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id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Catholicism_and_Eastern_Orthodoxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Catholicism_and_Eastern_Orthodoxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Eastern Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Catholicism_and_Eastern_Orthodoxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lutheranism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lutheranism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Lutheranism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lutheranism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformed,_Presbyterian_and_Congregationalist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformed,_Presbyterian_and_Congregationalist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Reformed, Presbyterian and Congregationalist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformed,_Presbyterian_and_Congregationalist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anabaptism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anabaptism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Anabaptism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anabaptism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglicanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglicanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Anglicanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglicanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methodism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Methodism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irvingism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irvingism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Irvingism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irvingism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Reformation_reformers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Reformation_reformers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Pre-Reformation reformers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Reformation_reformers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alcoholics_Anonymous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcoholics_Anonymous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Alcoholics Anonymous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcoholics_Anonymous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Confession (religion)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%91%E1%8B%9B%E1%8B%9C" title="ኑዛዜ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኑዛዜ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81_(%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86)" title="اعتراف (دين) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اعتراف (دين)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%9D%DC%92%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܬܝܒܘܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܬܝܒܘܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnah_%C3%A7%C4%B1xarma" title="Günah çıxarma – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Günah çıxarma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="ধর্মীয় স্বীকারোক্তি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ধর্মীয় স্বীকারোক্তি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Споведзь – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Споведзь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Изповед – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Изповед" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessi%C3%B3_(religi%C3%B3)" title="Confessió (religió) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Confessió (religió)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%A1tost_sm%C3%AD%C5%99en%C3%AD" title="Svátost smíření – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svátost smíření" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skriftem%C3%A5l" title="Skriftemål – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skriftemål" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beichte" title="Beichte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Beichte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BE%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Εξομολόγηση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εξομολόγηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfeso" title="Konfeso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konfeso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penitentzia" title="Penitentzia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Penitentzia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%87" title="آیین توبه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آیین توبه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confession" title="Confession – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Confession" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aideachadh" title="Aideachadh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Aideachadh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumsar" title="Kumsar – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Kumsar" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%ED%95%B4_(%EC%A2%85%EA%B5%90)" title="고해 (종교) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고해 (종교)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ապաշխարություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ապաշխարություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispovijed" title="Ispovijed – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ispovijed" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfesiono" title="Konfesiono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Konfesiono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengakuan_dosa" title="Pengakuan dosa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengakuan dosa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confession" title="Confession – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Confession" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessione_(religione)" title="Confessione (religione) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Confessione (religione)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%99_(%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA)" title="וידוי (נצרות) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וידוי (נצרות)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სინანული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სინანული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitubio" title="Kitubio – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitubio" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessio" title="Confessio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Confessio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%A1pa%C5%BEintis" title="Išpažintis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Išpažintis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biech" title="Biech – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Biech" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nt%C3%BAb%C3%A9l%C3%A1" title="Ntúbélá – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ntúbélá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confession" title="Confession – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Confession" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B3n%C3%A1s" title="Gyónás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gyónás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Исповед – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Исповед" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B4nfesy" title="Kônfesy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kônfesy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81" title="الإعتراف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الإعتراف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengakuan_dosa" title="Pengakuan dosa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengakuan dosa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biecht" title="Biecht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Biecht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%8A%E8%A7%A3" title="告解 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="告解" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skriftem%C3%A5l" title="Skriftemål – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skriftemål" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrifte" title="Skrifte – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skrifte" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Исповедь в христианстве – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Исповедь в христианстве" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rr%C3%ABfimi_(fe)" title="Rrëfimi (fe) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rrëfimi (fe)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sviatos%C5%A5_zmierenia" title="Sviatosť zmierenia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sviatosť zmierenia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveta_spoved" title="Sveta spoved – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sveta spoved" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Исповест – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Исповест" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispovest" title="Ispovest – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ispovest" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rippi" title="Rippi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rippi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikt" title="Bikt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bikt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumpisal" title="Kumpisal – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kumpisal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_(%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="ஒப்புரவு (அருட்சாதனம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒப்புரவு (அருட்சாதனம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnah_%C3%A7%C4%B1karma" title="Günah çıkarma – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Günah çıkarma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Сповідь – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сповідь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kifession" title="Kifession – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Kifession" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%8A%E8%A7%A3" title="告解 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="告解" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%8A%E8%A7%A3" title="告解 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="告解" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaviedn%C4%97" title="Spaviednė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Spaviednė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E5%A5%BD%E8%81%96%E4%BA%8B" title="和好聖事 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="和好聖事" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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</div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Confession" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q183959" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Acknowledgment of one's sins</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the evangelical Protestant movement, see <a href="/wiki/Confessing_Movement" title="Confessing Movement">Confessing Movement</a>. For statements of faith, see <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">creed</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Confess_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Confess (disambiguation)">Confess (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confession_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Confession (disambiguation)">Confession (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St.leonhard-ffm-beichtstuhl001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/St.leonhard-ffm-beichtstuhl001.jpg/220px-St.leonhard-ffm-beichtstuhl001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/St.leonhard-ffm-beichtstuhl001.jpg/330px-St.leonhard-ffm-beichtstuhl001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/St.leonhard-ffm-beichtstuhl001.jpg/440px-St.leonhard-ffm-beichtstuhl001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="1988" /></a><figcaption>In Roman Catholic settings, the traditional style of <a href="/wiki/Confessional" title="Confessional">confessional</a> allows the priest, seated in the center, to hear from penitents on alternating sides.