="Template talk:National upper houses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_upper_houses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National upper houses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Upper_houses_of_national_legislatures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper houses</a> of national <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislatures</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Senate" title="Argentine Senate">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Austria)" title="Federal Council (Austria)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Belgium)" title="Senate (Belgium)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peoples_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="House of Peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Senate_(Brazil)" title="Federal Senate (Brazil)">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Federation" title="House of Federation">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Bundesrat" title="German Bundesrat">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Negara" title="Dewan Negara">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Mexico)" title="Senate of the Republic (Mexico)">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nepal)" title="National Assembly (Nepal)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Nigeria" title="Senate of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Senate of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_Council_(Russia)" title="Federation Council (Russia)">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Somalia" title="Senate of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(South_Sudan)" title="Council of States (South Sudan)">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(Sudan)" title="Council of States (Sudan)">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(Switzerland)" title="Council of States (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Nation" title="Council of the Nation">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="Senate (Antigua and Barbuda)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Bahamas#Senate" title="Parliament of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Council_(Bahrain)" title="Consultative Council (Bahrain)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Barbados" title="Senate of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Republic_(Belarus)" title="Council of the Republic (Belarus)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Belize)" title="Senate (Belize)">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Bhutan)" title="National Council (Bhutan)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Senators_(Bolivia)" title="Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Burundi)" title="Senate (Burundi)">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Cambodia)" title="Senate (Cambodia)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Cameroon)" title="Senate (Cameroon)">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_(Chad)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senate (Chad) (page does not exist)">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Chile" title="Senate of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Colombia" title="Senate of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Senate (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Senate (Republic of the Congo)">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Senate of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Senate of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Egypt)" title="Senate (Egypt)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Equatorial_Guinea)" title="Senate (Equatorial Guinea)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Eswatini" title="Senate of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(France)" title="Senate (France)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Gabon" title="Senate of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Grenada)" title="Senate (Grenada)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Haiti)" title="Senate (Haiti)">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Representative_Council" title="Regional Representative Council">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)" title="Senate of the Republic (Italy)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Ivory_Coast)" title="Senate (Ivory Coast)">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Jamaica#Senate" title="Parliament of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors" title="House of Councillors">Japan (post-1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Jordan)" title="Senate (Jordan)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Kazakhstan" title="Senate of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Kenya" title="Senate of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Lesotho" title="Senate of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Liberia" title="Senate of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Madagascar)" title="Senate (Madagascar)">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors_(Morocco)" title="House of Councillors (Morocco)">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyotha_Hluttaw" title="Amyotha Hluttaw">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Namibia)" title="National Council (Namibia)">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nepal)" title="National Assembly (Nepal)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Netherlands)" title="Senate (Netherlands)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Oman)" title="Council of State (Oman)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Palau" title="Senate of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Paraguay" title="Senate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Poland" title="Senate of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Romania" title="Senate of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Rwanda)" title="Senate (Rwanda)">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Senate of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Slovenia)" title="National Council (Slovenia)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Provinces" title="National Council of Provinces">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Spain" title="Senate of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Tajikistan" title="National Assembly of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Thailand" title="Senate of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Trinidad_and_Tobago)" title="Senate (Trinidad and Tobago)">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Regions_and_Districts" title="National Council of Regions and Districts">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Uruguay" title="Senate of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Uzbekistan" title="Senate of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura_Council_(Yemen)" title="Shura Council (Yemen)">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Zimbabwe" title="Senate of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent and<br />other territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Senate" title="American Samoa Senate">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Bermuda" title="Senate of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Legislative Council of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands_Senate" title="Northern Mariana Islands Senate">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Senate of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">Non-UN states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Elders_(Somaliland)" title="House of Elders (Somaliland)">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolished_upper_houses" title="List of abolished upper houses">Defunct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Elders_(Afghanistan)" title="House of Elders (Afghanistan)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_(Austria)" title="House of Lords (Austria)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(British_Guiana)" title="Senate (British Guiana)">British Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Princes" title="Chamber of Princes">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Chamber of Representatives of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Nationalities" title="Chamber of