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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="png5aS+sZK9w/Sp+QljZqvsWjp5d8nVsGdDNiohXC2USeST91uruXicZnkibeLbb4MxMGY1y1SyuNn774PGvRw==" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Chimpanzees create and modify probe tools functionally: A study with zoo-housed chimpanzees" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2014/09/01" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="American Journal of Primatology" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Claudio Tennie" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/17040257/Chimpanzees_create_and_modify_probe_tools_functionally_A_study_with_zoo_housed_chimpanzees" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Chimpanzees create and modify probe tools functionally: A study with zoo-housed chimpanzees" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) use tools to probe for out‐of‐reach food, both in the wild and in captivity. Beyond gathering appropriately‐sized materials to create tools, chimpanzees also perform secondary modiﬁcations in order to create an optimized" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/36596968/10510636/116046672/s200_claudio.tennie.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/17040257/Chimpanzees_create_and_modify_probe_tools_functionally_A_study_with_zoo_housed_chimpanzees" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Chimpanzees create and modify probe tools functionally: A study with zoo-housed chimpanzees" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) use tools to probe for out‐of‐reach food, both in the wild and in captivity. Beyond gathering appropriately‐sized materials to create tools, chimpanzees also perform secondary modiﬁcations in order to create an optimized" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://uni-tuebingen.academia.edu/ClaudioTennie" /> <meta name="description" content="Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) use tools to probe for out‐of‐reach food, both in the wild and in captivity. Beyond gathering appropriately‐sized materials to create tools, chimpanzees also perform secondary modiﬁcations in order to create an optimized" /> <title>(PDF) Chimpanzees create and modify probe tools functionally: A study with zoo-housed chimpanzees | Claudio Tennie - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/17040257/Chimpanzees_create_and_modify_probe_tools_functionally_A_study_with_zoo_housed_chimpanzees" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '9387f500ddcbb8d05c67bef28a2fe0334f1aafb8'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1733124928000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1733124928000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) use tools to probe for out‐of‐reach food, both in the wild and in captivity. Beyond gathering appropriately‐sized materials to create tools, chimpanzees also perform secondary modiﬁcations in order to create an optimized tool. In this study, we recorded the behavior of a group of zoo‐housed chimpanzees when presented with opportunities to use tools to probe for liquid foods in an artiﬁcial termite mound within their enclosure. Previous research with this group of chimpanzees has shown that they are proﬁcient at gathering materials from within their environment in order to create tools to probe for the liquid food within the artiﬁcial mound. Extending beyond this basic question, we ﬁrst asked whether they only made and modiﬁed probe tools when it was appropriate to do so (i.e. when the mound was baited with food). Second, by collecting continuous data on their behavior, we also asked whether the chimpanzees ﬁrst (intentionally) modiﬁed their tools prior to probing for food or whether such modiﬁcations occurred after tool use, possibly as a by‐product of chewing and eating the food from the tools. Following our predictions, we found that tool modiﬁcation predicted tool use; the chimpanzees began using their tools within a short delay of creating and modifying them, and the chimpanzees performed more tool modifying behaviors when food was available than when they could not gain food through the use of probe tools. We also discuss our results in terms of the chimpanzees’ acquisition of the skills, and their ﬂexibility of tool use and learning. Am. J. Primatol. 77:162–170, 2015.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Claudio Tennie"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2015-10-20","dateModified":"2024-11-28","datePublished":"2014-09-01","headline":"Chimpanzees create and modify probe tools functionally: A study with zoo-housed chimpanzees","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Tool-Use","Learning","Chimpanzee","Pan troglodytes"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"American Journal of Primatology","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/17040257/Chimpanzees_create_and_modify_probe_tools_functionally_A_study_with_zoo_housed_chimpanzees","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"uni-tuebingen"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F17040257%2FChimpanzees_create_and_modify_probe_tools_functionally_A_study_with_zoo_housed_chimpanzees%3Fauto%3Ddownload"; window.loswp.translateUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F17040257%2FChimpanzees_create_and_modify_probe_tools_functionally_A_study_with_zoo_housed_chimpanzees%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":39316910,"identifier":"Attachment_39316910","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":17040257,"created_at":"2015-10-20T06:08:59.511-07:00","from_world_paper_id":143040737,"updated_at":"2024-11-28T21:32:53.826-08:00","_data":{"doi":"10.1002/ajp.22319","volume":"77","abstract":"Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) use tools to probe for out‐of‐reach food, both in the wild and in captivity. Beyond gathering appropriately‐sized materials to create tools, chimpanzees also perform secondary