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iglesia_de_San_Joaqu%C3%ADn-Confesionario.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Iglesia_de_San_Joaqu%C3%ADn-Confesionario.JPG/220px-Iglesia_de_San_Joaqu%C3%ADn-Confesionario.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Iglesia_de_San_Joaqu%C3%ADn-Confesionario.JPG/330px-Iglesia_de_San_Joaqu%C3%ADn-Confesionario.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Iglesia_de_San_Joaqu%C3%ADn-Confesionario.JPG/440px-Iglesia_de_San_Joaqu%C3%ADn-Confesionario.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A confessional in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Confessional.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Confessional.JPG/220px-Confessional.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Confessional.JPG/330px-Confessional.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Confessional.JPG/440px-Confessional.JPG 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption> Pilgrims queueing to confess at <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91ugorje" class="mw-redirect" title="Međugorje">Međugorje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Confession</b>, in many religions, is the acknowledgment of sinful thoughts and actions. This may occur directly to a deity or to fellow people. </p><p>It is often seen as a required action of <a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">repentance</a> and a necessary precursor to <a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">penance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atonement" title="Atonement">atonement</a>. It often leads to <a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(theology)" title="Reconciliation (theology)">reconciliation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">forgiveness</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confession_(religion)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholicism">Catholicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confession_(religion)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Confessional_Modern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Confessional_Modern.jpg/220px-Confessional_Modern.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Confessional_Modern.jpg/330px-Confessional_Modern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Confessional_Modern.jpg/440px-Confessional_Modern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>Modern confessional in the Church of the Holy Name, <a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. The penitent may kneel on the kneeler or sit in a chair facing the priest (not shown)</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Catholic Christian</a> teaching, the <a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)">Sacrament of Penance</a> is the method by which individuals confess any <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin#Catholic_views" title="Christian views on sin">sins</a> they have committed after their <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>; these sins are then <a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">absolved</a> by God through the administration of a <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priest</a>, who assigns an act of <a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">penance</a>. To <a href="/wiki/Validity_and_liceity_(Catholic_Church)" title="Validity and liceity (Catholic Church)">validly</a> receive absolution, the penitent must make a sincere sacramental confession of all known <a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">mortal sins</a> not yet confessed to a <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priest</a> and pray an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_contrition" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of contrition">act of contrition</a> (a genre of prayers) which expresses both motives for sorrow and the resolve to not sin again. </p><p>The Catholic rite, obligatory at least once a year for serious sin, is usually conducted within a <a href="/wiki/Confessional" title="Confessional">confessional</a> box, booth or reconciliation room. This sacrament is known by many names, including penance, reconciliation and confession.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While official Church publications usually refer to the sacrament as "Penance", "Reconciliation" or "Penance and Reconciliation", many clergy and laypeople continue to use the term "Confession" in reference to the sacrament. </p><p>For the Catholic Church, the intent of the sacrament is to provide healing for the <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> as well as to regain the <a href="/wiki/Grace_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Grace of God">grace of God</a>, lost by sin. In Catholic teaching, a perfect act of contrition – where the penitent expresses sorrow for having offended God and not out of fear of eternal punishment – removes the eternal punishment associated with <a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">mortal sin</a> even outside of confession. However, Catholics are obliged to confess their mortal sins within confession at the earliest opportunity.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In theological terms, the priest acts <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/In_persona_Christi" title="In persona Christi">in persona Christi</a></i></span> and receives from the Church the power of jurisdiction over the penitent. The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> (Session Fourteen, Chapter I) quoted <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a> 20:22–23<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the primary <a href="/wiki/Scriptural" class="mw-redirect" title="Scriptural">Scriptural</a> proof for the doctrine concerning the sacrament.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catholics also consider <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> 18:18,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describing the power to "bind" and to "loose", to be among the Scriptural bases for the sacrament.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Catholic Church teaches that sacramental confession requires three "acts" on the part of the penitent: contrition (sorrow of the soul for the sins committed), disclosure of the sins (the 'confession'), and satisfaction (the 'penance', i.e. doing something to make amends for the sins).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basic form of confession has not changed for centuries, although at one time confessions were made publicly.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of making confession in private is referred to as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sub_rosa" title="Sub rosa">sub rosa</a></i></span>, coming from <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman mythology</a>, eventually being adopted into <a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Christian symbolism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-merriam_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merriam-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typically, the penitent begins sacramental confession by saying, "Bless me Father, for I have sinned. It has been [time period] since my last confession."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The penitent must then confess what they believe to be grave and mortal sins, in both kind and number,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to be reconciled with God and the church. The sinner may also confess <a href="/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">venial sins</a>; this is especially recommended if the penitent has no mortal sins to confess. According to the <i>Catechism</i>, "without being strictly necessary, confession of everyday faults (venial sins) is nevertheless strongly recommended by the Church. Indeed the regular confession of our venial sins helps us form our conscience, fight against evil tendencies, let ourselves be healed by Christ and progress in the life of the <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(animating_force)" title="Spirit (animating force)">Spirit</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "When Christ's faithful strive to confess all the sins that they can remember, they undoubtedly place all of them before the divine mercy for pardon."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Catholic Church teaches, based on the <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Prodigal_Son" title="Parable of the Prodigal Son">Parable of the Prodigal Son</a>, that confession is not a tribunal or criminal court, where one is condemned by God like a criminal, but a "wedding banquet hall, where the community celebrates Easter, Christ's victory over sin and death, in the joyful experience of his forgiving mercy." In confession, the church believes, God judges a person in the sense of bringing to light their sins, by granting the person the ability to confess their sins to the confessor, then grants the person <a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">repentance</a> and, through the confessor, grants the person forgiveness. God's forgiveness restores the person to "the brightness of the white robe of baptism, a garment specifically required to participate in the [wedding] feast."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Catholicism, it is considered the duty of priests not to reveal anything learnt during the course of the Sacrament of Penance; this protection against disclosure is known as the <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_confession_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Seal of confession in the Catholic Church">Seal of Confession</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Catholicism_and_Eastern_Orthodoxy">Eastern Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confession_(religion)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Eastern Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ispoved.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ispoved.jpg/220px-Ispoved.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ispoved.jpg/330px-Ispoved.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ispoved.jpg/440px-Ispoved.jpg 2x" data-file-width="777" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox">Russian Orthodox</a> priest hearing confessions before <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a>, Church of the <a href="/wiki/Protection_of_the_Theotokos" class="mw-redirect" title="Protection of the Theotokos">Protection of the Theotokos</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In general, Eastern Catholic and Orthodox Christians choose an individual to trust as their spiritual guide. In most cases, this is the parish priest, but may also be a <a href="/wiki/Starets" title="Starets">starets</a> (<a href="/wiki/Elder_(Christianity)" title="Elder (Christianity)">Elder</a>, a monastic who is well known for their advancement in the spiritual life). This person is often referred to as one's "spiritual father". Once chosen, the individual turns to their spiritual guide for advice on their spiritual development, confessing sins, and asking advice. Orthodox Christians tend to confess only to this individual and the closeness created by this bond makes the spiritual guide the most qualified in dealing with the person, so much so that no one can override what a spiritual guide tells his charges. What is confessed to one's spiritual guide is protected by the same <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_Confessional_and_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of the Confessional and the Catholic Church">seal</a> as would be any priest hearing a confession. Only an <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordained</a> priest may pronounce the <a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">absolution</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Confession does not take place in a confessional, but normally in the main part of the church itself, usually before an <a href="/wiki/Analogion" title="Analogion">analogion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lectern" title="Lectern">lectern</a>) set up near the <a href="/wiki/Iconostasion" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconostasion">iconostasion</a>. On the analogion is placed a <a href="/wiki/Gospel_Book" title="Gospel Book">Gospel Book</a> and a blessing cross. The confession often takes place before an <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>. Orthodox understand that the confession is not made to the priest, but to Christ. The priest stands only as witness and guide. Before confessing, the penitent venerates the Gospel Book and blessing cross and places the thumb and first two fingers of his right hand on the feet of Christ as depicted on the cross. The confessor will often read an admonition warning the penitent to make a full confession, holding nothing back.