Nationalities">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Ceylon" title="Senate of Ceylon">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_Yuan" title="Control Yuan">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Costa_Rican_legislature#Senate_of_Costa_Rica" title="History of the Costa Rican legislature">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Parliament#Chamber_of_Counties" title="Croatian Parliament">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Cuba" title="Congress of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Federal Assembly (Czechoslovakia)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landstinget" class="mw-redirect" title="Landstinget">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Council" title="Conservative Council">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_States" title="Chamber of States">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_Ecuador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senate of Ecuador (page does not exist)">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Egypt)" title="Senate (Egypt)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senate of El Salvador (page does not exist)">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Parliament_of_Ethiopia" title="Imperial Parliament of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Fiji" title="Senate of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Senate" title="Greek Senate">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Magnates" title="House of Magnates">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Iran" title="Senate of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Iraq" title="Senate of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Lords" title="Irish House of Lords">Kingdom of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Seanad Éireann (Irish Free State)">Irish Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">Japan (pre-1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Kingdom_of_Libya#Senate" title="Parliament of the Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Maldives" title="Senate of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Malta" title="Senate of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Mauritania" title="Senate of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Legislative_Council" title="New Zealand Legislative Council">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Nicaragua" title="National Congress of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Senate of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru#Senate" title="Congress of the Republic of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Portugal)" title="Senate (Portugal)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_House_of_Lords" title="Prussian House of Lords">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Rhodesia#Senate" title="Parliament of Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_(Russian_Empire)" title="State Council (Russian Empire)">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Senegal)" title="Senate (Senegal)">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_the_Kingdom_of_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senate of the Kingdom of Serbia (page does not exist)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_South_Africa" title="Senate of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors_(South_Korea)" title="House of Councillors (South Korea)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_of_Nationalities" title="Soviet of Nationalities">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rsta_kammaren" title="Första kammaren">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Turkey)" title="Senate of the Republic (Turkey)">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Venezuela" title="Senate of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsrat_(Germany)" title="Reichsrat (Germany)">Weimar Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bicameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">Unicameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricameralism" title="Tricameralism">Tricameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicameralism" title="Multicameralism">Multicameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolished_upper_houses" title="List of abolished upper houses">List of abolished upper houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legislatures_by_country" title="List of legislatures by country">List of legislatures by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_bicameral_legislatures" title="Template:National bicameral legislatures">National bicameral legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_unicameral_legislatures" title="Template:National unicameral legislatures">National unicameral legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_lower_houses" title="Template:National lower houses">National lower houses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_unicameral_legislatures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_unicameral_legislatures" title="Template:National unicameral legislatures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_unicameral_legislatures" title="Template talk:National unicameral legislatures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_unicameral_legislatures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National unicameral legislatures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_unicameral_legislatures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">National <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislatures</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Union_of_the_Comoros" title="Assembly of the Union of the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Congress of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis)" title="National Assembly (Saint Kitts and Nevis)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_National_Council" title="Federal National Council">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Venezuela)">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Council_of_Afghanistan" title="Leadership Council of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Albania" title="Parliament of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Council_(Andorra)" title="General Council (Andorra)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Angola)" title="National Assembly (Angola)">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Armenia)" title="National Assembly (Armenia)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Azerbaijan)" title="National Assembly (Azerbaijan)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatiya_Sangsad" title="Jatiya Sangsad">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Benin)" title="National Assembly (Benin)">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Botswana)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Botswana)">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Brunei" title="Legislative Council of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Bulgaria)" title="National Assembly (Bulgaria)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Burkina_Faso" title="National Assembly of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Cape_Verde)" title="National Assembly (Cape Verde)">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Central_African_Republic)" title="National Assembly (Central African Republic)">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Chad)" title="National Assembly (Chad)">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Costa_Rica" title="Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Parliament" title="Croatian Parliament">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_People%27s_Power" title="National Assembly of People's Power">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Cyprus)" title="House of Representatives (Cyprus)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folketing" title="Folketing">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Djibouti)" title="National Assembly (Djibouti)">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Dominica" title="House of Assembly of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Parliament_(East_Timor)" title="National Parliament (East Timor)">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Ecuador)" title="National Assembly (Ecuador)">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_El_Salvador" title="Legislative