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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hproduct" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><span class="fn org"> Ogbunigwe </span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Place of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Biafra.svg/23px-Flag_of_Biafra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Biafra.svg/35px-Flag_of_Biafra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Biafra.svg/45px-Flag_of_Biafra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Biafra" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Biafra">Biafra</a> (present-day Nigeria)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Service history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">In service</th><td class="infobox-data">1967-1970</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Used by</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Biafra.svg/23px-Flag_of_Biafra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Biafra.svg/35px-Flag_of_Biafra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Biafra.svg/45px-Flag_of_Biafra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Biafra" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Biafra">Biafra</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Production history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Designer</th><td class="infobox-data">Seth Nwanagu, Sylvester Akalonu, Gordian Ezekwe, Benjamin Nwosu, Willy Achukwu, Nath Okpala and others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Designed</th><td class="infobox-data">September 1967</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data">Research and Production Organization of Biafra (RAP)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Variants</th><td class="infobox-data">Various</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Effective firing range</th><td class="infobox-data">8,000 metres (8,700 yd)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Warhead weight</th><td class="infobox-data">5kg-500kg<sup id="cite_ref-Eze_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eze-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Propellant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rocket_propellant" title="Rocket propellant">Rocket propellant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><div style="line-height:1.25em">Guidance<br />system</div></th><td class="infobox-data">none</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Nigerian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Nigerian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nigerian_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War"><span class="wrap">Nigerian Civil War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><b>1967</b></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_UNICORD" title="Operation UNICORD">UNICORD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwest_Invasion_of_1967" title="Midwest Invasion of 1967">Midwest Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Enugu" title="Fall of Enugu">Enugu</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/First_Invasion_of_Onitsha" title="First Invasion of Onitsha">1st Onitsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asaba_massacre" title="Asaba massacre">Asaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiger_Claw" title="Operation Tiger Claw"><i>Tiger Claw</i></a></li></ul> <dl><dt><b>1968</b></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Invasion_of_Onitsha" title="Second Invasion of Onitsha">2nd Onitsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Port_Harcourt" title="Invasion of Port Harcourt">Port Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abagana_ambush" title="Abagana ambush">Abagana</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Operation_OAU" title="Operation OAU"><i>OAU</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Owerri" title="Siege of Owerri">Owerri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hiroshima" title="Operation Hiroshima"><i>Hiroshima</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Biafra" title="Blockade of Biafra">Blockade</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><b>1969</b></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Leopard_(1969)" title="Operation Leopard (1969)"><i>Leopard</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Umuahia" title="Invasion of Umuahia">Umuahia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><b>1970</b></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tail-Wind" title="Operation Tail-Wind"><i>Tail-Wind</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><b>Ogbunigwe</b>, also called <b><a href="/wiki/Emeka_Ojukwu" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeka Ojukwu">Ojukwu</a> Bucket</b>, was a series of <a href="/wiki/Weapons_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons systems">weapons systems</a> including command detonation mines, <a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">improvised explosive devices</a>, and rocket-propelled missiles, mass-produced by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Biafra" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Biafra">Republic of Biafra</a> and used against <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> between 1967 and 1970 in the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vox_Peccavi_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vox_Peccavi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forsyth-2015_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsyth-2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nkwocha_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nkwocha-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (January 2018)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogbunigwe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the outbreak of hostilities, the Biafran armed forces were poorly equipped as compared to the Nigerian army with arms and ammunition being in short supply. This imbalance in power was intensified in the course of the war. Biafran scientists, prominently from the University of Biafra (now <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nigeria_Nsukka" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Nigeria Nsukka">University of Nigeria Nsukka</a>), formed the Research and Production (RAP) Agency of Biafra which included a Weapons Research and Production Group. Headed by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Ejike_Obumneme_Aghanya" title="Ejike Obumneme Aghanya">Ejike Obumneme Aghanya</a>, it was the aim and purpose of this group to develop an indigenous arms industry and they soon started with the production of ammunition, grenades and armoured cars. Their most effective and infamous product was the Ogbunigwe of which there were different types in various sizes.