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As with administration of other sacraments, in cases of emergency confession may be heard anywhere. For this reason, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pectoral_cross" title="Pectoral cross">pectoral cross</a> that the priest wears at all times will often have the Icon of Christ "<a href="/wiki/Acheiropoieta" title="Acheiropoieta">Not Made by Hands</a>" inscribed on it so that such an icon will be available to penitents who are experiencing imminent death or life-threatening danger in the presence of a priest but away from a church.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In general practice, after one confesses to one's spiritual guide, the parish priest (who may or may not have heard the confession) covers the head of the person with his <a href="/wiki/Epitrachelion" title="Epitrachelion">Epitrachelion</a> (Stole) and reads the Prayer of Absolution, asking God to forgive the transgression of the individual (the specific prayer differs between Greek and Slavic use). It is not uncommon for a person to confess their sins to their spiritual guide on a regular basis but only seek out the priest to read the prayer before receiving <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80.jpg/220px-%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80.jpg/330px-%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80.jpg/440px-%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1748" /></a><figcaption>A penitent confessing his sins</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Churches">Eastern Churches</a>, clergy often make their confession in the <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary" title="Sanctuary">sanctuary</a>. A bishop, priest, or deacon will confess at the <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">Holy Table</a> (Altar) where the Gospel Book and blessing cross are normally kept. He confesses in the same manner as a layman, except that when a priest hears a bishop's confession, the priest kneels. </p><p>There are many different practices regarding how often Orthodox Christians should go to confession. Some Patriarchates advise confession before each reception of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a>, others advise confessing during each of the four fasting periods (<a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Great Lent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Fast" title="Apostles' Fast">Apostles' Fast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dormition_Fast" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormition Fast">Dormition Fast</a>), and there are many additional variants.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many pastors encourage frequent confession and communion. In some of the <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a>, the monks will confess their sins daily. </p><p>Eastern Christians will also practice a form of general confession, (or manifest contrition), referred to as the rite of "Mutual Forgiveness". The rite involves an exchange between the priest and the congregation (or, in monasteries, between the <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">superior</a> and the brotherhood). The priest will make a prostration before all and ask their forgiveness for sins committed in act, word, deed, and thought. Those present ask that God may forgive them, and then they in turn all prostrate themselves and ask the priest's forgiveness. The priest then pronounces a blessing. The rite of Mutual Forgiveness does not replace the Mystery of Confession and Absolution, but is for the purpose of maintaining Christian charity and a humble and contrite spirit. This general confession is practiced in monasteries at the first service on arising (the <a href="/wiki/Midnight_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Midnight Office">Midnight Office</a>) and the last service before retiring to sleep (<a href="/wiki/Compline" title="Compline">Compline</a>). <a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a> will perform the rite regularly before the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a>. The best-known asking of mutual forgiveness occurs at <a href="/wiki/Vespers" title="Vespers">Vespers</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Cheesefare_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheesefare Sunday">Sunday of Forgiveness</a>, and it is with this act that <a href="/wiki/Clean_Monday" title="Clean Monday">Great Lent begins</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confession_(religion)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lutheranism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Confession_(Lutheran_Church)" title="Confession (Lutheran Church)">Confession (Lutheran Church)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ArticleXIOfConfession.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ArticleXIOfConfession.JPG/220px-ArticleXIOfConfession.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/ArticleXIOfConfession.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="309" /></a><figcaption>"Private Absolution ought to be retained in the churches, although in confession an enumeration of all sins is not necessary." (<i><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a></i>, Article 9)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a> differ from other Protestants as they practice "confession and absolution" (in two forms). They, like Roman Catholics and many Anglicans, see James 5:16<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and John 20:22–23<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as biblical evidence for confession.<sup id="cite_ref-small_cat._18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-small_cat.-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first form of confession and absolution is done at the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Service_(Lutheran)" title="Divine Service (Lutheran)">Divine Service</a> with the assembled congregation. Here, the entire congregation pauses for a moment of silent confession, recites the <i><a href="/wiki/Confiteor" title="Confiteor">confiteor</a></i>, and receives God's forgiveness through the pastor as he says the following (or similar): "Upon this your confession and in the stead and by the command of my Lord Jesus Christ, I forgive you all your sins in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luther-kirkko,_rippituoli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Luther-kirkko%2C_rippituoli.jpg/220px-Luther-kirkko%2C_rippituoli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Luther-kirkko%2C_rippituoli.jpg/330px-Luther-kirkko%2C_rippituoli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Luther-kirkko%2C_rippituoli.jpg/440px-Luther-kirkko%2C_rippituoli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3641" data-file-height="2428" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Confessional" title="Confessional">confessional</a> box in the <a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther-kirkko_(Helsinki)" class="extiw" title="fi:Luther-kirkko (Helsinki)">Luther Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The second form of confession and absolution is known as "<a href="/wiki/Holy_Absolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Absolution">Holy Absolution</a>", which is done privately to the pastor (commonly only upon request). Here the person confessing (known as the "<a href="/wiki/Penitent" class="mw-redirect" title="Penitent">penitent</a>") confesses individually their sins and makes an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Contrition#Lutheran_version" title="Act of Contrition">act of contrition</a> as the pastor, acting <a href="/wiki/In_persona_Christi" title="In persona Christi">in persona Christi</a>, announces this following formula of absolution (or similar): "In the stead and by the command of my Lord Jesus Christ I forgive you all your sins in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Lutheran Church, the pastor is bound by the <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_Confessional_and_the_Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of the Confessional and the Lutheran Church">Seal of the Confessional</a> (similar to the Roman Catholic tradition). <a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism" title="Luther's Small Catechism">Luther's Small Catechism</a> says "the pastor is pledged not to tell anyone else of sins to him in private confession, for those sins have been removed.<sup id="cite_ref-small_cat._18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-small_cat.-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the present time, Confession and Absolution is expected before partaking of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> for the <a href="/wiki/First_Communion" title="First Communion">first</a> time.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confession and Absolution has historically been scheduled on Saturdays (after <a href="/wiki/Vespers" title="Vespers">vespers</a>), in preparation for Mass on the Lord's Day (though it may be held on any day of the week depending on the individual Lutheran parish).<sup id="cite_ref-Kolb2008_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolb2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leigeber_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leigeber-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformed,_Presbyterian_and_Congregationalist"><span id="Reformed.2C_Presbyterian_and_Congregationalist"></span>Reformed, Presbyterian and Congregationalist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confession_(religion)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reformed, Presbyterian and Congregationalist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed</a> tradition (which includes the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Reformed">Continental Reformed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Congregationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist">Congregationalist</a> denominations), corporate confession is the normative way that confession and absolution is practiced.<sup id="cite_ref-GRPC2024_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRPC2024-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Order of Worship in the <a href="/wiki/Bible_Presbyterian_Church" title="Bible Presbyterian Church">Bible Presbyterian Church</a>, for example, enjoins the following:<sup id="cite_ref-GRPC2024_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRPC2024-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Each Sunday we have a corporate confession of sins with an announcement of assurance of pardon from sin—this is great news for all believers. We strive to use the form of confession sincerely, to acknowledging our brokenness—in thought, word, and deed—and to receive God's forgiveness through Jesus Christ in thankfulness.