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<span>1880s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1880s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservative_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservative_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Conservative period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservative_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peronism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peronism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Peronism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peronism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concordat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concordat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Concordat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concordat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1976–1983" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1976–1983"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>1976–1983</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1976–1983-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_the_return_of_democracy_(1983)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_the_return_of_democracy_(1983)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Since the return of democracy (1983)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_the_return_of_democracy_(1983)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kirchner_administration:_2003–2015" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Catholic Church–state relations in Argentina</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Church-state_relations_in_Argentina&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Church-state relations in Argentina">Church-state relations in Argentina</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The first conflicts between the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Argentina" title="Government of Argentina">Argentine government</a> can be traced to the ideas of the <a href="/wiki/May_Revolution" title="May Revolution">May Revolution</a> of 1810. The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Office">Tribunal of the Inquisition</a> was suppressed in the territories of the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_the_River_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="United Provinces of the River Plate">United Provinces of the River Plate</a> on 23 March 1813, and on 4 June the General Assembly declared the state "independent from any ecclesiastical authorities existing outside its territory". </p><p>The framers of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Argentina" title="Constitution of Argentina">1853 Constitution</a>, who were in many cases influenced by <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a>, found a middle way between an officially Catholic country and a <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a> society, by allowing <a href="/wiki/Religious_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious freedom">religious freedom</a> while keeping economic support for the Church, and employing the <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a> system, by which the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Argentina" title="President of Argentina">President</a> selected triplets of bishop candidates that the Pope could approve. </p><p>This system was abolished in 1966, during the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorial rule</a> of <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Ongan%C3%ADa" title="Juan Carlos Onganía">Juan Carlos Onganía</a>, and replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">Concordat</a> which gave the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> the attribution of appointing and removing bishops, leaving the President only with the right to object the appointments. In the <a href="/wiki/1994_reform_of_the_Argentine_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1994 reform of the Argentine Constitution">1994 constitutional reform</a> the Concordat was awarded the rank of international <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a> and thus given priority over national laws, although <a href="/wiki/Argentine_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine National Congress">Congress</a> is still allowed to reformulate it. The same reform eliminated the constitutional requirement for the President to be a Roman Catholic. </p><p>The protocol of the Argentine government has always been influenced by the Catholic Church. Bishops often have a place along ministers, governors and other officials in patriotic ceremonies. On the celebration of the <a href="/wiki/May_Revolution" title="May Revolution">May Revolution</a>, the president along with his or her spouse and ministers is expected to attend the <i><a href="/wiki/Te_Deum" title="Te Deum">Te Deum</a></i> celebrated by the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_times">Early times</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BuenosAiresCathedral1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/BuenosAiresCathedral1.JPG/260px-BuenosAiresCathedral1.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/BuenosAiresCathedral1.JPG/390px-BuenosAiresCathedral1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/BuenosAiresCathedral1.JPG/520px-BuenosAiresCathedral1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Metropolitan_Cathedral" title="Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral">Metropolitan Cathedral of Buenos Aires</a>, Argentina.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the first twenty years after the May Revolution, the new state did not establish official diplomatic relations with the Vatican. The Papacy did not wish to create a conflict with the Spanish Crown by showing support for the South American revolution; in 1825, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XII" title="Pope Leo XII">Pope Leo XII</a> denounced it. During the government of <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(politician)" title="Martín Rodríguez (politician)">Martín Rodríguez</a> (1820–1824), there was a (failed) project to transfer the clergy to state control and abolish <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithing</a> in favour of state financial backing for the Church. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas">Juan Manuel de Rosas</a> destroyed the possibility of re-establishing relations when, in 1837, he dictated that no civil or ecclesiastic authority in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province" title="Buenos Aires Province">Buenos Aires Province</a> must acknowledge or obey pontifical documents dated after 1810-05-25 without an authorization granted by the foreign relations department. </p><p>After Rosas's fall, <a href="/wiki/Justo_Jos%C3%A9_de_Urquiza" title="Justo José de Urquiza">Justo José de Urquiza</a> proposed the Holy See to create a <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Littoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Littoral">littoral</a> provinces, to avoid the intervention of the bishopric of Buenos Aires, but the Vatican did not accept the Concordat proposed in 1857. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1880s">1880s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1880s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Possibly the first major conflict between the Argentine State and the Church arose in 1884, when President <a href="/wiki/Julio_Argentino_Roca" title="Julio Argentino Roca">Julio Argentino Roca</a> supported <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Law_1420" title="Argentine Law 1420">Law 1420</a>, dictating compulsory universal <a href="/wiki/Secular_education" title="Secular education">secular education</a>, and the law of civil marriage. The opposition of the Church led to the expulsion of the <a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">Nuncio</a>, the removal of dissident bishops, and a breakup of <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomatic relations</a> with the Vatican, which were re-established during Roca's second term. </p><p>The civil marriage law was approved in 1889 under the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Ju%C3%A1rez_Celman" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Juárez Celman">Miguel Juárez Celman</a>. The Archbishop of Buenos Aires, Federico Aneiros<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, sent a document to the priests instructing them to explain church attendants that civil marriage was simply <a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">concubinage</a> (in its modern sense, <a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">cohabitation</a>). The Vatican sent instructions to resist the law; the Capitular Vicar of Córdoba told people to ignore the law, and several priests who had administered the sacrament to couples married under the civil law were punished. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservative_period">Conservative period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Conservative period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 1934 the <a href="/wiki/International_Eucharistic_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="International Eucharistic Congress">International Eucharistic Congress</a> was held in Buenos Aires. The Papal Legate was the then-Secretary of the Vatican, Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli (who would become <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> in 1939). After the Congress, Argentina was granted a cardinal and three new archbishops, which showed the local and Vatican concern about the advancement of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">National Socialism</a>. With this sensitive topic in hand, the Church pressured the government on the issue of re-establishing the possibility of religious teaching in public schools. The conservative <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Pedro_Justo" title="Agustín Pedro Justo">Agustín Pedro Justo</a> administration lent ears to these requests. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peronism">Peronism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Peronism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The government of <a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Juan Perón</a> (1946–1955) was one of changing relationships between the Church and the State. At first, the new Peronist movement was linked to the Armed Forces. The Army and the Church considered themselves barriers against the ideologies of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a>. The Church also supported a doctrine of "social justice" that shared with Peronism the idea of a State that mediates in class conflicts and evens out social inequalities. </p><p>However, some factions of the Church objected Perón's "<a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">statism</a>", that is, the intervention of the national government in private society, sometimes invading the sphere of influence of the Church, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare</a> plans and <a href="/wiki/Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">public education</a>, the latter being the most contentious issue. By a law dictated in 1943 during the previous dictatorial government, public schools were forced to provide religious education classes. In 1946, the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Senate" title="Argentine Senate">Argentine Senate</a> approved a legal re-affirmation of all the decrees passed by the military junta. This law was debated in the less docile <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Chamber_of_Deputies" title="Argentine Chamber of Deputies">Chamber of Deputies</a>, and was finally passed thanks to the vote of the Peronists, who submitted to the will of the Executive Branch. The arguments presented were nationalistic and anti-liberal, identifying Argentine nationality with the deep Catholicism of the motherland, Spain, and also emphasizing religion as a means to create a personal conscience and an ordered society. </p><p>The religious education law, however, limited the powers of the Church: teachers, curricular contents and textbooks were designated by the State, after consultations with the Church if need be. Besides this, the rest of the school subjects were independent of religious influence, and therefore followed the secular tradition of Argentine education. The Peronist government also introduced subjects such as sports, hygiene and sanitary care, which the Church deemed excessively concerned with bodily matters. Finally, education became a vehicle for quasi-religious propaganda for the <a href="/wiki/Personality_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality cult">personality cult</a> of the president and his wife <a href="/wiki/Eva_Per%C3%B3n" title="Eva Perón">Eva</a>. In June 1950 Perón appointed Armando Méndez San Martín, an anticlerical (accused by the Church of being a Freemason), as Minister of Education. </p><p>"Democratic" Catholics were opposed to a full integration of religion and State, but rather preferred