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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Administrative region in Nigeria</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048730501">.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv td,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-native{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms td{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms table{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms tbody tr:first-child td{width:50%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Eastern Region</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous region</a> of <a href="/wiki/First_Nigerian_Republic" title="First Nigerian Republic">Nigeria</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">1954–1967</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Biafra_in_its_region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Biafra_in_its_region.svg/220px-Biafra_in_its_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Biafra_in_its_region.svg/330px-Biafra_in_its_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Biafra_in_its_region.svg/440px-Biafra_in_its_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="231" /></a></span><br /></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Enugu" title="Enugu">Enugu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Easterner</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-former-subdiv-fake-li">• 1965</div></th><td class="infobox-data">76,145.65 km<sup>2</sup> (29,400.00 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1965 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12,000,000</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Nigerian_Government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Nigerian Government (page does not exist)">Eastern Nigerian Government</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"> • Type</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1954–1963)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary republic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963–1966)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1966–1967)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Eastern_Region,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Eastern Region, Nigeria">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1954–1956 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clement_John_Pleass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clement John Pleass (page does not exist)">Clement John Pleass</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1956–1960 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stapledon" title="Robert Stapledon">Robert Stapledon</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1960–1966 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Akanu_Ibiam" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Akanu Ibiam">Francis Akanu Ibiam</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1966–1967 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C._Odumegwu_Ojukwu" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Odumegwu Ojukwu">Chukwuemeka Odumegwu-Ojukwu</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_region_governors_and_premiers_in_the_First_Republic" title="Nigerian region governors and premiers in the First Republic">Premier</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1951–1953 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eyo_Ita" title="Eyo Ita">Eyo Ita</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1954–1959 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe" title="Nnamdi Azikiwe">Nnamdi Azikiwe</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1959–1966 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Okpara" title="Michael Okpara">Michael Okpara</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Regional_Assembly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Regional Assembly (page does not exist)">Eastern Regional Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-former-subdiv-fake-li">• Upper house</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_House_of_Chiefs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern House of Chiefs (page does not exist)">House of Chiefs</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-former-subdiv-fake-li">• Lower house</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_House_of_Assembly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern House of Assembly (page does not exist)">House of Assembly</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">British colonization</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1884</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Nigeria" title="Federation of Nigeria">Established</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 October 1954</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1956%E2%88%9257_Nigerian_regional_elections" title="1956−57 Nigerian regional elections">Elections</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 March 1957</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Nigeria)" title="Independence Day (Nigeria)">End of British rule</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 October 1960</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1961_Eastern_Region_legislative_election" title="1961 Eastern Region legislative election">Elections</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">16 November 1961</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nigeria" title="Constitution of Nigeria">Constitution</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_Nigerian_Republic" title="First Nigerian Republic">First Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 October 1963</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1966_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Nigerian coup d'état">Coup d'état</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 January 1966</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1966_Nigerian_counter-coup" title="1966 Nigerian counter-coup">Counter-coup</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 July 1966</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1966_anti-Igbo_pogrom" title="1966 anti-Igbo pogrom">Anti-Igbo pogrom</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">May–October 1966</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Aburi_Accord" title="Aburi Accord">Aburi Accord</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 January 1967</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">Independence</a> (as Biafra) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 May 1967</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Dissolution of Biafra</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 January 1970</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Nigeria_%281914%E2%80%931952%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Nigeria_%281914%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Nigeria_%281914%E2%80%931952%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Nigeria_%281914%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Nigeria_%281914%E2%80%931952%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Nigeria_%281914%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Colonial Nigeria</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">Biafra</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Biafra.svg/20px-Flag_of_Biafra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Biafra.svg/30px-Flag_of_Biafra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Biafra.svg/40px-Flag_of_Biafra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Eastern Region</b> was an <a href="/wiki/Political_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Political division">administrative region</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, dating back originally from the division of the colony <a href="/wiki/Colony_and_Protectorate_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria">Southern Nigeria</a> in 1954. Its first capital was <a href="/wiki/Calabar" title="Calabar">Calabar</a>. The capital was later moved to <a href="/wiki/Enugu" title="Enugu">Enugu</a> and the second capital was <a href="/wiki/Umuahia" title="Umuahia">Umuahia</a>. The region was officially divided in 1967 into three new <a href="/wiki/States_of_Nigeria" title="States of Nigeria">states</a>, the <a href="/wiki/East-Central_State" class="mw-redirect" title="East-Central State">East-Central State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rivers_State" title="Rivers State">Rivers State</a> and <a href="/wiki/South-Eastern_State,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="South-Eastern State, Nigeria">South-Eastern State</a>. East-Central State had its capital at Enugu, which