<sup id="cite_ref-Umoh-2011_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umoh-2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term Ogbunigwe later came to include <a href="/wiki/Grenades" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenades">grenades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landmines" class="mw-redirect" title="Landmines">landmines</a> but initially referred to non guided rocket propelled <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface-to-air missiles">surface-to-air missiles</a> which were later converted to <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-surface_missiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface-to-surface missiles">surface-to-surface missiles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Umoh-2011_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umoh-2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The engineers Seth Nwanagu, Willy Achukwu, Sylvester Akalonu, Nath Okpala, <a href="/wiki/Gordian_Ezekwe" title="Gordian Ezekwe">Gordian Ezekwe</a>, Benjamin Nwosu and others were instrumental in the design and production of the weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-Achebe_2012_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Achebe_2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally, the name Ogbunigwe had a singular spiritual meaning preceding the Biafra Civil War. The name meaning, "a killer in the heaven or the vast sky; heaven killer." This is believed to be why the Igbo scientists named their flagship invention the <i>flying Ogbunigwe</i> before disseminating the label to ground ordnance. Following the war, the name Ogbunigwe now has various meanings from "landmine" to "instrument that kills in multitudes." The first type of Ogbunigwe to be produced and tested in combat was the rocket propelled surface to surface missile. It was designed as a surface to air missile to be used in defense against Nigerian <a href="/wiki/MiG-15" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-15">MiG-15</a> fighters marauding the <a href="/wiki/Akanu_Ibiam_International_Airport" title="Akanu Ibiam International Airport">Enugu airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kalu_2011_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalu_2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the missile could be used successfully at its actual purpose as an anti aircraft missile, Nigerian troops captured Enugu where the missiles were being produced in October 1967. Following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Enugu" title="Fall of Enugu">fall of Enugu</a>, a group of retreating Biafran soldiers were fighting rearguard action against a battalion of heavily armed Nigerian troops at the Ugwuoba bridge along the old Enugu-<a href="/wiki/Awka" title="Awka">Awka</a> road. As the ammunition of the Biafran troops was exhausted their commander ordered them, as a last resort, to adapt the use of the Ogbunigwe surface to air missile they were equipped with, by launching them horizontally at the enemy instead of vertically as designed for anti aircraft action. The effect was devastating and extensive.<sup id="cite_ref-Kalu_2011_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalu_2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of this incident, the missile was converted and utilised for the rest of the war as a surface-to-surface missile, and as a <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-ship_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface-to-ship missile">surface-to-ship missile</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Invasion_of_Onitsha" title="Second Invasion of Onitsha">Second Invasion of Onitsha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Madiebo-1980_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madiebo-1980-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Uzoigwe-2014_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uzoigwe-2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Biafran government claims at the time, the flying Ogbunigwe was the first rocket to be wholly designed, developed, mass-produced and launched in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Amechi-2010_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amechi-2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (January 2018)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup> It was used in combat in 1967, over one year before the launching of the first indigenous South African rocket in December 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the height of production, about 500 units were being produced per day in Biafra.<sup id="cite_ref-Gould_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gould-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogbunigwe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The Ogbunigwe mines and <a href="/wiki/Warhead" title="Warhead">warheads</a> generally had a killing range of between 180 and 800 metres,<sup id="cite_ref-Gould_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gould-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an effective shrapnel radius of a 90° arc and could easily wipe out a <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">company</a> of enemy troops.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsyth-2015_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsyth-2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The self-propelled rocket versions had a missile range of 8 kilometres.<sup id="cite_ref-Venter-2010_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venter-2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The weapons were annihilating for enemy infantry and armoured vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-Vox_Peccavi_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vox_Peccavi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British journalist <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Forsyth" title="Frederick Forsyth">Frederick Forsyth</a> describes the use of the flying Ogbunigwe against an attack by the Nigerian army 1st division in 1969 as follows: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> It spread death and destruction over a large area, and as usual the first division (...) were advancing in solid phalanxes of packed soldiery. An American who examined the scene afterwards estimated that, out of 6000 men who took part in the attack, 4000 failed to return.