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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Historicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_and_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Structure and content</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure_and_content-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure and content subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a 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class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Theology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gospel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gospel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Gospel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gospel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_failure_of_the_disciples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_failure_of_the_disciples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The failure of the disciples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_failure_of_the_disciples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_charge_of_magic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_charge_of_magic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>The charge of magic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_charge_of_magic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Messianic_Secret" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Messianic_Secret"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Messianic Secret</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Messianic_Secret-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Christology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christ's_death,_resurrection_and_return" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christ's_death,_resurrection_and_return"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Christ's death, resurrection and return</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christ's_death,_resurrection_and_return-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_other_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_other_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Comparison with other writings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_with_other_writings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparison with other writings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_other_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mark_and_the_New_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mark_and_the_New_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mark and the New Testament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mark_and_the_New_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content_unique_to_Mark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content_unique_to_Mark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Content unique to Mark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content_unique_to_Mark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gospel of Mark</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 110 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">110 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelie_volgens_Markus" title="Evangelie volgens Markus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Evangelie volgens Markus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godspell_Marces" title="Godspell Marces – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Godspell Marces" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B3" title="إنجيل مرقس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنجيل مرقس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9F%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%99%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%A1%DC%AA%DC%A9%DC%98%DC%A3" title="ܟܪܘܙܘܬܐ ܕܡܪܩܘܣ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܟܪܘܙܘܬܐ ܕܡܪܩܘܣ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="مرقس اینجیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مرقس اینجیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="মার্কের সুসমাচার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্কের সুসমাচার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1-kh%C3%B3_Hok-im" title="Má-khó Hok-im – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Má-khó Hok-im" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Паводле Марка Святое Дабравесце – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паводле Марка Святое Дабравесце" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Эвангельле паводле Марка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эвангельле паводле Марка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Евангелие от Марк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Евангелие от Марк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelium_noch_Markus" title="Evangelium noch Markus – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Evangelium noch Markus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BC%84%E0%BC%85%E0%BC%8D%E0%BC%8D_%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%95%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%9E%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D%E0%BC%8D" title="༄༅།། མར་ཀུས་བྲིས་པའི་འཕྲིན་བཟང་བཞུགས་སོ།། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="༄༅།། མར་ཀུས་བྲིས་པའི་འཕྲིན་བཟང་བཞུགས་སོ།།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan%C4%91elje_po_Marku" title="Evanđelje po Marku – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Evanđelje po Marku" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviel_Mark" title="Aviel Mark – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aviel Mark" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangeli_segons_Marc" title="Evangeli segons Marc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Evangeli segons Marc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebanghelyo_ni_Marcos" title="Ebanghelyo ni Marcos – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ebanghelyo ni Marcos" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelium_podle_Marka" title="Evangelium podle Marka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Evangelium podle Marka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vhangeri_ra_Mako" title="Vhangeri ra Mako – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Vhangeri ra Mako" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Efengyl_yn_%C3%B4l_Marc" title="Yr Efengyl yn ôl Marc – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Efengyl yn ôl Marc" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markusevangeliet" title="Markusevangeliet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Markusevangeliet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelium_nach_Markus" title="Evangelium nach Markus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Evangelium nach Markus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangeliom_sw%C4%9Btego_Marka" title="Evangeliom swětego Marka – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Evangeliom swětego Marka" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markuse_evangeelium" title="Markuse evangeelium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Markuse evangeelium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC_%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%95%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Κατά Μάρκον Ευαγγέλιον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κατά Μάρκον Ευαγγέλιον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelio_de_Marcos" title="Evangelio de Marcos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Evangelio de Marcos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelio_la%C5%AD_Marko" title="Evangelio laŭ Marko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Evangelio laŭ Marko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markoren_ebanjelioa" title="Markoren ebanjelioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Markoren ebanjelioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B3" title="انجیل مرقس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انجیل مرقس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelii%C3%B0_eftir_Markus" title="Evangeliið eftir Markus – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Evangeliið eftir Markus" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89vangile_selon_Marc" title="Évangile selon Marc – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Évangile selon Marc" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangeelje_fan_Markus" title="Evangeelje fan Markus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Evangeelje fan Markus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanzeli_seont_Marc" title="Vanzeli seont Marc – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Vanzeli seont Marc" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soisc%C3%A9al_Mharcais" title="Soiscéal Mharcais – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Soiscéal Mharcais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanxeo_de_Marcos" title="Evanxeo de Marcos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Evanxeo de Marcos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariko" title="Mariko – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Mariko" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="मार्कू पर्माणें जेजू क्रिसताचें शुभवर्तमान – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="मार्कू पर्माणें जेजू क्रिसताचें शुभवर्तमान" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2-kh%C3%B3-fuk-y%C3%AEm" title="Mâ-khó-fuk-yîm – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mâ-khó-fuk-yîm" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%EC%BD%94%EC%9D%98_%EB%B3%B5%EC%9D%8C%EC%84%9C" title="마르코의 복음서 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마르코의 복음서" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A8%D5%BD%D5%BF_%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AB" title="Ավետարան ըստ Մարկոսի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ավետարան ըստ Մարկոսի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewangelij_po_Marku" title="Ewangelij po Marku – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Ewangelij po Marku" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan%C4%91elje_po_Marku" title="Evanđelje po Marku – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Evanđelje po Marku" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injil_Markus" title="Injil Markus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Injil