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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 German rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_and_British_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_and_British_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 French and British rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_and_British_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal_Republic_of_Cameroon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_Republic_of_Cameroon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Federal Republic of Cameroon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_Republic_of_Cameroon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Republic_of_Cameroon_and_Republic_of_Cameroon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Republic_of_Cameroon_and_Republic_of_Cameroon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 United Republic of Cameroon and Republic of Cameroon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Republic_of_Cameroon_and_Republic_of_Cameroon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Politics and government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics_and_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics and government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Political culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Wildlife </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_and_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_and_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy and infrastructure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy_and_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Refugees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refugees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Refugees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refugees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Education and health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music_and_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Music and dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Holidays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Fashion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_arts_and_crafts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_arts_and_crafts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Local arts and crafts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_arts_and_crafts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Films and literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Cameroon</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 253 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-253" aria-hidden="true" > 253 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Камерун – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Камерун" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameroen" title="Kameroen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kameroen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%9C%E1%88%A9%E1%8A%95" title="ካሜሩን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካሜሩን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="कैमरून – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कैमरून" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerun" title="Camerun – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Camerun" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Камерун – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Камерун" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="الكاميرون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الكاميرون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camer%C3%BAn" title="Camerún – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Camerún" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%90%DC%A1%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%A2" title="ܩܐܡܪܘܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܐܡܪܘܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerun" title="Camerun – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Camerun" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron" title="Cameron – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Cameron" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camer%C3%BAn" title="Camerún – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Camerún" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamer%C5%A9" title="Kamerũ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kamerũ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="کامرون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کامرون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8" title="ক্যামেরুন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্যামেরুন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cameroon" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Камерун – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Камерун" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Камерун – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Камерун" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Камэрун – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Камэрун" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="कैमरून – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कैमरून" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameron" title="Kameron – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kameron" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Камерун – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Камерун" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཁམ་མུ་རོན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁམ་མུ་རོན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameroun" title="Kameroun – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kameroun" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Камерун – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Камерун" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerun" title="Camerun – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Camerun" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Камерун – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Камерун" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camer%C3%BAn" title="Camerún – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Camerún" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameruni" title="Kameruni – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kameruni" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Cameroon" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerun" title="Camerun – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Camerun" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camer%C5%B5n" title="Camerŵn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Camerŵn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Cameroon" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroun" title="Cameroun – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cameroun" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="كاميرون – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كاميرون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%AC%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AB%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ކެމަރޫން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކެމަރޫން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="क्यामेरून – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="क्यामेरून" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD" title="Καμερούν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καμερούν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camer%C3%BAn" title="Camerún – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Camerún" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameruno" title="Kameruno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kameruno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camer%C3%BAn" title="Camerún – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Camerún" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="کامرون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کامرون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Cameroon" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroun" title="Cameroun – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cameroun" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameroen" title="Kameroen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kameroen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camar%C3%BAn" title="Camarún – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Camarún" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Cameroon" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarun" title="Camarun – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Camarun" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camer%C3%BAn" title="Camerún – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Camerún" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Cameroon" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%A8" title="કેમેરૂન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કેમેરૂન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroun" title="Cameroun – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Cameroun" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Cameroon" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A9%94%EB%A3%AC" title="카메룬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카메룬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamaru" title="Kamaru – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kamaru" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կամերուն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կամերուն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8" title="कैमरुन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कैमरुन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameroon" title="Kameroon – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Kameroon" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8" title="ক্যামেরুন – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ক্যামেরুন" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerun" title="Camerun – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Camerun" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerun" title="Camerun – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Camerun" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Камерун – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Камерун" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKamerooni" title="IKamerooni – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IKamerooni" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamer%C3%BAn" title="Kamerún – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kamerún" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerun" title="Camerun – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Camerun" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F" title="קמרון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קמרון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameruni" title="Kameruni – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kameruni" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕ್ಯಾಮರೂನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ಯಾಮರೂನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="კამერუნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კამერუნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%8E%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%97%D9%86" title="کیمَروٗن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کیمَروٗن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Камерун – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Камерун" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameroun" title="Kameroun – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kameroun" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameruni" title="Kameruni – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Kameruni" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameruna" title="Kameruna – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Kameruna" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamewoun" title="Kamewoun – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kamewoun" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamroun" title="Kamroun – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kamroun" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamer%C3%BBn" title="Kamerûn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kamerûn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Камерун – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Камерун" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Камерун – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Камерун" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerun" title="Camerun – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Camerun" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%99" title="ປະເທດກາເມີຣູນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດກາເມີຣູນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cammarunia" title="Cammarunia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cammarunia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamer%C5%ABna" title="Kamerūna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kamerūna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamer%C5%ABnas" title="Kamerūnas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kamerūnas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron" title="Cameron – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Cameron" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameroen" title="Kameroen – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kameroen" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerun" title="Camerun – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Camerun" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kamerun" title="kamerun – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="kamerun" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Cameroon" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerun" title="Camerun – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Camerun" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam%C3%A8run" title="Kamèrun – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Kamèrun" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Камерун – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Камерун" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerona" title="Kamerona – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kamerona" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BA" title="കാമറൂൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാമറൂൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamar%C5%ABna" title="Kamarūna – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kamarūna" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="कामेरून – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कामेरून" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="კამერუნი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კამერუნი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="الكاميرون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكاميرون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="کامرون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کامرون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cameroon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯀꯦꯃꯦꯔꯨꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯦꯃꯦꯔꯨꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cameroon" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarones" title="Camarones – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Camarones" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Камэрун – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Камэрун" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Камерун – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Камерун" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ကင်မရွန်းနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကင်မရွန်းနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameroen" title="Kameroen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kameroen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameroen" title="Kameroen – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kameroen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="क्यामेरून – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="क्यामेरून" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="क्यामेरून – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="क्यामेरून" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="カメルーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カメルーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Камерун – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Камерун" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameruun" title="Kameruun – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kameruun" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron" title="Cameron – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cameron" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A8" title="କାମେରୁନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କାମେରୁନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaameruun" title="Kaameruun – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kaameruun" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕੈਮਰੂਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੈਮਰੂਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="केमेरून – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="केमेरून" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamiron" title="Kamiron – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Kamiron" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="کیمرون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیمرون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%B2%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ကဲမ်မရွန်းခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ကဲမ်မရွန်းခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="کامرون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کامرون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamaruun" title="Kamaruun – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kamaruun" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron" title="Cameron – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Cameron" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD" title="Καμερούν – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Καμερούν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camar%C3%B5es" title="Camarões – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Camarões" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerun" title="Camerun – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Camerun" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerun" title="Camerun – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Camerun" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamirun" title="Kamirun – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kamirun" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Камерун – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Камерун" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Камерун – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Камерун" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Камерун – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Камерун" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Cameroon" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="केमेरून – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="केमेरून" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamer%C3%BCn" title="Kamerün – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Kamerün" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱠᱮᱢᱮᱨᱩᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱮᱢᱮᱨᱩᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camer%C3%B9n" title="Camerùn – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Camerùn" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cameroon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron" title="Cameron – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Cameron" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Cameroon" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Cameroon" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameruni" title="Kameruni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kameruni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerun" title="Camerun – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Camerun" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="කැමරූන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කැමරූන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cameroon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="ڪيمرون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪيمرون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKhameruni" title="IKhameruni – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IKhameruni" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamer%C5%AFn" title="Kamerůn – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kamerůn" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameroon" title="Kameroon – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kameroon" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="کامیروون – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کامیروون" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Камерун – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Камерун" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Cameroon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="கமரூன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கமரூன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamirun" title="Kamirun – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Kamirun" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamirun" title="Kamirun – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Kamirun" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Камерун – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Камерун" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B6%E1%82%85%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းၶႅမ်းမႃးရုၼ်း – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၶႅမ်းမႃးရုၼ်း" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="కామెరూన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కామెరూన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99" title="ประเทศแคเมอรูน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศแคเมอรูน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameroon" title="Kameroon – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Kameroon" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Камерун – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Камерун" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A7%E1%8E%B9%E1%8E%B7%E1%8F%82" title="ᎧᎹᎷᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎧᎹᎷᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Cameroon" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemerun" title="Kemerun – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Kemerun" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Камерун – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Камерун" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Камерун – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Камерун" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="کیمرون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیمرون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%DB%87%D9%86" title="كامېرۇن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كامېرۇن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cameroon" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerun" title="Camerun – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Camerun" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cameroon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun%C3%A4n" title="Kamerunän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kamerunän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam%C3%B5run" title="Kamõrun – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kamõrun" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%80%E9%BA%A5%E9%9A%86" title="喀麥隆 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="喀麥隆" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameroen" title="Kameroen – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Kameroen" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerun" title="Camerun – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Camerun" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%80%E9%BA%A6%E9%9A%86" title="喀麦隆 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="喀麦隆" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Cameroon" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F" title="קאמערון – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאמערון" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon_(or%C3%ADl%E1%BA%B9%CC%80-%C3%A8d%C3%A8)" title="Cameroon (orílẹ̀-èdè) – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Cameroon (orílẹ̀-èdè)" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%80%E9%BA%A5%E9%9A%86" title="喀麥隆 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="喀麥隆" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kammeroen" title="Kammeroen – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Kammeroen" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamer%C5%ABns" title="Kamerūns – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kamerūns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%80%E9%BA%A6%E9%9A%86" title="喀麦隆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="喀麦隆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam%C3%A9run" title="Kamérun – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kamérun" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Cameroon" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Cameroon" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nr mw-list-item"><a href="https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon – South Ndebele" lang="nr" hreflang="nr" data-title="Cameroon" data-language-autonym="IsiNdebele seSewula" data-language-local-name="South Ndebele" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiNdebele seSewula</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Kamerun" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%BD%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F" title="ⴽⴰⵎⵉⵔⵓⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴽⴰⵎⵉⵔⵓⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1009#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cameroon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cameroon (disambiguation)">Cameroon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Cameroon</div><div class="ib-country-names">République du Cameroun (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cameroon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Cameroon"><img alt="Vertical tricolor (green, red, yellow) with a five-pointed gold star in the center of the red" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/125px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/188px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/250px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cameroon" title="Flag of Cameroon">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Cameroon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Cameroon"><img alt="Coat of arms of Cameroon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Coat_of_arms_of_Cameroon.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Coat_of_arms_of_Cameroon.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Coat_of_arms_of_Cameroon.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="680" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Cameroon" title="Coat of arms of Cameroon"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto:  "Paix – Travail – Patrie" (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>) "Peace – Work – Fatherland"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem:  "Chant de Ralliement" (French) "<a href="/wiki/The_Rallying_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rallying Song">The Rallying Song</a>" <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Cameroon_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Cameroon"><img alt="Location of Cameroon on the globe." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cameroon_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Cameroon_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cameroon_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Cameroon_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cameroon_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Cameroon_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9" title="Yaoundé">Yaoundé</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1">[1]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cameroon&params=3_52_N_11_31_E_type:city">3°52′N 11°31′E / 3.867°N 11.517°E / 3.867; 11.517</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Douala" title="Douala">Douala</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> • <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2022)<a href="#cite_note-CIA-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> 22.2% <a href="/wiki/Bamileke_people" title="Bamileke people">Bamileke</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bamum_people" title="Bamum people">Bamum</a></li><li>16.4% <a href="/wiki/Biu%E2%80%93Mandara_languages" title="Biu–Mandara languages">Biu-Mandara</a></li><li>13.5% <a href="/wiki/Baggara_Arabs" title="Baggara Arabs">Shuwa Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Kanuri_people" title="Kanuri people">Kanuri</a></li><li>13.1% <a href="/wiki/Beti-Pahuin_peoples" title="Beti-Pahuin peoples">Beti / Bassa-Mbam</a></li><li>12.0% <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fulani</a></li><li>9.9% <a href="/wiki/Tikar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tikar">Grassfields (Tikar)</a></li><li>9.8% <a href="/wiki/Adamawa%E2%80%93Ubangi_languages" title="Adamawa–Ubangi languages">Adamawa-Ubangi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mbum_languages" title="Mbum languages">Mbum</a>-<a href="/wiki/Gbaya_languages" title="Gbaya languages">Gbaya</a>)</li><li>4.6% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sawa_peoples&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sawa peoples (page does not exist)">Sawa / Côtier</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawa_peoples" class="extiw" title="fr:Sawa peoples">fr</a>]</li><li>4.3% Southwest Bantu</li><li>2.3% <a href="/wiki/African_Pygmies" title="African Pygmies">Pygmy peoples</a></li><li>3.8% others/foreigners</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2022)<a href="#cite_note-CIA-1">[1]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">66.3% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">30.6% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cameroon" title="Islam in Cameroon">Islam</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.3% <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">traditional faiths</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.1% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.7% others</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cameroon" title="Demographics of Cameroon">Cameroonian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cameroon" title="Politics of Cameroon">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">dominant-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Cameroon" title="President of Cameroon">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Biya" title="Paul Biya">Paul Biya</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cameroon" title="Prime Minister of Cameroon">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ngute" title="Joseph Ngute">Joseph Ngute</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Senate_(Cameroon)" title="Senate (Cameroon)">President of Senate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Niat_Njifenji" title="Marcel Niat Njifenji">Marcel Niat Njifenji</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Cameroon" title="List of presidents of the National Assembly of Cameroon">President of National Assembly</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cavay%C3%A9_Y%C3%A9gui%C3%A9_Djibril" title="Cavayé Yéguié Djibril">Cavayé Yéguié Djibril</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Cameroon" title="Parliament of Cameroon">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Cameroon)" title="Senate (Cameroon)">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Cameroon)" title="National Assembly (Cameroon)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Formation</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun">German Kamerun</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 August 1884</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Partition </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 July 1916</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence of <a href="/wiki/French_Cameroon" title="French Cameroon">French Cameroon</a> from France </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1960</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cameroons" title="Southern Cameroons">Southern Cameroons</a> from the United Kingdom, establishment of federal republic </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 October 1961</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Unitary state </div></th><td class="infobox-data">May 1972</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cameroon" title="Geography of Cameroon">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">475,442 km2 (183,569 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">53rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.57 <a href="#cite_note-CIA-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cameroon" title="Demographics of Cameroon">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">30,966,105<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">52nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">39.7/km2 (102.8/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $141.930 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CM-8">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">94th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $4,840<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CM-8">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">155th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $53.210 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CM-8">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">91th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $1,810<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CM-8">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">158th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2021)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 42.2<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.587<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">medium (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">151st</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_African_CFA_franc" title="Central African CFA franc">Central African CFA franc</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">XAF</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1 (<a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Time" title="West Africa Time">WAT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy yyyy/mm/dd</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Cameroon" title="Telephone numbers in Cameroon">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Cameroon" title="Telephone numbers in Cameroon">+237</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:CM" title="ISO 3166-2:CM">CM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.cm" title=".cm">.cm</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1">These are the titles as given in the Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon, Article X (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060228030033/http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/Cameroon.pdf">English</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 28 February 2006) and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060228030033/http://www.prc.cm/instit/consti.htm">French</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 28 February 2006) versions). 18 January 1996. The French version of the song is sometimes called Chant de Ralliement, as in Swarovski Orchestra (2004). National Anthems of the World. Koch International Classics; and the English version "O Cameroon, Cradle of Our Forefathers", as in <a href="#DeLancey">DeLancey and DeLancey</a> 61.</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Cameroon,<a href="#cite_note-11">[a]</a> officially the Republic of Cameroon,<a href="#cite_note-12">[b]</a> is a country in <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a>. It shares boundaries with <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> to the west and north, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> to the northeast, the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> to the east, and <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a> to the south. Its coastline lies on the <a href="/wiki/Bight_of_Biafra" title="Bight of Biafra">Bight of Biafra</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. Due to its strategic position at the crossroads between <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> and Central Africa, it has been categorized as being in both camps. Cameroon's population of nearly 31 million people speak 250 native languages, in addition to the national tongues of English and French, or both. Early inhabitants of the territory included the <a href="/wiki/Sao_civilisation" title="Sao civilisation">Sao civilisation</a> around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baka_people_(Cameroon_and_Gabon)" title="Baka people (Cameroon and Gabon)">Baka</a> hunter-gatherers in the southeastern rainforest. <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese discoveries">Portuguese explorers</a> reached the coast in the 15th century and named the area Rio dos Camarões (Shrimp River), which became Cameroon in English. <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fulani</a> soldiers founded the <a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa Emirate</a> in the north in the 19th century, and various ethnic groups of the west and northwest established powerful chiefdoms and <a href="/wiki/Fon_(title)" title="Fon (title)">fondoms</a>. Cameroon became a <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German colony</a> in 1884 known as <a href="/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun">Kamerun</a>. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, it was divided between <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> as <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandates</a>. France took 4/5 and the United Kingdom 1/5 of the territory and both ruled it under mandate until independence in 1960 and 1961 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Peoples_of_Cameroon" title="Union of the Peoples of Cameroon">Union des Populations du Cameroun</a> (UPC) political party advocated independence but was outlawed by France in the 1950s, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Bamileke_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamileke War">national liberation insurgency</a> fought between French and UPC militant forces until early 1971. In 1960, the French-administered part of Cameroon became independent, as the Republic of Cameroun, under President <a href="/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo">Ahmadou Ahidjo</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cameroons" title="Southern Cameroons">southern part</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="British Cameroon">British Cameroons</a> federated with it in 1961 to form the <a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal Republic</a> of Cameroon. The federation was abandoned in 1972. The country was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">United Republic</a> of Cameroon in 1972 and back to the Republic of Cameroon in 1984 by a presidential decree by President <a href="/wiki/Paul_Biya" title="Paul Biya">Paul Biya</a>. Biya, the incumbent president, has led the country since 1982 following Ahidjo's resignation; he previously held office as prime minister from 1975 onward. Cameroon is governed as a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential republic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official languages</a> of Cameroon are French and English, the official languages of former <a href="/wiki/French_Cameroon" title="French Cameroon">French Cameroons</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="British Cameroon">British Cameroons</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is the majority <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">religion in Cameroon</a>, with significant minorities practising <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cameroon" title="Islam in Cameroon">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">traditional faiths</a>. It has experienced <a href="/wiki/Anglophone_problem" title="Anglophone problem">tensions</a> from the English-speaking territories, where politicians have advocated for greater decentralisation and even complete separation or independence (as in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cameroons_National_Council" title="Southern Cameroons National Council">Southern Cameroons National Council</a>). In 2017, tensions over the creation of an <a href="/wiki/Ambazonia" title="Ambazonia">Ambazonian</a> state in the English-speaking territories escalated into <a href="/wiki/Anglophone_Crisis" title="Anglophone Crisis">open warfare</a>. Large numbers of Cameroonians live as <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence farmers</a>. The country is often referred to as "Africa in miniature" for its geological, linguistic, and cultural diversity. Its natural features include <a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">beaches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savannas</a>. Cameroon's highest point, at almost 4,100 metres (13,500 ft), is <a href="/wiki/Mount_Cameroon" title="Mount Cameroon">Mount Cameroon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Region_(Cameroon)" title="Southwest Region (Cameroon)">Southwest Region</a>. Cameroon's most populous cities are <a href="/wiki/Douala" title="Douala">Douala</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Wouri_River" title="Wouri River">Wouri River</a>, its economic capital and main seaport; <a href="/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9" title="Yaoundé">Yaoundé</a>, its political capital; and <a href="/wiki/Garoua" title="Garoua">Garoua</a>. <a href="/wiki/Limb%C3%A9,_Cameroon" title="Limbé, Cameroon">Limbé</a> in the southwest has a natural seaport. Cameroon is well known for its native music styles, particularly <a href="/wiki/Makossa" title="Makossa">Makossa</a>, Njang, and <a href="/wiki/Bikutsi" title="Bikutsi">Bikutsi</a>, and its successful <a href="/wiki/Cameroon_national_football_team" title="Cameroon national football team">national football team</a>. It is a member state of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_Internationale_de_la_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie</a> (OIF), the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> Originally, Cameroon was the <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> given by the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Wouri_River" title="Wouri River">Wouri River</a>, which they called Rio dos Camarões meaning 'river of <a href="/wiki/Shrimps" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrimps">shrimps</a>' or 'shrimp river', referring to the then abundant <a href="/wiki/Cameroon_ghost_shrimp" class="mw-redirect" title="Cameroon ghost shrimp">Cameroon ghost shrimp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> Today the country's name in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> remains Camarões.<a href="#cite_note-h574-16">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Cameroon" title="History of Cameroon">History of Cameroon</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shumom-text.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Shumom-text.jpg/170px-Shumom-text.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Shumom-text.jpg/255px-Shumom-text.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Shumom-text.jpg/340px-Shumom-text.jpg 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum script</a> is a writing system developed by King Njoya in the late 19th century.</figcaption></figure> Evidence from digs at <a href="/wiki/Shum_Laka" title="Shum Laka">Shum Laka</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Region_(Cameroon)" title="Northwest Region (Cameroon)">Northwest Region</a> shows human occupation in Cameroon dating back 30,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-Lavachery2001-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cornelissen2003-18">[16]</a> The longest continuous inhabitants are groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Baka_people_(Cameroon_and_Gabon)" title="Baka people (Cameroon and Gabon)">Baka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pygmy_peoples" title="Pygmy peoples">Pygmies</a>).