modiﬁcations in order to create an optimized tool. In this study, we recorded the behavior of a group of zoo‐housed chimpanzees when presented with opportunities to use tools to probe for liquid foods in an \r\nartiﬁcial termite mound within their enclosure. Previous research with this group of chimpanzees has shown that they are proﬁcient at gathering materials from within their environment in order to create tools to probe for the liquid food within the artiﬁcial mound. Extending beyond this basic question, we ﬁrst asked whether they only made and modiﬁed probe tools when it was appropriate to do so (i.e. when the mound was baited with food). Second, by collecting continuous data on their behavior, we also asked whether the chimpanzees ﬁrst (intentionally) modiﬁed their tools prior to probing for food or whether such modiﬁcations occurred after tool use, possibly as a by‐product of chewing and eating the food from the tools. Following our predictions, we found that tool modiﬁcation predicted tool use; the chimpanzees began using their tools within a short delay of creating and modifying them, and the chimpanzees \r\nperformed more tool modifying behaviors when food was available than when they could not gain food through the use of probe tools. We also discuss our results in terms of the chimpanzees’ acquisition of the skills, and their ﬂexibility of tool use and learning. Am. J. Primatol. 77:162–170, 2015. ","ai_title_tag":"Chimpanzee Tool Modification and Use in Captivity","journal_name":"American Journal of Primatology","page_numbers":"162-170","publication_date":"2014,9,1"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Chimpanzees create and modify probe tools functionally: A study with zoo-housed chimpanzees","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [36596968]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":39316910,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Chimpanzees create and modify probe tools functionally: A study with zoo-housed chimpanzees”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/39316910/mini_magick20190223-10273-12xvso6.png?1550914996" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Chimpanzees create and modify probe tools functionally: A study with zoo-housed chimpanzees</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36596968" href="https://uni-tuebingen.academia.edu/ClaudioTennie"><img alt="Profile image of Claudio Tennie" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/36596968/10510636/116046672/s65_claudio.tennie.jpg" />Claudio Tennie</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2014</p></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) use tools to probe for out‐of‐reach food, both in the wild and in captivity. Beyond gathering appropriately‐sized materials to create tools, chimpanzees also perform secondary modiﬁcations in order to create an optimized tool. In this study, we recorded the behavior of a group of zoo‐housed chimpanzees when presented with opportunities to use tools to probe for liquid foods in an artiﬁcial termite mound within their enclosure. Previous research with this group of chimpanzees has shown that they are proﬁcient at gathering materials from within their environment in order to create tools to probe for the liquid food within the artiﬁcial mound. Extending beyond this basic question, we ﬁrst asked whether they only made and modiﬁed probe tools when it was appropriate to do so (i.e. when the mound was baited with food). Second, by collecting continuous data on their behavior, we also asked whether the chimpanzees ﬁrst (intentionally) modiﬁed their tools prior to probing for food or whether such modiﬁcations occurred after tool use, possibly as a by‐product of chewing and eating the food from the tools. Following our predictions, we found that tool modiﬁcation predicted tool use; the chimpanzees began using their tools within a short delay of creating and modifying them, and the chimpanzees performed more tool modifying behaviors when food was available than when they could not gain food through the use of probe tools. We also discuss our results in terms of the chimpanzees’ acquisition of the skills, and their ﬂexibility of tool use and learning. Am. J. Primatol. 77:162–170, 2015. </p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":39316910,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/17040257/Chimpanzees_create_and_modify_probe_tools_functionally_A_study_with_zoo_housed_chimpanzees"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":39316910,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/17040257/Chimpanzees_create_and_modify_probe_tools_functionally_A_study_with_zoo_housed_chimpanzees"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="39316910" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/17040257/Chimpanzees_create_and_modify_probe_tools_functionally_A_study_with_zoo_housed_chimpanzees" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="20956912" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20956912/A_potent_effect_of_observational_learning_on_chimpanzee_tool_construction">A potent effect of observational learning on chimpanzee tool construction</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" 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2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Constructive and deconstructive tool modification by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)","attachmentId":67339007,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/48939175/Constructive_and_deconstructive_tool_modification_by_chimpanzees_Pan_troglodytes_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/48939175/Constructive_and_deconstructive_tool_modification_by_chimpanzees_Pan_troglodytes_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" 