Markus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelio_secundo_Marco" title="Evangelio secundo Marco – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Evangelio secundo Marco" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marku" title="Marku – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Marku" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vangelo_secondo_Marco" title="Vangelo secondo Marco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vangelo secondo Marco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%A2%D7%9C-%D7%A4%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1" title="הבשורה על-פי מרקוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הבשורה על-פי מרקוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injil_Markus" title="Injil Markus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Injil Markus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მარკოზის სახარება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარკოზის სახარება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igitabo_cya_Mariko" title="Igitabo cya Mariko – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Igitabo cya Mariko" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injili_ya_Marko" title="Injili ya Marko – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Injili ya Marko" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mak" title="Mak – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mak" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelium_secundum_Marcum" title="Evangelium secundum Marcum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Evangelium secundum Marcum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marka_eva%C5%86%C4%A3%C4%93lijs" title="Marka evaņģēlijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Marka evaņģēlijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelija_pagal_Mork%C5%B3" title="Evangelija pagal Morkų – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Evangelija pagal Morkų" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Evangel_del_March" title="L'Evangel del March – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="L'Evangel del March" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rk_evang%C3%A9liuma" title="Márk evangéliuma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Márk evangéliuma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Евангелие според Марко – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Евангелие според Марко" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filazantsara_araka_an%27_i_Marka" title="Filazantsara araka an' i Marka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Filazantsara araka an' i Marka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%82" title="മർക്കോസ്‌ എഴുതിയ സുവിശേഷം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മർക്കോസ്‌ എഴുതിയ സുവിശേഷം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B3" title="انجيل مرقس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انجيل مرقس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injil_Markus" title="Injil Markus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Injil Markus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81-k%C5%8D%CC%A4_H%C3%B3k_%C4%ACng" title="Mā-kō̤ Hók Ĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mā-kō̤ Hók Ĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_(%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8)" title="Марк (Ариун Библи) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Марк (Ариун Библи)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%AF%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ရှင်မာကုခရစ်ဝင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရှင်မာကုခရစ်ဝင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai_Tukutuku-vinaka_sa_vola_ko_Marika" title="Ai Tukutuku-vinaka sa vola ko Marika – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Ai Tukutuku-vinaka sa vola ko Marika" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelie_volgens_Marcus" title="Evangelie volgens Marcus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Evangelie volgens Marcus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3%E6%9B%B8" title="マルコによる福音書 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルコによる福音書" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangeliet_etter_Markus" title="Evangeliet etter Markus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Evangeliet etter Markus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangeliet_etter_Markus" title="Evangeliet etter Markus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Evangeliet etter Markus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evang%C3%A8li_segon_Marc" title="Evangèli segon Marc – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Evangèli segon Marc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B3_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%84" title="مرقس دی انجیل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مرقس دی انجیل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89vangile_eslon_Marc" title="Évangile eslon Marc – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Évangile eslon Marc" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markusevangelium" title="Markusevangelium – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Markusevangelium" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewangelia_Marka" title="Ewangelia Marka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ewangelia Marka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelho_segundo_Marcos" title="Evangelho segundo Marcos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Evangelho segundo Marcos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanghelia_dup%C4%83_Marcu" title="Evanghelia după Marcu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Evanghelia după Marcu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markuspa_qillqasqan" title="Markuspa qillqasqan – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Markuspa qillqasqan" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Евангелие от Марка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Евангелие от Марка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_le_Evagelia_a_Mareko" title="O le Evagelia a Mareko – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="O le Evagelia a Mareko" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B3_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%84" title="مرقس دی انجیل – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="مرقس دی انجیل" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_o_Mark" title="Gospel o Mark – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gospel o Mark" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungjilli_i_Markut" title="Ungjilli i Markut – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ungjilli i Markut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancelu_di_Marcu" title="Vancelu di Marcu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vancelu di Marcu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BA" title="මාක්ගේ සුවිශේෂය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මාක්ගේ සුවිශේෂය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gospel of Mark" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanjelium_pod%C4%BEa_Marka" title="Evanjelium podľa Marka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Evanjelium podľa Marka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelij_po_Marku" title="Evangelij po Marku – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Evangelij po Marku" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%86%D8%B3" title="ئینجیلی مەرقۆس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئینجیلی مەرقۆس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%92%D0%B5%D1%99%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Јеванђеље по Марку – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јеванђеље по Марку" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan%C4%91elje_po_Marku" title="Evanđelje po Marku – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Evanđelje po Marku" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evankeliumi_Markuksen_mukaan" title="Evankeliumi Markuksen mukaan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Evankeliumi Markuksen mukaan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markusevangeliet" title="Markusevangeliet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Markusevangeliet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebanghelyo_ni_Marcos" title="Ebanghelyo ni Marcos – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ebanghelyo ni Marcos" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="மாற்கு நற்செய்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாற்கு நற்செய்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81" title="พระวรสารนักบุญมาระโก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระวรสารนักบุญมาระโก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markos_%C4%B0ncili" title="Markos İncili – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Markos İncili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%94_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Євангеліє від Марка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Євангеліє від Марка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B3_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%84" title="مرقس کی انجیل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مرقس کی انجیل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_bayan_qilghan_xush_xewer" title="Markus bayan qilghan xush xewer – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Markus bayan qilghan xush xewer" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanze%C5%82o_segondo_San_Marco" title="Vanzeło segondo San Marco – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Vanzeło segondo San Marco" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%BAc_%C3%82m_M%C3%A1cc%C3%B4" title="Phúc Âm Máccô – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phúc Âm Máccô" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evandj%C3%AEle_sint_M%C3%A5r" title="Evandjîle sint Mår – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Evandjîle sint Mår" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebanghelyo_ni_Marcos" title="Ebanghelyo ni Marcos – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ebanghelyo ni Marcos" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%8F%AF%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3" title="马可福音 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马可福音" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ch%C3%ACnrere_M%C3%A1rk%C3%B9" title="Ìhìnrere Márkù – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìhìnrere Márkù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%8F%AF%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3" title="馬可福音 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬可福音" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus" title="Marcus – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Marcus" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%8F%AF%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3" title="馬可福音 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="馬可福音" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku_Markus" title="Buku Markus – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Buku Markus" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injil_Mark" title="Injil Mark – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Injil Mark" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q107388#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="View the content 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mark_16_first_lines%2C_Codex_Sinaiticus.png/250px-Mark_16_first_lines%2C_Codex_Sinaiticus.