is now part of <a href="/wiki/Enugu_State" title="Enugu State">Enugu State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroßWydra201336_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroßWydra201336-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region had the third-, fourth- and fifth-largest indigenous ethnic groups including <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a>, Ibibio and <a href="/wiki/Ijaw_people" title="Ijaw people">Ijaw</a>. It was what later became <a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">Biafra</a>, which was in rebellion from 1967 to 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMwakikagile200123_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMwakikagile200123-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Region,_Nigeria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Eastern region of Nigeria was geographically located in <a href="/wiki/Points_of_the_compass" title="Points of the compass">Southeastern</a> Nigeria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service19565_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service19565-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is <a href="/wiki/Natural_border" title="Natural border">bordered</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Niger_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger river">Niger river</a> in the West and has an administrative and cultural <a href="/wiki/Border" title="Border">border</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Region,_Nigeria" title="Northern Region, Nigeria">Northern region of Nigeria</a> to the north. The eastern boundary lies between the border of Nigeria and <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> and the southern coast is along the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a>. The total surface area of the region was approximately 76,000 square kilometres (29,400 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service19565_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service19565-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1965, the region had a population of twelve million people and some areas such as <a href="/wiki/Owerri" title="Owerri">Owerri</a> and those inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Annang" class="mw-redirect" title="Annang">Annangs</a> were one of the most densely populated places in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Buer196820_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Buer196820-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Awka" title="Awka">Awka</a> region also suffered from soil erosion. </p><p>The region had three types of vegetation. The coastal area in the south is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> swamps and tidal waterways. Further north of the swamps is the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforest</a>, however, over a period of time, many of the leafy trees of the forest were cleared for planting palm trees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service19565_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service19565-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the northernmost parts of the region is the <a href="/wiki/Guinean_forest-savanna_mosaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinean forest-savanna mosaic">guinea savannah</a>. Major rivers of the region include rivers of <a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a> system such as <a href="/wiki/Kwa_Ibo_River" title="Kwa Ibo River">Qua Iboe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cross_River_(Nigeria)" title="Cross River (Nigeria)">Cross River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orashi_River" title="Orashi River">Orashi River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imo_River" title="Imo River">Imo River</a>. <a href="/wiki/Obudu_Plateau" title="Obudu Plateau">Obudu Plateau</a> in the northeastern area, the <a href="/wiki/Oban_Hills" title="Oban Hills">Oban</a> and Ikom Hills along the eastern boundary with Cameroon were a few of the highlands in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service19566_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service19566-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Region,_Nigeria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Igboland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Igboland">History of Igboland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_rule">Colonial rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Region,_Nigeria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Colonial rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1849, <a href="/wiki/John_Beecroft" title="John Beecroft">John Beecroft</a>, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Fernando_P%C3%B3_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando Pó (island)">Fernando Po</a> became the British consul agent for the Bights of <a href="/wiki/Bight_of_Benin" title="Bight of Benin">Benin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bight_of_Biafra" title="Bight of Biafra">Biafra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service19567_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service19567-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beecroft was chosen to be in charge of regulating the trade at the ports of old and New Calabar and those at Benin, <a href="/wiki/Bonny,_Rivers" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonny, Rivers">Bonny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bimbia" title="Bimbia">Bimbia</a> and the Cameroons between the residents and British merchant firms. The increase in trade within the ports led to the drive of several European firms to build trading post at <a href="/wiki/Onitsha" title="Onitsha">Onitsha</a>. In 1879, most of the firms merged to form the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Niger_Company" title="Royal Niger Company">United African Company</a> and were given a charter to manage a coastal protectorate in 1885. In 1884, the headquarters of the British agent for the Bights of Benin and Biafra was moved from Fernando Po to <a href="/wiki/Calabar" title="Calabar">Calabar</a> and in 1890, the <a href="/wiki/Oil_Rivers_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil Rivers Protectorate">Oil Rivers Protectorate</a>, later known as the <a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast Protectorate</a> was established. The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria Protectorate</a> was formed in 1932 and by 1914 British colonial rule had established most of the administrative divisions in the Southern Nigeria Protectorate. In 1939, the Southern Province was divided into the Western and Eastern Province.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Buer196821_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Buer196821-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">war</a> period, the provinces were given more power due to shortage of personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman197147_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman197147-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, residents of Eastern Nigeria had an individualistic and democratic culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service1956ii_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service1956ii-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To establish <a href="/wiki/Indirect_rule" title="Indirect rule">indirect rule</a> within the administrative divisions, the British began a tendency to strengthen the powers of the traditional village heads beyond their traditional pre-colonial duties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfigbo197289_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfigbo197289-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with the British traders, Christian missionaries also established mission bases in the region. In 1846, Reverend Hope Masterton Waddell formed a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> Mission. <a href="/wiki/Ajayi_Crowther" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajayi Crowther">Ajayi Crowther</a> of <a href="/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">CMS</a> established a Niger division at Onitsha, and soon followed by the Catholic Church. These missions found some converts among the residents including Rev James Boyle of Bonny, a priest at St. James Cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service19569_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service19569-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Region,_Nigeria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to World War II, there were five major cities in Eastern