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differently","attachmentId":70050081,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/53107879/Understanding_the_functional_properties_of_tools_chimpanzees_Pan_troglodytes_and_capuchin_monkeys_Cebus_apella_attend_to_tool_features_differently","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/53107879/Understanding_the_functional_properties_of_tools_chimpanzees_Pan_troglodytes_and_capuchin_monkeys_Cebus_apella_attend_to_tool_features_differently"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="34999433" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34999433/Spontaneous_reoccurrence_of_scooping_a_wild_tool_use_behaviour_in_na%C3%AFve_chimpanzees">Spontaneous reoccurrence of ''scooping'', a wild tool-use behaviour, in naïve chimpanzees</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2765675" href="https://birmingham.academia.edu/ElisaBandini">Elisa Bandini</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Modern human technological culture depends on social learning. A widespread assumption for chimpanzee tool-use cultures is that they, too, are dependent on social learning. However, we provide evidence to suggest that individual learning, rather than social learning, is the driver behind determining the form of these behaviours within and across individuals. Low-fidelity social learning instead merely facilitates the reinnovation of these behaviours, and thus helps homogenise the behaviour across chimpanzees, creating the population-wide patterns observed in the wild (what here we call ''socially mediated serial reinnovations''). This is the main prediction of the Zone of Latent Solutions (ZLS) hypothesis. This study directly tested the ZLS hypothesis on algae scooping, a wild chimpanzee tool-use behaviour. We provided naïve chimpanzees (n = 14, Mage = 31.33, SD = 10.09) with ecologically relevant materials of the wild behaviour but, crucially, without revealing any information on the behavioural form required to accomplish this task. This study found that naïve chimpanzees expressed the same behavioural form as their wild counterparts, suggesting that, as the ZLS theory predicts, individual learning is the driver behind the frequency of this behavioural form. As more behaviours are being found to be within chimpanzee's ZLS, this hypothesis now provides a parsimonious explanation for chimpanzee tool cultures.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Spontaneous reoccurrence of ''scooping'', a wild tool-use behaviour, in naïve chimpanzees","attachmentId":54863931,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34999433/Spontaneous_reoccurrence_of_scooping_a_wild_tool_use_behaviour_in_na%C3%AFve_chimpanzees","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34999433/Spontaneous_reoccurrence_of_scooping_a_wild_tool_use_behaviour_in_na%C3%AFve_chimpanzees"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="4660841" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4660841/Cultural_innovation_and_transmission_of_tool_use_in_wild_chimpanzees_evidence_from_field_experiments">Cultural innovation and transmission of tool use in wild chimpanzees: evidence from field experiments</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="254304" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/DoraBiro">Dora Biro</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Animal Cognition, 2003</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are the most proficient and versatile users of tools in the wild. How such skills become integrated into the behavioural repertoire of wild chimpanzee communities is investigated here by drawing together evidence from three complementary approaches in a group of oil-palm nut- (Elaeis guineensis) cracking chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea. First, extensive surveys of communities adjacent to Bossou have shown that population-specific details of tool use, such as the selection of species of nuts as targets for cracking, cannot be explained purely on the basis of ecological differences. Second, a 16-year longitudinal record tracing the development of nut-cracking in individual chimpanzees has highlighted the importance of a critical period for learning (3–5 years of age), while the similar learning contexts experienced by siblings have been found to result in near-perfect (13 out of 14 dyads) inter-sibling correspondence in laterality. Third, novel data from field experiments involving the introduction of unfamiliar species of nuts to the Bossou group illuminates key aspects of both cultural innovation and transmission. We show that responses of individuals toward the novel items differ markedly with age, with juveniles being the most likely to explore. Furthermore, subjects are highly specific in their selection of conspecifics as models for observation, attending to the nut-cracking activities of individuals in the same age group or older, but not younger than themselves. Together with the phenomenon of inter-community migration, these results demonstrate a mechanism for the emergence of culture in wild chimpanzees.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Cultural innovation and transmission of tool use in wild chimpanzees: evidence from field experiments","attachmentId":49709195,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4660841/Cultural_innovation_and_transmission_of_tool_use_in_wild_chimpanzees_evidence_from_field_experiments","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4660841/Cultural_innovation_and_transmission_of_tool_use_in_wild_chimpanzees_evidence_from_field_experiments"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="74399629" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74399629/Data_from_The_fourth_dimension_of_tool_use_temporally_enduring_artefacts_aid_primates_learning_to_use_tools">Data from: The fourth dimension of tool use: temporally enduring artefacts aid primates learning to use tools</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37973" href="https://usp-br.academia.edu/BriseidaResende">Briseida Resende</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Data from: The