<sup id="cite_ref-GRPC2024_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRPC2024-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Many Reformed, Congregationalist and Presbyterian churches (including the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(USA)" title="Presbyterian Church (USA)">Presbyterian Church (USA)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_America" title="Presbyterian Church in America">Presbyterian Church in America</a>) practice Confession in the Divine Liturgy or Divine Worship on each Lord's Day. The practices are found in the Book of Common Worship, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Order" title="Book of Order">Book of Order</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Order" title="Book of Common Order">Book of Common Order</a>. </p><p>It may start usually with the following confessional prayer read in unison, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Kyrie_Eleison" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrie Eleison">Kyrie Eleison</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trisagion" title="Trisagion">Trisagion</a> (Holy God, holy and mighty) and <a href="/wiki/Agnus_Dei" title="Agnus Dei">Agnus Dei</a> (Lamb of God). </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Merciful God,<br /> we confess that we have sinned against you<br /> in thought, word, and deed,<br /> by what we have done,<br /> and by what we have left undone.<br /> <br /> We have not loved you<br /> with our whole heart and soul<br /> and mind and strength.<br /> <br /> We have not loved our neighbors as ourselves.<br /> <br /> In your mercy,<br /> forgive what we have been,<br /> help us amend what we are,<br /> and direct what we shall be,<br /> so that we may delight in your will<br /> and walk in your ways,<br /> to the glory of your holy name. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Book of Common Worship</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Following this, an Assurance of Pardon is spoken.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian Church USA">Presbyterian Church (USA)</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_book_of_the_Presbyterian_Church_(U.S.A.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical book of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)">Directory of Worship</a>, in directing the components or worship, states: "A prayer of confession of the reality of sin in personal and common life follows. In a declaration of pardon, the gospel is proclaimed and forgiveness is declared in the name of Jesus Christ. God's redemption and God's claim upon human life are remembered."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confession_(religion)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Anabaptism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a> denominations, including those of the <a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Schwarzenau Brethren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> traditions, encourage confession to another or to the elders,<sup id="cite_ref-KurianDay_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KurianDay-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some denominations require such confession when a wrong has been done to a person as well as to God. Confession is then made to the person wronged and also to God, and is part of the reconciliation process. In cases where sin has resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">exclusion of a person from church membership</a> due to unrepentance, public confession is often a prerequisite to readmission. The sinner confesses to the church their repentance and is received back into fellowship. In both cases there is a required manner to the confessions: for sins between God and man and for sins between man and man. Confession in the Anabaptist tradition is done in the humble posture of kneeling.<sup id="cite_ref-Kraybill2003_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraybill2003-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confession_(religion)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Anglicanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> tradition, confession and absolution is usually a component part of corporate worship, particularly at the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> (as with Lutheranism). The form involves an exhortation to repentance by the priest, a period of silent prayer during which believers may inwardly confess their sins, a form of general confession said together by all present and the pronouncement of general absolution by the priest, often accompanied by the sign of the cross. </p><p>Private or auricular confession is also practiced by Anglicans and is especially common among <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Catholics">Anglo-Catholics</a>. The venue for confessions is either in the traditional confessional, which is the common practice among Anglo-Catholics, or in a private meeting with the priest. Often a priest will sit in the sanctuary, just inside the communion rail, facing toward the altar and away from the penitent. Other times they will use a portable screen to divide themselves and the penitent. Following the confession of sins and the assignment of penance, the priest makes the pronouncement of absolution. The <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_Confessional_and_the_Anglican_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of the Confessional and the Anglican Church">seal of the confessional</a>, as with Roman Catholicism, is absolute and any confessor who divulges information revealed in confession is subject to deposition and removal from office. </p><p>Historically, the practice of auricular confession was highly controversial within Anglicanism. When priests began to hear confessions, they responded to criticisms by pointing to the fact that such is explicitly sanctioned in "The Order for the Visitation of the Sick" in the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i>, which contains the following direction: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Here shall the sick person be moved to make a special Confession of his sins, if he feel his conscience troubled with any weighty matter. After which Confession, the Priest shall absolve him (if he humbly and heartily desire it).</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Book of Common Prayer</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Auricular confession within mainstream Anglicanism became accepted in the second half of the 20th century; the 1979 Book of Common Prayer for the Episcopal Church in the US provides two forms for it in the section "The Reconciliation of a Penitent". </p><p>Private confession is also envisaged by the <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, which contains the following, intended to safeguard the seal of the confessional: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[I]f any man confess his secret and hidden sins to the minister, for the unburdening of his conscience, and to receive spiritual consolation and ease of mind from him; we<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] do straitly charge and admonish him [<i>i.e.</i>, the minister], that he does not at any time reveal and make known to any person whatsoever any crime or offence so committed to his trust and secrecy</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Proviso to Canon 113 of the Code of 1603<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>There is no requirement for private confession, but a common understanding that it may be desirable depending on individual circumstances. An Anglican aphorism regarding the practice is "All may; none must; some should".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methodism">Methodism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confession_(religion)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Methodism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin#Methodist_views" title="Christian views on sin">Christian views on sin § Methodist views</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church">Methodist Church</a>, as with the Anglican Communion, penance is defined by the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Religion_(Methodist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of Religion (Methodist)">Articles of Religion</a> as one those "Commonly called Sacraments but not to be counted for Sacraments of the Gospel", also known as the "<a href="/wiki/Anglican_sacraments" title="Anglican sacraments">five lesser sacraments</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt1891_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt1891-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>, the founder of the Methodist Church, held "the validity of Anglican practice in his day as reflected in the 1662 <i>Book of Common Prayer</i>",<sup id="cite_ref-Underwood1992_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Underwood1992-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stating that "We grant confession to men to be in many cases of use: public, in case of public scandal; private, to a spiritual guide for disburdening of the conscience, and as a help to repentance."<sup id="cite_ref-Wesley1882_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wesley1882-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, per the recommendation of John Wesley, Methodist <a href="/wiki/Class_meeting#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Class meeting">class meetings</a> traditionally meet weekly in order to confess sins to one another.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_United_Methodist_Book_of_Worship_(1992)" title="The United Methodist Book of Worship (1992)">The Book of Worship of The United Methodist Church</a></i> contains the rite for private confession and absolution in "A Service of Healing II", in which the <a href="/wiki/Elder_(Methodism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elder (Methodism)">minister</a> pronounces the words "In the name of Jesus Christ, you are forgiven!";<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some Methodist churches have regularly scheduled auricular confession and absolution, while others make it available upon request.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Near the time of death, many Methodists confess their <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">sins</a> and receive absolution from an ordained minister, in addition to being <a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick" class="mw-redirect" title="Anointing of the Sick">anointed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwass2005_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwass2005-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Methodism holds the <a href="/wiki/Power_of_the_Keys" title="Power of the Keys">office of the keys</a> to "belong to all baptized persons", private confession does not necessarily need to be made to a <a href="/wiki/Elder_(Methodism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elder (Methodism)">pastor</a>, and therefore <a href="/wiki/Lay_confession" title="Lay confession">lay confession</a> is permitted, although this is not the norm.<sup id="cite_ref-Belton2010_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belton2010-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Methodist tradition, corporate confession is the most common practice, with the Methodist liturgy including "prayers of confession, assurance and pardon".