<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> From there, <a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu migrations</a> into eastern, southern and central Africa are believed to have occurred about 2,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-history-20">[18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sao_civilisation" title="Sao civilisation">Sao</a> culture arose around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500 CE, and gave way to the Kanem and its successor state, the <a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu Empire</a>. Kingdoms, <a href="/wiki/Fon_(title)" title="Fon (title)">fondoms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">chiefdoms</a> arose in the west.<a href="#cite_note-Njung-21">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese discoveries">Portuguese sailors</a> reached the coast in 1472. They noted an abundance of the ghost shrimp <a href="/wiki/Lepidophthalmus_turneranus" title="Lepidophthalmus turneranus">Lepidophthalmus turneranus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Wouri_River" title="Wouri River">Wouri River</a> and named it Rio dos Camarões (Shrimp River), which became Cameroon in English.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> Over the following few centuries, European interests regularised trade with the coastal peoples, and Christian <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a> pushed inland.<a href="#cite_note-Fanso-23">[21]</a> In 1896, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Njoya" title="Ibrahim Njoya">Ibrahim Njoya</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum script</a>, or Shu Mom, for the <a href="/wiki/Bamum_language" title="Bamum language">Bamum language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-NMAA-25">[23]</a> It is taught in Cameroon today by the <a href="/wiki/Bamum_Scripts_and_Archives_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamum Scripts and Archives Project">Bamum Scripts and Archives Project</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NMAA-25">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_rule">German rule</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: German rule">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun">Kamerun</a></div> Germany began to establish roots in Cameroon in 1868 when the Woermann Company of Hamburg built a warehouse. It was built on the estuary of the Wouri River. Later, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Nachtigal" title="Gustav Nachtigal">Gustav Nachtigal</a> made a treaty with one of the local kings to annex the region for the German emperor.<a href="#cite_note-historyworld-26">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> claimed the territory as the colony of <a href="/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun">Kamerun</a> in 1884 and began a steady push inland; the natives resisted. Under the aegis of Germany, commercial companies were local administrations. These <a href="/wiki/Concession_(contract)" title="Concession (contract)">concessions</a> used <a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">forced labour</a> to run profitable banana, rubber, palm oil, and cocoa plantations.<a href="#cite_note-historyworld-26">[24]</a> Even infrastructure projects relied on a regimen of forced labour. This economic policy was much criticised by the other colonial powers.<a href="#cite_note-DeLancey_125-27">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_and_British_rule">French and British rule</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: French and British rule">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/French_Cameroon" title="French Cameroon">French Cameroon</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="British Cameroon">British Cameroon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UPC-LEADERS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/UPC-LEADERS.jpg/220px-UPC-LEADERS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/UPC-LEADERS.jpg/330px-UPC-LEADERS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/UPC-LEADERS.jpg/440px-UPC-LEADERS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="226" /></a><figcaption>Leaders of the pro-independence <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Peoples_of_Cameroon" title="Union of the Peoples of Cameroon">UPC</a></figcaption></figure> With the defeat of Germany in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Kamerun became a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a> territory and was split into <a href="/wiki/French_Cameroon" title="French Cameroon">French Cameroon</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Cameroun) and <a href="/wiki/British_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="British Cameroon">British Cameroon</a> in 1919. France integrated the economy of Cameroon with that of France<a href="#cite_note-DeLancey_5-28">[26]</a> and improved the infrastructure with capital investments and skilled workers, modifying the colonial system of forced labour.<a href="#cite_note-DeLancey_125-27">[25]</a> The British administered their territory from neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. Natives complained that this made them a neglected "colony of a colony". Nigerian migrant workers flocked to Southern Cameroons, ending forced labour altogether but angering the local natives, who felt swamped.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> The League of Nations mandates were converted into <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Trusteeship_Council" title="United Nations Trusteeship Council">United Nations Trusteeships</a> in 1946, and the question of independence became a pressing issue in French Cameroon.<a href="#cite_note-DeLancey_5-28">[26]</a> France outlawed the pro-independence political party, the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Peoples_of_Cameroon" title="Union of the Peoples of Cameroon">Union of the Peoples of Cameroon</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Union des Populations du Cameroun, UPC), on 13 July 1955.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> This prompted a <a href="/wiki/Bamileke_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamileke War">long guerrilla war</a> waged by the UPC and the assassination of several of the party's leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Ruben_Um_Nyob%C3%A8" title="Ruben Um Nyobè">Ruben Um Nyobè</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix-Roland_Moumi%C3%A9" title="Félix-Roland Moumié">Félix-Roland Moumié</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Ouandie" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Ouandie">Ernest Ouandie</a>. In the British Cameroons, the question was whether to reunify with French Cameroon or join Nigeria; the British ruled out the option of independence.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Independence">edit</a>]</div> On 1 January 1960, French Cameroun gained independence from France under President <a href="/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo">Ahmadou Ahidjo</a> as the Republic of Cameroon. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federal_Republic_of_Cameroon">Federal Republic of Cameroon</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Federal Republic of Cameroon">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cameroon_(1961%E2%80%931975).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cameroon_%281961%E2%80%931975%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Cameroon_%281961%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cameroon_%281961%E2%80%931975%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Cameroon_%281961%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cameroon_%281961%E2%80%931975%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Cameroon_%281961%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Federal Republic of Cameroon</figcaption></figure> On 1 October 1961, the formerly British <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cameroons" title="Southern Cameroons">Southern Cameroons</a> gained independence from the United Kingdom by vote of the UN General Assembly and merged into the Republic of Cameroon to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. The federal republic was composed of two federated states, <a href="/wiki/East_Cameroon" title="East Cameroon">East Cameroon</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Cameroon" title="West Cameroon">West Cameroon</a>, each with its own legislature, government, and prime minister. 1 October is now observed as <a href="/wiki/Unification_Day_(Cameroon)" title="Unification Day (Cameroon)">Unification Day</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Cameroon" title="Public holidays in Cameroon">public holiday</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> Ahidjo used the ongoing war with the UPC to concentrate power in the presidency, continuing with this even after the suppression of the UPC in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-DeLancey_6-33">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Republic_of_Cameroon_and_Republic_of_Cameroon">United Republic of Cameroon and Republic of Cameroon</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United Republic of Cameroon and Republic of Cameroon">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmadou_Ahidjo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Ahmadou_Ahidjo.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="211" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="164" data-file-height="211" /></a><figcaption>Former president <a href="/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo">Ahmadou Ahidjo</a> ruled from 1960 until 1982</figcaption></figure> Ahidjo's political party, the <a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_National_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Cameroonian National Union">Cameroon National Union</a> (CNU), became the sole legal political party on 1 September 1966, and on 20 May 1972, a <a href="/wiki/1972_Cameroonian_constitutional_referendum" title="1972 Cameroonian constitutional referendum">referendum</a> was passed to abolish the <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal system of government</a> in favour of a United Republic of Cameroon, headed from <a href="/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9" title="Yaoundé">Yaoundé</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> This day is now the country's <a href="/wiki/National_Day_(Cameroon)" title="National Day (Cameroon)">National Day</a>, a public holiday.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> Ahidjo pursued an economic policy of <a href="/wiki/Planned_liberalism" title="Planned liberalism">planned liberalism</a>, prioritising <a href="/wiki/Cash_crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Cash crops">cash crops</a> and petroleum development. The government used oil money to create a national cash reserve, pay farmers, and finance major development projects; however, many initiatives failed when Ahidjo appointed unqualified allies to direct them.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cameroon" title="Flag of Cameroon">national flag</a> was changed on 20 May 1975 with the two stars removed and replaced with a large central star as a symbol of national unity. Ahidjo stepped down on 4 November 1982 and left power to his constitutional successor, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Biya" title="Paul Biya">Paul Biya</a>. However, Ahidjo remained in control of the CNU and tried to run the country from behind the scenes until Biya and his allies pressured him into resigning. Biya began his administration by moving toward a more democratic government, but a failed <a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Palace_Guard_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cameroonian Palace Guard Revolt">coup d'état</a> nudged him toward the leadership style of his predecessor.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> In 1987, <a href="/wiki/Dja_Faunal_Reserve" title="Dja Faunal Reserve">Dja Faunal Reserve</a>, Cameroon's first <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, was inscribed on the list by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-b394-38">[36]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_economic_crisis" title="Cameroonian economic crisis">economic crisis</a> took effect in the mid-1980s to late 1990s as a result of international economic conditions, drought, falling <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> prices, and years of corruption, mismanagement, and <a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">cronyism</a>. Cameroon turned to foreign aid, cut government spending, and <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatised</a> industries. With the reintroduction of multi-party politics in December 1990, the former British Southern Cameroons pressure groups called for greater autonomy, and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cameroons_National_Council" title="Southern Cameroons National Council">Southern Cameroons National Council</a> advocated complete secession as the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Ambazonia" title="Ambazonia">Ambazonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DeLancey_9-39">[37]</a> The 1992 Labour Code of Cameroon gives workers the freedom to belong to a trade union or not to belong to any trade union at all. It is the choice of a worker to join any trade union in their occupation since there is more than one trade union in each occupation.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Biya_2014.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Paul_Biya_2014.png/170px-Paul_Biya_2014.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Paul_Biya_2014.png/255px-Paul_Biya_2014.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Paul_Biya_2014.png/340px-Paul_Biya_2014.png 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paul_Biya" title="Paul Biya">Paul Biya</a> has ruled the country since 1982</figcaption></figure> In June 2006, talks concerning a territorial dispute over the <a href="/wiki/Bakassi" title="Bakassi">Bakassi</a> peninsula were resolved. The talks involved President Paul Biya of Cameroon, then President <a href="/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo" title="Olusegun Obasanjo">Olusegun Obasanjo</a> of Nigeria, and then UN Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a>, and resulted in Cameroonian control of the oil-rich peninsula. The northern portion of the territory was formally handed over to the Cameroonian government in August 2006, and the remainder of the peninsula was left to Cameroon two years later, in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> The boundary change triggered a <a href="/wiki/Bakassi_conflict" title="Bakassi conflict">local separatist insurgency</a>, as many Bakassians refused to accept Cameroonian rule. While most militants laid down their arms in November 2009,<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> some carried on fighting for years.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> In February 2008, Cameroon experienced its worst violence in 15 years when a transport union strike in Douala escalated into <a href="/wiki/2008_Cameroonian_anti-government_protests" title="2008 Cameroonian anti-government protests">violent protests</a> in 31 municipal areas.<a href="#cite_note-Nkemngu-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Matthews-45">[43]</a> In May 2014, in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Chibok_schoolgirls_kidnapping" title="Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping">Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping</a>, presidents Paul Biya of Cameroon and <a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Idriss Déby</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> announced they were waging war on <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a>, and deployed troops to the Nigerian border.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> Boko Haram launched several attacks into Cameroon, killing 84 civilians in a <a href="/wiki/December_2014_Cameroon_clashes" title="December 2014 Cameroon clashes">December 2014 raid</a>, but suffering a heavy defeat in a <a href="/wiki/January_2015_raid_on_Kolofata" title="January 2015 raid on Kolofata">raid in January 2015</a>. Cameroon declared victory over Boko Haram on Cameroonian territory in September 2018.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> Since November 2016, protesters from the predominantly English-speaking <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Region_(Cameroon)" title="Northwest Region (Cameroon)">Northwest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Region_(Cameroon)" title="Southwest Region (Cameroon)">Southwest</a> regions of the country have been campaigning for continued use of the English language in schools and courts. People were killed and hundreds were jailed as a result of these protests.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> In 2017, Biya's government blocked the regions' access to the Internet for three months.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> In September, separatists started <a href="/wiki/Anglophone_Crisis" title="Anglophone Crisis">a guerilla war</a> for the independence of the Anglophone region as the Federal Republic of <a href="/wiki/Ambazonia" title="Ambazonia">Ambazonia</a>. The government responded with a military offensive, and the insurgency spread across the Northwest and Southwest regions. As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit">[update]</a>, fighting between separatist guerillas and government forces continues.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> During 2020, numerous terrorist attacks—many of them carried out without claims of credit—and government reprisals have led to bloodshed throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> Since 2016, more than 450,000 people have fled their homes.<a href="#cite_note-humanrights-52">[50]</a> The conflict indirectly led to an <a href="/wiki/Chad_Basin_campaign_(2018%E2%80%932019)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chad Basin campaign (2018–2019)">upsurge</a> in Boko Haram attacks, as the Cameroonian military largely withdrew from the north to focus on fighting the Ambazonian separatists.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> More than 30,000 people in northern Cameroon fled to Chad after ethnic clashes over <a href="/wiki/Water_conflict" title="Water conflict">access to water</a> between <a href="/wiki/Musgum_people" title="Musgum people">Musgum</a> fishermen and ethnic <a href="/wiki/Chadian_Arabic" title="Chadian Arabic">Arab Choa</a> herders in December 2021.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_government">Politics and government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Politics and government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cameroon" title="Politics of Cameroon">Politics of Cameroon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YaoundeUnityPalace.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/YaoundeUnityPalace.png/220px-YaoundeUnityPalace.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/YaoundeUnityPalace.png/330px-YaoundeUnityPalace.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/YaoundeUnityPalace.png/440px-YaoundeUnityPalace.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>Unity Palace – Cameroon Presidency</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Cameroon" title="List of presidents of Cameroon">President of Cameroon</a> is elected and creates policy, administers government agencies, commands the <a href="/wiki/Cameroon_Armed_Forces" title="Cameroon Armed Forces">armed forces</a>, negotiates and ratifies treaties, and declares a state of emergency.<a href="#cite_note-Neba_250-56">[54]</a> The president appoints government officials at all levels, from the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cameroon" title="Prime Minister of Cameroon">prime minister</a> (considered the official head of government), to the provincial governors and divisional officers.<a href="#cite_note-msu-57">[55]</a> The president is selected by popular vote every seven years.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-1">[1]</a> There have been 2 presidents since the independence of Cameroon. The <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Cameroon)" title="National Assembly (Cameroon)">National Assembly</a> makes legislation. The body consists of 180 members who are elected for five-year terms and meet three times per year.<a href="#cite_note-msu-57">[55]</a> Laws are passed on a majority vote.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-1">[1]</a> The 1996 constitution establishes a second house of parliament, the 100-seat <a href="/wiki/Senate_(Cameroon)" title="Senate (Cameroon)">Senate</a>. The government recognises the authority of traditional chiefs, fons, and <a href="/wiki/Lamido" title="Lamido">lamibe</a> to govern at the local level and to resolve disputes as long as such rulings do not conflict with national law.<a href="#cite_note-State_Dept-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> Cameroon's legal system is a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">customary law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-1">[1]</a> Although nominally independent, the judiciary falls under the authority of the executive's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_of_Cameroon" title="Ministry of Justice of Cameroon">Ministry of Justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-State_Dept-58">[56]</a> The president appoints judges at all levels.<a href="#cite_note-msu-57">[55]</a> The judiciary is officially divided into tribunals, the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Cameroon" title="Court of Appeal of Cameroon">court of appeal</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Cameroon" title="Supreme Court of Cameroon">supreme court</a>. The National Assembly elects the members of a nine-member <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice_(Cameroon)" title="High Court of Justice (Cameroon)">High Court of Justice</a> that judges high-ranking members of government in the event they are charged with high treason or harming national security.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_culture">Political culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Political culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_d%27un_chef_coutumier_%C3%A0_Bana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Statue_d%27un_chef_coutumier_%C3%A0_Bana.jpg/170px-Statue_d%27un_chef_coutumier_%C3%A0_Bana.