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mark_16_first_lines%2C_Codex_Sinaiticus.png/330px-Mark_16_first_lines%2C_Codex_Sinaiticus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mark_16_first_lines%2C_Codex_Sinaiticus.png/440px-Mark_16_first_lines%2C_Codex_Sinaiticus.png 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>The end of <a href="/wiki/Mark_15" title="Mark 15">Mark 15</a> (excluding verse 47), along with <a href="/wiki/Mark_16:1" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark 16:1">Mark 16:1</a> in <a href="/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus" title="Codex Sinaiticus">Codex Sinaiticus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 350</span>)</figcaption></figure> <style 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament" title="Category:New Testament">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;">Books of the<br /><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P46.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/120px-P46.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/250px-P46.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="819" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Papyrus 46, one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_papyri" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a>, showing 2 Cor 11:33–12:9</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles_(genre)" title="Acts of the Apostles (genre)">Acts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Four Evangelists</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Luke–Acts">Lukan Acts</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic epistles</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Apocalypse</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorship of the New Testament">Authorship</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Authorship of Luke–Acts">Luke-Acts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Johannine works</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrine_epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrine epistles">Petrine epistles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div 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title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Gospel of Mark</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the second of the four <a href="/wiki/Canonical_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical Gospels">canonical Gospels</a> and one of the three <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">synoptic</a> Gospels. It tells of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">ministry of Jesus</a> from <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">his baptism</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> to his death, the burial of his body, and the discovery of his <a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">empty tomb</a>. It portrays <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> as a teacher, an <a href="/wiki/Exorcist" title="Exorcist">exorcist</a>, a healer, and a <a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">miracle worker</a>, though it does not mention a <a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">miraculous birth</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">divine pre-existence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoring200644_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoring200644-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jesus refers to himself as the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Son of Man">Son of Man</a>. He is called the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">Son of God</a> but keeps <a href="/wiki/Messianic_Secret" title="Messianic Secret">his messianic nature secret</a>; even his <a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">disciples</a> fail to understand him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott2014404–406_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott2014404–406-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All this is in keeping with the Christian interpretation of prophecy, which is believed to foretell the fate of the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">messiah</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Suffering_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffering servant">suffering servant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoring2006252–53_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoring2006252–53-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most scholars date Mark to closely after AD 70.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins2007137_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins2007137-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They reject the traditional ascription to <a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark the Evangelist</a>, the companion of the <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Peter">Apostle Peter</a>, which probably arose from the desire of early Christians to link the work to an authoritative figure, and believe it to be the work of an author working with various sources including collections of miracle stories, controversy stories, parables, and a passion narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002156_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002156-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was traditionally placed second, and sometimes fourth, in the Christian canon, as an inferior abridgement of what was regarded as the most important gospel, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards20022_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards20022-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Church has consequently derived its view of Jesus primarily from Matthew, secondarily from <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a>, and only distantly from Mark.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards20021–3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards20021–3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only in the 19th century that Mark came to be seen as the earliest of the four gospels, and as a source used by both Matthew and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards20021–3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards20021–3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hypothesis of <a href="/wiki/Marcan_priority" title="Marcan priority">Marcan priority</a> (that Mark was written first) continues to be held by the majority of scholars today, and there is a new recognition of the author as an artist and theologian using a range of literary devices to convey his conception of Jesus as the authoritative yet suffering Son of God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards20021–3_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards20021–3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Mark&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrea_Mantegna_087.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Andrea_Mantegna_087.jpg/147px-Andrea_Mantegna_087.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Andrea_Mantegna_087.jpg/221px-Andrea_Mantegna_087.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Andrea_Mantegna_087.jpg/294px-Andrea_Mantegna_087.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="1374" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Mantegna" title="Andrea Mantegna">Andrea Mantegna</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/St_Mark_(Mantegna)" class="mw-redirect" title="St Mark (Mantegna)">St. Mark</a></i>, 1448</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Synoptic_problem_two_source_colored.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Synoptic_problem_two_source_colored.png/205px-Synoptic_problem_two_source_colored.png" decoding="async" width="205" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Synoptic_problem_two_source_colored.png/308px-Synoptic_problem_two_source_colored.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Synoptic_problem_two_source_colored.png/411px-Synoptic_problem_two_source_colored.png 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Two-source_hypothesis" title="Two-source hypothesis">two-source hypothesis</a>: Most scholars agree that Mark was the first of the gospels to be composed and that the authors of Matthew and Luke used it plus a second document called the <a href="/wiki/Q_source" title="Q source">Q source</a> when composing their own gospels.