<sup id="cite_ref-Interpreter_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interpreter-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional confession of <i>The Sunday Service</i>, the first liturgical text used by Methodists, comes from the service of <a href="/wiki/Morning_Prayer_(Anglican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Morning Prayer (Anglican)">Morning Prayer</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Common_Prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of Common Prayer">The Book of Common Prayer</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Interpreter_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interpreter-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The confession of one's sin is particularly important before receiving Holy Communion; the official United Methodist publication about the Eucharist titled <i>This Holy Mystery</i> states that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We respond to the invitation to the Table by immediately confessing our personal and corporate sin, trusting that, "If we confess our sins, He who is faithful and just will forgive us our sins and cleanse us from all unrighteousness" (1 John 1:9). Our expression of repentance is answered by the absolution in which forgiveness is proclaimed: "In the name of Jesus Christ, you are forgiven!"<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In Methodism, the minister is bound by the <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_Confessional_and_the_Anglican_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of the Confessional and the Anglican Church">Seal of the Confessional</a>, with <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Discipline_(United_Methodist)" title="Book of Discipline (United Methodist)">The Book of Discipline</a></i> stating "All clergy of The United Methodist Church are charged to maintain all confidences inviolate, including confessional confidences"; any confessor who divulges information revealed in confession is subject to being <a href="/wiki/Defrocked" class="mw-redirect" title="Defrocked">defrocked</a> in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Book of Offices and Services</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Luke" title="Order of Saint Luke">Order of Saint Luke</a>, a Methodist <a href="/wiki/Religious_order" title="Religious order">religious order</a>, contains a corporate <i>Service of Prayer for Reconciliation</i> in addition to a <i>Rite of Reconciliation for Individual Persons</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Methodists, like other Protestants, regularly practice confession of their sin to God himself, holding that "When we do confess, our fellowship with the Father is restored. He extends His parental forgiveness. He cleanses us of all unrighteousness, thus removing the consequences of the previously unconfessed sin. We are back on track to realise the best plan that He has for our lives."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irvingism">Irvingism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confession_(religion)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Irvingism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Irvingian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Irvingian Church">Irvingian Churches</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church" title="New Apostolic Church">New Apostolic Church</a>, persons may confess their sins to an Apostle.<sup id="cite_ref-NAC2020_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAC2020-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Apostle is then able to "take the confession and proclaim absolution".<sup id="cite_ref-NAC2020_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAC2020-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cases of grave urgency, any priestly minister can hear confessions and pronounce absolutions.<sup id="cite_ref-NAC2020_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAC2020-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confession_(religion)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Worthiness_interview" class="mw-redirect" title="Worthiness interview">Worthiness interview</a></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"></span> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) teaches that "confession is a necessary requirement for complete forgiveness."<sup id="cite_ref-clarke_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarke-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such confessions take place in <a href="/wiki/Worthiness_interview" class="mw-redirect" title="Worthiness interview">worthiness interviews</a> prior to <a href="/wiki/Baptism_in_Mormonism" title="Baptism in Mormonism">baptism into the church</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-lds.org_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lds.org-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Setting_apart" title="Setting apart">being set apart</a> for any <a href="/wiki/Religious_calling#Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious calling">church callings</a>, or to receiving yearly <a href="/wiki/Temple_(LDS_Church)" title="Temple (LDS Church)">temple recommends</a>. </p><p>Within confession, the sinner must confess both to God and to those persons wronged by the sin.<sup id="cite_ref-romney_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romney-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confession may also be required to an authorized <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(LDS_Church)" title="Priesthood (LDS Church)">priesthood</a> leader, such as a <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Bishop (Latter Day Saints)">bishop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Branch_president" title="Branch president">branch president</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stake_president" class="mw-redirect" title="Stake president">stake president</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Mission_president" title="Mission president">mission president</a>. Although there is no definitive list of sins that require confession to a priesthood leader,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "adultery, fornication, other sexual transgressions and deviancies, and sins of a comparable seriousness" are included,<sup id="cite_ref-clarke_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarke-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as is intentional and repeated use of <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the seriousness of the sin, the priesthood leader may counsel the sinner to submit to the authority of a <a href="/wiki/Disciplinary_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Disciplinary council">disciplinary council</a>, but does not have the authority to forgive sin, which can come only from God.<sup id="cite_ref-romney_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romney-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-clarke_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarke-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The confession to the priesthood leader must be held in strict confidence unless the confessor grants permission to disclose it to the disciplinary council.<sup id="cite_ref-clarke_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarke-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LDS Church rejects the belief that confession is all that is required to secure repentance from God.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Reformation_reformers">Pre-Reformation reformers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confession_(religion)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pre-Reformation reformers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lollard movement, started by <a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a> in the 14th century denied the sacrament of absolution.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Bernardino" title="Pietro Bernardino">Petrus Bernandinus</a>, the Church needed to be renewed with the sword; until this was accomplished, there was no need to confess, since all priests, secular and regular, were unworthy.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Taborites" title="Taborites">Taborites</a> denied priestly confession.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confession_(religion)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></div> <p>In Hinduism, confession is part of <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Prāyaścitta</i></span>, a <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a></i></span>-related term and refers to voluntarily accepting one's errors and misdeeds, confession, repentance, means of penance and expiation to undo or reduce the karmic consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-jglp526_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jglp526-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes atonement for intentional and unintentional misdeeds. The ancient Hindu literature on repentance, expiation and atonement is extensive, with earliest mentions found in the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jglp526_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jglp526-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rl1973_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rl1973-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Illustrative means to repent for intentional and unintentional misdeeds include admitting one's misdeeds, austerities, fasting, pilgrimage and bathing in <a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">sacred waters</a>, ascetic lifestyle, <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yajn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yajn (page does not exist)">yajna</a></i></span> (fire sacrifice, <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">homa</a></i></span>), praying, yoga, giving gifts to the poor and needy, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jglp526_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jglp526-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those texts that discuss <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Prāyaścitta</i></span>, states Robert Lingat, debate the intent and thought behind the improper act, and consider penance appropriate when the "effect" had to be balanced, but "cause" was unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-rl1973_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rl1973-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islam">Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confession_(religion)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Istighfar" title="Istighfar">Istighfar</a></div> <p>The act of seeking forgiveness from <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> for sins is called <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Istighfar" title="Istighfar">Istighfar</a></i></span>. Confession of sins is made directly to God and not through man; the only exception is when confessing to a person is a required step in recompensing for the damage done. It is taught that sins are to be kept to oneself to seek individual forgiveness from God. God forgives those who seek his forgiveness and commit themselves not to repeat the sin. Typically, a Muslim will pray to God for forgiveness and promises that they will be careful not to commit the same mistake/sin ever again.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sahih_Muslim,_Book_37,_Tradition_6658_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sahih_Muslim,_Book_37,_Tradition_6658-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alcoholics_Anonymous">Alcoholics Anonymous</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confession_(religion)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Alcoholics Anonymous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the AA <a href="/wiki/Twelve-Step_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve-Step Program">Twelve-Step Program</a>, confession is made in Step 5: "Admitted to God, to ourselves, and to another human being the exact nature of our wrongs."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"If we decline to follow through with this step, our un-confessed sins will haunt us, resulting in the demise of our body and spirit. We will have to continue paying the penalty of our wrongdoings."<sup id="cite_ref-aa-history.com_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aa-history.com-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"By completing the Fifth Step, we gain God's forgiveness, supervision, and strength. We obtain complete forgiveness..."