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Statue_d%27un_chef_coutumier_%C3%A0_Bana.jpg/255px-Statue_d%27un_chef_coutumier_%C3%A0_Bana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Statue_d%27un_chef_coutumier_%C3%A0_Bana.jpg/340px-Statue_d%27un_chef_coutumier_%C3%A0_Bana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A statue of a chief in <a href="/wiki/Bana,_Cameroon" title="Bana, Cameroon">Bana</a>, West Region</figcaption></figure> Cameroon <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Cameroon" title="Corruption in Cameroon">is viewed as rife with corruption</a> at all levels of government. In 1997, Cameroon established anti-corruption bureaus in 29 ministries, but only 25% became operational,<a href="#cite_note-IRIN-62">[60]</a> and in 2012, <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a> placed Cameroon at number 144 on a list of 176 countries ranked from least to most corrupt.<a href="#cite_note-Corruption-63">[61]</a> On 18 January 2006, Biya initiated an anti-corruption drive under the direction of the <a href="/wiki/National_Anti-Corruption_Observatory" title="National Anti-Corruption Observatory">National Anti-Corruption Observatory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IRIN-62">[60]</a> There are several high corruption risk areas in Cameroon, for instance, customs, public health sector and public procurement.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> However, the corruption has gotten worse, regardless of the existing anti-corruption bureaus, as Transparency International ranked Cameroon 152 on a list of 180 countries in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> President Biya's <a href="/wiki/Cameroon_People%27s_Democratic_Movement" title="Cameroon People's Democratic Movement">Cameroon People's Democratic Movement</a> (CPDM) was the only legal political party until December 1990. Numerous regional political groups have since formed. The primary opposition is the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Front_(Cameroon)" title="Social Democratic Front (Cameroon)">Social Democratic Front</a> (SDF), based largely in the Anglophone region of the country and headed by <a href="/wiki/John_Fru_Ndi" title="John Fru Ndi">John Fru Ndi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lergai-66">[64]</a> Biya and his party have maintained control of the presidency and the National Assembly in national elections, which rivals contend were unfair.<a href="#cite_note-DeLancey_9-39">[37]</a> Human rights organisations allege that the government suppresses the freedoms of opposition groups by preventing demonstrations, disrupting meetings, and arresting opposition leaders and journalists.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Freedom_House-68">[66]</a> In particular, English-speaking people are discriminated against; protests often escalate into violent clashes and killings.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> In 2017, President Biya shut down the Internet in the English-speaking region for 94 days, at the cost of hampering five million people, including <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Mountain" title="Silicon Mountain">Silicon Mountain</a> startups.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> ranks Cameroon as "not free" in terms of political rights and civil liberties.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> The last <a href="/wiki/2020_Cameroonian_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Cameroonian parliamentary election">parliamentary elections</a> were held on 9 February 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Kandemeh-72">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Foreign relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cameroon" title="Foreign relations of Cameroon">Foreign relations of Cameroon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Biya_with_Obamas_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Paul_Biya_with_Obamas_2014.jpg/220px-Paul_Biya_with_Obamas_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Paul_Biya_with_Obamas_2014.jpg/330px-Paul_Biya_with_Obamas_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Paul_Biya_with_Obamas_2014.jpg/440px-Paul_Biya_with_Obamas_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3960" data-file-height="2640" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Paul_Biya" title="Paul Biya">Paul Biya</a> with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> in 2014</figcaption></figure> Cameroon is a member of both the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organisation_Internationale_de_la_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie">La Francophonie</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cameroon" title="Foreign relations of Cameroon">foreign policy</a> closely follows that of its main ally, France (one of its former colonial rulers).<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> Cameroon relies heavily on France for its defence,<a href="#cite_note-State_Dept-58">[56]</a> although military spending is high in comparison to other sectors of government.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> President Biya has engaged in a decades-long clash with the government of Nigeria over possession of the oil-rich <a href="/wiki/Bakassi" title="Bakassi">Bakassi</a> peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-lergai-66">[64]</a> Cameroon and Nigeria share a 1,000-mile (1,600 km) border and have disputed the sovereignty of the Bakassi peninsula. In 1994 Cameroon petitioned the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> to resolve the dispute. The two countries attempted to establish a cease-fire in 1996; however, fighting continued for years. In 2002, the ICJ ruled that the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-German_Agreement_of_1913&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anglo-German Agreement of 1913 (page does not exist)">Anglo-German Agreement of 1913</a> gave sovereignty to Cameroon. The ruling called for a withdrawal by both countries and denied the request by Cameroon for compensation due to Nigeria's long-term occupation.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> By 2004, Nigeria had failed to meet the deadline to hand over the peninsula. A UN-mediated summit in June 2006 facilitated an agreement for Nigeria to withdraw from the region and both leaders signed the <a href="/wiki/Greentree_Agreement" title="Greentree Agreement">Greentree Agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> The withdrawal and handover of control was completed by August 2006.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including Cameroon, signed a joint letter to the UNHRC defending <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_re-education_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinjiang re-education camps">treatment of Uyghurs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Cameroonian Armed Forces">Cameroonian Armed Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vehicules_militaires_pendant_le_d%C3%A9fil%C3%A97.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Vehicules_militaires_pendant_le_d%C3%A9fil%C3%A97.jpg/220px-Vehicules_militaires_pendant_le_d%C3%A9fil%C3%A97.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Vehicules_militaires_pendant_le_d%C3%A9fil%C3%A97.jpg/330px-Vehicules_militaires_pendant_le_d%C3%A9fil%C3%A97.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Vehicules_militaires_pendant_le_d%C3%A9fil%C3%A97.jpg/440px-Vehicules_militaires_pendant_le_d%C3%A9fil%C3%A97.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Military vehicles during a parade</figcaption></figure> The Cameroon Armed Forces (French: Forces armées camerounaises, FAC) consists of the country's army (Armée de Terre), the country's navy (Marine Nationale de la République (MNR), including naval infantry), the Cameroonian Air Force (Armée de l'Air du Cameroun, AAC), and the <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-1">[1]</a> The military is crucial in supporting Cameroon's <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> government since independence in 1960. The military has been involved in defeating rebellions, controlling protests for democratic reforms, combating <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram</a> since 2014, and handling the Anglophone separatist movement that began in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-g211-80">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Human rights">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cameroon" title="Human rights in Cameroon">Human rights in Cameroon</a></div> Human rights organisations accuse police and military forces of mistreating and even torturing criminal suspects, ethnic minorities, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Cameroon">homosexuals</a>, and political activists.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Freedom_House-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Report-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-EHRC-82">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> figures indicate that more than 21,000 people have fled to neighbouring countries, while 160,000 have been internally displaced by the violence, many reportedly hiding in forests.<a href="#cite_note-un-83">[81]</a> Prisons are overcrowded with little access to adequate food and medical facilities,<a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Report-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-EHRC-82">[80]</a> and prisons run by traditional rulers in the north are charged with holding political opponents at the behest of the government.<a href="#cite_note-Freedom_House-68">[66]</a> However, since the first decade of the 21st century, an increasing number of police and gendarmes have been prosecuted for improper conduct.<a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Report-81">[79]</a> On 25 July 2018, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights <a href="/wiki/Zeid_Raad_Al_Hussein" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeid Raad Al Hussein">Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein</a> expressed deep concern about reports of violations and abuses in the English-speaking Northwest and Southwest regions of Cameroon. According to OCHA, more than 1.7 million people require humanitarian assistance in the northwest and southwest regions. OCHA also estimates that at least 628,000 people have been internally displaced by violence in the two regions, while more than 87,000 have fled to Nigeria.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-un-83">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Cameroon">Same-sex sexual acts</a> are banned by section 347-1 of the penal code with a penalty of from 6 months up to 5 years imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> Since December 2020, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> claimed that Islamist armed group Boko Haram has stepped up attacks and killed at least 80 civilians in towns and villages in the Far North region of Cameroon.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Cameroon" title="Regions of Cameroon">Regions of Cameroon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Cameroon" title="Departments of Cameroon">Departments of Cameroon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Provinces_of_Cameroon_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Provinces_of_Cameroon_EN.svg/170px-Provinces_of_Cameroon_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Provinces_of_Cameroon_EN.svg/255px-Provinces_of_Cameroon_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Provinces_of_Cameroon_EN.svg/340px-Provinces_of_Cameroon_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption>Cameroon is divided into 10 regions</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cameroon" title="Constitution of Cameroon">constitution</a> divides Cameroon into 10 semi-autonomous regions, each under the administration of an elected <a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_(Cameroon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional Council (Cameroon)">Regional Council</a>. Each region is headed by a presidentially appointed governor.<a href="#cite_note-Neba_250-56">[54]</a> These leaders are charged with implementing the will of the president, reporting on the general mood and conditions of the regions, administering the civil service, keeping the peace, and overseeing the heads of the smaller administrative units. Governors have broad powers: they may order propaganda in their area and call in the army, <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmes</a>, and police.<a href="#cite_note-Neba_250-56">[54]</a> All local government officials are employees of the central government's Ministry of Territorial Administration, from which local governments also get most of their budgets.<a href="#cite_note-history-20">[18]</a> The regions are subdivided into 58 divisions (French départements). These are headed by presidentially appointed divisional officers (<a href="/wiki/Prefect" title="Prefect">préfets</a>). The divisions are further split into sub-divisions (arrondissements), headed by assistant divisional officers (sous-prefets). The districts, administered by district heads (chefs de district), are the smallest administrative units.<a href="#cite_note-unhchr-87">[85]</a> The three northernmost regions are the <a href="/wiki/Far_North_Region,_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Far North Region, Cameroon">Far North</a> (Extrême Nord), <a href="/wiki/North_Region_(Cameroon)" title="North Region (Cameroon)">North</a> (Nord), and <a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Region" title="Adamawa Region">Adamawa</a> (Adamaoua). Directly south of them are the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Region_(Cameroon)" title="Centre Region (Cameroon)">Centre</a> (Centre) and <a href="/wiki/East_Region_(Cameroon)" title="East Region (Cameroon)">East</a> (Est). The <a href="/wiki/South_Region_(Cameroon)" title="South Region (Cameroon)">South Province</a> (Sud) lies on the Gulf of Guinea and the southern border. Cameroon's western region is split into four smaller regions: the <a href="/wiki/Littoral_Region_(Cameroon)" title="Littoral Region (Cameroon)">Littoral</a> (Littoral) and <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Region_(Cameroon)" title="Southwest Region (Cameroon)">South-West</a> (Sud-Ouest) regions are on the coast, and the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Region_(Cameroon)" title="Northwest Region (Cameroon)">North-West</a> (Nord-Ouest) and <a href="/wiki/West_Region_(Cameroon)" title="West Region (Cameroon)">West</a> (Ouest) regions are in the western grassfields.<a href="#cite_note-unhchr-87">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cameroon" title="Geography of Cameroon">Geography of Cameroon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Cameroon" title="Geology of Cameroon">Geology of Cameroon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhumsiki_Peak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Rhumsiki_Peak.jpg/220px-Rhumsiki_Peak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Rhumsiki_Peak.jpg/330px-Rhumsiki_Peak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Rhumsiki_Peak.jpg/440px-Rhumsiki_Peak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_plugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic plugs">Volcanic plugs</a> dot the landscape near <a href="/wiki/Rhumsiki" title="Rhumsiki">Rhumsiki</a>, Far North Region</figcaption></figure> At 475,442 square kilometres (183,569 sq mi), Cameroon is the world's 53rd-largest country.<a href="#cite_note-Demographic_Yearbook-88">[86]</a> The country is located in <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Bight_of_Bonny" class="mw-redirect" title="Bight of Bonny">Bight of Bonny</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a> and the Atlantic Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> Cameroon lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/1st_parallel_north" title="1st parallel north">1°</a> and <a href="/wiki/13th_parallel_north" title="13th parallel north">13°N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/8th_meridian_east" title="8th meridian east">8°</a> and <a href="/wiki/17th_meridian_east" title="17th meridian east">17°E</a>. Cameroon controls 12 nautical miles of the Atlantic Ocean. Tourist literature describes Cameroon as "Africa in miniature" because it exhibits all major climates and vegetation of the continent: coast, desert, mountains, rainforest, and savanna.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> The country's neighbours are <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> to the west; <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> to the northeast; the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> to the east; and <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a> to the south.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-1">[1]</a> Cameroon is divided into five major geographic zones distinguished by dominant physical, climatic, and vegetative features. The coastal plain extends 15 to 150 kilometres (9 to 93 mi) inland from the Gulf of Guinea<a href="#cite_note-Fomensky-91">[89]</a> and has an average elevation of 90 metres (295 ft).<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> Exceedingly hot and humid with a short <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a>, this belt is densely forested and includes some of the <a href="/wiki/Debundscha" title="Debundscha">wettest places</a> on earth, part of the <a href="/wiki/Cross-Sanaga-Bioko_coastal_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests">Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Extremes-94">[92]</a> The <a href="/wiki/South_Cameroon_Plateau" title="South Cameroon Plateau">South Cameroon Plateau</a> rises from the coastal plain to an average elevation of 650 metres (2,133 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Neba_16-95">[93]</a> Equatorial rainforest dominates this region, although its alternation between <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet</a> and dry seasons makes it less humid than the coast. This area is part of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Equatorial_coastal_forests" title="Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests">Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephants_around_tree_in_Waza,_Cameroon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Elephants_around_tree_in_Waza%2C_Cameroon.jpg/220px-Elephants_around_tree_in_Waza%2C_Cameroon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Elephants_around_tree_in_Waza%2C_Cameroon.jpg/330px-Elephants_around_tree_in_Waza%2C_Cameroon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Elephants_around_tree_in_Waza%2C_Cameroon.jpg/440px-Elephants_around_tree_in_Waza%2C_Cameroon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1384" data-file-height="1036" /></a><figcaption>Elephants in <a href="/wiki/Waza_National_Park" title="Waza National Park">Waza National Park</a></figcaption></figure> An irregular chain of mountains, hills, and plateaus known as the <a href="/wiki/Cameroon_line" title="Cameroon line">Cameroon range</a> extends from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Cameroon" title="Mount Cameroon">Mount Cameroon</a> on the coast—Cameroon's highest point at 4,095 metres (13,435 ft)<a href="#cite_note-Neba_17-97">[95]</a>—almost to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</a> at Cameroon's northern border at 13°05'N. This region has a mild climate, particularly on the <a href="/wiki/Western_High_Plateau" title="Western High Plateau">Western High Plateau</a>, although rainfall is high. Its soils are among Cameroon's most fertile, especially around volcanic Mount Cameroon.<a href="#cite_note-Neba_17-97">[95]</a> Volcanism here has created <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_crater_lake" title="Volcanic crater lake">crater lakes</a>. On 21 August 1986, one of these, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nyos" title="Lake Nyos">Lake Nyos</a>, belched carbon dioxide and killed between 1,700 and 2,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> This area has been delineated by the <a href="/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wildlife Fund">World Wildlife Fund</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Highlands_forests" title="Cameroonian Highlands forests">Cameroonian Highlands forests</a> ecoregion.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> The southern plateau rises northward to the grassy, rugged <a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Plateau" title="Adamawa Plateau">Adamawa Plateau</a>. This feature stretches from the western mountain area and forms a barrier between the country's north and south. Its average elevation is 1,100 metres (3,609 ft),<a href="#cite_note-Neba_16-95">[93]</a> and its average temperature ranges from 22 °C (71.6 °F) to 25 °C (77 °F) with high rainfall between April and October peaking in July and August.<a href="#cite_note-Gwanfogbe-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> The <a href="/wiki/East_Sudanian_savanna" title="East Sudanian savanna">northern lowland region</a> extends from the edge of the Adamawa to Lake Chad with an average elevation of 300 to 350 metres (984 to 1,148 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Neba_17-97">[95]</a> Its characteristic vegetation is savanna scrub and grass. This is an arid region with sparse rainfall and high median temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-Green-102">[100]</a> Cameroon has four patterns of drainage. In the south, the principal rivers are the <a href="/wiki/Ntem_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ntem River">Ntem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyong_River" title="Nyong River">Nyong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanaga_River" title="Sanaga River">Sanaga</a>, and Wouri. These flow southwestward or westward directly into the Gulf of Guinea. The <a href="/wiki/Dja_River" title="Dja River">Dja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kad%C3%A9%C3%AF_River" title="Kadéï River">Kadéï</a> drain southeastward into the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a>. In northern Cameroon, the <a href="/wiki/Benue_River" title="Benue River">Bénoué River</a> runs north and west and empties into the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Logon_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Logon River">Logone</a> flows northward into Lake Chad, which Cameroon shares with three neighbouring countries.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Wildlife">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Cameroon" title="Wildlife of Cameroon">Wildlife of Cameroon</a></div> Cameroon's wildlife is composed of its <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a>. It is one of the wettest parts of Africa and records Africa's second-highest concentration of biodiversity.