Assembly of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Eritrea)" title="National Assembly (Eritrea)">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riigikogu" title="Riigikogu">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Fiji" title="Parliament of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Gambia" title="National Assembly of the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Parliament of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ghana" title="Parliament of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Guatemala" title="Congress of the Republic of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Guinea)" title="National Assembly (Guinea)">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Assembly_(Guinea-Bissau)" title="National People's Assembly (Guinea-Bissau)">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Guyana)" title="National Assembly (Guyana)">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Honduras" title="National Congress of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="National Assembly (Hungary)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Althing" title="Althing">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_(Kiribati)" title="House of Assembly (Kiribati)">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Assembly" title="Supreme People's Assembly">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(South_Korea)" title="National Assembly (South Korea)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Kuwait)" title="National Assembly (Kuwait)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_(Kyrgyzstan)" title="Supreme Council (Kyrgyzstan)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Laos" title="National Assembly of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeima" title="Saeima">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="Parliament of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Libya)" title="House of Representatives (Libya)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Liechtenstein" title="Landtag of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seimas" title="Seimas">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Luxembourg)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Malawi)" title="National Assembly (Malawi)">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Majlis" title="People's Majlis">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Mali)" title="National Assembly (Mali)">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malta" title="Parliament of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Legislature of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_Parliament" title="Mauritanian Parliament">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Mauritius)" title="National Assembly (Mauritius)">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Moldova" title="Parliament of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Monaco)" title="National Council (Monaco)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Great_Khural" title="State Great Khural">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Montenegro" title="Parliament of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Mozambique)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Mozambique)">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Nauru" title="Parliament of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="New Zealand House of Representatives">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nicaragua)" title="National Assembly (Nicaragua)">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Niger)" title="National Assembly (Niger)">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_North_Macedonia" title="Assembly of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Legislative_Council" title="Palestinian Legislative Council">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Panama)" title="National Assembly (Panama)">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Parliament_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="National Parliament of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru" title="Congress of the Republic of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Portugal)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Qatar" title="Consultative Assembly of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="House of Assembly of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Samoa" title="Legislative Assembly of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_and_General_Council" title="Grand and General Council">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe)" title="National Assembly (São Tomé and Príncipe)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Senegal)" title="National Assembly (Senegal)">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Serbia)" title="National Assembly (Serbia)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Seychelles)" title="National Assembly (Seychelles)">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Parliament of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Parliament of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Slovakia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council (Slovakia)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Parliament_of_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Parliament of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Parliament of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Suriname)" title="National Assembly (Suriname)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Syria" title="People's Assembly of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Tanzania)" title="National Assembly (Tanzania)">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Togo)" title="National Assembly (Togo)">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Tonga" title="Legislative Assembly of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Representatives_of_the_People" title="Assembly of the Representatives of the People">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Tuvalu" title="Parliament of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Uganda" title="Parliament of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Vanuatu" title="Parliament of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" title="Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">Holy See (Vatican City)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Vietnam)">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Yemen)" title="House of Representatives (Yemen)">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Zambia" title="National Assembly of Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent and<br />other territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_%C3%85land" title="Parliament of Åland">Åland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_(Anguilla)" title="House of Assembly (Anguilla)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Aruba" title="Parliament of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Azores" title="Legislative Assembly of the Azores">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="House of Assembly of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Parliament of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Parliament of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Parliament of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Legislative Assembly of the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B8gting" title="Løgting">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_French_Polynesia" title="Assembly of French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Parliament" title="Gibraltar Parliament">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inatsisartut" title="Inatsisartut">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_Guam" title="Legislature of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Guernsey" title="States of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_Assembly" title="States Assembly">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Madeira" title="Legislative Assembly of Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Macau" title="Legislative Assembly of Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Montserrat" title="Legislative Assembly of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_New_Caledonia" title="Congress of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue_Assembly" title="Niue