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsyth-2015_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsyth-2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Ogbunigwe`s were used to spectacular and devastating effect in the <a href="/wiki/Abagana_Ambush" class="mw-redirect" title="Abagana Ambush">Abagana ambush</a> which wiped out almost the entire Nigerian 2nd Division in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-Baxter_2014_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baxter_2014-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were also used effectively in knocking out Nigerian Army <a href="/wiki/Alvis_Saladin" title="Alvis Saladin">Saladin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferret_armoured_car" title="Ferret armoured car">Ferret armoured cars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsyth-2015_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsyth-2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Venter-2010_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venter-2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surface-to-air models were used against mercenary flown <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Air_Force" title="Nigerian Air Force">Nigerian Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Mig_17" class="mw-redirect" title="Mig 17">Mig 17</a> jet fighters in the defence of <a href="/wiki/Uli,_Anambra" title="Uli, Anambra">Uli</a> airport.<sup id="cite_ref-Venter-2010_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venter-2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of a guidance system made the missiles notoriously inaccurate against fast flying jet aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The design was based on an <a href="/wiki/Air_burst" title="Air burst">air burst</a> principle intended to destabilise the plane by <a href="/wiki/Shock_wave" title="Shock wave">shock wave</a> effect, as well as throw shrapnel and debris in its path to clog up the engines.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicknames_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicknames-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though some close calls are reported by Russian pilots flying for the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Air_Force" title="Nigerian Air Force">Nigerian Air Force</a>, there are no indications that a Biafran missile shot down an enemy plane.<sup id="cite_ref-Venter-2010_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venter-2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Biafran Air Force <a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">B-25</a> and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-26_Invader" title="Douglas A-26 Invader">B-26</a> bombers were also fitted with self made Ogbunigwe rockets and bombs.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ogbunigwe was the most effective Biafran weapon during the war and the Nigerian forces were not able to find an efficient defence against it. Well placed mines or rocket salvos coordinated by few determined soldiers were often enough to stop an entire Nigerian advance. The Ogbunigwe in its various forms was able to influence the outcome of many battles.<sup id="cite_ref-Oyewole-1975_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oyewole-1975-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to <a href="/wiki/Chinua_Achebe" title="Chinua Achebe">Chinua Achebe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Chukwuemeka_Ike" class="mw-redirect" title="Vincent Chukwuemeka Ike">Vincent Chukwemeka</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Ogbunigwe bombs struck great terror in the hearts of many a Nigerian soldier and were used to great effect by the Biafran Army throughout the conflict...when the history of this war comes to be written, the Ogbunigwe and the shore batteries will receive special mention as Biafras greatest saviours. We have been able to wipe out more Nigerians with Ogbunigwe than with any imported weapon.<sup id="cite_ref-Osakwe-_Udeagbala_2014_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osakwe-_Udeagbala_2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>As recently as 2010 <a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">unexploded ordnance</a> left over from the war recovered and destroyed by Nigerian clearing operations included 646 pieces of live Ogbunigwe bombs and 426 other improvised explosive devices in areas that were formerly Biafra.<sup id="cite_ref-LCMM_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LCMM-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogbunigwe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though the initial Ogbunigwe was a rocket-propelled ground-to-air missile, later in the war, all Biafran-produced explosive devices became known as Ogbunigwe, or Ojukwu bucket in popular language. Some of the specific types of Ogbunigwe that can be identified in the literature include the following:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Flying Ogbunigwe (<a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rocket</a>): multi-purpose non-guided rocket-propelled missile, initially intended as ground-to-air missile, later converted for use as ground-to-ground, ground-to-ship missile, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-tank missile">anti-tank missile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Umoh-2011_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umoh-2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gould_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gould-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nwafor_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nwafor-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although produced in different sizes and calibers, the missiles were generally about 2 meters long, 33 cm in diameter, electrically ignited, propelled by <a href="/wiki/Rocket_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket fuel">rocket fuel</a>, and launched from