a separation between State and Church that granted all schools (public and private, including confessional ones) to receive state funding. These Catholics were in the minority and had no representation before Peronism. </p><p>During his second term, Perón resented the Vatican's aspiration to promote the formation of Catholic-based political parties (i. e. Christian Democracy parties). In 1954, out of political rather than ideological reasons, the government suppressed religious education in schools and attempted to legalize prostitution, to pass a divorce law and to promote a constitutional amendment to separate State and Church. Perón publicly accused bishops and priests of sabotaging his government. </p><p>On 1955-06-14, during the <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_(feast)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus Christi (feast)">Corpus Christi</a> <a href="/wiki/Procession" title="Procession">procession</a>, the bishops Manuel Tato and Ramón Novoa spoke against Perón, turning the celebration into an anti-government <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (people)">demonstration</a>. Perón demanded the removal of the bishops to the Vatican. During the night, violent Peronist groups attacked and burned churches in Buenos Aires. </p><p>Anti-Peronists in the military, who were mostly Catholic, and factions of the Church, had been long encouraged by this building tension. On 16 June, two days after Corpus Christi, airplanes of the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Navy" title="Argentine Navy">Navy</a> fleet, with the motto <i>Cristo vence</i> ("Christ wins") painted on them, bombed <a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_Mayo" title="Plaza de Mayo">Plaza de Mayo</a>, killing hundreds of civilians, in the first move towards the coup d'état which would ultimately depose Perón, the <i><a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Libertadora" title="Revolución Libertadora">Revolución Libertadora</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concordat">Concordat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Concordat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 16 October 1966, the Argentine Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Nicanor_Costa_M%C3%A9ndez" title="Nicanor Costa Méndez">Nicanor Costa Méndez</a> signed an agreement with the Vatican, represented by the Nuncio Humberto Mozzoni. By this <a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">Concordat</a>, which replaced the old <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">Patronage</a> system, the Argentine Church would have the right to create or modify <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a> in the national territory, to directly appoint archbishops and bishops, and to keep correspondence freely with the bishops, the clergy and the Argentine Catholics in general. The Concordat was ratified in the Holy See on 28 January 1967. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1976–1983"><span id="1976.E2.80.931983"></span>1976–1983</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1976–1983"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/Dirty_War#Participation_of_Catholic_Church_members" title="Dirty War">Dirty War#Participation of Catholic Church members</a> </p><p>In 1976, a human rights lawyer accused Cardinal Jorge Bergoglio, now <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>, of conspiring with the junta to kidnap two <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuit</a> priests. Despite no hard evidence linking him to the crime, Cardinal Bergoglio, who headed the Society of Jesus in Argentina, had conflicts with priests advocating violence against the new military dictatorship. As head of the Jesuits, he secretly worked to save over 1000 dissidents from persecution by the military Junta, earning reconciliation with critics like the Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the dictatorship, chaplain Christian von Wernich was convicted of complicity in 7 homicides, 42 kidnappings, and 32 instances of torture. Some Catholic priests supported the Montoneros, with figures like Father Alberto Carbone preaching Marxism. Juan Ignacio Isla Casares, a Catholic youth leader, orchestrated the ambush and killing of five policemen with Montoneros' help near San Isidro Cathedral in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Since_the_return_of_democracy_(1983)"><span id="Since_the_return_of_democracy_.281983.29"></span>Since the return of democracy (1983)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Since the return of democracy (1983)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>President <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Alfons%C3%ADn" title="Raúl Alfonsín">Raúl Alfonsín</a> (1983–1989) had a rough relationship with the Catholic Church. Before 1987, the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Code of Argentina">Civil Code</a> recognized <i>de facto</i> separation of husband and wife, but did not allow remarriage. A law of divorce was approved by the Chamber of Deputies in 1986. The Catholic Church pressured the Senate to stop it, threatening to deny the sacraments to those who would vote for it. The Senate finally passed the law on 3 June 1987. During this year the relationship with the Church was also damaged by the call to a new Pedagogical Congress that led the Church to fear a cut on the state subsidies to private schools, and by legislation reforms that equalled legitimate and "natural" (illegitimate) children, which the Church considered to affect the concept of a Christian family. </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Menem" title="Carlos Menem">Carlos Menem</a> (1989–1999) was linked to conservative Vatican organizations (such as the <a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a>) and was a staunch supporter of the Church's position on abortion, for which he was awarded a special decoration by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>, even while he was heavily criticized by prominent bishops because of the poverty and unemployment caused by <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Argentina" title="Economy of Argentina">his economic measures</a>. </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_la_R%C3%BAa" title="Fernando de la Rúa">Fernando de la Rúa</a> (1999–2001) was also a devout Catholic, and did not have major problems dealing with the Church. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kirchner_administration:_2003–2015"><span id="Kirchner_administration:_2003.E2.80.932015"></span>Kirchner administration: 2003–2015</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kirchner administration: 2003–2015"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchner_recibe_al_arzobispo_Jorge_Bergoglio_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchner_recibe_al_arzobispo_Jorge_Bergoglio_2007.jpg/260px-Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchner_recibe_al_arzobispo_Jorge_Bergoglio_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchner_recibe_al_arzobispo_Jorge_Bergoglio_2007.jpg/390px-Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchner_recibe_al_arzobispo_Jorge_Bergoglio_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchner_recibe_al_arzobispo_Jorge_Bergoglio_2007.jpg/520px-Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchner_recibe_al_arzobispo_Jorge_Bergoglio_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1329" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Kirchner" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristina Kirchner">Cristina Kirchner</a> receives Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Bergoglio" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorge Bergoglio">Jorge Bergoglio</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Casa_Rosada" title="Casa Rosada">Casa Rosada</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>President <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Kirchner" title="Néstor Kirchner">Néstor Kirchner</a> (elected in 2003), while professing belief in the Catholic faith, has often had a troubled relationship with the hierarchy of the Church. Kirchner belongs to the center-left wing of Peronism and has placed emphasis on certain progressive views that do not go well with the Catholic Church. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflicts_on_sexual_and_reproductive_rights">Conflicts on sexual and reproductive rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conflicts on sexual and reproductive rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Catholic_Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina" title="Special:EditPage/Catholic Church–state relations in Argentina">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Catholic+Church%E2%80%93state+relations+in+Argentina%22">"Catholic Church–state relations in Argentina"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Catholic+Church%E2%80%93state+relations+in+Argentina%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Catholic+Church%E2%80%93state+relations+in+Argentina%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Catholic+Church%E2%80%93state+relations+in+Argentina%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Catholic+Church%E2%80%93state+relations+in+Argentina%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Catholic+Church%E2%80%93state+relations+in+Argentina%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Argentine national government passed laws and began a program to the effect of providing assistance on <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">sex education</a> to all citizens, including the provision of free <a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">combined oral contraceptive pills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">condoms</a>. The Church opposes artificial contraception and has placed conditions on its acceptance of sex education in schools. </p><p>At the beginning of 2005, the minister of Health, <a href="/wiki/Gin%C3%A9s_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Ginés González García">Ginés González García</a>, made public his support for the legalization of abortion, and Kirchner's silence on the matter angered the Church. The military vicar <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Baseotto" title="Antonio Baseotto">Antonio Baseotto</a> expressed his disgust by paraphrasing <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a> 9:42 (<i>"And whosoever shall cause one of these little ones that believe on me to stumble, it were better for him if a great millstone were hanged about his neck, and he were cast into the sea"</i>) and suggesting that González García should be given that treatment. Baseotto was heavily criticized because this "punishment" echoes the infamous <i>vuelos de la muerte</i> ("flights of death") whereby <a href="/wiki/Desaparecidos" class="mw-redirect" title="Desaparecidos">prisoners</a> of the last military regime were thrown into the Atlantic from planes. The conflict escalated and caused the Argentine government to relieve Baseotto from his job as the head of the <a href="/wiki/Military_chaplain" title="Military chaplain">military chaplains</a>. This prompted accusations on the part of Catholic observers (also fueled by right-wing opposition leaders and media) that such actions threatened religious freedom. The government pointed out that Baseotto is still a bishop and may celebrate Mass and perform pastoral duties wherever he chooses – he will simply not be on the payroll of the state. </p><p>President Kirchner was also criticized for not attending the funeral of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (he did attend the inauguration of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>), which took place when the above conflict was still in the spotlight of the media. On the celebration of the <a href="/wiki/May_Revolution" title="May Revolution">May Revolution</a> on 2005-05-25, Kirchner chose not to attend the Buenos Aires <i>Te Deum</i> but the one celebrated in the Cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Santiago_del_Estero" title="Santiago del Estero">Santiago del Estero</a>, where other public celebrations of the day were also moved. This absence of the President did not go unnoticed (it was the first such occasion in 175 years), but the government denied a political intention behind it, except the need to "federalize" the celebration. </p><p>In October 2005 conflict erupted again as the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Chamber_of_Deputies" title="Argentine Chamber of Deputies">Argentine Chamber of Deputies</a> took steps to pass a Sex Education Law that would encompass the whole school system (public and private, including confessional schools), forcing educational establishments to teach students about gender roles and contraception, among other topics. The Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/La_Plata" title="La Plata">La Plata</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Aguer" title="Héctor Aguer">Héctor Aguer</a>, accused the state of "promoting sexual corruption" and "inciting fornication, lust and promiscuity", denouncing that 11- and 12-year-old students in a school already implementing a sex education