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trois groupes de primates: singes capucins, chimpanzées ei humains, èn se référant s.pé^cialement au rôle du contexte-social dans lhcquisition de I'empioi d,outils. une différence importante entre des primates humains ét non humainr .it l\" àegre auquet les objets en talt que tels deviénnent un centre des interactions sociales] de teiles interactions par la médiation d'objets sont une particularité d'humains. Chei ceux-ci le développement^ d'outils chez lés enfants --par exemple, comment uiili*\". un\" :Sl:t:._ e,1 ragitite par l'intervention d'adûrtes entrâînés, er probabrement par I rmrtatlon. Jusqu'lcl aucune preuve n'existe témoignant de la présènce de I'un ou de I'autre de ces mécanismes de -technique socia--le chez leô capucins, mais les chim-panzées, notament ceux qui habitent-un milieu riche et complêxe, sémblent être capables de tels actes. Les influences sociales sur I'acquisition ae I'utilisation d'outils sont étroitement apparentées aux capacités mentales (ihéories cognitives), et encore une tois la littérature parle d'une progression : singes capucini-chimpanzées_ humains. Manipulatiol d'obje_t, utilisation d'outils, développement, modélisation sociale, primate non humain, homme.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"46405757"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Object manipulation, tool use, and the social context in human and non-human primates","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [29881389]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":46405757,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Object manipulation, tool use, and the social context in human and non-human primates”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/46405757/mini_magick20190209-31415-9fvso1.png?1549779103" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Object manipulation, tool use, and the social context in human and non-human primates</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="29881389" href="https://univ-amu.academia.edu/JacquesVauclair"><img alt="Profile image of Jacques Vauclair" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/29881389/48982375/37012076/s65_jacques.vauclair.jpg" />Jacques Vauclair</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">16 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 12007311; 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Here, we suggest that the same concept may also be used to independently describe and interpret non-human animals within their own social and material networks. We illustrate this suggestion with examples from the tool use behaviour of wild monkeys and chimpanzees. Non-human primate social groups develop bodies of traditional knowledge, and we consider whether idiosyncratic expression of such knowledge may be viewed in terms of an individual's constructed social identity. At a micro-level, the performance of an individual tool use technique may be analogous to the idea of 'personhood' found in anthropological holistic or perspectivist theory; at a macro-level the physical and social distribution of primate technology is amenable to interpretation as an example of extended or distributed cognition. We conclude that combined consideration of extended cognition and niche construction offers a promising means for interpreting the material residues of non-human primate behaviour.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Extending material cognition to primate tool use","attachmentId":46126785,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/25770280/Extending_material_cognition_to_primate_tool_use","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/25770280/Extending_material_cognition_to_primate_tool_use"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="17040257" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17040257/Chimpanzees_create_and_modify_probe_tools_functionally_A_study_with_zoo_housed_chimpanzees">Chimpanzees create and modify probe tools functionally: A study with zoo-housed chimpanzees</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36596968" href="https://uni-tuebingen.academia.edu/ClaudioTennie">Claudio Tennie</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) use tools to probe for out‐of‐reach food, both in the wild and in captivity. Beyond gathering appropriately‐sized materials to create tools, chimpanzees also perform secondary modiﬁcations in order to create an optimized tool. In this study, we recorded the behavior of a group of zoo‐housed chimpanzees when presented with opportunities to use tools to probe for liquid foods in an artiﬁcial termite mound within their enclosure. Previous research with this group of chimpanzees has shown that they are proﬁcient at gathering materials from within their environment in order to create tools to probe for the liquid food within the artiﬁcial mound. Extending beyond this basic question, we ﬁrst asked whether they only made and modiﬁed probe tools when it was appropriate to do so (i.e. when the mound was baited with food). Second, by collecting continuous data on their behavior, we also asked whether the chimpanzees ﬁrst (intentionally) modiﬁed their tools prior to probing for food or whether such modiﬁcations occurred after tool use, possibly as a by‐product of chewing and eating the food from the tools. Following our predictions, we found that tool modiﬁcation predicted tool use; the chimpanzees began using their tools within a short delay of creating and modifying them, and the chimpanzees performed more tool modifying behaviors when food was available than when they could not gain food through the use of probe tools. We also discuss our results in terms of the chimpanzees’ acquisition of the skills, and their ﬂexibility of tool use and learning. Am. J. Primatol. 77:162–170, 2015.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Chimpanzees create and modify probe tools functionally: A study with zoo-housed chimpanzees","attachmentId":39316910,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17040257/Chimpanzees_create_and_modify_probe_tools_functionally_A_study_with_zoo_housed_chimpanzees","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17040257/Chimpanzees_create_and_modify_probe_tools_functionally_A_study_with_zoo_housed_chimpanzees"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="63852770" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/63852770/Triadic_Interactions_with_Tools_in_a_Gorilla">Triadic Interactions with Tools in a Gorilla</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="22149077" href="https://museum-joanneum.academia.edu/AdolfHeschl">Adolf Heschl</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Animal Behavior and Cognition, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Triadic interactions are an important developmental milestone for young human infants, ultimately enabling them to acquire language. When an infant and a caregiver share attention regarding an object, the label given to the object becomes linked with the object, hence referential communication is established through which infants learn to associate words with meanings. In fact, triadic interactions are considered so crucial to human language development that their phylogenetic origins have become the focus of investigation to study the evolutionary history of language. In this paper, we report a communicative instance of a captive zoo gorilla apparently trying to engage zoo visitors in a joint task of retrieving food. The gorilla seemed to i nitiate a series of combined triadic interactions with different tools used as pointing devices while attempting to recruit a human for help. Even though it is a single observation event, we argue that the gorilla possessed relevant knowledge about the various purposes for which a specific tool can be used and utilized sophisticated communicative means in her interaction with humans.