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authorship_and_date"><span class="anchor" id="Authorship,_date_and_genre"></span><span class="anchor" id="Authorship_and_genre"></span><span class="anchor" id="Authorship"></span>Authorship and date</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Mark&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Authorship and date"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An early Christian tradition deriving from <a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a> (c.60–c.130 AD)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeith201692_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeith201692-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regards the Gospel as being based on the preaching of Saint Peter, as recorded by <a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">John Mark</a>, who is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> as a companion and interpreter of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199563–64_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199563–64-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002156_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002156-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts_Henderson20181431_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts_Henderson20181431-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most scholars argue that it was written anonymously,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199563–64_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199563–64-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts_Henderson20181431_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts_Henderson20181431-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-authorship_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-authorship-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the name of Mark was attached to it<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2025)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> to link it to an authoritative figure,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002156_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002156-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to <a href="/wiki/Adela_Yarbro_Collins" title="Adela Yarbro Collins">Adela Yarbro Collins</a>, already early on, and not in a later stage of the early Church history.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Helen_Bond" title="Helen Bond">Helen Bond</a> also argues that the name goes back to the earliest period of circulation and claims that the Gospel was written by somebody named Mark.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Theissen" title="Gerd Theissen">Gerd Theissen</a> also argues for homonimity.<sup id="cite_ref-n307_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n307-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is usually dated through the <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatological</a> discourse in Mark 13, which scholars interpret as pointing to the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a> (66–74 AD)—a war that led to the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">destruction of the Second Temple</a> in AD 70. This would place the composition of Mark either immediately after the destruction or during the years immediately prior.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETelford199912_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETelford199912-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeander2013167_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeander2013167-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most scholars place Mark during the buildup of the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">First Jewish-Roman War</a> (65-70 CE), while a plurality date it shortly afterwards (71-75 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dating around 70 AD is not dependent on the naturalistic argument that <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> could not have made an accurate prophecy; scholars like Michael Barber and Amy-Jill Levine argue the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> predicted the destruction of the Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether the Gospels were composed before or after 70 AD, according to Bas van Os, the lifetime of various eyewitnesses that includes Jesus's own family through the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_Century" class="mw-redirect" title="First Century">First Century</a> is very likely statistically.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Markus_Bockmuehl" title="Markus Bockmuehl">Markus Bockmuehl</a> finds this structure of lifetime memory in various early Christian traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author used a variety of pre-existing sources, such as the conflict stories which appear in Mark 2:1-3:6, <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">apocalyptic</a> discourse such as Mark 13:1–37, miracle stories, parables, a passion narrative, and collections of sayings, although not the hypothesized <a href="/wiki/Q_source" title="Q source">Q source</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002156_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002156-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoring200613–14_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoring200613–14-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Werner_Kelber" title="Werner Kelber">Werner Kelber</a> in his media contrast model argued that the transition from oral sources to the written Gospel of Mark represented a major break in transmission, going as far to claim that the latter tried to stifle the former, <a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">James DG Dunn</a> argues that such distinctions are greatly exaggerated and that Mark largely preserved the Jesus tradition back to his lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003203_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003203-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rafael Rodriguez too is critical of Kelber's divide.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Setting">Setting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Mark&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Setting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Gospel of Mark was written in Greek, for a <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">gentile</a> audience, and probably in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> (third-largest city in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, located in northern Syria), and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Syria" title="Southern Syria">southern Syria</a> have also been suggested.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins2007241_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins2007241-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002157_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002157-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theologian and former <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Rowan Williams</a> proposed that Libya was a possible setting, as it was the location of Cyrene and there is a long-held Arabic tradition of Mark's residence there.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The consensus among modern scholars is that the gospels are a subset of the ancient genre of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">bios</i></span>, or <a href="/wiki/Ancient_biography" title="Ancient biography">ancient biography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln2004133_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln2004133-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient biographies were concerned with providing examples for readers to emulate while preserving and promoting the subject's reputation and memory, and also included morals and rhetoric in their works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2005174_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2005174-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like all the synoptic gospels, the purpose of writing was to strengthen the faith of those who already believed, as opposed to serving as a tractate for missionary conversion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAune198759_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAune198759-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian churches were small communities of believers, often based on households (an autocratic patriarch plus extended family, slaves, freedmen, and other clients), and the evangelists often wrote on two levels: one the "historical" presentation of the story of Jesus, the other dealing with the concerns of the author's own day. Thus the proclamation of Jesus in Mark 1:14 and the following verses, for example, mixes the terms Jesus would have used as a 1st-century Jew ("kingdom of God") and those of the early church ("believe", "gospel").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAune198760_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAune198760-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Christianity began within <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, with a Christian "church" (or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐκκλησία</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">ekklesia</i></span>, meaning 'assembly') that arose shortly after Jesus's death when some of his followers claimed to have witnessed him risen from the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELössl201043_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELössl201043-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the outset, Christians depended heavily on <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Jewish literature</a>, supporting their convictions through the Jewish scriptures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGamble199523_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGamble199523-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those convictions involved a nucleus of key concepts: the messiah, the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">son of God</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_man" title="Son of man">son of man</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Suffering_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffering servant">suffering servant</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of the Lord">Day of the Lord</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of God">kingdom of God</a>. Uniting these ideas was the common thread of apocalyptic expectation: Both Jews and Christians believed that the end of history was at hand, that God would very soon come to punish their enemies and establish his own rule, and that they were at the centre of his plans. Christians read the Jewish scripture as a figure or type of Jesus Christ, so that the goal of Christian literature became an experience of the living Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins20006_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins20006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new movement spread around the eastern Mediterranean and to Rome and further west, and assumed a distinct identity, although the groups within it remained extremely diverse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELössl201043_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELössl201043-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Alexandrinus_list_of_kephalaia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Codex_Alexandrinus_list_of_kephalaia.JPG/250px-Codex_Alexandrinus_list_of_kephalaia.