curriculum had received condoms and contraceptive pills. Upon being termed a "fanatic" by the former Minister González García, Aguer replied that the Minister was "intolerant and a fundamentalist" with regards to his views. The Permanent Secretariat for the Family, an organ of the Argentine Episcopal Conference, passed a declaration asking the representatives of the people not to approve sex education law projects "already rejected by the Argentinians". Soon afterwards, on 6 November, the Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Resistencia,_Chaco" title="Resistencia, Chaco">Resistencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carmelo_Giaquinta" title="Carmelo Giaquinta">Carmelo Giaquinta</a>, entered the conflict by warning that the state would "lose its reason for existence" if it promoted such laws in the fields of health and education, and announced that he would "encourage Christians to <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a>" in that case. </p><p>In 2010 Argentina became the third Catholic country to legalize <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Argentina" title="Same-sex marriage in Argentina">same-sex marriage</a> despite heavy criticism and protests that turned violent between supporters of the traditional Church and advocates of homosexual rights. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2005_Episcopal_Conference_document">2005 Episcopal Conference document</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2005 Episcopal Conference document"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Separation of church and state in the history of the Catholic Church</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Separation_of_church_and_state_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Separation_of_church_and_state_icon.png/100px-Separation_of_church_and_state_icon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Separation_of_church_and_state_icon.png/150px-Separation_of_church_and_state_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Separation_of_church_and_state_icon.png/200px-Separation_of_church_and_state_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Overview</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine#In_Roman_Catholicism" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Two kingdoms doctrine<br />in Roman Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the State">Relations between the<br />Catholic Church and the State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism#Catholic_integralism" title="Integralism">Catholic integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Politics of Vatican City">Politics of Vatican City</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Sovereignty and loyalty</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_deposing_power" title="Papal deposing power">Papal deposing power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity#Holy_See" title="Sovereign immunity">Sovereign immunity § Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_loyalty#Historical_examples" title="Dual loyalty">Dual loyalty § Historical examples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_vow#In_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Fourth vow">Fourth vow § In the Society of Jesus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Documents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Constantine" title="Donation of Constantine">Donation of Constantine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dictatus_papae" title="Dictatus papae">Dictatus papae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unam_sanctam" title="Unam sanctam">Unam sanctam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_the_Christian_Nobility_of_the_German_Nation#The_First_Wall:_Spiritual_Power_over_Temporal" title="To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation">To the Christian Nobility<br />of the German Nation</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Jurisdiction_Act_1560" title="Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560">Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560</a> (Scotland)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Disputationes_de_Controversiis" title="Disputationes de Controversiis">Disputationes de Controversiis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dignitatis_humanae" title="Dignitatis humanae">Dignitatis humanae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina#2005_Episcopal_Conference_document" class="mw-redirect" title="Church–state relations in Argentina">Church–state relations in Argentina § 2005<br />Episcopal Conference document</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Historical controversies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a> / <a href="/wiki/Constantinianism" title="Constantinianism">Constantinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus#Political_intrigue" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus § Political intrigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpinism" title="Cisalpinism">Cisalpinism</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(heresy)#The_American_response" title="Americanism (heresy)">Americanism<br />(heresy) § The American response</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">20th century topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance#The_mid-20th-century_Spanish_model" title="History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance">History of Christian thought on persecution<br />and tolerance § The mid-20th-century<br />Spanish model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letitia_Dunbar-Harrison" title="Letitia Dunbar-Harrison">Letitia Dunbar-Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Catholic_Worker_Movement" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism § Catholic<br />Worker Movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Current topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales_and_the_Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Evo Morales and the Roman Catholic Church">Evo Morales and the Roman Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Maryja#Involvement_in_politics" title="Radio Maryja">Radio Maryja § Involvement in politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27#Impact_on_the_United_States_political_system" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si' § Impact<br />on the United States political system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_social_teaching" title="Template:Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscience_clause_in_medicine_in_the_United_States#Catholic_doctrine" title="Conscience