Nigeria, <a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt" title="Port Harcourt">Port Harcourt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enugu" title="Enugu">Enugu</a> created after World War I, <a href="/wiki/Calabar" title="Calabar">Calabar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uyo" title="Uyo">Uyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikot_Ekpene" title="Ikot Ekpene">Ikot Ekpene</a>, Onitsha and <a href="/wiki/Aba,_Abia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aba, Abia">Aba</a>. Majority of the people lived in small communities and towns. The rise in trade contributed to the migration of men to towns and cities to find work and to trade but during Christmas and other festival periods, they usually come home. The men also built their family houses in their native villages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195614_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195614-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional authority in many villages is earned by the most senior man of the family next in line to the throne or a wealthy man who has paid footing to other title holders. Among the <a href="/wiki/Efik_people" title="Efik people">Efiks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibibio_people" title="Ibibio people">Ibibio</a>'s, masked secret societies played an important social and regulatory role. The masked societies kept debtors in check and played important part in local festivals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones200068_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones200068-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many areas in the region, the use of native courts to settle debts and <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">bride price</a> were important social institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195617_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195617-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dancing and sports were also important social elements in the Eastern region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Information196059_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Information196059-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Football was played between April and November. Sports was regulated by the regional branch of the <a href="/wiki/Nigeria_Football_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigeria Football Association">Nigeria Football Association</a> and those of the athletics association. <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Ifeajuna" title="Emmanuel Ifeajuna">Emmanuel Ifeajuna</a>, was a gold member in High Jump at the Empire Games in Vancouver in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-Emmanuel_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emmanuel-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Region,_Nigeria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Eastern region had an ethnically diverse population. The largest ethnic group in the region were the <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIgwe198724_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIgwe198724-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional society of the Igbos was democratic and individualistic with titles, wealth and age being the primary determinants of prestige. During colonial rule, the Igbos spread to other regions of British West Africa, first working as traders and laborers and then establishing small scale businesses in <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a> and other urban districts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195612_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195612-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ibibio_people" title="Ibibio people">Ibibios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Efik_people" title="Efik people">Efiks</a> lived in the districts of <a href="/wiki/Uyo" title="Uyo">Uyo</a>, Opobo, Calabar, Enyong, <a href="/wiki/Eket" title="Eket">Eket</a>, Creek Town, Duke Town, Old Town and <a href="/wiki/Ikot_Ekpene" title="Ikot Ekpene">Ikot Ekpene</a>. During pre-colonial and colonial rule, the Efiks controlled trading post up the Cross River to the Ports of Calabar. The other ethnic groups of the Niger Delta system include the <a href="/wiki/Ijaw_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ijaw language">Ijaw</a> speaking people of Opobo, Bonny, <a href="/wiki/Degema_language" title="Degema language">Degema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okrika" title="Okrika">Okrika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buguma" title="Buguma">Buguma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brass,_Nigeria" title="Brass, Nigeria">Brass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abonnema" title="Abonnema">Abonnema</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIgwe198727_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIgwe198727-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ijaws had a marked chieftaincy tradition. Other groups within the region were the <a href="/wiki/Annang" class="mw-redirect" title="Annang">Annang</a> of Ikot Ekpene, <a href="/wiki/Yakurr" title="Yakurr">Yakurr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahumono" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahumono">Bahumono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oron_people" title="Oron people">Oron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogoni_people" title="Ogoni people">Ogoni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ekoi_people" title="Ekoi people">Ekoi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195613_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195613-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Region,_Nigeria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trade in <a href="/wiki/Elaeis_guineensis" title="Elaeis guineensis">palm</a> produce was a dominant feature in the economy of Eastern Nigeria. Though not indigenous to the region, the palm tree provided <a href="/wiki/Palm_branch_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm branch (symbol)">fronds</a> for roofing of houses in the villages, <a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">palm wine</a> for drinking and <a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel" title="Palm kernel">palm kernels</a> as source of foreign exchange income.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195618_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195618-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After World War II, prices sought for palm produce skyrocked and by 1954, Palm produce generated an income of 54 million pounds. However, the prices stabilized by the middle of the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195618_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195618-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Employment in farming and agriculture was a significant source of income for many residents engaged in <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yam</a> farming and fishery. In the 1960s, the government promoted rubber, cocoa and palm grove schemes to increase the output of cash crops. The government also established farm settlements at Ohaji, Igbariam, Boki, Ulonna, Erei, Uzo-Uwani and Egbema to encourage agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Commerce196620_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Commerce196620-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trading of goods was also a major part of the regional economy. In 1954, imports to the region was about 25 million pounds a year which were brought into the country by a few European firms but distributed by thousands of traders within the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195630_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195630-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trade in imported goods such as dried fish, motor parts, textiles goes on along with the trade in local foodstuff.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Information196030_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Information196030-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In industry, the coal mines of Enugu managed by the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Coal_Corporation" title="Nigerian Coal Corporation">Nigerian Coal Corporation</a> and Nigersteel's rolling mill which used steel scraps to produce mild steel bars were one of the few coal mines and steel plants in operation in West Africa in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195624_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195624-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the NCNC led government, a cement factory was established at <a href="/wiki/Nkalagu" title="Nkalagu">Nkalagu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Breweries" title="Nigerian Breweries">Nigerian Breweries</a> chose a stout factory at Aba, a Tobacco and glass making plant was located at Port Harcourt. Oil mining in the region started by Shell D' Archy in 1937 did not yield commercial quantities until 1957. But by 1965, oil was a promising source of income.