a specially constructed <a href="/wiki/Launch_pad" title="Launch pad">launch pad</a> or stand. They carried a conventional high explosive warhead with a design based on the <a href="/wiki/Shaped_charge" title="Shaped charge">Munroe effect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsyth-2015_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsyth-2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nicknames_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicknames-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oyewole-1975_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oyewole-1975-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smaller calibers were mounted for launch in series on platforms similar to the Russian <a href="/wiki/Katyusha_rocket_launcher" title="Katyusha rocket launcher">Katyusha rocket launcher</a> (Stalin's organ) and used by the Biafrans in place of artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-Spiegel_01.07.68_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spiegel_01.07.68-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Foot Cutter Ogbunigwe (Landmine): inter-spaced, knee-high lead pipes filled with explosives and shrapnel detonated electrically.<sup id="cite_ref-Umoh-2011_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umoh-2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Osakwe-_Udeagbala_2014_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osakwe-_Udeagbala_2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bucket Ogbunigwe (landmine): cone filled with explosives and shrapnel, triggered by wire or command detonated.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsyth-2015_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsyth-2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Umoh-2011_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umoh-2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Coffin box Ogbunigwe (landmine): larger version of the bucket Ogbunigwe.<sup id="cite_ref-Umoh-2011_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umoh-2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Beer Ogbunigwe (grenade): a bottle filled with shrapnel and explosives, detonates on impact.<sup id="cite_ref-Umoh-2011_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umoh-2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogbunigwe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Eze-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eze_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEze2010" class="citation book cs1">Eze, Smart (2010). <i>My Four Worlds</i>. AuthorHouse. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781452098135" title="Special:BookSources/9781452098135"><bdi>9781452098135</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Four+Worlds&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781452098135&rft.aulast=Eze&rft.aufirst=Smart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgbunigwe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vox_Peccavi-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vox_Peccavi_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vox_Peccavi_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peccaviconsulting.wordpress.com/2014/01/30/the-ied-in-nigeria-part-1-the-strategic-perspective/">"The IED in Nigeria Part 1- The Strategic Perspective"</a>. <i>Vox Peccavi</i>. West African Security and Risk Management. 30 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox+Peccavi&rft.atitle=The+IED+in+Nigeria+Part+1-+The+Strategic+Perspective&rft.date=2014-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeccaviconsulting.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F01%2F30%2Fthe-ied-in-nigeria-part-1-the-strategic-perspective%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgbunigwe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forsyth-2015-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forsyth-2015_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forsyth-2015_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forsyth-2015_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forsyth-2015_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forsyth-2015_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forsyth-2015_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsyth2015" class="citation book cs1">Forsyth, F. (2015). <i>The Biafra Story: The Making of an African Legend</i>. Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848846067" title="Special:BookSources/9781848846067"><bdi>9781848846067</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biafra+Story%3A+The+Making+of+an+African+Legend&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781848846067&rft.aulast=Forsyth&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgbunigwe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nkwocha-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nkwocha_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNkwocha2010" class="citation book cs1">Nkwocha, O (2010). <i>The Republic of Biafra : Once Upon a Time in Nigeria : My Story of the Biafra-Nigerian Civil War - A Struggle for Survival (1967-1970)</i>. Bloomington, Ind.: Authorhouse. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781452068657" title="Special:BookSources/9781452068657"><bdi>9781452068657</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+Biafra+%3A+Once+Upon+a+Time+in+Nigeria+%3A+My+Story+of+the+Biafra-Nigerian+Civil+War+-+A+Struggle+for+Survival+%281967-1970%29&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Ind.&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Authorhouse&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781452068657&rft.aulast=Nkwocha&rft.aufirst=O&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgbunigwe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNkwopara2017" class="citation news cs1">Nkwopara, Chidi (5 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170412143345/http://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/04/biafran-weapons-war-displayed-owerri/">"Biafran weapons of war displayed in Owerri"</a>. Vanguard Newspaper. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/04/biafran-weapons-war-displayed-owerri/">the original</a> on 12 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Biafran+weapons+of+war+displayed+in+Owerri&rft.date=2017-04-05&rft.aulast=Nkwopara&rft.aufirst=Chidi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanguardngr.com%2F2017%2F04%2Fbiafran-weapons-war-displayed-owerri%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgbunigwe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Umoh-2011-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Umoh-2011_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Umoh-2011_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Umoh-2011_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Umoh-2011_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Umoh-2011_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Umoh-2011_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Umoh-2011_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUmoh2011" class="citation journal cs1">Umoh, Ubong Essien (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6463916">"The Making of Arms in Civil War Biafra, 1967-1970"</a>. <i>The Calabar Historical Journal</i>. <b>5</b>: 348<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Calabar+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+Arms+in+Civil+War+Biafra%2C+1967-1970&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=348&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Umoh&rft.aufirst=Ubong+Essien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6463916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgbunigwe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Achebe_2012-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Achebe_2012_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchebe2012" class="citation book cs1">Achebe, Chinua (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/therewascountryp0000ache"><i>There was a Country</i></a></span>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141973678" title="Special:BookSources/9780141973678"><bdi>9780141973678</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=There+was+a+Country&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780141973678&rft.aulast=Achebe&rft.aufirst=Chinua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftherewascountryp0000ache&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgbunigwe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAghanya2006" class="citation book cs1">Aghanya, Ejike (2006). <i>Behind the screen</i>. Springfield. pp. 95–101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788084621" title="Special:BookSources/9788084621"><bdi>9788084621</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+the+screen&rft.pages=95-101&rft.pub=Springfield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9788084621&rft.aulast=Aghanya&rft.aufirst=Ejike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgbunigwe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalu_2011-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kalu_2011_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kalu_2011_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalu" class="citation web cs1">Kalu, Vincent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151224105956/http://www.gbooza.com/group/nigeriapolitics/forum/topics/3-decades-after-military">"3 decades after, military engineer chronicles wonders of Biafran Ogbunigwe (missile)"</a>. <i>Saturday Sun Newspaper</i>. 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(1980). <i>The Nigerian Revolution and the Biafran War</i> (Repr. ed.). Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publ. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789781561177" title="Special:BookSources/9789781561177"><bdi>9789781561177</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nigerian+Revolution+and+the+Biafran+War&rft.place=Enugu&rft.pages=203&rft.edition=Repr.&rft.pub=Fourth+Dimension+Publ.&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9789781561177&rft.aulast=Madiebo&rft.aufirst=Alexander+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgbunigwe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uzoigwe-2014-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Uzoigwe-2014_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUzoigwe2014" class="citation web cs1">Uzoigwe, G.N. (18 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miwsr.com/2014-072.aspx">"Review:The Biafran War: The Struggle for Modern Nigeria"</a>. <i>Michigan War Studies Review</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151224105016/http://www.miwsr.com/2014-072.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Michigan+War+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Review%3AThe+Biafran+War%3A+The+Struggle+for+Modern+Nigeria&rft.date=2014-07-18&rft.aulast=Uzoigwe&rft.aufirst=G.N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miwsr.com%2F2014-072.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgbunigwe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amechi-2010-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Amechi-2010_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkolo2010" class="citation book cs1">Okolo, Amechi (2010). <i>The State of the American Mind: Stupor and Pathetic Docility Volume II</i>. Xlibris Corporation. p. 715. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781477179734" title="Special:BookSources/9781477179734"><bdi>9781477179734</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+of+the+American+Mind%3A+Stupor+and+Pathetic+Docility+Volume+II&rft.pages=715&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corporation&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781477179734&rft.aulast=Okolo&rft.aufirst=Amechi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgbunigwe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151224200728/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/first-rocket-be-wholly-developed-and-manufactured-south-africa-successfully-launched-new">"The first rocket to be wholly developed and manufactured in South Africa is successfully launched from the new rocket launching"</a>. <i>South African History</i>. 17 December 1968. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/first-rocket-be-wholly-developed-and-manufactured-south-africa-successfully-launched-new">the original</a> on 24 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+African+History&rft.atitle=The+first+rocket+to+be+wholly+developed+and+manufactured+in+South+Africa+is+successfully+launched+from+the+new+rocket+launching&rft.date=1968-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Fdated-event%2Ffirst-rocket-be-wholly-developed-and-manufactured-south-africa-successfully-launched-new&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgbunigwe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gould-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gould_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gould_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gould_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould2011" class="citation book cs1">Gould, Michael (2011). <i>The Struggle for Modern Nigeria: The Biafran War 1967-1970</i>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857730954" title="Special:BookSources/9780857730954"><bdi>9780857730954</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+for+Modern+Nigeria%3A+The+Biafran+War+1967-1970&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780857730954&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgbunigwe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Venter-2010-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Venter-2010_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Venter-2010_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Venter-2010_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Venter-2010_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenter2010" class="citation book cs1">Venter, Al J. (2010). <i>Barrel of a gun misspent moments in combat : a war correspondent's view from the frontlines</i>. Havertown, Pa.: Casemate. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781612000329" title="Special:BookSources/9781612000329"><bdi>9781612000329</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barrel+of+a+gun+misspent+moments+in+combat+%3A+a+war+correspondent%27s+view+from+the+frontlines&rft.place=Havertown%2C+Pa.&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Casemate&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781612000329&rft.aulast=Venter&rft.aufirst=Al+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgbunigwe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baxter_2014-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baxter_2014_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxter2014" class="citation book cs1">Baxter, Peter (2014). <i>Biafra The Nigerian Civil War 1967-1970</i>. Helion & Co Ltd. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781909982369" title="Special:BookSources/9781909982369"><bdi>9781909982369</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biafra+The+Nigerian+Civil+War+1967-1970.&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Helion+%26+Co+Ltd&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781909982369&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgbunigwe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSTAFFORD,_Major_US_Army1984" class="citation web cs1">STAFFORD, Major US Army, Michael (1 April 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/SMR.htm">"Quick Kill In Slow Motion: The Nigerian Civil War"</a>. <i>www.globalsecurity.org</i>. Marine Corps Command and Staff College<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.globalsecurity.org&rft.atitle=Quick+Kill+In+Slow+Motion%3A+The+Nigerian+Civil+War&rft.date=1984-04-01&rft.aulast=STAFFORD%2C+Major+US+Army&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Flibrary%2Freport%2F1984%2FSMR.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgbunigwe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicknames-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicknames_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicknames_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmoigui" class="citation web cs1">Omoigui, Nowa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawodu.com/omoigui34.htm">"Nicknames, Slogans, Local and Operational Names Associated with the Nigerian Civil War"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107111557/http://www.dawodu.com/omoigui34.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nicknames%2C+Slogans%2C+Local+and+Operational+Names+Associated+with+the+Nigerian+Civil+War&rft.aulast=Omoigui&rft.aufirst=Nowa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawodu.com%2Fomoigui34.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgbunigwe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtofarati_Major_NA" class="citation web cs1">Atofarati Major NA, Abubakar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1992/AAA.htm">"The Biafran War, Nigerian History, Nigerian Civil War"</a>. <i>www.globalsecurity.org</i>. US Marine Command & Staff College<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.globalsecurity.org&rft.atitle=The+Biafran+War%2C+Nigerian+History%2C+Nigerian+Civil+War&rft.aulast=Atofarati+Major+NA&rft.aufirst=Abubakar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Flibrary%2Freport%2F1992%2FAAA.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgbunigwe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oyewole-1975-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oyewole-1975_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oyewole-1975_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOyewole1975" class="citation journal cs1">Oyewole, Fola (1975). "Scientists and Mercenaries". <i>Transition</i> (48): 59–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2935065">10.2307/2935065</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2935065">2935065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transition&rft.atitle=Scientists+and+Mercenaries&rft.issue=48&rft.pages=59-65&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2935065&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2935065%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Oyewole&rft.aufirst=Fola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgbunigwe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osakwe-_Udeagbala_2014-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Osakwe-_Udeagbala_2014_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osakwe-_Udeagbala_2014_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsakweUdeagbala2014" class="citation journal cs1">Osakwe, C.; Udeagbala, L. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://de.slideshare.net/onyinyechime50/owerri-in-the-nigerian-civil-war-1967-1970">"Owerri in the Nigerian Civil War"</a>. <i>Historical Research Letter</i>. <b>9</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Research+Letter&rft.atitle=Owerri+in+the+Nigerian+Civil+War&rft.volume=9&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Osakwe&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Udeagbala%2C+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fde.slideshare.net%2Fonyinyechime50%2Fowerri-in-the-nigerian-civil-war-1967-1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgbunigwe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LCMM-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LCMM_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.the-monitor.org/custom/index.php/region_profiles/print_theme/2075">"Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Landmine+and+Cluster+Munition+Monitor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.the-monitor.org%2Fcustom%2Findex.php%2Fregion_profiles%2Fprint_theme%2F2075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgbunigwe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgbeaku2015" class="citation news cs1">Igbeaku, Orji (30 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151224113234/http://newtelegraphonline.com/preserving-memories-of-civil-war/">"Preserving memories of civil war"</a>. New Telegraph. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newtelegraphonline.com/preserving-memories-of-civil-war/">the original</a> on 24 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Preserving+memories+of+civil+war&rft.date=2015-01-30&rft.aulast=Igbeaku&rft.aufirst=Orji&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewtelegraphonline.com%2Fpreserving-memories-of-civil-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgbunigwe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nwafor-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nwafor_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNwafor-Ejelinma2012" class="citation book cs1">Nwafor-Ejelinma, Ndubuisi (2012). <i>Ndi-igbo of Nigeria Identity Showcase</i>. 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Der Spiegel (German). 1 July 1968<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lebendig+begraben&rft.date=1968-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fspiegel%2Fprint%2Fd-45997585.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgbunigwe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogbunigwe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQkIQuK7A50">Youtube footage</a> of Biafran <a href="/wiki/Katyusha_rocket_launcher" title="Katyusha rocket launcher">Katyusha type</a> rocket being launched (from 6:20)</li></ul> <div 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biafra_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biafra topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biafra_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">Biafra</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1966_anti-Igbo_pogrom" title="1966 anti-Igbo pogrom">1966 anti-Igbo pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigeria-Biafra War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahiara_Declaration" title="Ahiara Declaration">Ahiara Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aburi_Accord" title="Aburi Accord">Aburi Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Benin_(1967)" title="Republic of Benin (1967)">Republic of Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Biafra" title="Blockade of Biafra">Blockade of Biafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biafran_airlift" title="Biafran airlift">Biafran airlift</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ogbunigwe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Niger_Delta_conflict" title="2016 Niger Delta conflict">2016 Niger Delta conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Southeastern_Nigeria" title="Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria">Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_Biafra_(1967%E2%80%931970).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roundel of the Biafran Air Force (1967–1970)"><img alt="Roundel of the Biafran Air Force (1967–1970)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Roundel_of_Biafra_%281967%E2%80%931970%29.svg/80px-Roundel_of_Biafra_%281967%E2%80%931970%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Roundel_of_Biafra_%281967%E2%80%931970%29.svg/120px-Roundel_of_Biafra_%281967%E2%80%931970%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Roundel_of_Biafra_%281967%E2%80%931970%29.svg/160px-Roundel_of_Biafra_%281967%E2%80%931970%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enugu" title="Enugu">Enugu <span style="font-size:85%;">(first capital)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umuahia" title="Umuahia">Umuahia <span style="font-size:85%;">(second capital)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Region,_Nigeria" title="Eastern Region, Nigeria">Eastern Nigeria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chukwuemeka_Odumegwu_Ojukwu" title="Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu">Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Effiong" title="Philip Effiong">Philip Effiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biafran_armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Biafran armed forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Actualization_of_the_Sovereign_State_of_Biafra" title="Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra">Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_people" title="Efik people">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibibio_people" title="Ibibio people">Ibibio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Annang people">Annang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_people" title="Ijaw people">Ijaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikwerre_people" title="Ikwerre people">Ikwerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obolo_people" title="Obolo people">Andoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egbema_tribe" title="Egbema tribe">Egbema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biafran_pound" title="Biafran pound">Biafran pound <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Biafra" title="Flag of Biafra">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_the_Rising_Sun_(anthem)" title="Land of the Rising Sun (anthem)">"Land of the Rising Sun" <span style="font-size:85%;">(national anthem)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Biafra" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Biafra">Postage stamps and postal history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biafra" title="Category:Biafra">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    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