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Triadic Interactions with Tools in a Gorilla","attachmentId":76138626,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/63852770/Triadic_Interactions_with_Tools_in_a_Gorilla","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/63852770/Triadic_Interactions_with_Tools_in_a_Gorilla"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="16545970" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16545970/Sex_Differences_in_Object_Manipulation_in_Wild_Immature_Chimpanzees_Pan_troglodytes_schweinfurthii_and_Bonobos_Pan_paniscus_Preparation_for_Tool_Use">Sex Differences in Object Manipulation in Wild Immature Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) and Bonobos (Pan paniscus): Preparation for Tool Use?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32179811" href="https://kyoto-u.academia.edu/TakeshiFuruichi">Takeshi Furuichi</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2123097" href="https://uzh.academia.edu/KathelijneKoops">Kathelijne Koops</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Sex differences in immatures predict behavioural differences in adulthood in many mammal species. Because most studies have focused on sex differences in social interactions, little is known about possible sex differences in ‘preparation’ for adult life with regards to tool use skills. We investigated sex and age differences in object manipulation in immature apes. Chimpanzees use a variety of tools across numerous contexts, whereas bonobos use few tools and none in foraging. In both species, a female bias in adult tool use has been reported. We studied object manipulation in immature chimpanzees at Kalinzu (Uganda) and bonobos at Wamba (Democratic Republic of Congo). We tested predictions of the ‘preparation for tool use’ hypothesis. We confirmed that chimpanzees showed higher rates and more diverse types of object manipulation than bonobos. Against expectation, male chimpanzees showed higher object manipulation rates than females, whereas in bonobos no sex difference was found. However, object manipulation by male chimpanzees was play-dominated, whereas manipulation types of female chimpanzees were more diverse (e.g., bite, break, carry). Manipulation by young immatures of both species was similarly dominated by play, but only in chimpanzees did it become more diverse with age. Moreover, in chimpanzees, object types became more tool-like (i.e., sticks) with age, further suggesting preparation for tool use in adulthood. The male bias in object manipulation in immature chimpanzees, along with the late onset of tool-like object manipulation, indicates that not all (early) object manipulation (i.e., object play) in immatures prepares for subsistence tool use. Instead, given the similarity with gender differences in human children, object play may also function in motor skill practice for male-specific behaviours (e.g., dominance displays). In conclusion, even though immature behaviours almost certainly reflect preparation for adult roles, more detailed future work is needed to disentangle possible functions of object manipulation during development.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Sex Differences in Object Manipulation in Wild Immature Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) and Bonobos (Pan paniscus): Preparation for Tool Use?","attachmentId":39044164,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16545970/Sex_Differences_in_Object_Manipulation_in_Wild_Immature_Chimpanzees_Pan_troglodytes_schweinfurthii_and_Bonobos_Pan_paniscus_Preparation_for_Tool_Use","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/16545970/Sex_Differences_in_Object_Manipulation_in_Wild_Immature_Chimpanzees_Pan_troglodytes_schweinfurthii_and_Bonobos_Pan_paniscus_Preparation_for_Tool_Use"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="105004707" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/105004707/Zoo_Housed_Chimpanzees_Can_Spontaneously_Use_Tool_Sets_But_Perseverate_on_Previously_Successful_Tool_Use_Methods">Zoo-Housed Chimpanzees Can Spontaneously Use Tool Sets But Perseverate on Previously Successful Tool-Use Methods</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36596968" href="https://uni-tuebingen.academia.edu/ClaudioTennie">Claudio Tennie</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Tool use is documented in both wild and captive chimpanzees, but the creation of tool sets (e.g., two, or more, tools used in a sequence to solve a task), seems to be less common. This has raised the question of whether tool sets are a culture-dependent trait (CDT), or can be re-innovated independently, and thus fall within chimpanzees’ Zone of Latent Solutions (ZLS). To test this, we provided a group of zoo-housed chimpanzees with a novel task that mimicked the wild conditions, required a tool set to solve, and all necessary materials to do so. We therefore enhanced the necessary conditions for the tool-set behavior, but without providing demonstrations of tool- set manufacture or use. We baited an artificial termite mound with six ketchup-filled tubes, each with a 45-degree bend and with a cellophane barrier across the top. The chimpanzees needed a rigid tool to pierce the barrier and then a flexible tool to reach the reward. Overall, chimpanzees did use both tool types in order, thus demonstrating that this tool-set form is not a CDT. Yet, few attempts were successful, and the majority were not made using a tool set. This suggests that the behavioral pattern did not stabilize, which may have been due to unintentional difficulty created by the opacity of our task. Overall, our study showed that the form of tool sets can be within the ZLS of chimpanzees, but future studies need to determine what stabilizes the behavioral patterns in the wild.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Zoo-Housed Chimpanzees Can Spontaneously Use Tool Sets But Perseverate on Previously Successful Tool-Use Methods","attachmentId":104578982,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/105004707/Zoo_Housed_Chimpanzees_Can_Spontaneously_Use_Tool_Sets_But_Perseverate_on_Previously_Successful_Tool_Use_Methods","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" 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