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Codex_Alexandrinus_list_of_kephalaia.JPG/500px-Codex_Alexandrinus_list_of_kephalaia.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3100" /></a><figcaption>List of kephalaia (chapters) in the Gospel of Mark, placed after the <a href="/wiki/Colophon_(publishing)" title="Colophon (publishing)">colophon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> and before the Gospel of Mark, in the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus" title="Codex Alexandrinus">Codex Alexandrinus</a> (AD 400–440)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synoptic_problem">Synoptic problem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Mark&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Synoptic problem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MarkEvangelist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/MarkEvangelist.jpg/205px-MarkEvangelist.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/MarkEvangelist.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Mark the Evangelist, 16th-century Russian icon</figcaption></figure> <p>The gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke bear a striking resemblance to each other, so much so that their contents can easily be set <a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony#A_parallel_harmony_presentation" title="Gospel harmony">side by side in parallel columns</a>. The fact that they share so much material verbatim and yet also exhibit important differences has led to several hypotheses explaining their interdependence, a phenomenon termed the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoptic problem">synoptic problem</a>. </p><p>Up until the 19th century, the gospel of Mark was traditionally placed second, and sometimes fourth, in the Christian canon, and was believed to be an abridgement of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a>. The Church has consequently derived its view of Jesus primarily from Matthew, secondarily from <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a>, and only distantly from Mark. However, in the 19th century, a theory was developed known as <a href="/wiki/Marcan_priority" title="Marcan priority">Marcan priority</a>, which held that Mark was the first of the four gospels written.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards20022_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards20022-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this view, Mark was a source used by both Matthew and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a>, who agree with each other in their sequence of stories and events only when they also agree with Mark.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoester200044–46_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoester200044–46-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hypothesis of Marcan priority is held by the majority of scholars today, and there is a new recognition of the author as an artist and theologian using a range of literary devices to convey his conception of Jesus as the authoritative yet suffering Son of God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards20021–3_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards20021–3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historicity">Historicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Mark&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Historicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of Marcan priority first gained widespread acceptance during the 19th century. From this position, it was generally assumed that Mark's provenance meant that it was the most reliable of the four gospels as a source for facts about the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">historical Jesus</a>. However, the conceit that Mark could be used to reconstruct the historical Jesus suffered two severe blows in the early 20th century. Firstly, in 1901 <a href="/wiki/William_Wrede" title="William Wrede">William Wrede</a> put forward an argument that the "<a href="/wiki/Messianic_Secret" title="Messianic Secret">Messianic Secret</a>" motif within Mark had actually been a creation of the early church instead of a reflection of the historical Jesus. In 1919, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_Schmidt" title="Karl Ludwig Schmidt">Karl Ludwig Schmidt</a> argued that the links between episodes in Mark were a literary invention of the author, meaning that the text could not be used as evidence in attempts to reconstruct the chronology of Jesus' mission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus2000859_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus2000859-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter half of the 20th century saw a consensus emerge among scholars that the author of Mark had primarily intended to announce a message rather than to report history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson198317_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson198317-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Mark is generally seen as the most reliable of the four gospels in its overall description of Jesus' life and ministry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell199837_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell199837-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael Patrick Barber has challenged the prevailing view, arguing that "Matthew's overall portrait presents us with a historically plausible picture..." of the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dale_Allison" title="Dale Allison">Dale Allison</a> had already argued that the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> is more accurate than Mark in several regards, but was finally convinced by Barber's work to no longer regard the "uniquely Matthean" materials as ahistorical, declaring that the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> "is not buried beneath Matthew but stares at us from its surface".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matthew Thiessen wholeheartedly agrees as well, finding no fault in Barber's work.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_content">Structure and content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Mark&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Structure and content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="floatright" style="border:1px solid #ddd; margin:0 0 1em 1em; padding:0 0 1em 1em; vertical-align:right; font-size:80%; background-color: #f8f9fa;"> <p><big><big>Detailed content of Mark</big></big> </p><p><big>1. <i>Galilean ministry</i></big> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> (1:1–8) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism of Jesus</a> (1:9–11) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Temptation of Jesus">Temptation of Jesus</a> (1:12–13) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Return_of_Jesus_to_Galilee" title="Return of Jesus to Galilee">Return to Galilee</a> (1:14) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Good_news_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Good news (Christianity)">Good News</a> (1:15) </p><p><a href="/wiki/First_disciples_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First disciples of Jesus">First disciples</a> (1:16–20) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_the_synagogue_of_Capernaum" title="Jesus in the synagogue of Capernaum">Capernaum's synagogue</a> (1:21–28) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_mother_of_Peter%27s_wife" title="Healing the mother of Peter's wife">Peter's mother-in-law</a> (1:29–31) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jesus_exorcising_at_sunset" title="Jesus exorcising at sunset">Exorcising at sunset</a> (1:32–34) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jesus_cleansing_a_leper" title="Jesus cleansing a leper">A leper</a> (1:35–45) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_paralytic_at_Capernaum" title="Healing the paralytic at Capernaum">A paralytic</a> (2:1–2:12) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Calling_of_Matthew" title="Calling of Matthew">Calling of Matthew</a> (2:13–17) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mark_2#Fasting_and_new_wineskins" title="Mark 2">Fasting and wineskins</a> (2:18–22) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Sabbath" title="Lord of the Sabbath">Lord of the Sabbath</a> (2:23–28) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_man_with_a_withered_hand" title="Healing the man with a withered hand">Man with withered hand</a> (3:1–6) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mark_3#Healings" title="Mark 3">Withdrawing to the sea</a> (3:7–3:12) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_the_twelve_apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioning the twelve apostles">Commissioning the Twelve</a> (3:13–19) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Exorcising_the_blind_and_mute_man" title="Exorcising the blind and mute man">Blind mute</a> (3:20–26) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_strong_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Parable of the strong man">Strong man</a> (3:27) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eternal_sin" title="Eternal sin">Eternal sin</a> (3:28–30) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jesus%27_true_relatives" title="Jesus' true relatives">Jesus' true relatives</a> (3:31–35) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Sower" title="Parable of the Sower">Parable of the Sower</a> (4:1–9,13-20) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus#Purpose_and_motive" title="Parables of Jesus">Purpose of parables</a> (4:10–12,33-34) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lamp_under_a_bushel" title="Lamp under a bushel">Lamp under a bushel</a> (4:21–23) </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Mote_and_the_Beam" title="The Mote and the Beam">Mote and Beam</a> (4:24–25) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Growing_Seed" title="Parable of the Growing Seed">Growing seed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Mustard_Seed" title="Parable of the Mustard Seed">Mustard