<sup id="cite_ref-aa-history.com_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aa-history.com-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judaism">Judaism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confession_(religion)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Confession_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Confession in Judaism">Confession in Judaism</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, confession is an important part of attaining forgiveness for both sins against God and another man. Confessions to God are done communally in the plural. During <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a> service, Jews confess that "<em>We</em> have sinned." In matters involving offenses against a fellow man, private confession to the victim is a requirement to obtaining forgiveness from the victim, which is generally a requirement to obtaining forgiveness from God. If the victim refuses to forgive, the offender confesses publicly, before larger and larger audience. Confession (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">viduy</i></span>) is also performed on one's deathbed, if at all possible. </p><p>In pre-rabbinic Judaism, <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">sacrifices</a> were an important part of atonement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confession_(religion)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Buddhism has been from its inception primarily a tradition of renunciation and monasticism. Within the monastic framework (called the <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Sangha_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangha (Buddhism)">sangha</a> regular <a href="/w/index.php?title=Confession_(Buddhism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Confession (Buddhism) (page does not exist)">confession</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%8F%E6%82%94" class="extiw" title="zh:忏悔">zh</a>]</span> of wrongdoing to other monks is mandatory.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Suttas" class="mw-redirect" title="Suttas">suttas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhus</a> sometimes even confessed their wrongdoing to the Buddha himself.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That part of the Pali Canon called the <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a> requires that monks confess their individual sins before the bi-weekly convening for the recitation of the <a href="/wiki/Patimokkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Patimokkha">Patimokkha</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confession_(religion)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Confession_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="A Confession (novel)">A Confession</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> in which he describes his conversion to Christianity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement" title="Atonement">Atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a>, the central document describing the religious convictions of the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> reformation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confession_inscriptions_of_Lydia_and_Phrygia" title="Confession inscriptions of Lydia and Phrygia">Confession inscriptions of Lydia and Phrygia</a> Roman-era Greek confession steles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confession" title="Confession">Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confession_(law)" title="Confession (law)">Confession (law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalization" title="Confessionalization">Confessionalization</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Confessions_(Augustine)" title="Confessions (Augustine)">Confessions</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Augustine">Saint Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_confession" title="Lay confession">Lay confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifestation_of_Conscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifestation of Conscience">Manifestation of Conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_silence" title="Right to silence">Right to silence</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confession_(religion)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umcdiscipleship.org/resources/a-service-of-healing-ii">"A Service of Healing II"</a>, after the "Confession and Pardon", states "A Confession and Pardon from 474–94 or A Service of Word and Table V or UMH 890–93, or an appropriate psalm may be used." The words noted here are thus taken from page 52 of the <i>Book of Worship</i>, which details the Service of Word and Table V, specifically the conclusion of the part of the rite titled "Confession and Pardon".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confession_(religion)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/p2s2c2a4.htm"><i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i></a>. pp. Paragraph 1423–1442<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+1423-1442&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scborromeo.org%2Fccc%2Fp2s2c2a4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/dictionary/index.cfm?id=35519">"Dictionary: PERFECT CONTRITION"</a>. <i>www.catholic culture.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.catholic+culture.org&rft.atitle=Dictionary%3A+PERFECT+CONTRITION&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicculture.org%2Fculture%2Flibrary%2Fdictionary%2Findex.cfm%3Fid%3D35519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/John+20:22">John 20:22–23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/fourteenth-session-of-the-council-of-trent-1480">"Fourteenth Session of the Council of Trent"</a>. <i>EWTN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EWTN&rft.atitle=Fourteenth+Session+of+the+Council+of+Trent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Fcatholicism%2Flibrary%2Ffourteenth-session-of-the-council-of-trent-1480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Matthew+18:18">Matthew 18:18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catholicphilly.com/2018/01/catholic-spirituality/the-biblical-basis-for-the-sacrament-of-reconciliation/">"The biblical basis for the sacrament of reconciliation"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+biblical+basis+for+the+sacrament+of+reconciliation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatholicphilly.com%2F2018%2F01%2Fcatholic-spirituality%2Fthe-biblical-basis-for-the-sacrament-of-reconciliation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P4D.HTM">"Catechism of the Catholic Church: VII. The Acts of the Penitent nn. 1450–1460"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church%3A+VII.+The+Acts+of+the+Penitent+nn.+1450%E2%80%931460.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F__P4D.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanna1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Joseph_Hanna" title="Edward Joseph Hanna">Hanna, Edward Joseph</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Penance"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Penance">"Penance" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Penance&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Hanna&rft.aufirst=Edward+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-merriam-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-merriam_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sub-rosa">"sub rosa"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=sub+rosa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fsub-rosa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universitycatholic.net/resources/how-to-go-to-confession/">"How to go to Confession: The Basics"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+go+to+Confession%3A+The+Basics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.universitycatholic.net%2Fresources%2Fhow-to-go-to-confession%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a>, Can. 988 §1: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110508024346/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3H.HTM">"Code of Canon Law – IntraText"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3H.HTM">the original</a> on 2011-05-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Code+of+Canon+Law+%E2%80%93+IntraText&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG1104%2F__P3H.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a>, n. 1458.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a>, n. 1456.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evangelizatio.va/content/dam/pcpne/pdf/Eventi/24ore2023/24%20HOURS%20FOR%20THE%20LORD%20ENG.PDF">Evangelizatio.Va: 24 Hours for the Lord, Part 1: Confession</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191120021323/http://www.orthodox-christian-comment.co.uk/confession_communion_preparation_for_communion.htm">"Confession, Communion and Preparation for Communion"</a>. <i>Orthodox Christian Comment</i>. 31 Aug 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodox-christian-comment.co.uk/confession_communion_preparation_for_communion.htm">the original</a> on 20 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 Apr</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orthodox+Christian+Comment&rft.atitle=Confession%2C+Communion+and+Preparation+for+Communion&rft.date=2007-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodox-christian-comment.co.uk%2Fconfession_communion_preparation_for_communion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=James%205:16&version=nrsv">James 5:16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2020:22–23&version=nrsv">John 20:22–23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-small_cat.-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-small_cat._18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-small_cat._18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Luther's Small Catechism with Explanation</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Service_Book" title="Lutheran Service Book">Lutheran Service Book</a>, Divine Service I</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Service_Book" title="Lutheran Service Book">Lutheran Service Book</a>, Individual Confession and Absolution</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Apology_of_the_Augsburg_Confession" title="Apology of the Augsburg Confession">Apology of the Augsburg Confession</a></i>, article 24, paragraph 1. Retrieved 2010-06-06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolb2008-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kolb2008_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolb2008" class="citation book cs1">Kolb, Robert (2008). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lutheranecclesia00robe"><i>Lutheran Ecclesiastical Culture: 1550 – 1675</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lutheranecclesia00robe/page/n292">282</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004166417" title="Special:BookSources/9789004166417"><bdi>9789004166417</bdi></a>. <q>The North German church ordinances of the late 16th century all include a description of private confession and absolution, which normally took place at the conclusion of Saturday afternoon vespers, and was a requirement for all who desired to commune the following day.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lutheran+Ecclesiastical+Culture%3A+1550+%E2%80%93+1675&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789004166417&rft.aulast=Kolb&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flutheranecclesia00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leigeber-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leigeber_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeigeber2022" class="citation web cs1">Leigeber, Joshua P. (9 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allsaintsjonesboro.org/resources-for-private-confession/">"Resources for Private Confession"</a>. All Saints Lutheran Church and School<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resources+for+Private+Confession&rft.pub=All+Saints+Lutheran+Church+and+School&rft.date=2022-12-09&rft.aulast=Leigeber&rft.aufirst=Joshua+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallsaintsjonesboro.org%2Fresources-for-private-confession%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRPC2024-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GRPC2024_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRPC2024_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRPC2024_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gracereformedpc.org/order-of-worship.html">"Order of Worship"</a>. Grace Reformed Presbyterian Church<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Order+of+Worship&rft.pub=Grace+Reformed+Presbyterian+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gracereformedpc.org%2Forder-of-worship.