<a href="#cite_note-Africa-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Regional-105">[103]</a> In Cameroon <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a> is around 43% of the total land area, equivalent to 20,340,480 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, down from 22,500,000 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forests covered 20,279,380 hectares (ha), and planted forests covered 61,100 hectares (ha). Around 15% of the forest area was found within protected areas, for the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">public ownership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> To preserve its wildlife, Cameroon has more than 20 protected reserves comprising national parks, zoos, forest reserves, and sanctuaries. The protected areas were first created in the northern region under the colonial administration in 1932; the first two reserves established were <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mozogo_Gokoro_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mozogo Gokoro Reserve (page does not exist)">Mozogo Gokoro Reserve</a> and the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9nou%C3%A9_National_Park" title="Bénoué National Park">Bénoué Reserve</a>, which was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Waza_National_Park" title="Waza National Park">Waza Reserve</a> on 24 March 1934. The coverage of reserves was initially about 4 percent of the country's area, rising to 12 percent; the administration proposes to cover 30 percent of the land area.<a href="#cite_note-Cartesia-108">[106]</a> Its rich wildlife consists of 8,260 recorded plant species including 156 <a href="/wiki/Endemic_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic species">endemic species</a>, 409 species of <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a> of which 14 are endemic, 690 species of <a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">birds</a> which includes 8 endemic species, 250 species of <a href="/wiki/Reptiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptiles">reptiles</a>, and 200 species of <a href="/wiki/Amphibians" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibians">amphibians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Africa-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Regional-105">[103]</a> The habitats of these species include the southern region comprising tropical lowland, coastline on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a> forests, 270,000 hectares (670,000 acres) in size, are along the coast line. <a href="/wiki/Montane_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane forests">Montane forests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Savannahs" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannahs">savannas</a> are in the northern region of the country. Important protected areas for these species are the <a href="/wiki/Mbam_Djerem_National_Park" title="Mbam Djerem National Park">Mbam Djerem National Park</a>, Benoue National Park, <a href="/wiki/Korup_National_Park" title="Korup National Park">Korup National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takamanda_National_Park" title="Takamanda National Park">Takamanda National Park</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kagwene_Gorilla_Sanctuary" title="Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary">Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Africa-104">[102]</a> Cameroon is an important breeding area for marine and freshwater species such as <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mollusks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusks">mollusks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, and birds.<a href="#cite_note-Regional-105">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy_and_infrastructure">Economy and infrastructure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economy and infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cameroon" title="Economy of Cameroon">Economy of Cameroon</a></div> Cameroon's per capita GDP (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">Purchasing power parity</a>) was estimated at US$3,700 in 2017. Major export markets include the Netherlands, France, China, Belgium, Italy, Algeria, and Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-1">[1]</a> Cameroon has its GDP growing at an average of 4% per year. During the 2004–2008 period, public debt was reduced from over 60% of GDP to 10% and official reserves quadrupled to over US$3 billion.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> Cameroon is part of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Central_African_States" title="Bank of Central African States">Bank of Central African States</a> (of which it is the dominant economy),<a href="#cite_note-Musa_Biya_plan-110">[108]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Customs_and_Economic_Union_of_Central_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa">Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa</a> (UDEAC) and the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_the_Harmonization_of_Business_Law_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa">Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa</a> (OHADA).<a href="#cite_note-ohada.com-111">[109]</a> Its currency is the <a href="/wiki/CFA_franc" title="CFA franc">CFA franc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-1">[1]</a> Unemployment was estimated at 3.38% in 2019,<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> and 23.8% of the population was living below the international <a href="/wiki/Poverty_threshold" title="Poverty threshold">poverty threshold</a> of US$1.90 a day in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> Since the late 1980s, Cameroon has been following programmes advocated by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) to reduce poverty, privatise industries, and increase economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-State_Dept-58">[56]</a> The government has taken measures to encourage <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Cameroon" title="Tourism in Cameroon">tourism</a> in the country.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> An estimated 70% of the population farms, and agriculture comprised an estimated 16.7% of GDP in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-1">[1]</a> Most agriculture is done at the subsistence scale by local farmers using simple tools. They sell their surplus produce, and some maintain separate fields for commercial use. Urban centres are particularly reliant on peasant agriculture for their foodstuffs. Soils and climate on the coast encourage extensive commercial cultivation of bananas, cocoa, oil palms, rubber, and tea. Inland on the South Cameroon Plateau, cash crops include coffee, sugar, and tobacco. Coffee is a major cash crop in the western highlands, and in the north, natural conditions favour crops such as cotton, groundnuts, and rice. Production of <a href="/wiki/Fair_trade#Textiles" title="Fair trade">Fairtrade cotton</a> was initiated in Cameroon in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taureaux_et_vaches_hollandais_%C3%A0_wallya_Cameroun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Taureaux_et_vaches_hollandais_%C3%A0_wallya_Cameroun.jpg/220px-Taureaux_et_vaches_hollandais_%C3%A0_wallya_Cameroun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Taureaux_et_vaches_hollandais_%C3%A0_wallya_Cameroun.jpg/330px-Taureaux_et_vaches_hollandais_%C3%A0_wallya_Cameroun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Taureaux_et_vaches_hollandais_%C3%A0_wallya_Cameroun.jpg/440px-Taureaux_et_vaches_hollandais_%C3%A0_wallya_Cameroun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption>Dutch bulls and cows at Wallya community during the rainy season in Cameroon</figcaption></figure> Livestock are raised throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> Fishing employs 5,000 people and provides over 100,000 tons of seafood each year.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-awf-118">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a>, long a staple food for rural Cameroonians, is today a delicacy in the country's urban centres. The commercial bushmeat trade has now surpassed deforestation as the main threat to wildlife in Cameroon.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> The southern rainforest has vast timber reserves, estimated to cover 37% of Cameroon's total land area.<a href="#cite_note-awf-118">[116]</a> However, large areas of the forest are difficult to reach. Logging, largely handled by foreign-owned firms,<a href="#cite_note-awf-118">[116]</a> provides the government US$60 million a year in taxes (as of 1998<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit">[update]</a>), and laws mandate the safe and sustainable exploitation of timber. Nevertheless, in practice, the industry is one of the least regulated in Cameroon.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> Factory-based industry accounted for an estimated 26.5% of GDP in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-1">[1]</a> More than 75% of Cameroon's industrial strength is located in <a href="/wiki/Douala" title="Douala">Douala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bonab%C3%A9ri" title="Bonabéri">Bonabéri</a>. Cameroon possesses substantial mineral resources, but these are not extensively mined (see <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Cameroon">Mining in Cameroon</a>).<a href="#cite_note-State_Dept-58">[56]</a> Petroleum exploitation has fallen since 1986, but this is still a substantial sector such that dips in prices have a strong effect on the economy.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> Rapids and waterfalls obstruct the southern rivers, but these sites offer opportunities for hydroelectric development and supply most of Cameroon's energy. The Sanaga River powers the largest hydroelectric station, located at Edéa. The rest of Cameroon's energy comes from oil-powered thermal engines. Much of the country remains without reliable power supplies.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> Three trans-African automobile routes pass through Cameroon: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Schild_TAH8.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Schild_TAH8.svg/20px-Schild_TAH8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Schild_TAH8.svg/30px-Schild_TAH8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Schild_TAH8.svg/40px-Schild_TAH8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="105" data-file-height="105" /></a> the <a href="/wiki/Lagos-Mombasa_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagos-Mombasa Highway">Lagos-Mombasa Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Schild_TAH3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Schild_TAH3.svg/20px-Schild_TAH3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Schild_TAH3.svg/30px-Schild_TAH3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Schild_TAH3.svg/40px-Schild_TAH3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="105" data-file-height="105" /></a> the <a href="/wiki/Tripoli-Cape_Town_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripoli-Cape Town Highway">Tripoli-Cape Town Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Schild_TAH5.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Schild_TAH5.svg/20px-Schild_TAH5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Schild_TAH5.svg/30px-Schild_TAH5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Schild_TAH5.svg/40px-Schild_TAH5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="105" data-file-height="105" /></a> the <a href="/wiki/Dakar-N%27Djamena_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakar-N'Djamena Highway">Dakar-N'Djamena Highway</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Cameroon" title="Transport in Cameroon">Transport in Cameroon</a> is often difficult. Only 6.6% of the roadways are tarred.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-1">[1]</a> Roadblocks often serve little other purpose than to allow police and gendarmes to collect bribes from travellers.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> Road banditry has long hampered transport along the eastern and western borders, and since 2005, the problem has intensified in the east as the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> has further destabilised.<a href="#cite_note-Musa_Gunmen-125">[123]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bateau_au_port_de_Douala1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bateau_au_port_de_Douala1.jpg/220px-Bateau_au_port_de_Douala1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bateau_au_port_de_Douala1.jpg/330px-Bateau_au_port_de_Douala1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bateau_au_port_de_Douala1.jpg/440px-Bateau_au_port_de_Douala1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Douala seaport</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Intercity_bus_service" title="Intercity bus service">Intercity bus services</a> run by multiple private companies connect all major cities. They are the most popular means of transportation followed by the rail service <a href="/wiki/Camrail" title="Camrail">Camrail</a>. Rail service runs from <a href="/wiki/Kumba" title="Kumba">Kumba</a> in the west to <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9labo" title="Bélabo">Bélabo</a> in the east and north to <a href="/wiki/Ngaound%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Ngaoundéré">Ngaoundéré</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> International airports are located in <a href="/wiki/Douala_International_Airport" title="Douala International Airport">Douala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9_Nsimalen_International_Airport" title="Yaoundé Nsimalen International Airport">Yaoundé</a>, with a third under construction in <a href="/wiki/Maroua" title="Maroua">Maroua</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> Douala is the country's principal seaport<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kribi_Deepwater_Port" title="Kribi Deepwater Port">Kribi Deepwater Port</a> started operations in 2014. In the north, the Bénoué River is seasonally navigable from Garoua across into Nigeria.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> Although press freedoms have improved since the first decade of the 21st century, the press is corrupt and beholden to special interests and political groups.<a href="#cite_note-Reporters-130">[128]</a> Newspapers routinely self-censor to avoid government reprisals.<a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Report-81">[79]</a> The major radio and television stations are state-run and other <a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Cameroon">communications</a>, such as land-based telephones and telegraphs, are largely under government control.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> However, cell phone networks and Internet providers have increased dramatically since the first decade of the 21st century<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> and are largely unregulated.<a href="#cite_note-Freedom_House-68">[66]</a> Cameroon was ranked 123rd in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cameroon" title="Demographics of Cameroon">Demographics of Cameroon</a></div> The population of Cameroon was 27,198,628 in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-135">[133]</a> The life expectancy was 62.3 years (60.6 years for males and 64 years for females).<a href="#cite_note-CIA-1">[1]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GedWomenDay.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/GedWomenDay.JPG/220px-GedWomenDay.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/GedWomenDay.JPG/330px-GedWomenDay.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/GedWomenDay.JPG/440px-GedWomenDay.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Cameroonian women on Women's Day Celebration, 2015</figcaption></figure> Cameroon has slightly more women (50.5%) than men (49.5%). Over 60% of the population is under age 25. People over 65 years of age account for only 3.11% of the total population.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-1">[1]</a> Cameroon's population is almost evenly divided between urban and rural dwellers.<a href="#cite_note-West_3-136">[134]</a> Population density is highest in the large urban centres, the western highlands, and the northeastern plain.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> Douala, Yaoundé, and <a href="/wiki/Garoua" title="Garoua">Garoua</a> are the largest cities. In contrast, the Adamawa Plateau, southeastern Bénoué depression, and most of the South Cameroon Plateau are sparsely populated.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO), the <a href="/wiki/Fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility rate">fertility rate</a> was 4.8 in 2013 with a population growth rate of 2.56%.<a href="#cite_note-:1-139">[137]</a> People from the overpopulated western highlands and the underdeveloped north are moving to the coastal plantation zone and urban centres for employment.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> Smaller movements are occurring as workers seek employment in lumber mills and plantations in the south and east.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> Although the national sex ratio is relatively even, these out-migrants are primarily males, which leads to unbalanced ratios in some regions.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maison_obus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Maison_obus.jpg/220px-Maison_obus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Maison_obus.jpg/330px-Maison_obus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Maison_obus.jpg/440px-Maison_obus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption>The homes of the <a href="/wiki/Musgum_dwelling_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Musgum dwelling units">Musgum</a>, in the Far North Region, made of earth and grass</figcaption></figure> Both <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamous</a> marriage are practised, and the average Cameroonian family is large and extended.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> In the north, women tend to the home, and men herd cattle or work as farmers. In the south, women grow the family's food, and men provide meat and grow cash crops. Cameroonian society is male-dominated, and violence and discrimination against women are common.<a href="#cite_note-Freedom_House-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Report-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> The number of distinct ethnic and linguistic groups in Cameroon is estimated to be between 230 and 282.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> The Adamawa Plateau broadly bisects these into northern and southern divisions. The northern peoples are <a href="/wiki/Central_Sudanic_languages" title="Central Sudanic languages">Sudanic</a> groups, who live in the central highlands and the northern lowlands, and the <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fulani</a>, who are spread throughout northern Cameroon. A small number of <a href="/wiki/Baggara" class="mw-redirect" title="Baggara">Shuwa</a> Arabs live near Lake Chad. Southern Cameroon is inhabited by speakers of <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semi-Bantu" title="Semi-Bantu">Semi-Bantu</a> languages. Bantu-speaking groups inhabit the coastal and equatorial zones, while speakers of Semi-Bantu languages live in the Western grassfields. Some 5,000 Gyele and Baka <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_peoples" title="Pygmy peoples">Pygmy peoples</a> roam the southeastern and coastal rainforests or live in small, roadside settlements.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> Nigerians make up the largest group of foreign nationals.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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<div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Cameroon <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">According to the 2005 Census<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Cameroon">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Cameroon" title="Regions of Cameroon">Region</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Douala" title="Douala">Douala</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Littoral_Region_(Cameroon)" title="Littoral Region (Cameroon)">Littoral</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,906,962 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9" title="Yaoundé">Yaoundé</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Centre_Region_(Cameroon)" title="Centre Region (Cameroon)">Centre</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,817,524 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bafoussam" title="Bafoussam">Bafoussam</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Region_(Cameroon)" title="West Region (Cameroon)">West</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">800,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bamenda" title="Bamenda">Bamenda</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Region_(Cameroon)" title="Northwest Region (Cameroon)">Northwest</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">269,530 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Garoua" title="Garoua">Garoua</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Region_(Cameroon)" title="North Region (Cameroon)">North</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">235,996 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maroua" title="Maroua">Maroua</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Far_North_Region_(Cameroon)" title="Far North Region (Cameroon)">Far North</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">201,371 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ngaound%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Ngaoundéré">Ngaoundéré</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Region" title="Adamawa Region">Adamawa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">152,698 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kumba" title="Kumba">Kumba</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Region_(Cameroon)" title="Southwest Region (Cameroon)">Southwest</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">144,268 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nkongsamba" title="Nkongsamba">Nkongsamba</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Littoral_Region_(Cameroon)" title="Littoral Region (Cameroon)">Littoral</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">104,050 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Buea" title="Buea">Buea</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Region_(Cameroon)" title="Southwest Region (Cameroon)">Southwest</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">90,090 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refugees">Refugees</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Refugees">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Refugees_in_Cameroon" title="Refugees in Cameroon">Refugees in Cameroon</a></div> In 2007, Cameroon hosted approximately 97,400 refugees and asylum seekers. Of these, 49,300 were from the Central African Republic (many driven west by war),<a href="#cite_note-RCross-150">[148]</a> 41,600 from <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, and 2,900 from <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-World_Refugee_Survey_2008-151">[149]</a> Kidnappings of Cameroonian citizens by Central African bandits have increased since 2005.