seed</a> (4:26–32) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Calming_the_storm" title="Calming the storm">Calming the storm</a> (4:35–41) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_of_the_Gerasene_demoniac" title="Exorcism of the Gerasene demoniac">Demon named Legion</a> (5:1–20) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Daughter_of_Jairus" class="mw-redirect" title="Daughter of Jairus">Daughter of Jairus</a> (5:21–43) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_Jesus#Hometown_rejection" title="Rejection of Jesus">Hometown rejection</a> (6:1–6) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mark_6#Mission_of_the_Twelve_and_the_death_of_John_the_Baptist" title="Mark 6">Instructions for the Twelve</a> (6:7–13) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Beheading_of_St._John_the_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Beheading of St. John the Baptist">Beheading of John</a> (6:14–29) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">Feeding the 5000</a> (6:30–44) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jesus_walks_on_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus walks on water">Walking on water</a> (6:45–52) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jesus_healing_in_the_land_of_Gennesaret" title="Jesus healing in the land of Gennesaret">Fringe of his cloak heals</a> (6:53–56) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Defilement" title="Discourse on Defilement">Discourse on Defilement</a> (7:1–23) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Exorcising_the_Canaanite_woman%27s_daughter" class="mw-redirect" title="Exorcising the Canaanite woman's daughter">Canaanite woman's daughter</a> (7:24–30) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_deaf_mute_of_Decapolis" title="Healing the deaf mute of Decapolis">Deaf mute</a> (7:31–37) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">Feeding the 4000</a> (8:1–9) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mark_8" title="Mark 8">No sign will be given</a> (8:10–21) </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Man_of_Bethsaida" class="mw-redirect" title="The Blind Man of Bethsaida">Healing with spit</a> (8:22–26) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_confession" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter's confession">Peter's confession</a> (8:27–30) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jesus_predicts_his_death" title="Jesus predicts his death">Jesus predicts his death</a> (8:31–33, 9:30–32, 10:32–34) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mark_8#Instructions_for_followers" title="Mark 8">Instructions for followers</a> (8:34–9:1) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a> (9:2–13) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Exorcising_a_boy_possessed_by_a_demon" title="Exorcising a boy possessed by a demon">Possessed boy</a> (9:14–29) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mark_9#Teaching_in_Capernaum" title="Mark 9">Teaching in Capernaum</a> (9:33–50) </p><p><big>2. <i>Journey to Jerusalem</i></big> </p><p>Entering <a href="/wiki/Iudaea_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Iudaea Province">Judea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transjordan (Bible)">Transjordan</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2010:1&version=nrsv">10:1</a>) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mark_10#Divorce" title="Mark 10">On divorce</a> (10:2–12) </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Little Children">Little children</a> (10:13–16) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jesus_and_the_rich_young_man" title="Jesus and the rich young man">Rich young man</a> (10:17–31) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Son_of_man_came_to_serve" class="mw-redirect" title="Son of man came to serve">Son of man came to serve</a> (10:35–45) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bartimaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartimaeus">Blind Bartimaeus</a> (10:46–52) </p><p><big>3. <i>Events in Jerusalem</i></big> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_entry_into_Jerusalem" title="Triumphal entry into Jerusalem">Entering Jerusalem</a> (11:1–11) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cursing_the_fig_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Cursing the fig tree">Cursing the fig tree</a> (11:12–14,20-24) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jesus_and_the_Money_Changers" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus and the Money Changers">Temple incident</a> (11:15–19) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mark_11#The_fig_tree_and_the_money_changers" title="Mark 11">Prayer for forgiveness</a> (11:25–26) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Authority_of_Jesus_questioned" class="mw-redirect" title="Authority of Jesus questioned">Authority questioned</a> (11:27–33) </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Wicked_Husbandman" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wicked Husbandman">Wicked husbandman</a> (12:1–12) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Render_unto_Caesar..." class="mw-redirect" title="Render unto Caesar...">Render unto Caesar...</a> (12:13–17) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_Dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the Dead">Resurrection of the Dead</a> (12:18–27) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a> (12:28–34) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mark_12#Teaching_the_crowd" title="Mark 12">Is the Messiah the son of David?</a> (12:35–40) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lesson_of_the_widow%27s_mite" title="Lesson of the widow's mite">Widow's mite</a> (12:41–44) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a> (13) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_death_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Responsibility for the death of Jesus">Plot to kill Jesus</a> (14:1–2) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a> (14:3–9) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bargain_of_Judas" title="Bargain of Judas">Bargain of Judas</a> (14:10–11) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> (14:12–26) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Peter" title="Denial of Peter">Denial of Peter</a> (14:27–31,66-72) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Agony_in_the_Garden" title="Agony in the Garden">Agony in the Garden</a> (14:32–42) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_Judas" title="Kiss of Judas">Kiss of Judas</a> (14:43–45) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" title="Arrest of Jesus">Arrest</a> (14:46–52) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_Trial_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus">Before the High Priest</a> (14:53–65) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pilate%27s_court" title="Pilate's court">Pilate's court</a> (15:1–15) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mark_15#The_soldiers_mock_Jesus" title="Mark 15">Soldiers mock Jesus</a> (15:16–20) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a> (15:21) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> (15:22–41) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Entombment_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Entombment of Christ">Entombment</a> (15:42–47) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a> (16:1–8) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mark_16#Mark_16:9.E2.80.9320_in_the_manuscripts_and_patristic_evidence" title="Mark 16">The Longer Ending</a> (16:9–20) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus#Biblical_accounts" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Post-resurrection appearances</a> (16:9–13) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a> (16:14–18) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascension of Jesus Christ">Ascension</a> (16:19) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dispersion_of_the_apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispersion of the apostles">Dispersion of the Apostles</a> (16:20) </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Mark&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is currently no agreement on the structure of Mark.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwelftree199968_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwelftree199968-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is, however, a widely recognised break at Mark 8:26–31: before 8:26 there are numerous miracle stories, the action is in Galilee, and Jesus preaches to the crowds, while after 8:31 there are hardly any miracles, the action shifts from Galilee to gentile areas or hostile Judea, and Jesus teaches the disciples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole198986_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole198986-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter's confession at Mark 8:27–30 that Jesus is the messiah thus forms the watershed to the whole gospel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole198986–87_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole198986–87-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further generally recognised turning point comes at the end of chapter 10, when Jesus and his followers arrive in Jerusalem and the foreseen confrontation with the Temple authorities begins, leading <a href="/wiki/R.T._France" class="mw-redirect" title="R.T. France">R.T. France</a> to characterise Mark as a three-act drama.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrance200211_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrance200211-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A four-act drama acknowledges a further turning point at 6.1, with divisions at 1.21, 6.1, 8.27 and 11.1. This scheme identifies Four Series of Seven Days, where the Series are arranged as a classic chiasm, ABB'A' and the Days in each Series are arranged as in Homer's <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad"><i>Iliad</i></a> ABB'-X-ABB'.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James Edwards in his 2002 commentary points out that the gospel can be seen as a series of questions asking first who Jesus is (the answer being that he is the messiah), then what form his mission takes (a mission of suffering culminating in the crucifixion and resurrection, events only to be understood when the questions are answered), while another scholar, C. Myers, has made what Edwards calls a "compelling case" for recognising the incidents of Jesus' baptism, <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfiguration of Christ">transfiguration</a> and crucifixion, at the beginning, middle and end of the gospel, as three key moments, each with common elements, and each portrayed in an apocalyptic light.