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presbyterianmission.org/ministries/worship/service-lords-day/service-lords-day-confession/">"Book of Order, W-3.3301d"</a>. Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+Order%2C+W-3.3301d&rft.pub=Presbyterian+Church+%28U.S.A.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presbyterianmission.org%2Fministries%2Fworship%2Fservice-lords-day%2Fservice-lords-day-confession%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090811164523/https://www.pcusa.org/oga/publications/2009-2011-boo.pdf">"pcusa.org"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcusa.org/oga/publications/2009-2011-boo.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-08-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=pcusa.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcusa.org%2Foga%2Fpublications%2F2009-2011-boo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KurianDay-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KurianDay_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurianDay2017" class="citation book cs1">Kurian, George Thomas; Day, Sarah Claudine (2017). <i>The Essential Handbook of Denominations and Ministries</i>. Baker Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1493406401" title="Special:BookSources/978-1493406401"><bdi>978-1493406401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Handbook+of+Denominations+and+Ministries&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1493406401&rft.aulast=Kurian&rft.aufirst=George+Thomas&rft.au=Day%2C+Sarah+Claudine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kraybill2003-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kraybill2003_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraybill2003" class="citation book cs1">Kraybill, Donald B. (1 May 2003). <i>The Riddle of Amish Culture</i>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7631-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7631-8"><bdi>978-0-8018-7631-8</bdi></a>. <q>Kneeling for the rites of baptism, prayer, ordination, footwashing, and confession portrays the humble stance of Gelassenheit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Riddle+of+Amish+Culture&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2003-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-7631-8&rft.aulast=Kraybill&rft.aufirst=Donald+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Proviso to Canon 113 of the Code of 1603, retained in the Supplement to the present Code</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Becker, Michael <i>Confession: None must, All may, Some should</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blunt1891-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt1891_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlunt1891" class="citation book cs1">Blunt, John Henry (1891). <i>Dictionary of Doctrinal and Historical Theology</i>. Longmans, Green & Co. p. 670.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Doctrinal+and+Historical+Theology&rft.pages=670&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co.&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Blunt&rft.aufirst=John+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPruitt2013" class="citation web cs1">Pruitt, Kenneth (22 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140428000914/http://rethinkbishop.com/tag/the-united-methodist-church/">"Where The Line Is Drawn: Ordination and Sexual Orientation in the UMC"</a>. Rethink Bishop. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rethinkbishop.com/tag/the-united-methodist-church/">the original</a> on 28 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2014</span>. <q>Sacraments for the UMC include both Baptism and Eucharist. The Roman Catholic and Orthodox traditions count five more, which many Protestants, including the UMC, acknowledge as sacramental: Confession/Absolution, Holy Matrimony, Confirmation/Chrismation, Holy Orders/Ordination, and Anointing/Unction.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+The+Line+Is+Drawn%3A+Ordination+and+Sexual+Orientation+in+the+UMC&rft.pub=Rethink+Bishop&rft.date=2013-11-22&rft.aulast=Pruitt&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frethinkbishop.com%2Ftag%2Fthe-united-methodist-church%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Underwood1992-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Underwood1992_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnderwood1992" class="citation book cs1">Underwood, Ralph L. (1992). <i>Pastoral Care and the Means of Grace</i>. Fortress Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451416466" title="Special:BookSources/9781451416466"><bdi>9781451416466</bdi></a>. <q>The reason is simply that Wesley assumed the validity of Anglican practice in his day as reflected in the 1662 <i>Book of Common Prayer</i>. His later comments on the priestly office substantiate this. Just as preaching in the Methodist movement was not a substitute for Holy Communion, so for Wesley class meetings did not take the place of personal confession and absolution.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pastoral+Care+and+the+Means+of+Grace&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9781451416466&rft.aulast=Underwood&rft.aufirst=Ralph+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wesley1882-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wesley1882_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1882" class="citation book cs1">Morris, F.O. (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8MHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA10"><i>The Ghost of Wesley [extracts from his writings]</i></a>. p. 10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ghost+of+Wesley+%5Bextracts+from+his+writings%5D&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=F.O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ8MHAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orderofsaintpatrick.org/church/methodist-church.htm">"Methodist Christianity"</a>. The Order of Saint Patrick. 21 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2019</span>. <q>The society groups could be divided into smaller groups called "classes" that would provide for even more intimate spiritual support and nurture. These classes were composed of about a dozen people who met once a week for spiritual conversation and guidance. Members spoke about their temptations, confessed their faults, shared their concerns, testified to the working of God in their lives and exhorted & prayed for each other. Every Methodist was expected to attend class meetings.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Methodist+Christianity&rft.pub=The+Order+of+Saint+Patrick&rft.date=2017-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forderofsaintpatrick.org%2Fchurch%2Fmethodist-church.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangford1992" class="citation book cs1">Langford, Andy (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/churchofperfects0000unse"><i>The United Methodist Book of Worship</i></a></span>. Abingdon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0687035724" title="Special:BookSources/978-0687035724"><bdi>978-0687035724</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+Methodist+Book+of+Worship&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0687035724&rft.aulast=Langford&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchurchofperfects0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwass2005-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schwass2005_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwass2005" class="citation book cs1">Schwass, Margot (2005). <i>Last Words: Approaches to Death in New Zealand's Cultures and Faiths</i>. Bridget Williams Books. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1877242342" title="Special:BookSources/978-1877242342"><bdi>978-1877242342</bdi></a>. <q>Occasionally, they may ask the minister to anoint them, hear their confession or absolve them of sin. (In fact, confession and absolution do not have to be done by an ordained minister: one of the cornerstones of Methodism is 'every member is a minister'.) Wherever necessary, the minister encourages the dying person to seek reconciliation with and forgiveness from family members or friends.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+Words%3A+Approaches+to+Death+in+New+Zealand%27s+Cultures+and+Faiths&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Bridget+Williams+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1877242342&rft.aulast=Schwass&rft.aufirst=Margot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belton2010-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Belton2010_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF._Belton_Joyner_Jr.2010" class="citation book cs1">F. Belton Joyner Jr. (2010). <i>The Unofficial United Methodist Handbook</i>. Abingdon Press. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1426724961" title="Special:BookSources/978-1426724961"><bdi>978-1426724961</bdi></a>. <q>Confession is an "office of the keys" (see Matthew 16:19) belong to all baptized persons, that is, anyone may confess and any believer may pronounce the word of forgiveness. A declaration of forgiveness is permanent and binding because it comes from Jesus Christ himself.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unofficial+United+Methodist+Handbook&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1426724961&rft.au=F.+Belton+Joyner+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Interpreter-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Interpreter_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Interpreter_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickman2014" class="citation web cs1">Hickman, Hoyt (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140428010514/http://www.interpretermagazine.org/interior_print.asp?ptid=43&mid=11021&pagemode=print">"Prayers of Confession"</a>. <i>Interpreter Mazine</i>. The United Methodist Church. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interpretermagazine.org/interior_print.asp?ptid=43&mid=11021&pagemode=print">the original</a> on 28 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Interpreter+Mazine&rft.atitle=Prayers+of+Confession&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Hickman&rft.aufirst=Hoyt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interpretermagazine.org%2Finterior_print.asp%3Fptid%3D43%26mid%3D11021%26pagemode%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>This Holy Mystery: A United Methodist Understanding of Holy Communion</i>. 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Richard Clarke</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/new-era/1980/11/confession?lang=eng">"Confession"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/New_Era_(magazine)" title="New Era (magazine)">New Era</a></i>, November 1980.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lds.org-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lds.org_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/preach-my-gospel-a-guide-to-missionary-service/how-do-i-prepare-people-for-baptism-and-confirmation?lang=eng">"12: How Do I Prepare People for Baptism and Confirmation?"</a>. <i>ChurchofJesusChrist.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ChurchofJesusChrist.org&rft.atitle=12%3A+How+Do+I+Prepare+People+for+Baptism+and+Confirmation%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Fpreach-my-gospel-a-guide-to-missionary-service%2Fhow-do-i-prepare-people-for-baptism-and-confirmation%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-romney-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-romney_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-romney_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Marion_G._Romney" title="Marion G. 