<a href="#cite_note-Musa_Gunmen-125">[123]</a> In the first months of 2014, thousands of refugees fleeing the violence in the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> arrived in Cameroon.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> On 4 June 2014, AlertNet reported: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> Almost 90,000 people have fled to neighbouring Cameroon since December and up to 2,000 a week, mostly women and children, are still crossing the border, the United Nations said. "Women and children are arriving in Cameroon in a shocking state, after weeks, sometimes months, on the road, foraging for food," said <a href="/wiki/Ertharin_Cousin" title="Ertharin Cousin">Ertharin Cousin</a>, executive director of the <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a> (WFP).<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cameroon" title="Languages of Cameroon">Languages of Cameroon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nigeria_Benin_Cameroon_languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nigeria_Benin_Cameroon_languages.png/260px-Nigeria_Benin_Cameroon_languages.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nigeria_Benin_Cameroon_languages.png/390px-Nigeria_Benin_Cameroon_languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nigeria_Benin_Cameroon_languages.png/520px-Nigeria_Benin_Cameroon_languages.png 2x" data-file-width="1522" data-file-height="1388" /></a><figcaption>Map of the region's indigenous languages</figcaption></figure> The official percentage of French and English speakers by the Presidency of Cameroon is estimated to be 70% and 30% respectively.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> German, the language of the original colonisers, has long since been displaced by French and English. <a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Pidgin_English" title="Cameroonian Pidgin English">Cameroonian Pidgin English</a> is the lingua franca in the formerly British-administered territories.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> A mixture of English, French, and Pidgin called <a href="/wiki/Camfranglais" title="Camfranglais">Camfranglais</a> has been gaining popularity in urban centres since the mid-1970s.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-Niba-157">[155]</a> In addition to the colonial languages, there are approximately 250 other languages spoken by nearly 20 million Cameroonians<a href="#cite_note-:4-158">[156]</a> making Cameroon one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world.<a href="#cite_note-:5-159">[157]</a> In 2017, there were language protests by the Anglophone population against perceived oppression by francophone speakers.<a href="#cite_note-:3-160">[158]</a> The military was deployed against the protesters and people were killed, hundreds imprisoned and thousands fled the country.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> This culminated in the declaration of an independent <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ambazonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Ambazonia">Republic of Ambazonia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> which has since evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Anglophone_Crisis" title="Anglophone Crisis">Anglophone Crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-160">[158]</a> It is estimated that by June 2020, 740,000 people had been internally displaced as a result of this crisis.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Religion in Cameroon</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Religion in Cameroon</a> (2022 estimate by the <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">CIA</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Religion-164">[162]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Cameroon">Catholicism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:yellow; width:33.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">33.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:27.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">27.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cameroon" title="Islam in Cameroon">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:30.6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">30.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">None</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:1.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/African_traditional_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="African traditional religion">Folk</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:1.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Other, including other Christian</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:6.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">6.7%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> Cameroon has a high level of <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">religious freedom</a> and diversity.<a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Report-81">[79]</a> The majority faith is <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, practised by about two-thirds of the population, while <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is a significant minority faith, adhered to by about one-fourth. In addition, traditional faiths are practised by many. Muslims are most concentrated in the north, while Christians are concentrated primarily in the southern and western regions, but practitioners of both faiths can be found throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-IRFR-165">[163]</a> Large cities have significant populations of both groups.<a href="#cite_note-IRFR-165">[163]</a> Muslims in Cameroon are divided into <a href="/wiki/Sufis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufis">Sufis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi">Salafis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-The_Economist-166">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shias</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-denominational Muslims">non-denominational Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Economist-166">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yaound%C3%A9_Cath%C3%A9drale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Yaound%C3%A9_Cath%C3%A9drale.jpg/220px-Yaound%C3%A9_Cath%C3%A9drale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Yaound%C3%A9_Cath%C3%A9drale.jpg/330px-Yaound%C3%A9_Cath%C3%A9drale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Yaound%C3%A9_Cath%C3%A9drale.jpg/440px-Yaound%C3%A9_Cath%C3%A9drale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Victories_Cathedral,_Yaound%C3%A9" title="Our Lady of Victories Cathedral, Yaoundé">Our Lady of Victories Cathedral</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> Church in <a href="/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9" title="Yaoundé">Yaoundé</a></figcaption></figure> People from the North-West and South-West provinces, which used to be a part of <a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">British Cameroons</a>, have the highest proportion of Protestants. The French-speaking regions of the southern and western regions are largely Catholic.<a href="#cite_note-IRFR-165">[163]</a> Southern ethnic groups predominantly follow Christian or traditional African <a href="/wiki/Animist" class="mw-redirect" title="Animist">animist</a> beliefs or a <a href="/wiki/Syncretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncretic">syncretic</a> combination of the two. People widely believe in witchcraft, and the government outlaws such practices.<a href="#cite_note-Geschiere-168">[166]</a> Suspected witches are often subject to mob violence.<a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Report-81">[79]</a> The Islamist jihadist group <a href="/wiki/Ansar_ul_Islam_(Western_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansar ul Islam (Western Africa)">Ansar al-Islam</a> has been reported as operating in North Cameroon.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> In the northern regions, the locally dominant <a href="/wiki/Fulani" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani">Fulani</a> ethnic group is almost completely Muslim, but the overall population is fairly evenly divided among Muslims, Christians, and followers of indigenous religious beliefs (called <a href="/wiki/Kirdi" title="Kirdi">Kirdi</a> ("pagan") by the Fulani).<a href="#cite_note-IRFR-165">[163]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bamum_people" title="Bamum people">Bamum</a> ethnic group of the West Region is largely Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-IRFR-165">[163]</a> Native traditional religions are practised in rural areas throughout the country but rarely are practised publicly in cities, in part because many indigenous religious groups are intrinsically local.<a href="#cite_note-IRFR-165">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_health">Education and health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Education and health">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cameroon" title="Education in Cameroon">Education in Cameroon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Cameroon" title="Health in Cameroon">Health in Cameroon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cameroonian_school_children_gather_around_U.S._Army_Master_Sgt._John_Reid,_center,_for_a_group_photo_near_Douala,_Cameroon,_March_19,_2014,_during_Central_Accord_14_140319-A-PP104-039.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cameroonian_school_children_gather_around_U.S._Army_Master_Sgt._John_Reid%2C_center%2C_for_a_group_photo_near_Douala%2C_Cameroon%2C_March_19%2C_2014%2C_during_Central_Accord_14_140319-A-PP104-039.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cameroonian_school_children_gather_around_U.S._Army_Master_Sgt._John_Reid%2C_center%2C_for_a_group_photo_near_Douala%2C_Cameroon%2C_March_19%2C_2014%2C_during_Central_Accord_14_140319-A-PP104-039.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cameroonian_school_children_gather_around_U.S._Army_Master_Sgt._John_Reid%2C_center%2C_for_a_group_photo_near_Douala%2C_Cameroon%2C_March_19%2C_2014%2C_during_Central_Accord_14_140319-A-PP104-039.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>School children in Cameroon in 2014</figcaption></figure> In 2013, the total adult <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> rate in Cameroon was estimated to be 71.3%. Among youths aged 15–24, the literacy rate was 85.4% for males and 76.4% for females.<a href="#cite_note-:0-170">[168]</a> Most children have access to state-run schools that are cheaper than private and religious facilities.<a href="#cite_note-Mbaku_15-171">[169]</a> The educational system is a mixture of British and French precedents,<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> with most instruction in English or French.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> Cameroon has one of the highest school attendance rates in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Mbaku_15-171">[169]</a> Girls attend school less regularly than boys do because of cultural attitudes, domestic duties, early marriage, pregnancy, and sexual harassment. Although attendance rates are higher in the south,<a href="#cite_note-Mbaku_15-171">[169]</a> a disproportionate number of teachers are stationed there, leaving northern schools chronically understaffed.<a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Report-81">[79]</a> In 2013, the primary school enrollment rate was 93.5%.<a href="#cite_note-:0-170">[168]</a> School attendance in Cameroon is also affected by <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">child labour</a>. Indeed, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor">United States Department of Labor</a> Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor reported that 56% of children aged 5 to 14 were working children and that almost 53% of children aged 7 to 14 combined work and school.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> In December 2014, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Goods_Produced_by_Child_Labor_or_Forced_Labor" title="List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor">List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor</a> issued by the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_International_Labor_Affairs" title="Bureau of International Labor Affairs">Bureau of International Labor Affairs</a> mentioned Cameroon among the countries that resorted to child labor in the production of cocoa.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_of_Cameroon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Life_expectancy_of_Cameroon.svg/260px-Life_expectancy_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Life_expectancy_of_Cameroon.svg/390px-Life_expectancy_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Life_expectancy_of_Cameroon.svg/520px-Life_expectancy_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Life expectancy in Cameroon</figcaption></figure> The quality of health care is generally low.<a href="#cite_note-yqheor-176">[174]</a> Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 56 years in 2012, with 48 healthy life years expected.<a href="#cite_note-:1-139">[137]</a> Fertility rate remains high in Cameroon with an average of 4.8 births per woman and an average mother's age of 19.7 years old at first birth.<a href="#cite_note-:1-139">[137]</a> In Cameroon, there is only one doctor for every 5,000 people, according to the WHO.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> In 2014, just 4.1% of total GDP expenditure was allocated to healthcare.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> Due to financial cuts in the health care system, there are few professionals. Doctors and nurses who were trained in Cameroon emigrate because in Cameroon the payment is poor while the workload is high. Nurses are unemployed even though their help is needed. Some of them help out voluntarily so they will not lose their skills.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> Outside the major cities, facilities are often dirty and poorly equipped.<a href="#cite_note-West_64-180">[178]</a> In 2012, the top three deadly diseases were <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Lower respiratory tract infection">lower respiratory tract infection</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrheal</a> diseases.<a href="#cite_note-:1-139">[137]</a> Endemic diseases include <a href="/wiki/Dengue_fever" title="Dengue fever">dengue fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filariasis" title="Filariasis">filariasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leishmaniasis" title="Leishmaniasis">leishmaniasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schistosomiasis" title="Schistosomiasis">schistosomiasis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/African_trypanosomiasis" title="African trypanosomiasis">sleeping sickness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> The <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>/<a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a> prevalence rate in 2016 was estimated at 3.8% for those aged 15–49,<a href="#cite_note-:2-182">[180]</a> although a strong stigma against the illness keeps the number of reported cases artificially low.<a href="#cite_note-yqheor-176">[174]</a> 46,000 children under age 14 were estimated to be living with HIV in 2016. In Cameroon, 58% of those living with HIV know their status, and just 37% receive <a href="/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Management of HIV/AIDS">ARV</a> treatment. In 2016, 29,000 deaths due to AIDS occurred in both adults and children.<a href="#cite_note-:2-182">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Breast_ironing" title="Breast ironing">Breast ironing</a>, a traditional practice that is prevalent in Cameroon, may affect girls' health.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a> (FGM), while not widespread, is practised among some populations; according to a 2013 UNICEF report,<a href="#cite_note-UNICEF2013p27-187">[185]</a> 1% of women in Cameroon have undergone FGM. Also impacting women's and girls' health, the contraceptive prevalence rate is estimated to be just 34.4% in 2014. <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional healers</a> remain a popular alternative to <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">evidence-based medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lantum-188">[186]</a> In the 2024 Global Hunger Index (GHI), Cameroon ranks 79th out of 127 countries with sufficient data. Cameroon's GHI score is 18.3, which is considered moderate.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cameroon" title="Culture of Cameroon">Culture of Cameroon</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Music and dance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Cameroon" title="Public holidays in Cameroon">Public holidays in Cameroon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baka_dancers_June_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Baka_dancers_June_2006.jpg/170px-Baka_dancers_June_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Baka_dancers_June_2006.jpg/255px-Baka_dancers_June_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Baka_dancers_June_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Dancers greet visitors to the East Region, 2006</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cameroon" title="Music of Cameroon">Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Cameroon" title="Dance in Cameroon">dance</a> are integral parts of Cameroonian ceremonies, festivals, social gatherings, and storytelling.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-West_18-191">[189]</a> Traditional dances are highly choreographed and separate men and women or forbid participation by one sex altogether.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> The dances' purposes range from pure entertainment to religious devotion.<a href="#cite_note-West_18-191">[189]</a> Traditionally, music is transmitted orally. In a typical performance, a chorus of singers echoes a soloist.<a href="#cite_note-Mbaku_189-193">[191]</a> Musical accompaniment may be as simple as clapping hands and stamping feet,<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> but traditional instruments include bells worn by dancers, clappers, drums, and <a href="/wiki/Talking_drum" title="Talking drum">talking drums</a>, flutes, horns, rattles, scrapers, stringed instruments, whistles, and xylophones; combinations of these vary by ethnic group and region. Some performers sing complete songs alone, accompanied by a harplike instrument.<a href="#cite_note-Mbaku_189-193">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> Popular music styles include <a href="/wiki/Ambasse_bey" title="Ambasse bey">ambasse bey</a> of the coast, <a href="/wiki/Assiko" title="Assiko">assiko</a> of the Bassa, <a href="/wiki/Mangambeu" title="Mangambeu">mangambeu</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bamileke" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamileke">Bangangte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tsamassi" title="Tsamassi">tsamassi</a> of the Bamileke.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria" title="Music of Nigeria">Nigerian music</a> has influenced Anglophone Cameroonian performers, and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Nico_Mbarga" title="Prince Nico Mbarga">Prince Nico Mbarga</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Highlife" title="Highlife">highlife</a> hit "<a href="/wiki/Sweet_Mother" title="Sweet Mother">Sweet Mother</a>" is the top-selling African record in history.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> The two most popular music styles are <a href="/wiki/Makossa" title="Makossa">makossa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bikutsi" title="Bikutsi">bikutsi</a>. Makossa developed in Douala and mixes folk music, highlife, <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soukous" title="Soukous">Congo music</a>. Performers such as <a href="/wiki/Manu_Dibango" title="Manu Dibango">Manu Dibango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bebey" title="Francis Bebey">Francis Bebey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moni_Bil%C3%A9" title="Moni Bilé">Moni Bilé</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Petit-Pays" title="Petit-Pays">Petit-Pays</a> popularised the style worldwide in the 1970s and 1980s. Bikutsi originated as war music among the Ewondo. Artists such as <a href="/wiki/Anne-Marie_Nzi%C3%A9" title="Anne-Marie Nzié">Anne-Marie Nzié</a> developed it into popular dance music beginning in the 1940s, and performers such as <a href="/wiki/Mama_Ohandja" title="Mama Ohandja">Mama Ohandja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Les_T%C3%AAtes_Brul%C3%A9es" title="Les Têtes Brulées">Les Têtes Brulées</a> popularised it internationally during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nkolo-199">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays">Holidays</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Holidays">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Cameroon" title="Public holidays in Cameroon">Public holidays in Cameroon</a></div> The most notable holiday associated with patriotism in Cameroon is <a href="/wiki/National_Day_(Cameroon)" title="National Day (Cameroon)">National Day</a>, also called Unity Day. Among the most notable religious holidays are <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption Day</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascension Day">Ascension Day</a>, which is typically 39 days after Easter. In the Northwest and Southwest provinces, collectively called <a href="/wiki/Ambazonia" title="Ambazonia">Ambazonia</a>, October 1 is considered a national holiday, a date Ambazonians consider the day of their independence from Cameroon.