clause in medicine in the United States">Conscience clause in medicine in the<br />United States § Catholic doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_915#Politicians_consistently_promoting_permissive_abortion_or_euthanasia_laws" title="Canon 915">Canon 915 § Politicians<br />consistently promoting permissive<br />abortion or euthanasia laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Francis_Malooly#Bishop_of_Wilmington,_Delaware" title="W. Francis Malooly">Bp. W. Francis Malooly on Canon 915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_James_Slattery#Illegal_immigrants" title="Edward James Slattery">Bp. Edward J. Slattery § Illegal immigrants</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:Separation of church and state in the history of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:Separation of church and state in the history of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Separation of church and state in the history of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>On 12 November 2005 the Argentine bishops presided by <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Bergoglio" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorge Bergoglio">Jorge Bergoglio</a>, gathered in the 90th Assembly of the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Episcopal_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine Episcopal Conference">Argentine Episcopal Conference</a>, held in <a href="/wiki/Pilar,_Buenos_Aires" title="Pilar, Buenos Aires">Pilar, Buenos Aires</a>, closed the meetings with an official document about pastoral matters that includes, as usual, a critical appraisal of socio-political issues. The document claimed that Argentina suffers "a worrying form of in-solidarity, [which is] the scandalous growth of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">inequality</a> of income distribution". On the following day, the Argentine Head of Cabinet, Alberto Fernández, replied that this "does not correspond with reality" and that the Church had "ignored much data provided by current statistics" which showed a decrease in poverty since the beginning of the Kirchner administration in 2003 <i>(see <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Argentina" title="Economy of Argentina">Economy of Argentina</a>)</i>. The bishops' document also included a controversial admonition: </p> <blockquote> <p>Twenty-two years after the restoration of democracy, it is convenient for us elders to ask ourselves whether we are conveying the young the whole truth about what happened in the 1970s, or if we are offering them a biased portrayal of the facts, which could raise new feuds among Argentinians<span class="nowrap"> </span>... [Thus it would be] if we set aside the seriousness of State terror, the means employed and the ensuing crimes against humanity<span class="nowrap"> </span>... but the opposite could also happen, that the crimes of the guerilla were silenced or that they may not be duly abhorred. </p> </blockquote> <p>Fernández called this "an unfortunate revisiting of the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_the_two_demons" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of the two demons">doctrine of the two demons</a>" (purportedly claiming an equal moral ground for guerilla and State terrorism), since "there is nobody in Argentina who exalts the guerilla as the document says". Senator Miguel Ángel Pichetto (<a href="/wiki/Justicialist_Party" title="Justicialist Party">PJ</a>) seconded the statement by Fernández, calling the above "a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup</a>-calling (<i>golpista</i>) document that seems to have been written in the 1970s, at the time when some factions [of society] went knocking on [the doors of] military quarters". </p><p>President Kirchner himself replied on 16 November, commenting that the statements of the Church "look more like those of a political party, more like earthly affairs, than like the task they should be performing", and that the bishops were "absolutely wrong in their diagnosis of the situation of the country". On the issue of the 1970s, Kirchner criticized bishops "who weren't there while children were <a href="/wiki/Desaparecidos" class="mw-redirect" title="Desaparecidos">disappearing</a>" and who "gave [the sacrament of] <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">confession</a> to <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torturers</a>" of the <a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War</a>. Members of the opposition called Kirchner's comments "over-generalizing", "unjust" and "intolerant". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008_Salta_Law_on_education">2008 Salta Law on education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2008 Salta Law on education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2008 the legislature of <a href="/wiki/Salta_Province" title="Salta Province">Salta Province</a> passed a controversial law making the teaching of religion compulsory in both state and private schools. The move sparked outrage among religious <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minorities</a> and human rights organizations, which called for a secular educational system. </p><p>Governor <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Urtubey" title="Juan Manuel Urtubey">Juan Manuel Urtubey</a>, the proponent of the law, quickly pointed out that religious lessons would be oriented to all creeds, and that all students would take part, "regardless of their beliefs". <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, doubts remain about the legality of the measure, since it conflicts with the Provincial Constitution itself, which Urtubey helped write, when he was elected conventional constituent in 1998. Article 11º enshrines the secrecy of the citizen's faith, since it clearly states that <i>No one must be asked what their religious beliefs are.</i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 28º Section ñ also makes a statement, when it describes the objectives of the law: </p> <blockquote> <p>to provide religious instruction, which is part of the curriculum, and is to be taught during school time, taking into account parents' and/or tutors' beliefs, who will decide whether their children will attend such classes. <i>Contents (to be taught) and teachers' qualifications will require approval by church authorities.