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Scott Grow</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/new-era/2013/10/why-and-what-do-i-need-to-confess-to-my-bishop?lang=eng">"Why and What Do I Need to Confess to My Bishop?"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/New_Era_(magazine)" title="New Era (magazine)">New Era</a></i>, October 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/manual/let-virtue-garnish-thy-thoughts/finding-strength-to-abandon-sin?lang=eng&_r=1">"Finding Strength to Abandon Sin,"</a> in "Let Virtue Garnish Thy Thoughts" (Salt Lake City, Utah: LDS Church, 2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/D._Todd_Christofferson" title="D. Todd Christofferson">D. Todd Christofferson</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/liahona/2011/11/the-divine-gift-of-repentance?lang=eng">"The Divine Gift of Repentance"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Liahona_(magazine)" title="Liahona (magazine)">Liahona</a></i>, November 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.learnreligions.com/john-wycliffe-biography-699998">"John Wycliffe Was an English Bible Translator and Early Reformer"</a>. <i>Learn Religions</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of California Press. pp. 54–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01898-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01898-3"><bdi>978-0-520-01898-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Law+of+India&rft.pages=54-56&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-520-01898-3&rft.aulast=Lingat&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSauo8iSIj7YC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKāne1953" class="citation book cs1">Kāne, Pāndurang Vāman (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfDharmasastraancientAndMediaevalReligiousAndCivilLawV.4/page/n78/mode/1up"><i>History of Dharmasastra (Ancient and Mediaeval Religious and Civil Law), Volume 4</i></a> (1st ed.). Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Dharmasastra+%28Ancient+and+Mediaeval+Religious+and+Civil+Law%29%2C+Volume+4&rft.pages=41&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Bhandarkar+Oriental+Research+Institute&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=K%C4%81ne&rft.aufirst=P%C4%81ndurang+V%C4%81man&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHistoryOfDharmasastraancientAndMediaevalReligiousAndCivilLawV.4%2Fpage%2Fn78%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocher2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ludo_Rocher" title="Ludo Rocher">Rocher, Ludo</a> (2008). <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Flood, Gavin</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SKBxa-MNqA8C&pg=PA283"><i>The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-99868-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-99868-7"><bdi>978-0-470-99868-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Hinduism&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-99868-7&rft.aulast=Rocher&rft.aufirst=Ludo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSKBxa-MNqA8C%26pg%3DPA283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112202011/http://qa.sunnipath.com/issue_view.asp?HD=12&ID=4928&CATE=10">"qa.sunnipath.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qa.sunnipath.com/issue_view.asp?HD=12&ID=4928&CATE=10">the original</a> on 2012-01-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=qa.sunnipath.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqa.sunnipath.com%2Fissue_view.asp%3FHD%3D12%26ID%3D4928%26CATE%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sahih_Muslim,_Book_37,_Tradition_6658-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sahih_Muslim,_Book_37,_Tradition_6658_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160404200132/http://hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/165-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2037.%20Repentance%20And%20Exhortation%20Of%20Repentance/14849-sahih-muslim-book-037-hadith-number-6658.html">"hadithcollection.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/165-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2037.%20Repentance%20And%20Exhortation%20Of%20Repentance/14849-sahih-muslim-book-037-hadith-number-6658.html">the original</a> on 2016-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=hadithcollection.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhadithcollection.com%2Fsahihmuslim%2F165-Sahih%2520Muslim%2520Book%252037.%2520Repentance%2520And%2520Exhortation%2520Of%2520Repentance%2F14849-sahih-muslim-book-037-hadith-number-6658.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In early A.A., sharing and confession was an integral part of recovery for alcoholics. Both Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob truly believed that the Fifth Step was absolutely necessary if an alcoholic was to be cured. Even Anne Smith, commonly referred to as the 'Mother of A.A.,' believed that confession, or sharing of wrongs, was vital." Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aa-history.com/12stephistory2.html">aa-history.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141011001822/http://aa-history.com/12stephistory2.html">Archived</a> 2014-10-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aa-history.com-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aa-history.com_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aa-history.com_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141011001822/http://aa-history.com/12stephistory2.html">"Alcoholics Anonymous History – A.A. History Articles, Resources, and Information"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aa-history.com/12stephistory2.html">the original</a> on 2014-10-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alcoholics+Anonymous+History+%E2%80%93+A.A.+History+Articles%2C+Resources%2C+and+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faa-history.com%2F12stephistory2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/ariyesako/layguide.html">"The Bhikkhus' Rules: A Guide for Laypeople"</a>. <i>www.accesstoinsight.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.accesstoinsight.org&rft.atitle=The+Bhikkhus%27+Rules%3A+A+Guide+for+Laypeople&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Flib%2Fauthors%2Fariyesako%2Flayguide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.san.beck.org/EC9-Buddha.html">"Ethics of Buddha and Buddhism by Sanderson Beck"</a>. <i>www.san.beck.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.san.beck.org&rft.atitle=Ethics+of+Buddha+and+Buddhism+by+Sanderson+Beck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.san.beck.org%2FEC9-Buddha.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confession_(religion)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_H._Ludlow1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Ludlow" title="Daniel H. Ludlow">Daniel H. Ludlow</a>, ed. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/EoM/id/4391/show/3805">"Interviews"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mormonism" title="Encyclopedia of Mormonism"><i>Encyclopedia of Mormonism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Publishing Company">Macmillan Publishing Company</a>. pp. 697–98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Interviews&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft.pages=697-98&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1992&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontentdm.lib.byu.edu%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2FEoM%2Fid%2F4391%2Fshow%2F3805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanna1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Joseph_Hanna" title="Edward Joseph Hanna">Hanna, Edward Joseph</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Penance"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Penance">"Penance" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Penance&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Hanna&rft.aufirst=Edward+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_L._Kimball1996–97" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated"><a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Kimball" title="Edward L. Kimball">Edward L. Kimball</a> (1996–97). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://byustudies.byu.edu/content/confession-lds-doctrine-and-practice">"Confession in LDS Doctrine and Practice"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BYU_Studies" title="BYU Studies">BYU Studies</a></i>. <b>36</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BYU+Studies&rft.atitle=Confession+in+LDS+Doctrine+and+Practice&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1996%2F1997&rft.au=Edward+L.+Kimball&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbyustudies.byu.edu%2Fcontent%2Fconfession-lds-doctrine-and-practice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Kimball" title="Edward L. Kimball">Edward L. Kimball</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/mormonhistory/vol24/iss1/1/">"The History of LDS Temple Admission Standards"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Mormon_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Mormon History">Journal of Mormon History</a></i> <b>24</b> (1): 135–176.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Francis_Moran1883" class="citation book cs1">Patrick Francis Moran, ed. (1883). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Catholic Prayer Book and Manual of Meditations/Confession—How to Make a Good Confession"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Catholic_Prayer_Book_and_Manual_of_Meditations/Confession%E2%80%94How_to_Make_a_Good_Confession">"Confession—How to Make a Good Confession" </a></span>. <i>The Catholic Prayer Book and Manual of Meditations</i>. Browne and Nolan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Confession%E2%80%94How+to+Make+a+Good+Confession&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Prayer+Book+and+Manual+of+Meditations&rft.pub=Browne+and+Nolan&rft.date=1883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfession+%28religion%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>The Sacrament of Forgiveness</i>, by Gilbert Prower Symons, in series, <i>The Advent Papers</i>, Cincinnati, Ohio: Forward Movement Publications, [196-]. <i>N.B</i>.: Expresses an "Anglo-Catholic" viewpoint of Anglicanism.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confession_(religion)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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href="http://www.catholicliturgy.com/index.cfm/FuseAction/documentText/Index/2/SubIndex/40/ContentIndex/450/Start/446">Catholic celebration of the Sacrament of Penance (Rite of Penance)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170528201744/http://www.catholicliturgy.com/index.cfm/FuseAction/documentText/Index/2/SubIndex/40/ContentIndex/450/Start/446">Archived</a> 2017-05-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Sacraments/Reconciliation.asp">Confession – Catholic Sacrament of Reconciliation – Penance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060829204455/http://anglicanhistory.org/confession.html">Anglicanism and Confession</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080802011301/http://www.lcms.org/pages/internal.asp?NavID=522">Lutheran view on Confession</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://copticchurch.net/topics/thecopticchurch/sacraments/3_repentance_confesstion.html">Sacraments of Repentance and Confession</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070507014126/http://en.liturgy.ru/photo/f20.htm">Confession in the Russian Orthodox Church</a> (photo)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/praxis/pr_confession.aspx">Confession</a> Eastern Orthodox Church</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchfathers.org/confession">The Church Fathers on Confession</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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