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_cuisine" title="Cameroonian cuisine">Cameroonian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ndol%C3%A8_%C3%A0_la_viande,_morue_et_crevettes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ndol%C3%A8_%C3%A0_la_viande%2C_morue_et_crevettes.jpg/220px-Ndol%C3%A8_%C3%A0_la_viande%2C_morue_et_crevettes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ndol%C3%A8_%C3%A0_la_viande%2C_morue_et_crevettes.jpg/330px-Ndol%C3%A8_%C3%A0_la_viande%2C_morue_et_crevettes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ndol%C3%A8_%C3%A0_la_viande%2C_morue_et_crevettes.jpg/440px-Ndol%C3%A8_%C3%A0_la_viande%2C_morue_et_crevettes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption>Plantains and "Bobolo" (made from cassava) served with Ndolè (meat and shrimp)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Cameroon">Cuisine</a> varies by region, but a large, one-course, evening meal is common throughout the country. A typical dish is based on cocoyams, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a> (manioc), <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plantain_(cooking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantain (cooking)">plantains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yams</a>, often pounded into dough-like <a href="/wiki/Fufu" title="Fufu">fufu</a>. This is served with a sauce, soup, or stew made from greens, <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">groundnuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a>, or other ingredients.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> Meat and fish are popular but expensive additions, with chicken often reserved for special occasions.<a href="#cite_note-Mbaku_121-2-202">[200]</a> Dishes are often quite spicy; seasonings include salt, red pepper sauce, and <a href="/wiki/Maggi" title="Maggi">maggi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> Cutlery is common, but food is traditionally manipulated with the right hand. Breakfast consists of leftovers of bread and fruit with <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>. Generally, breakfast is made from wheat flour in different foods such as puff-puff (doughnuts), accra banana made from <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a> and flour, bean cakes, and many more. Snacks are popular, especially in larger towns where they may be bought from <a href="/wiki/Street_vendor" class="mw-redirect" title="Street vendor">street vendors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion">Fashion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Fashion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camerounais_en_tenue_traditionnelle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Camerounais_en_tenue_traditionnelle.jpg/170px-Camerounais_en_tenue_traditionnelle.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Camerounais_en_tenue_traditionnelle.jpg/255px-Camerounais_en_tenue_traditionnelle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Camerounais_en_tenue_traditionnelle.jpg/340px-Camerounais_en_tenue_traditionnelle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Cameroonian fashion is varied and often mixes modern and traditional elements. Note the wearing of <a href="/wiki/Sun_glasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun glasses">sun glasses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monk_shoe" title="Monk shoe">monk shoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandals">sandals</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Smartwatch" title="Smartwatch">Smartwatch</a></figcaption></figure> Cameroon's relatively large and diverse population is likewise diverse in its fashions. Climate, religious, ethnic, and cultural beliefs, and the influences of colonialism, imperialism, and globalisation are all factors in contemporary Cameroonian dresses. Noteworthy Cameroonian dresses include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagnes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pagnes (page does not exist)">Pagnes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarong" title="Sarong">sarongs</a> worn by Cameroon women; <a href="/wiki/Chechia" title="Chechia">Chechia</a>, a traditional hat; kwa, a male handbag; and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gandura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gandura (page does not exist)">Gandura</a>, male custom attire.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> Wrappers and <a href="/wiki/Loincloths" class="mw-redirect" title="Loincloths">loincloths</a> are used extensively by both women and men but their use varies by region, with influences from <a href="/wiki/Fulani" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani">Fulani</a> styles more present in the north and <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> styles more often in the south and west.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> <a href="/wiki/Imane_Ayissi" title="Imane Ayissi">Imane Ayissi</a> is one of Cameroon's most prominent fashion designers and has received international recognition.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_arts_and_crafts">Local arts and crafts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Local arts and crafts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman_weaving_baskets_near_Lake_Ossa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Woman_weaving_baskets_near_Lake_Ossa.jpg/220px-Woman_weaving_baskets_near_Lake_Ossa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Woman_weaving_baskets_near_Lake_Ossa.jpg/330px-Woman_weaving_baskets_near_Lake_Ossa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Woman_weaving_baskets_near_Lake_Ossa.jpg/440px-Woman_weaving_baskets_near_Lake_Ossa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1485" data-file-height="1173" /></a><figcaption>A woman weaves a basket near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ossa" title="Lake Ossa">Lake Ossa</a>, Littoral Region. Cameroonians practise such handicrafts throughout the country</figcaption></figure> Traditional arts and crafts are practised throughout the country for commercial, decorative, and religious purposes. Woodcarvings and sculptures are especially common.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> The high-quality clay of the western highlands is used for pottery and ceramics.<a href="#cite_note-West_18-191">[189]</a> Other crafts include <a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">basket weaving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">beadworking</a>, brass and bronze working, <a href="/wiki/Calabash" title="Calabash">calabash</a> carving and painting, <a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">embroidery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leather_crafting" title="Leather crafting">leather</a> working. Traditional housing styles use local materials and vary from temporary wood-and-leaf shelters of nomadic <a href="/wiki/Wodaabe" title="Wodaabe">Mbororo</a> to the rectangular mud-and-thatch homes of southern peoples. Dwellings of materials such as cement and tin are increasingly common.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary art</a> is mainly promoted by independent cultural organisations (<a href="/wiki/Doual%27art" title="Doual'art">Doual'art</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Africr%C3%A9a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Africréa (page does not exist)">Africréa</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Artist-run_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist-run initiative">artist-run initiatives</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_Wash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art Wash (page does not exist)">Art Wash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atelier_Viking" title="Atelier Viking">Atelier Viking</a>, <a href="/wiki/ArtBakery" title="ArtBakery">ArtBakery</a>).<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Cameroon" title="Literature of Cameroon">Literature of Cameroon</a></div> Cameroonian literature has concentrated on both European and African themes. Colonial-era writers such as <a href="/wiki/Louis-Marie_Pouka" title="Louis-Marie Pouka">Louis-Marie Pouka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sankie_Maimo" title="Sankie Maimo">Sankie Maimo</a> were educated by European missionary societies and advocated <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a> into European culture to bring Cameroon into the modern world.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, writers such as <a href="/wiki/Mongo_Beti" title="Mongo Beti">Mongo Beti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Oyono" title="Ferdinand Oyono">Ferdinand Oyono</a> analysed and criticised colonialism and rejected assimilation.<a href="#cite_note-Fitzpatrick-215">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-Volet-217">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Cameroon" title="Mass media in Cameroon">Mass media in Cameroon</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon_Radio_Television" title="Cameroon Radio Television">Cameroon Radio Television</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films_and_literature">Films and literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Films and literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cameroon" title="Cinema of Cameroon">Cinema of Cameroon</a></div> Shortly after independence, filmmakers such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Ngassa" title="Jean-Paul Ngassa">Jean-Paul Ngassa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Sita-Bella" title="Thérèse Sita-Bella">Thérèse Sita-Bella</a> explored similar themes.<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> In the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Mongo_Beti" title="Mongo Beti">Mongo Beti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_L%C3%A9opold_Oyono" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Léopold Oyono">Ferdinand Léopold Oyono</a> and other writers explored postcolonialism, problems of African development, and the recovery of African identity.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> In the mid-1970s, filmmakers such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Dikongu%C3%A9_Pipa" title="Jean-Pierre Dikongué Pipa">Jean-Pierre Dikongué Pipa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kamwa" title="Daniel Kamwa">Daniel Kamwa</a> dealt with the conflicts between traditional and postcolonial society. Literature and films during the next two decades focused more on wholly Cameroonian themes.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Cameroon" title="Sport in Cameroon">Sport in Cameroon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cameroon_vs_Germany_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cameroon_vs_Germany_2003.jpg/220px-Cameroon_vs_Germany_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cameroon_vs_Germany_2003.jpg/330px-Cameroon_vs_Germany_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cameroon_vs_Germany_2003.jpg/440px-Cameroon_vs_Germany_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cameroon_national_football_team" title="Cameroon national football team">Cameroon</a> facing <a href="/wiki/Germany_national_football_team" title="Germany national football team">Germany</a> at <a href="/wiki/Zentralstadion" class="mw-redirect" title="Zentralstadion">Zentralstadion</a> in Leipzig, 17 November 2004</figcaption></figure> National policy strongly advocates sport in all forms. Traditional sports include canoe racing and wrestling, and several hundred runners participate in the 40 km (25 mi) <a href="/wiki/Mount_Cameroon_Race_of_Hope" title="Mount Cameroon Race of Hope">Mount Cameroon Race of Hope</a> each year.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> Cameroon is one of the few tropical countries to have <a href="/wiki/Cameroon_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics" title="Cameroon at the 2002 Winter Olympics">competed</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games" title="Winter Olympic Games">Winter Olympics</a>. Sport in Cameroon is dominated by football. Amateur football clubs abound, organised along ethnic lines or under corporate sponsors. The <a href="/wiki/Cameroon_national_football_team" title="Cameroon national football team">national team</a> has been one of the most successful in Africa since its strong showing in the <a href="/wiki/1982_Football_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="1982 Football World Cup">1982</a> and <a href="/wiki/1990_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1990 FIFA World Cup">1990 FIFA World Cups</a>. Cameroon has won five <a href="/wiki/African_Cup_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="African Cup of Nations">African Cup of Nations</a> titles and the gold medal at the <a href="/wiki/Football_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament" title="Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament">2000 Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> Cameroon was the host country of the <a href="/wiki/Africa_Women_Cup_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa Women Cup of Nations">Women Africa Cup of Nations</a> in November–December 2016,<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> the <a href="/wiki/2020_African_Nations_Championship" title="2020 African Nations Championship">2020 African Nations Championship</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2021_Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="2021 Africa Cup of Nations">2021 Africa Cup of Nations</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cameroon_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Cameroon women's national football team">women's football team</a> is known as the "Indomitable Lionesses", and like their men's counterparts, are also successful on the international stage, although it has not won any major trophy. Cricket has also entered into Cameroon as an emerging sport with the Cameroon Cricket Federation participating in international matches.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> Cameroon has produced multiple <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a> players including <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Siakam" title="Pascal Siakam">Pascal Siakam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joel_Embiid" title="Joel Embiid">Joel Embiid</a>, <a href="/wiki/D._J._Strawberry" title="D. J. Strawberry">D. J. Strawberry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruben_Boumtje-Boumtje" title="Ruben Boumtje-Boumtje">Ruben Boumtje-Boumtje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Koloko" title="Christian Koloko">Christian Koloko</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luc_Mbah_a_Moute" title="Luc Mbah a Moute">Luc Mbah a Moute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> The former <a href="/wiki/UFC_Heavyweight_Champion" class="mw-redirect" title="UFC Heavyweight Champion">UFC Heavyweight Champion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ngannou" title="Francis Ngannou">Francis Ngannou</a>, hails from Cameroon.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/32px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/48px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/64px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cameroon" title="Portal:Cameroon">Cameroon portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Cameroon-related_articles" title="Index of Cameroon-related articles">Index of Cameroon-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Cameroon" title="Outline of Cameroon">Outline of Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Cameroon" title="Telephone numbers in Cameroon">Telephone numbers in Cameroon</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌkæməˈruːn/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f1\/En-Cameroon-pronunciation.ogg\/En-Cameroon-pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-Cameroon-pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/En-Cameroon-pronunciation.ogg/En-Cameroon-pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-Cameroon-pronunciation.ogg" title="File:En-Cameroon-pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">CAM-ə-ROON</a>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Cameroun </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> French: République du Cameroun </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIA-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-15">p</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription 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.cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cameroon/#people-and-society">"Cameroon § People and Society"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2025 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 16 May 2022.</cite><span 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Retrieved 25 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=africacricket.com&rft.atitle=Africa+Cricket+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafricacricket.com%2Fread_more_news.php%3Fid%3D118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACameroon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://basketball.realgm.com/national/teams/18/Cameroon/nba_players">"Cameroon NBA Players – RealGM"</a>. Basketball.realgm.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220502204345/https://basketball.realgm.com/national/teams/18/Cameroon/nba_players">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cameroon+NBA+Players+%E2%80%93+RealGM&rft.pub=Basketball.realgm.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbasketball.realgm.com%2Fnational%2Fteams%2F18%2FCameroon%2Fnba_players&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACameroon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2022" class="citation news cs1">Morgan, Emmanuel (21 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/21/sports/francis-ngannou-ufc-fight.html">"The Fearsome, Quiet Champion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220426072359/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/21/sports/francis-ngannou-ufc-fight.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Fearsome%2C+Quiet+Champion&rft.date=2022-01-21&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F01%2F21%2Fsports%2Ffrancis-ngannou-ufc-fight.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACameroon" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="DeLancey" class="citation book cs1">DeLancey, Mark W.; DeLancey, Mark Dike (2000). Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon (3rd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810837751" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810837751"><bdi>978-0810837751</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Republic+of+Cameroon&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0810837751&rft.au=DeLancey%2C+Mark+W.&rft.au=DeLancey%2C+Mark+Dike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACameroon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hudgens" class="citation book cs1">Hudgens, Jim; Trillo, Richard (1999). West Africa: The Rough Guide (3rd ed.). London: Rough Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1858284682" title="Special:BookSources/978-1858284682"><bdi>978-1858284682</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+Africa%3A+The+Rough+Guide&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1858284682&rft.au=Hudgens%2C+Jim&rft.au=Trillo%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACameroon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Mbaku" class="citation book cs1">Mbaku, John Mukum (2005). Culture and Customs of Cameroon. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313332319" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313332319"><bdi>978-0313332319</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Cameroon&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0313332319&rft.au=Mbaku%2C+John+Mukum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACameroon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Neba" class="citation book cs1">Neba, Aaron (1999). Modern Geography of the Republic of Cameroon (3rd ed.). Bamenda: Neba Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Geography+of+the+Republic+of+Cameroon&rft.place=Bamenda&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Neba+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Neba%2C+Aaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACameroon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="West" class="citation book cs1">West, Ben (2004). Cameroon: The Bradt Travel Guide. Guilford, Connecticut: The Globe Pequot Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1841620787" title="Special:BookSources/978-1841620787"><bdi>978-1841620787</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cameroon%3A+The+Bradt+Travel+Guide&rft.place=Guilford%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=The+Globe+Pequot+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1841620787&rft.au=West%2C+Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACameroon" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070526152356/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=20731">"Cameroon – Annual Report 2007"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=20731">the original</a> on 26 May 2007. Retrieved 7 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cameroon+%E2%80%93+Annual+Report+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsf.org%2Farticle.php3%3Fid_article%3D20731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACameroon" class="Z3988"> . Reporters without Borders. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070113020758/http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/statistics/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_CMR.html">"Cameroon"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/statistics/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_CMR.html">the original</a> on 13 January 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cameroon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fhdr2006%2Fstatistics%2Fcountries%2Fcountry_fact_sheets%2Fcty_fs_CMR.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACameroon" class="Z3988"> . Human Development Report 2006. United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCana1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cameroon">"Cameroon" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). pp. 110–113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cameroon&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E110-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Cana&rft.aufirst=Frank+Richardson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACameroon" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Fonge, Fuabeh P. (1997). Modernization without Development in Africa: Patterns of Change and Continuity in Post-Independence Cameroonian Public Service. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, Inc.</li> <li>MacDonald, Brian S. (1997). "Case Study 4: Cameroon", Military Spending in Developing Countries: How Much Is Too Much? McGill-Queen's University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_L._Njeuma" title="Dorothy L. Njeuma">Njeuma, Dorothy L.