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards200238–39_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards200238–39-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stephen H. Smith has made the point that the structure of Mark is similar to the structure of a <a href="/wiki/Greek_tragedy" title="Greek tragedy">Greek tragedy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1995209–31_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1995209–31-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Content">Content</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Mark&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jesus is first announced as the Messiah and then later as the Son of God; he is baptised by John and a heavenly voice announces him as the Son of God; he is tested in the wilderness by <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>; John is arrested, and Jesus begins to preach the good news of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of God">kingdom of God</a>.</li> <li>Jesus gathers his disciples; he begins teaching, driving out demons, healing the sick, cleansing lepers, raising the dead, feeding the hungry, and giving sight to the blind; he delivers a long discourse in <a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">parables</a> to the crowd, intended for the disciples, but they fail to understand; he performs mighty works, calming the storm and walking on water, but while God and demons recognise him, neither the crowds nor the disciples grasp his identity. He also has several run-ins with Jewish lawkeepers, especially in chapters 2–3.</li> <li>Jesus asks the disciples who people say he is, and then, "but you, who do you say I am?" Peter answers that he is the Christ, and Jesus commands him to silence; Jesus explains that the Son of Man must go to Jerusalem and be killed, but will rise again; <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> appear with Jesus and God tells the disciples, "This is my son," but they remain uncomprehending.</li> <li>Jesus goes to Jerusalem, where he is hailed as one who "comes in the name of the Lord" and will inaugurate the "kingdom of David"; he drives those who buy and sell animals from the Temple and debates with the Jewish authorities; on the <a href="/wiki/Mount_of_Olives" title="Mount of Olives">Mount of Olives</a> he announces the coming destruction of the Temple, the persecution of his followers, and the coming of the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Son of Man">Son of Man</a> in power and glory.</li> <li>A woman perfumes Jesus' head with oil, and Jesus explains that this is a sign of his coming death; Jesus celebrates <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> with the disciples, declares the bread and wine to be his body and blood, and goes with them to <a href="/wiki/Gethsemane" title="Gethsemane">Gethsemane</a> to pray; there <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas</a> betrays him to the Jewish authorities. Interrogated by the high priest, Jesus says that he is the Christ, the Son of God, and will return as Son of Man at God's right hand. The Jewish leaders turn him over to <a href="/wiki/Pilate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilate">Pilate</a>, who has him crucified as one who claims to be "king of the Jews"; Jesus, abandoned by the disciples, is buried in a rock tomb by a sympathetic member of the Jewish council.</li> <li>The women who have followed Jesus come to the tomb on Sunday morning; they find it empty, and are told by a young man in a white robe to go and tell the others that Jesus has risen and has gone before them to Galilee; "but they said nothing to anyone, for they were afraid".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoring20061–3_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoring20061–3-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ending">Ending</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Mark&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ending"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mark_16" title="Mark 16">Mark 16</a></div> <p>The earliest extant Greek manuscripts of Mark, codices <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus" title="Codex Vaticanus">Vaticanus</a> (which contains a large blank space in the column after 16:8) and <a href="/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus" title="Codex Sinaiticus">Sinaiticus</a>, end at Mark 16:8, with the women fleeing in fear from the empty tomb. The majority of recent scholars believe this to be the original ending,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2002500–01_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2002500–01-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that this is supported by statements from the early Church Fathers <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchröter2010279_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchröter2010279-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "shorter ending", found in a small number of manuscripts, tells how the women told "those around Peter" all that the angel had commanded and how the message of eternal life (or "proclamation of eternal salvation") was then sent out by Jesus himself; it differs from the rest of Mark both in style and in its understanding of Jesus and is almost universally considered a spurious addition; the overwhelming majority of manuscripts have the "longer ending", with accounts of the resurrected Jesus, the commissioning of the disciples to proclaim the gospel, and Christ's ascension.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchröter2010279_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchröter2010279-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In deference to its importance within the manuscript tradition, the New Testament critical editors enclose the longer ending in brackets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzger2000105,_106_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzger2000105,_106-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theology">Theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Mark&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sargis_Pitsak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sargis_Pitsak.jpg/175px-Sargis_Pitsak.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sargis_Pitsak.jpg/263px-Sargis_Pitsak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sargis_Pitsak.jpg/350px-Sargis_Pitsak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1808" data-file-height="2530" /></a><figcaption>First page of the Gospel of Mark: "The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God", by <a href="/wiki/Sargis_Pitsak" title="Sargis Pitsak">Sargis Pitsak</a> (14th century)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archaic_mark_session.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Archaic_mark_session.jpg/220px-Archaic_mark_session.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Archaic_mark_session.jpg/330px-Archaic_mark_session.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Archaic_mark_session.jpg/440px-Archaic_mark_session.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Minuscule_2427" title="Minuscule 2427">Minuscule 2427</a> – "Archaic Mark"</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gospel">Gospel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Mark&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gospel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The author introduces his work as "gospel", meaning "good news", a literal translation of the Greek "evangelion"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAune198717_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAune198717-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – he uses the word more often than any other writer in the New Testament except <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris199095_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris199095-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul uses it to mean "the good news (of the saving significance of the death and resurrection) of Christ"; Mark extends it to the career of Christ as well as his death and resurrection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAune198717_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAune198717-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the other gospels, Mark was written to confirm the identity of Jesus as <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatological deliverer</a> – the purpose of terms such as "<a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">messiah</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">son of God</a>". As in all the gospels, the messianic identity of Jesus is supported by a number of themes, including: (1) the depiction of his disciples as obtuse, fearful and uncomprehending; (2) the refutation of the charge made by Jesus' enemies that he was a magician; (3) secrecy surrounding his true identity (this last is missing from John).