fourth dimension of tool use: temporally enduring artefacts aid primates learning to use tools","attachmentId":98981859,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/74399629/Data_from_The_fourth_dimension_of_tool_use_temporally_enduring_artefacts_aid_primates_learning_to_use_tools","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/74399629/Data_from_The_fourth_dimension_of_tool_use_temporally_enduring_artefacts_aid_primates_learning_to_use_tools"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="85344917" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/85344917/Acquisition_and_comprehension_of_a_tool_using_behavior_by_young_chimpanzees_Pan_troglodytes_Effects_of_age_and_modeling">Acquisition and comprehension of a tool-using behavior by young chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Effects of age and modeling</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="98236" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BardKim">Kim Bard</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Comparative Psychology; International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 1995</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">1. Age-matched pairs from 6 young chimpanzees (aged 2–4 yrs) were presented with a wooden tool and a horizontal transparent tube with a food item in the center. Insertion of the tool into the tube was required to obtain the food item. One member of each pair was exposed to a model performing the task successfully. Following acquisition, Ss were tested with more complex versions to evaluate comprehension. Presence of a model influenced acquisition only in 3–4 yr olds. Older Ss learned to solve the task in fewer trials, made ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Acquisition and comprehension of a tool-using behavior by young chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Effects of age and modeling","attachmentId":90069551,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/85344917/Acquisition_and_comprehension_of_a_tool_using_behavior_by_young_chimpanzees_Pan_troglodytes_Effects_of_age_and_modeling","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/85344917/Acquisition_and_comprehension_of_a_tool_using_behavior_by_young_chimpanzees_Pan_troglodytes_Effects_of_age_and_modeling"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":39316910,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":39316910,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_39316910" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="4660907" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4660907/Leaf_tool_use_for_drinking_water_by_wild_chimpanzees_Pan_troglodytes_acquisition_patterns_and_handedness">Leaf-tool use for drinking water by wild chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ): acquisition patterns and handedness</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="254304" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/DoraBiro">Dora Biro</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Animal Cognition, 2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Leaf-tool use for drinking water by wild chimpanzees ( Pan 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tools","attachmentId":83106810,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/75270513/Na%C3%AFve_unenculturated_chimpanzees_fail_to_make_and_use_flaked_stone_tools","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/75270513/Na%C3%AFve_unenculturated_chimpanzees_fail_to_make_and_use_flaked_stone_tools"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="25502359" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25502359/A_comparative_study_of_the_variety_and_complexity_of_object_manipulation_in_captive_chimpanzees_Pan_troglodytes_and_bonobos_Pan_paniscus_">A comparative study of the variety and complexity of object manipulation in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="49031787" href="https://independent.academia.edu/VeraWalraven">Vera Walraven</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Primates, 1996</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A comparative study of the variety and complexity of object manipulation in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan 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data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/113898716/Hand_preference_and_tool_use_in_wild_chimpanzees">Hand preference and tool use in wild chimpanzees</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="276939931" href="https://independent.academia.edu/OsamuSakura">Osamu Sakura</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Primates, 1993</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Hand preference and tool use in wild chimpanzees","attachmentId":110740118,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/113898716/Hand_preference_and_tool_use_in_wild_chimpanzees","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/113898716/Hand_preference_and_tool_use_in_wild_chimpanzees"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="56576368" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/56576368/Robust_retention_and_transfer_of_tool_construction_techniques_in_chimpanzees_Pan_troglodytes_">Robust retention and transfer of tool construction techniques in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31250956" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndrewWhiten">Andrew Whiten</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Comparative Psychology, 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Robust retention and transfer of tool construction techniques in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)","attachmentId":71895704,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/56576368/Robust_retention_and_transfer_of_tool_construction_techniques_in_chimpanzees_Pan_troglodytes_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a 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