</a> (no date). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609152111/http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/inhea/profiles/Cameroon.htm">Country Profiles: Cameroon</a>". The Boston College Center for International Higher Education. Retrieved 11 April 2008.</li> <li>Rechniewski, Elizabeth. "1947: Decolonisation in the Shadow of the Cold War: the Case of French Cameroon." Australian & New Zealand Journal of European Studies 9.3 (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openjournals.library.sydney.edu.au/ANZJES/article/download/15186/13370">online</a></li> <li>Sa'ah, Randy Joe (23 June 2006). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5107360.stm">Cameroon girls battle 'breast ironing'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070211233459/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5107360.stm">Archived</a> 11 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". BBC News. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</li> <li>Wright, Susannah, ed. (2006). Cameroon. Madrid: MTH Multimedia S.L.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/02/data/index.aspx">World Economic and Financial Surveys</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090211102523/http://imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/02/data/index.aspx">Archived</a> 11 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". World Economic Outlook Database, International Monetary Fund. September 2006. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Cameroon at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cameroon" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Cameroon">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cameroun_/_Cameroon" class="extiw" title="c:Cameroun / Cameroon">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Cameroon" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Cameroon">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Cameroon" class="extiw" title="q:Cameroon">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cameroon" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Cameroon">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cameroon" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Cameroon">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cameroon" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Cameroon">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cameroon" class="extiw" title="voy:Cameroon">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cameroon/">Cameroon</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/cameroon/business-corruption-in-cameroon.aspx">Cameroon Corruption Profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140324190641/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/cameroon/business-corruption-in-cameroon.aspx">Archived</a> 24 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from Business Anti-Corruption Portal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704153516/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/cameroon.htm">Cameroon</a> from UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13146029">Cameroon profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Cameroon" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Cameroon">Wikimedia Atlas of Cameroon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=CM">Key Development Forecasts for Cameroon</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> Government <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170529010519/http://www.presidenceducameroun.com/">Presidency of the Republic of Cameroon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715013604/http://www.spm.gov.cm/index.php?L=1">Prime Minister's Office</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805071905/http://www.assemblenationale.cm/">National Assembly of Cameroon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalintegrity.org/report/Cameroon/2010/">Global Integrity Report: Cameroon</a> has reporting on anti-corruption in Cameroon</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210080443/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-c/cameroon.html">Chief of State and Cabinet Members</a></li></ul> Trade <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/CMR/Year/2012/Summary">Summary Trade Statistics</a> from World Bank</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cameroon_articles574" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cameroon_topics" title="Template:Cameroon topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cameroon_topics" title="Template talk:Cameroon topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cameroon_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cameroon topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cameroon_articles574" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cameroon</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Cameroon-related_articles" title="Index of Cameroon-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cameroon" title="History of Cameroon">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baka_(Cameroon_and_Gabon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baka (Cameroon and Gabon)">Baka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandara_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandara kingdom">Mandara kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Cameroon" title="List of colonial governors of Cameroon">Colonial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun">Kamerun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I#West_Africa" title="African theatre of World War I">West Africa campaign (World War I)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Kamerun campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Cameroon" title="French Cameroon">French Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="British Cameroon">British Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Peoples_of_Cameroon" title="Union of the Peoples of Cameroon">Union of the Peoples of Cameroon</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Cameroon" title="Coat of arms of Cameroon"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Coat_of_arms_of_Cameroon.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Coat_of_arms_of_Cameroon.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Coat_of_arms_of_Cameroon.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="680" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cameroon" title="Geography of Cameroon">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Cameroon" title="List of municipalities of Cameroon">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Cameroon" title="Climate of Cameroon">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisions of Cameroon">Divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Cameroon" title="List of protected areas of Cameroon">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Cameroon" title="Regions of Cameroon">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Cameroon" title="List of rivers of Cameroon">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Cameroon" title="Wildlife of Cameroon">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cameroon" title="Politics of Cameroon">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cameroon" title="Constitution of Cameroon">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Cameroon" title="Corruption in Cameroon">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Cameroon" title="Elections in Cameroon">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cameroon" title="Human rights in Cameroon">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Cameroon">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cameroon" title="Foreign relations of Cameroon">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Cameroon" title="Law enforcement in Cameroon">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon_Armed_Forces" title="Cameroon Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Cameroon" title="List of political parties in Cameroon">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cameroon" title="President of Cameroon">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Cameroon" title="List of presidents of Cameroon">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cameroon" title="Prime Minister of Cameroon">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Cameroon" title="List of prime ministers of Cameroon">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Cameroon" title="Trade unions in Cameroon">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cameroon" title="Economy of Cameroon">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Cameroon" title="Agriculture in Cameroon">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_CFA_franc" title="Central African CFA franc">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Cameroon" title="List of companies of Cameroon">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Cameroon">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cameroon" title="Telecommunications in Cameroon">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Cameroon" title="Tourism in Cameroon">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Cameroon" title="Transport in Cameroon">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cameroon" title="Culture of Cameroon">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cameroon" title="Abortion in Cameroon">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Cameroon" title="Child marriage in Cameroon">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Cameroon">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cameroon" title="Demographics of Cameroon">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cameroon" title="Education in Cameroon">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Cameroon">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cameroon" title="Flag of Cameroon">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Cameroon" title="Health in Cameroon">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Cameroon" title="Human trafficking in Cameroon">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cameroon" title="Languages of Cameroon">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Cameroon">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cameroon" title="Music of Cameroon">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Cameroon" title="Polygamy in Cameroon">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Cameroon" title="Public holidays in Cameroon">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_in_Cameroon" title="Refugees in Cameroon">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Cameroon" title="Sport in Cameroon">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Cameroon" title="Outline of Cameroon">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Cameroon-related_articles" title="Index of Cameroon-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cameroon" title="Category:Cameroon">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cameroon" title="Portal:Cameroon">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_relating_to_Cameroon96" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_relating_to_Cameroon96" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles relating to Cameroon</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa699" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th 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Africa">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (partly in Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">unclear sovereignty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African territories fully part of non-African states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Union350" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_Union" title="Template:African Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_Union" title="Template talk:African Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Union350" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_Union" title="History of the African Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Group" title="Casablanca Group">Casablanca Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monrovia_Group" title="Monrovia Group">Monrovia Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_and_Malagasy_Union" title="African and Malagasy Union">African and Malagasy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Abuja Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte_Declaration" title="Sirte Declaration">Sirte Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_Act_of_the_African_Union" title="Constitutive Act of the African Union">Lome Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Secretary General of the Organisation of African Unity">Secretary General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_African_Union" title="Geography of the African Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Countries_bordering_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries bordering the African Union">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of the African Union">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_African_Union" title="Member states of the African Union">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_African_Union" title="Regions of the African Union">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organs_of_the_African_Union" title="Organs of the African Union">Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_African_Union" title="Executive Council of the African Union">Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representatives%27_Committee_of_the_African_Union" title="Permanent Representatives' Committee of the African Union">Permanent Representatives' Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialised_Technical_Committees_of_the_African_Union" title="Specialised Technical Committees of the African Union">Specialized Technical Committees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_African_Union" title="Assembly of the African Union">Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Deputy Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Conference_Center_and_Office_Complex" title="African Union Conference Center and Office Complex">AUCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_African_Union_Commission_Chairperson_election" title="2025 African Union Commission Chairperson election">2025 election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament">Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the Pan-African Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallagher_Convention_Centre" title="Gallagher Convention Centre">Gallagher Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_African_Union" title="Court of Justice of the African Union">African Court of Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Council" title="Economic, Social and Cultural Council">ECOSOCC Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Committee" title="Peace and Security Committee">Peace and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Political Affairs Committee (African Union)">Political Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_and_Energy_Committee" title="Infrastructure and Energy Committee">Infrastructure and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Affairs_and_Health_Committee" title="Social Affairs and Health Committee">Social Affairs and Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Resources,_Science,_and_Technology_Committee" title="Human Resources, Science, and Technology Committee">HR, Sciences and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_Industry_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Trade and Industry Committee (African Union)">Trade and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Economy_and_Agriculture_Committee" title="Rural Economy and Agriculture Committee">Rural Economy and Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Economic Affairs Committee (African Union)">Economic Affairs</a></li> <li>Women and Gender</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Cutting_Programs_Committee" title="Cross-Cutting Programs Committee">Cross-Cutting Programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Central_Bank" title="African Central Bank">African Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Fund" title="African Monetary Fund">African Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Investment_Bank" title="African Investment Bank">African Investment Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Council" title="Peace and Security Council">Peace and Security Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Capacity_for_Immediate_Response_to_Crises" title="African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises">ACIRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Standby_Force" title="African Standby Force">African Standby Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_of_the_Wise" title="Panel of the Wise">Panel of the Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations%E2%80%93African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur" title="United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur">UNAMID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Burundi" title="African Union Mission in Burundi">AMIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Sudan" title="African Union Mission in Sudan">AMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MISCA" title="MISCA">MISCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialised agencies and institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention">Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the African Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism" title="African Peer Review Mechanism">APRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_African_Union" title="Foreign relations of the African Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_African_Union" title="Enlargement of the African Union">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">United States Africa Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_ambassadors_to_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States ambassadors to the African Union">United States ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="African Union–Ethiopia relations">African Union–Ethiopia relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the African Union">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Let_Us_All_Unite_and_Celebrate_Together" title="Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_African_Union" title="Emblem of the African Union">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_African_Union" title="Flag of the African Union">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Passport" title="African Union Passport">Passport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_African_Union" title="Economy of the African Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks_of_Africa" title="List of central banks of Africa">Currencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gold_standard#Advocates" title="Gold standard">Gold standard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">NEPAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area" title="African Continental Free Trade Area">African Continental Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_African_Air_Transport_Market" title="Single African Air Transport Market">Single African Air Transport Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Day" title="Africa Day">Africa Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Border_Day" title="African Border Day">African Border Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Afro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Africa">Federal Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:African_Union" title="Category:African Union">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)298" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)298" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Syria and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Syria and OIC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations195" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary748" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations321" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Commonwealth" title="Template talk:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations321" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a> (members)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini (Swaziland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries">Commonwealth Secretariat – Member Countries</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1009#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3041" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1009#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3041" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1009#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121800777">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/147664051">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1212703/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrrCCJKHyfBgbQyKWtR8C">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4029413-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81035273">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11868630f">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11943247m">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15324441f">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11868630f">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11943247m">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15324441f">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564804">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129520&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX450959">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007554898605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/bf132644-e3ee-3bfc-9323-7f82824e4945">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/94e7aecc-958c-4076-a668-53c3f34c65d6">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/798852">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/Vlc4CCIq">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026438860">IdRef</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027377768">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003446">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035828">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cameroon&params=6_N_12_E_">6°N 12°E / 6°N 12°E / 6; 12</a> </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&oldid=1271699172">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&oldid=1271699172</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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