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Buer196823_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Buer196823-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statutory_corporations">Statutory corporations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Region,_Nigeria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Statutory corporations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The task of managing the trade and income earned in <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a> kernels was given to the Eastern Nigeria Marketing Board and the Eastern Nigeria Finance Corporation. The Eastern Nigeria Marketing Board came into effect in 1954 and was given the responsibility to manage the region's cash or export crops. The board assigned grade to palm produce according to free fatty acid content and then assigns producer prices to each grade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195619_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195619-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The board conducts the purchase of palm oil and kernels that are to be exported through the use of licensed buying agents and engages in the evacuation of the produce to the ports for export. Most of the profits from the sales of export produce is transferred to the Eastern Nigeria Development Corporation. The development corporation was involved in producing quality palm oil kernels for the export markets through erection of pioneer oil mills and the development of other export crops such as cocoa, cashew nuts, rubber and coconut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195619_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195619-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rice cultivation was also encouraged in <a href="/wiki/Abakaliki" title="Abakaliki">Abakaliki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ogoja" title="Ogoja">Ogoja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195620_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195620-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Region,_Nigeria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Community development was one of the initiatives of the NCNC led Eastern regional government in the 1950s and the phrase was also popular among community residents of villages and towns. Part of the initiative of the community development ministry was the clearing of land for passable <a href="/wiki/Gravel_road" title="Gravel road">laterite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dirt_road" title="Dirt road">earth</a> roads. In 1955 about 13,000 km (8,000 mi) of roads were cleared but less than 10% were tarred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195628_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195628-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most travelers use lorries with expressive mottoes such as 'God's time is best' or 'No sweat, No sweat'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195628_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195628-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to move between cities. In the southern parts of region where tidal waterways and swamps dominate the vegetation, <a href="/wiki/Barges" class="mw-redirect" title="Barges">barges</a> and river craft are used for transportation. </p><p>The Nigerian railway line in the region runs through Enugu, <a href="/wiki/Umuahia" title="Umuahia">Umuahia</a>, Aba and Port Harcourt. Construction of the railway began in 1913 and completed in 1919. The line was extended to Kaduna in 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChuku2015156_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChuku2015156-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Port_Harcourt" title="Port of Port Harcourt">Port of Port Harcourt</a> was the second largest port in Nigeria in the 1950s. In 1954, it cleared about $54 million worth of imports and exports,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195629_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195629-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the shipping facilities at Calabar cleared $11 million worth of goods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Region,_Nigeria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Government and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The region like Nigeria during the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_First_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian First Republic">first republic</a> operated a parliamentary system of government with a premier leading the executive branch and a bicameral legislature. The figurehead position of governor existed but it was subordinate to the premier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Buer196824_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Buer196824-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from the regional government, Eastern Nigeria also had a local government modeled after the English system. There were three tiers of governance levels within the system, the county and urban districts, the municipalities and the local councils.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Buer196824_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Buer196824-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Region,_Nigeria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An African dominated government institution, the Eastern Regional Assembly with the powers to debate but not enact laws was established in 1948. It had fifteen nominated African members and fourteen nominated European officials. In 1951, the regional assembly was given more legislative and financial powers following the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nigeria#Colonial_era_(1914–1960)" title="Constitution of Nigeria">McPherson Constitution</a>. In addition, the assembly number of members in the assembly was enlarged to eighty elected African members, three special members and five officials. Though the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Nigeria_and_the_Cameroons" title="National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons">NCNC</a> dominated the 1951 election, party organization was not particularly strong because the party's headquarters was in <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a> and its leader did not contest election in the region. Many members elected to the House were previously independent candidates and only declared for the NCNC after their election to get political backing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195636_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195636-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a crisis in 1953, party organization was strengthened and in a new election conducted in 1953 and in which Azikiwe, the NCNC leader contested, the party had a decisive victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiamond198857_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiamond198857-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The history of local government representation in the region were in three phases. The first phase was through warrant chiefs many of whom were created by the colonial government. But after the <a href="/wiki/Aba_Women%27s_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Aba Women's Riots">Aba riot</a> of 1929, the system gradually gave way to the Native Authority administration led by older men within the communities. This system was not particularly strong as it was in Northern Nigeria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195634_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195634-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1950s, local government system following the English model of boroughs county and district councils was introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris195721_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris195721-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cabinet_of_Michael_Okpara">Cabinet of Michael Okpara</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Region,_Nigeria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cabinet of Michael Okpara"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>1960 Eastern Region, Nigeria<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Office </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Okpara" title="Michael Okpara">Michael Iheonukara Okpara</a> </td> <td>Premier </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ibanga_Akpabio" title="Ibanga Akpabio">Ibanga Udo Akpabio</a> </td> <td>Internal Affairs </td></tr> <tr> <td>Samuel Efem Imoke </td> <td>Finance </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/P._N._Okeke-Ojiudu" title="P. N. Okeke-Ojiudu">Patrick Nwokoye Okeke</a> </td> <td>Agriculture </td></tr> <tr> <td>Basil Charles Okwu </td> <td>Information </td></tr> <tr> <td>John Ugwu Nwodo </td> <td>Commerce </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gilbert Ekwenugo Okeke </td> <td>Education </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ajegbo" title="Michael Ajegbo">Michael Oguejiofo Ajegbo</a> </td> <td>Attorney General </td></tr> <tr> <td>Echeme Emole </td> <td>Town Planning </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ezekiel Pappah Okoya </td> <td>Health </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paul Omerenyia Ururuka </td> <td>Works </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pius Nwoga </td> <td>Local Government </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Region,_Nigeria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The village school was an important part of the community. Members of the community at home and abroad voluntarily gave money for the erection of school buildings. Wealthy or salaried family members were encouraged to sponsor the education of their younger ones. In 1956, there were about six thousand primary schools and fifty-four secondary schools.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195639_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195639-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the secondary schools were managed by voluntary agencies and Christian missions and some schools were named after members of the mission including the <a href="/wiki/Hope_Waddell_Training_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Hope Waddell Training School">Hope Waddell Training School</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Memorial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dennis Memorial (page does not exist)">Dennis Memorial</a>, Onitsha, Cornellia Connelly, Uyo and Crowther Memorial, Port Harcourt. Education became a major priority in the late 1950s and early '60s with the regional government at times devoting close to one third of its budget to education.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195639_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195639-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkoth2006289_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkoth2006289-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Half of the money was used as subvention given to agencies managing the schools and to ensure a universal primary education programme. The church was instrumental to the education of the people, the Church of Scotland Mission (Later the Presbyterian Church of Nigeria), Figures like, the Dr. E. N. Amaku, Mr. Ntieyong U. Akpan, Justice Egbert Udo Udoma where all educated by the Mission. </p><p><a href="/wiki/University_of_Nigeria" title="University of Nigeria">University of Nigeria</a>, Nsukka was established by the regional government. An agriculture training and research center was at Umudike.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cities_and_towns">Cities and towns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Region,_Nigeria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cities and towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following cities were in the Eastern Region, Nigeria:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Information19609_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Information19609-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Information196039_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Information196039-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aba,_Abia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aba, Abia">Aba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abakaliki" title="Abakaliki">Abakaliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abonnema" title="Abonnema">Abonnema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahoada" title="Ahoada">Ahoada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awka" title="Awka">Awka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bori_City" title="Bori City">Bori City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buguma" title="Buguma">Buguma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calabar" title="Calabar">Calabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eket" title="Eket">Eket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enugu" title="Enugu">Enugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igwuruta" title="Igwuruta">Igwuruta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikot-Abasi" title="Ikot-Abasi">Ikot-Abasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikot_Ekpene" title="Ikot Ekpene">Ikot Ekpene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nnewi" title="Nnewi">Nnewi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsukka" title="Nsukka">Nsukka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owo,_Enugu" title="Owo, Enugu">Owo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omoku" title="Omoku">Omoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onitsha" title="Onitsha">Onitsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opobo" title="Opobo">Opobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlu,_Imo" title="Orlu, Imo">Orlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owerri" title="Owerri">Owerri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt" title="Port Harcourt">Port Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umuahia" title="Umuahia">Umuahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyo,_Akwa_Ibom" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyo, Akwa Ibom">Uyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenagoa" title="Yenagoa">Yenagoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itu,_Akwa_Ibom" class="mw-redirect" title="Itu, Akwa Ibom">Itu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oron,_Akwa_Ibom" class="mw-redirect" title="Oron, Akwa Ibom">Oron</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="President_of_the_House_of_Chiefs">President of the House of Chiefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Region,_Nigeria&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: President of the House of Chiefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Period </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Chief</i> Nyong Essien, CMG </td> <td>? – ?<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Information196017_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Information196017-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Speakers_of_the_House_of_Assembly">Speakers of the House of Assembly</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Region,_Nigeria&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Speakers of the House of Assembly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Period </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Egbuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Egbuna (page does not exist)">Ernest Egbuna</a> </td> <td>1954 – ?<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENwaubani200196_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENwaubani200196-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eze_Daniel_Okereke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eze Daniel Okereke (page does not exist)">Eze Daniel Okereke</a>, CMG </td> <td>? – ?