Assembly">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_Council_(Pitcairn)" title="Island Council (Pitcairn)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Council_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Territorial Council of Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Saint_Helena" title="Legislative Council of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Politics of the Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Council_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Territorial Council of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Sint_Maarten" title="Parliament of Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobago_House_of_Assembly" title="Tobago House of Assembly">Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Fono" title="General Fono">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_(Turks_and_Caicos_Islands)" title="House of Assembly (Turks and Caicos Islands)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Legislature of the Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Assembly_of_Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Territorial Assembly of Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">Non-UN states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Abkhazia" title="People's Assembly of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo" title="Assembly of the Republic of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Northern_Cyprus)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Northern Cyprus)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_National_Council" title="Sahrawi National Council">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Ossetia" title="Parliament of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_(Transnistria)" title="Supreme Council (Transnistria)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Artsakh)" title="National Assembly (Artsakh)">Artsakh (1991–2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Congress_of_the_Confederate_States" title="Provisional Congress of the Confederate States">Confederate States (1861–1862)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Communist_Czechoslovakia)" title="National Assembly (Communist Czechoslovakia)">Czechoslovakia (1948–1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Republic)" title="Dáil Éireann (Irish Republic)">Irish Republic (1919–1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_Legislative_Assembly" title="Norfolk Island Legislative Assembly">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksraad_(Orange_Free_State)" title="Volksraad (Orange Free State)">Orange Free State (1854–1902)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Parliament" title="Sicilian Parliament">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_(Sikkim)" title="State Council (Sikkim)">Sikkim (1953–1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksraad_(South_African_Republic)" title="Volksraad (South African Republic)">South African Republic (1857–1902)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bicameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricameralism" title="Tricameralism">Tricameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicameralism" title="Multicameralism">Multicameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legislatures_by_country" title="List of legislatures by country">List of legislatures by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_bicameral_legislatures" title="Template:National bicameral legislatures">National bicameral legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_lower_houses" title="Template:National lower houses">National lower houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_upper_houses" title="Template:National upper houses">National upper houses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/21px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/32px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/41px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Bicameralism</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bicameralism" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Bicameralism">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bicameral_legislatures" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Bicameral legislatures">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189445" class="extiw" title="d:Q189445">Data</a></b> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189445#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189445#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189445#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4136850-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bicamérisme"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13320517m">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bicamérisme"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13320517m">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568491">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="dvoukomorový systém"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph250082&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=23775">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&oldid=1259524975">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&oldid=1259524975</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bicameral_legislatures" title="Category:Bicameral legislatures">Bicameral legislatures</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forms_of_government" title="Category:Forms of government">Forms of government</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Administrative_theory" title="Category:Administrative theory">Administrative theory</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:Articles with French-language sources (fr)">Articles with French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Serbian-language_sources_(sr)" title="Category:CS1 Serbian-language sources (sr)">CS1 Serbian-language sources (sr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_in-text_citations_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from August 2024">Articles lacking in-text citations from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_in-text_citations" title="Category:All articles lacking in-text citations">All articles lacking in-text citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2022">Use dmy dates from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2022" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2007" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Irish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Irish-language text">Articles containing Irish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Swedish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Swedish-language text">Articles containing Swedish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_October_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from October 2023">Articles with dead external links from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 17:21<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-7kfnh","wgBackendResponseTime":184,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.380","walltime":"1.778","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13662,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":299712,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":73686,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":178813,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1292.120 1 -total"," 22.39% 289.333 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.99% 245.326 105 Template:Flag"," 12.79% 165.318 20 Template:Cite_web"," 9.16% 118.420 1 Template:Legislature"," 8.99% 116.115 1 Template:Sidebar"," 7.77% 100.401 1 Template:Subject_bar"," 7.66% 99.027 3 Template:Lang"," 6.15% 79.426 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.65% 60.035 1 Template:More_footnotes_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.643","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18602416,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-5k98v","timestamp":"20241127201546","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Bicameralism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bicameralism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q189445","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q189445","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-04-01T01:02:44Z","dateModified":"2024-11-25T17:21:30Z","headline":"legislature with two chambers"}</script> </body> </html>