</i> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Macri_administration:_2015–2019"><span id="Macri_administration:_2015.E2.80.932019"></span>Macri administration: 2015–2019</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Macri administration: 2015–2019"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fernandez_administration:_2019–present"><span id="Fernandez_administration:_2019.E2.80.93present"></span>Fernandez administration: 2019–present</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fernandez administration: 2019–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Argentina" title="Abortion in Argentina">Abortion in Argentina</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>In Spanish unless otherwise noted.</i> </p> <ul><li>Hernán Brienza. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929070544/http://www.eldiplo.org/resumen.php3?numero=40&resumen=70%2FR_01_27"><i>La Iglesia Católica argentina se enfrenta al Estado. En guerra contra el laicismo.</i></a>.</li> <li>Susana Bianchi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tau.ac.il/eial/III_2/bianchi.htm"><i>Iglesia católica y peronismo: la cuestión de la enseñanza religiosa (1946–1955)</i></a>.</li> <li>Fortunato Mallimaci. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050901053800/http://www.elcorreo.eu.org/esp/article.php3?id_article=5089"><i>Política y catolicismo en la Argentina del 2005</i></a>.</li> <li>Historia General de las Relaciones Exteriores de la República Argentina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.argentina-rree.com/8/8-078.htm"><i>La oposición del nuncio papal monseñor Mattera a la ley 1420 de educación común, laica y obligatoria</i></a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051023233031/http://www.odonnell-historia.com.ar/reciente/illiahoy.htm"><i>La historia argentina reciente: desde Illia hasta Menem</i></a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="News_sources">News sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: News sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>La Capital, 18 February 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070824210751/http://www.lacapital.com.ar/2005/02/18/politica/noticia_172916.shtml"><i>El obispo castrense sugirió que "tiren al mar" al ministro de Salud.</i></a></li> <li>Página/12, 19 February 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/sociedad/3-47505-2005-02-19.html"><i>Merece "que lo tiren al mar".</i></a></li> <li>Página/12, 3 November 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/1-58760-2005-11-03.html"><i>No legislarás cuando de sexo se trate.</i></a></li> <li>La Nación, 4 November 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/753349"><i>Aguer, arzobispo de La Plata, acusó a Ginés González García de intolerante.</i></a></li> <li>La Nación, 7 November 2005. <i>Giaquinta dijo que llamaría a la desobediencia civil.</i> (and followups)</li> <li>Página/12, 14 November 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/1-59198-2005-11-14.html"><i>Poco feliz y poco realista.</i></a></li> <li>La Nación, 14 November 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/EdicionImpresa/politica/nota.asp?nota_id=756225"><i>Réplica del Gobierno a la Iglesia Católica.</i></a></li> <li>La Nación, 17 November 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/757061"><i>Dura respuesta de Kirchner a los obispos.</i></a></li> <li>La Nación, 17 November 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/757065"><i>La oposición calificó al Presidente de injusto e intolerante.</i></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_2">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-apr-17-fg-cardinal17-story.html">"Argentine Cardinal Named in Kidnap Lawsuit"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. Associated Press. 17 April 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Argentine+Cardinal+Named+in+Kidnap+Lawsuit&rft.date=2005-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2005-apr-17-fg-cardinal17-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church%E2%80%93state+relations+in+Argentina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/bergoglios-list-pope-francis_n_3914174">"Pope Francis Ran Underground Network to Save Suspected Dissidents"</a>. 12 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pope+Francis+Ran+Underground+Network+to+Save+Suspected+Dissidents&rft.date=2013-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fbergoglios-list-pope-francis_n_3914174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church%E2%80%93state+relations+in+Argentina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americamagazine.org/issue/pope-francis-people-says-president-human-rights-organization-argentina">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Pope Francis is with the people,' says Hebe de Bonafini, president of 'Madres de la Plaza de Mayo'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 27 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Pope+Francis+is+with+the+people%2C%27+says+Hebe+de+Bonafini%2C+president+of+%27Madres+de+la+Plaza+de+Mayo%27&rft.date=2016-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americamagazine.org%2Fissue%2Fpope-francis-people-says-president-human-rights-organization-argentina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church%E2%80%93state+relations+in+Argentina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rojas, Guillermo. <i>30,000 desaparecidos. realidad, mito y dogma : historia verdadera y manipulación ideologica</i>. p. 246 (Santiago Apóstol: 2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacLachlan, Colin M. <i>Argentina: What Went Wrong</i> (Praeger Publishers). p. 136</span> </li> <li 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Argentina_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Argentina_topics" title="Template:Argentina topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Argentina_topics" title="Template talk:Argentina topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Argentina_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Argentina topics"><abbr 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Plata">Viceroyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_War_of_Independence" title="Argentine War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Civil_Wars" title="Argentine Civil Wars">Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_of_%2780" title="Generation of '80">Generation of '80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine%E2%80%93Chilean_naval_arms_race" title="Argentine–Chilean naval arms race">Arms race with Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_race" title="South American dreadnought race">Dreadnought race with Brazil, Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infamous_Decade" title="Infamous Decade">Infamous Decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina_during_World_War_II" title="Argentina during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process" title="National Reorganization Process">National Reorganization Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Juntas" title="Trial of the Juntas">Trial of the Juntas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2001_riots_in_Argentina" title="December 2001 riots in Argentina">December 2001 riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Argentina" title="Geography of Argentina">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Argentina" title="List of cities in Argentina">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Argentina" title="Climate of Argentina">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Argentina" title="List of earthquakes in Argentina">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Argentina" title="Environment of Argentina">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Argentina" title="List of extreme points of Argentina">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Argentina" title="Category:Fauna of Argentina">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Argentina" title="Category:Flora of Argentina">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Argentina" title="List of islands of Argentina">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Argentina" title="List of mountains in Argentina">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Argentina" title="List of national parks of Argentina">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regions of Argentina">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Argentina" title="List of rivers of Argentina">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Argentina" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Argentina">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Argentina" title="Politics of Argentina">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Argentina" title="Administrative divisions of Argentina">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Argentina" title="Constitution of Argentina">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Argentina" title="Elections in Argentina">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Argentina" title="Foreign relations of Argentina">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Argentina" title="Government of Argentina">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_Argentine_Republic" title="Ministries of the Argentine Republic">ministries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Argentina" title="Human rights in Argentina">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Argentina" title="Intersex rights in Argentina">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Argentina">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Argentina" title="Transgender rights in Argentina">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Argentina" title="Law of Argentina">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Argentina" title="Law enforcement in Argentina">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Argentine_Republic" title="Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Argentina" title="National Congress of Argentina">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Argentina" title="List of political parties in Argentina">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Argentina" title="President of Argentina">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Argentina" title="List of heads of state of Argentina">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Vice Presidents of Argentina">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Argentina" title="Supreme Court of Argentina">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Argentina" title="Economy of Argentina">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Argentina" title="Agriculture in Argentina">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Argentina" title="Banking in Argentina">Banking</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Argentina" title="Central Bank of Argentina">Central Bank</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Argentina" title="Communications in Argentina">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Argentina" title="Electricity sector in Argentina">Electricity sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Argentina" title="Economic history of Argentina">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Argentina" title="Foreign trade of Argentina">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_peso" title="Argentine peso">Peso <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Argentina" title="Science and technology in Argentina">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Stock_Exchange" title="Buenos Aires Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Argentina" title="Taxation in Argentina">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Argentina" title="Tourism in Argentina">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Argentina" title="Transport in Argentina">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Argentina" title="Category:Society of Argentina">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Argentina" title="Corruption in Argentina">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Argentina" title="Crime in Argentina">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Argentina" title="Education in Argentina">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Argentina" title="Health care in Argentina">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Argentina" title="Immigration to Argentina">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Argentina" title="Languages of 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Argentina">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Argentina" title="Culture of Argentina">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Argentina" title="Architecture of Argentina">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Argentina" title="Cinema of Argentina">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_cuisine" title="Argentine cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_humour" title="Argentine humour">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_literature" title="Argentine literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Argentina" title="Music of Argentina">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Argentina" title="National symbols of Argentina">National symbols</a></li> 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