<sup id="cite_ref-Ngo_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ngo-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Region,_Nigeria&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ururuka" title="Paul Ururuka">Paul Ururuka</a> (1910-1970), former Minister of Works and Minister of Commerce<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Region,_Nigeria&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igboland" title="Igboland">Igboland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Region,_Nigeria" title="Northern Region, Nigeria">Northern Region, Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Region,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Region, Nigeria">Western Region, Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_stamps_of_Nigeria#Eastern_Nigeria" title="Revenue stamps of Nigeria">Revenue stamps of Eastern Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Western_Region,_Nigeria" title="Mid-Western Region, Nigeria">Mid-Western Region, Nigeria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Region,_Nigeria&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroßWydra201336-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroßWydra201336_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroßWydra2013">Groß & Wydra 2013</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMwakikagile200123-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMwakikagile200123_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMwakikagile2001">Mwakikagile 2001</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service19565-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service19565_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service19565_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service19565_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInformation_Service1956">Information Service 1956</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Buer196820-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Buer196820_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Buer1968">Van Buer 1968</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service19566-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service19566_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInformation_Service1956">Information Service 1956</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service19567-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service19567_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInformation_Service1956">Information Service 1956</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Buer196821-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Buer196821_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Buer1968">Van Buer 1968</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman197147-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman197147_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman1971">Coleman 1971</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service1956ii-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service1956ii_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInformation_Service1956">Information Service 1956</a>, p. ii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfigbo197289-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfigbo197289_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAfigbo1972">Afigbo 1972</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service19569-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service19569_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInformation_Service1956">Information Service 1956</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195614-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195614_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInformation_Service1956">Information Service 1956</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones200068-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones200068_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2000">Jones 2000</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195617-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195617_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInformation_Service1956">Information Service 1956</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Information196059-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Information196059_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinistry_of_Information1960">Ministry of Information 1960</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emmanuel-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Emmanuel_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFElliott_Pap2014" class="citation news cs1">Elliott Pap (26 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vancouversun.com/touch/sports/moments+1954+empire+games/10064221/story.html">"Top 10 moments of the 1954 Empire Games"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vancouver_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="The Vancouver Sun">The Vancouver Sun</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Vancouver+Sun&rft.atitle=Top+10+moments+of+the+1954+Empire+Games&rft.date=2014-07-26&rft.au=Elliott+Pap&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvancouversun.com%2Ftouch%2Fsports%2Fmoments%2B1954%2Bempire%2Bgames%2F10064221%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Region%2C+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIgwe198724-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIgwe198724_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIgwe1987">Igwe 1987</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195612-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195612_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInformation_Service1956">Information Service 1956</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIgwe198727-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIgwe198727_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIgwe1987">Igwe 1987</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195613-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195613_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInformation_Service1956">Information Service 1956</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195618-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195618_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195618_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInformation_Service1956">Information Service 1956</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Commerce196620-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Commerce196620_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinistry_of_Commerce1966">Ministry of Commerce 1966</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195630-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195630_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInformation_Service1956">Information Service 1956</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Information196030-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Information196030_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinistry_of_Information1960">Ministry of Information 1960</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195624-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195624_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInformation_Service1956">Information Service 1956</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Buer196823-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Buer196823_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Buer1968">Van Buer 1968</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195619-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195619_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195619_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInformation_Service1956">Information Service 1956</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195620-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195620_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInformation_Service1956">Information Service 1956</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195628-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195628_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195628_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInformation_Service1956">Information Service 1956</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChuku2015156-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChuku2015156_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChuku2015">Chuku 2015</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195629-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195629_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInformation_Service1956">Information Service 1956</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Buer196824-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Buer196824_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Buer196824_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Buer1968">Van Buer 1968</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195636-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195636_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInformation_Service1956">Information Service 1956</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiamond198857-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiamond198857_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiamond1988">Diamond 1988</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195634-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195634_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInformation_Service1956">Information Service 1956</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris195721-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris195721_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris1957">Harris 1957</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEastern_Nigeria_(Nigeria)Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs1960" class="citation book cs1">Eastern Nigeria (Nigeria); Ministry of Internal Affairs (1960). <i>Profiles of the ministers of Eastern Nigeria</i>. Enugu: Govt. Printer. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19965584">19965584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Profiles+of+the+ministers+of+Eastern+Nigeria.&rft.place=Enugu&rft.pub=Govt.+Printer&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19965584&rft.au=Eastern+Nigeria+%28Nigeria%29&rft.au=Ministry+of+Internal+Affairs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Region%2C+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195639-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195639_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInformation_Service195639_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInformation_Service1956">Information Service 1956</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkoth2006289-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkoth2006289_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOkoth2006">Okoth 2006</a>, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828180651/http://www.nrcri.gov.ng/historical-background/">"Historical Background"</a>. <i>Nrcri.gov.ng</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrcri.gov.ng/historical-background/">the original</a> on 28 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nrcri.gov.ng&rft.atitle=Historical+Background&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrcri.gov.ng%2Fhistorical-background%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Region%2C+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Information19609-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Information19609_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinistry_of_Information1960">Ministry of Information 1960</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Information196039-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Information196039_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinistry_of_Information1960">Ministry of Information 1960</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Information196017-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Information196017_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinistry_of_Information1960">Ministry of Information 1960</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENwaubani200196-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENwaubani200196_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNwaubani2001">Nwaubani 2001</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ngo-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ngo_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imotrumpeta.com/?p=2137">"Ngor Okpala Realigns for 2015 – Calls For Socio – Economic Emancipation"</a>. <i>Imo Trumpeta</i>. 12 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Imo+Trumpeta&rft.atitle=Ngor+Okpala+Realigns+for+2015+%E2%80%93+Calls+For+Socio+%E2%80%93+Economic+Emancipation&rft.date=2012-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imotrumpeta.com%2F%3Fp%3D2137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Region%2C+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Republic_of_Nigeria1965" class="citation web cs1">Federal Republic of Nigeria (October 1, 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.gazettes.africa/archive/ng/1965/ng-government-gazette-dated-1965-10-01-no-75.pdf">"Official Gazette"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>archives.gazettes.africa</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archives.gazettes.africa&rft.atitle=Official+Gazette&rft.date=1965-10-01&rft.au=Federal+Republic+of+Nigeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.gazettes.africa%2Farchive%2Fng%2F1965%2Fng-government-gazette-dated-1965-10-01-no-75.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Region%2C+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Region,_Nigeria&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInformation_Service1956" class="citation book cs1">Information Service (1956). <i>Eastern Region (Nigeria)</i>. Enugu: Enugu, Eastern Nigeria Information Service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Region+%28Nigeria%29&rft.place=Enugu&rft.pub=Enugu%2C+Eastern+Nigeria+Information+Service&rft.date=1956&rft.au=Information+Service&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Region%2C+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Buer1968" class="citation thesis cs1">Van Buer, Franklin (1968). "2". <i>THE STRUCTURE AND ADMINISTRATION OF THE EASTERN NIGERIAN TAX SYSTEM</i> (Thesis). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=THE+STRUCTURE+AND+ADMINISTRATION+OF+THE+EASTERN+NIGERIAN+TAX+SYSTEM&rft.inst=University+of+Illinois+at+Urbana-Champaign&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Van+Buer&rft.aufirst=Franklin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Region%2C+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond1988" class="citation book cs1">Diamond, Larry Jay (1988). <i>Class, Ethnicity, and Democracy in Nigeria: The Failure of the First Republic</i>. Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0815624220" title="Special:BookSources/0815624220"><bdi>0815624220</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Class%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Democracy+in+Nigeria%3A+The+Failure+of+the+First+Republic&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0815624220&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Larry+Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Region%2C+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgwe1987" class="citation book cs1">Igwe, Samuel Okoronkwo (1987). <i>Education in Eastern Nigeria, 1847–1975: Development and Management: Church, State and Community</i>. Evans Brothers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/023750832X" title="Special:BookSources/023750832X"><bdi>023750832X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+in+Eastern+Nigeria%2C+1847%E2%80%931975%3A+Development+and+Management%3A+Church%2C+State+and+Community&rft.pub=Evans+Brothers&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=023750832X&rft.aulast=Igwe&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Okoronkwo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Region%2C+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2000" class="citation book cs1">Jones, G.I. (2000). <i>The Trading States of the Oil Rivers: A Study of Political Development in Eastern Nigeria</i>. James Currey Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0852559186" title="Special:BookSources/0852559186"><bdi>0852559186</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trading+States+of+the+Oil+Rivers%3A+A+Study+of+Political+Development+in+Eastern+Nigeria&rft.pub=James+Currey+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0852559186&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=G.I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Region%2C+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroßWydra2013" class="citation book cs1">Groß, Uwe; Wydra, Kerstin, eds. (5 November 2013). <i>Maternal-Child Health: Interdisciplinary Aspects Within the Perspective of Global Health</i>. Universitätsverlag Göttingen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3863950842" title="Special:BookSources/978-3863950842"><bdi>978-3863950842</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maternal-Child+Health%3A+Interdisciplinary+Aspects+Within+the+Perspective+of+Global+Health&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4tsverlag+G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.date=2013-11-05&rft.isbn=978-3863950842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Region%2C+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfigbo1972" class="citation book cs1">Afigbo, Adiele, Eberechukwu (1972). <i>The Warrant Chiefs: indirect rule in southeastern Nigeria, 1891–1929</i>. Longman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Warrant+Chiefs%3A+indirect+rule+in+southeastern+Nigeria%2C+1891%E2%80%931929&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Afigbo&rft.aufirst=Adiele%2C+Eberechukwu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Region%2C+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Information1960" class="citation book cs1">Ministry of Information, Eastern Region (Nigeria) (1960). <i>Eastern Nigeria</i>. Eastern Nigeria Ministry of Information.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Nigeria&rft.pub=Eastern+Nigeria+Ministry+of+Information&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Ministry+of+Information&rft.aufirst=Eastern+Region+%28Nigeria%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Region%2C+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkoth2006" class="citation book cs1">Okoth, Assa (2006). <i>African nationalism and the de-colonisation process : [1915–1995]</i> (Rev ed.). Nairobi [u.a.]: East African Educational Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9966253580" title="Special:BookSources/9966253580"><bdi>9966253580</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+nationalism+and+the+de-colonisation+process+%3A+%5B1915%E2%80%931995%5D&rft.place=Nairobi+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.edition=Rev&rft.pub=East+African+Educational+Publ.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9966253580&rft.aulast=Okoth&rft.aufirst=Assa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Region%2C+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Commerce1966" class="citation book cs1">Ministry of Commerce, Eastern Region (Nigeria) (1966). <i>Investment opportunities in Eastern Nigeria</i>. Govt. Printer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Investment+opportunities+in+Eastern+Nigeria&rft.pub=Govt.+Printer&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Ministry+of+Commerce&rft.aufirst=Eastern+Region+%28Nigeria%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Region%2C+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNwaubani2001" class="citation book cs1">Nwaubani, Ebere (2001). <i>The United States and decolonization in West Africa, 1950 – 1960</i>. Rochester, NY: Univ. of Rochester Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1580460763" title="Special:BookSources/1580460763"><bdi>1580460763</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+decolonization+in+West+Africa%2C+1950+%E2%80%93+1960&rft.place=Rochester%2C+NY&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Rochester+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1580460763&rft.aulast=Nwaubani&rft.aufirst=Ebere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Region%2C+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1957" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Philip James (1957). <i>Local Government in Southern Nigeria: A Manual of Law and Procedure Under the Eastern Region Local Government Law, 1955, and the Western Region Local Government Law, 1952</i>. University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Local+Government+in+Southern+Nigeria%3A+A+Manual+of+Law+and+Procedure+Under+the+Eastern+Region+Local+Government+Law%2C+1955%2C+and+the+Western+Region+Local+Government+Law%2C+1952&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Philip+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Region%2C+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman1971" class="citation book cs1">Coleman, James Smoot (1971). <i>Nigeria</i>. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nigeria&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=James+Smoot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Region%2C+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMwakikagile2001" class="citation book cs1">Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2001). <i>Ethnic politics in Kenya and Nigeria</i>. Huntington, NY: Nova Science Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1560729678" title="Special:BookSources/1560729678"><bdi>1560729678</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+politics+in+Kenya+and+Nigeria&rft.place=Huntington%2C+NY&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publ.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1560729678&rft.aulast=Mwakikagile&rft.aufirst=Godfrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Region%2C+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChuku2015" class="citation book cs1">Chuku, Gloria (2015). <i>Igbo Women and Economic Transformation in Southeastern Nigeria, 1900–1960</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135469405" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135469405"><bdi>978-1135469405</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Igbo+Women+and+Economic+Transformation+in+Southeastern+Nigeria%2C+1900%E2%80%931960&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1135469405&rft.aulast=Chuku&rft.aufirst=Gloria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Region%2C+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Biafra_topics" title="Template:Biafra topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biafra_topics" title="Template talk:Biafra topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biafra_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biafra topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biafra_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">Biafra</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1966_anti-Igbo_pogrom" title="1966 anti-Igbo pogrom">1966 anti-Igbo pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigeria-Biafra War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahiara_Declaration" title="Ahiara Declaration">Ahiara Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aburi_Accord" title="Aburi Accord">Aburi Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Benin_(1967)" title="Republic of Benin (1967)">Republic of Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Biafra" title="Blockade of Biafra">Blockade of Biafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biafran_airlift" title="Biafran airlift">Biafran airlift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogbunigwe" title="Ogbunigwe">Ogbunigwe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Niger_Delta_conflict" title="2016 Niger Delta conflict">2016 Niger Delta conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Southeastern_Nigeria" title="Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria">Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_Biafra_(1967%E2%80%931970).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roundel of the Biafran Air Force (1967–1970)"><img alt="Roundel of the Biafran Air Force (1967–1970)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Roundel_of_Biafra_%281967%E2%80%931970%29.svg/80px-Roundel_of_Biafra_%281967%E2%80%931970%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Roundel_of_Biafra_%281967%E2%80%931970%29.svg/120px-Roundel_of_Biafra_%281967%E2%80%931970%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Roundel_of_Biafra_%281967%E2%80%931970%29.svg/160px-Roundel_of_Biafra_%281967%E2%80%931970%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enugu" title="Enugu">Enugu <span style="font-size:85%;">(first capital)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umuahia" title="Umuahia">Umuahia <span style="font-size:85%;">(second capital)</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eastern Nigeria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chukwuemeka_Odumegwu_Ojukwu" title="Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu">Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Effiong" title="Philip Effiong">Philip Effiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biafran_armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Biafran armed forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Actualization_of_the_Sovereign_State_of_Biafra" title="Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra">Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_people" title="Efik people">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibibio_people" title="Ibibio people">Ibibio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Annang people">Annang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_people" title="Ijaw people">Ijaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikwerre_people" title="Ikwerre people">Ikwerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obolo_people" title="Obolo people">Andoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egbema_tribe" title="Egbema tribe">Egbema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biafran_pound" title="Biafran pound">Biafran pound <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Biafra" title="Flag of Biafra">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_the_Rising_Sun_(anthem)" title="Land of the Rising Sun (anthem)">"Land of the Rising Sun" <span style="font-size:85%;">(national anthem)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Biafra" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Biafra">Postage stamps and postal history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biafra" title="Category:Biafra">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_Eastern_Region" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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