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAune198755_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAune198755-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_failure_of_the_disciples">The failure of the disciples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Mark&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The failure of the disciples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Mark, the disciples, especially the Twelve, move from lack of perception of Jesus to rejection of the "way of suffering" to flight and denial – even the women who received the first proclamation of his resurrection can be seen as failures for not reporting the good news. There is much discussion of this theme among scholars. Some argue that the author of Mark was using the disciples to correct "erroneous" views in his own community concerning the reality of the suffering messiah, others that it is an attack on the Jerusalem branch of the church for resisting the extension of the gospel to the gentiles, or a mirror of the convert's usual experience of the initial enthusiasm followed by growing awareness of the necessity for suffering. It certainly reflects the strong theme in Mark of Jesus as the "suffering just one" portrayed in so many of the books of the Jewish scriptures, from <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> to <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a>, but especially in the "<a href="/wiki/Suffering_Servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffering Servant">Suffering Servant</a>" passages in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a>. It also reflects the Jewish scripture theme of God's love being met by infidelity and failure, only to be renewed by God. The failure of the disciples and Jesus' denial by Peter himself would have been powerful symbols of faith, hope and reconciliation for Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonahue200533–34_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahue200533–34-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_charge_of_magic">The charge of magic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Mark&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The charge of magic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mark contains twenty accounts of miracles and healings, accounting for almost a third of the gospel and half of the first ten chapters, more, proportionally, than in any other gospel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwelftree199957_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwelftree199957-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the gospels as a whole, Jesus' miracles, prophecies, etc., are presented as evidence of God's rule, but Mark's descriptions of Jesus' healings are a partial exception to this, as his methods, using spittle to heal blindness<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and magic formulae,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were those of a magician.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1993483_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1993483-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell199857_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell199857-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the charge the Jewish religious leaders bring against Jesus: they say he is performing exorcisms with the aid of an evil spirit<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and calling up the spirit of John the Baptist.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1993483_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1993483-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "There was [...] no period in the history of the [Roman] empire in which the magician was not considered an enemy of society," subject to penalties ranging from exile to death, says Classical scholar Ramsay MacMullen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelch2006362_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch2006362-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the gospels defend Jesus against the charge, which, if true, would contradict their ultimate claims for him. The point of the <a href="/wiki/Beelzebub" title="Beelzebub">Beelzebub</a> incident in Mark<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is to set forth Jesus' claims to be an instrument of God, not Satan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAune198756_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAune198756-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Messianic_Secret">Messianic Secret</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Mark&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Messianic Secret"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Messianic_Secret" title="Messianic Secret">Messianic Secret</a></div> <p>In 1901, <a href="/wiki/William_Wrede" title="William Wrede">William Wrede</a> identified the "Messianic Secret" – Jesus' secrecy about his identity as the messiah – as one of Mark's central themes. Wrede argued that the elements of the secret – Jesus' silencing of the demons, the obtuseness of the disciples regarding his identity, and the concealment of the truth inside parables – were fictions and arose from the tension between the Church's post-resurrection messianic belief and the historical reality of Jesus. There remains continuing debate over how far the "secret" originated with Mark and how far he got it from tradition, and how far, if at all, it represents the self-understanding and practices of the historical Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051083_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051083-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christology">Christology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Mark&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Christology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament">Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a> means a doctrine or understanding concerning the person or nature of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETelford19993_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETelford19993-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the New Testament writings it is frequently conveyed through the titles applied to Jesus. Most scholars agree that "Son of God" is the most important of these titles in Mark. It appears on the lips of God himself at the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">baptism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">transfiguration</a>, and is Jesus' own self-designation.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These and other instances provide reliable evidence of how the evangelist perceived Jesus, but it is not clear just what the title meant to Mark and his 1st-century audience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETelford199938–39_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETelford199938–39-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where it appears in the Hebrew scriptures it meant Israel as God's people, or the king at his coronation, or angels, as well as the suffering righteous man.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonahue200525_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahue200525-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Hellenistic culture the same phrase meant a "divine man", a supernatural being. There is little evidence that "son of God" was a title for the messiah in 1st century Judaism, and the attributes that Mark describes in Jesus are much more those of the Hellenistic miracle-working "divine man" than of the Jewish Davidic messiah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETelford199938–39_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETelford199938–39-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mark does not explicitly state what he means by "Son of God", nor when the sonship was conferred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman199374_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman199374-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New Testament as a whole presents four different understandings: </p> <ol><li>Jesus became God's son at his resurrection, God "begetting" Jesus to a new life by raising him from the dead – this was the earliest understanding, preserved in Paul's <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Epistle to the Romans</a>, 1:3–4, and in <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a> 13:33;</li> <li>Jesus became God's son at <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">his baptism</a>, the coming of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a> marking him as messiah, while "Son of God" refers to the relationship then established for him by God – this is the understanding implied in Mark 1:9–11;<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Matthew and Luke present Jesus as "Son of God" from the moment of conception and birth, with God taking the place of a human father;</li> <li>John, the last of the gospels, presents the idea that the Christ was pre-existent and became flesh as Jesus – an idea also found in Paul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett200268–69_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett200268–69-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>However, other scholars dispute this interpretation and instead hold that Jesus is already presented as God's son even before his baptism in Mark.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado202196_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado202196-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mark also calls Jesus "christos" (Christ), translating the Hebrew "messiah," (anointed person).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonahue200525–26_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahue200525–26-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Old Testament the term messiah ("anointed one") described prophets, priests and kings; by the time of Jesus, with the kingdom long vanished, it had come to mean an <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatological</a> king (a king who would come at the end of time), one who would be entirely human though far greater than all God's previous messengers to Israel, endowed with miraculous powers, free from sin, ruling in justice and glory (as described in, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Psalms_of_Solomon" title="Psalms of Solomon">Psalms of Solomon</a>, a Jewish work from this period).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2002250_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2002250-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important occurrences are in the context of Jesus' death and suffering, suggesting that, for Mark, Jesus can only be fully understood in that context.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonahue200525–26_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahue200525–26-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A third important title, "<a href="/wiki/Son_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Son of Man">Son of Man</a>", has its roots in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a>, (a popular Jewish apocalyptic work of the period), and especially in <a href="/wiki/Daniel_7" title="Daniel 7">Daniel 7</a>:13–14, where the Son of Man is assigned royal roles of dominion, kingship and glory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington200151_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington200151-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonahue200526–27_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahue200526–27-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mark 14:62 combines more scriptural allusions: before he comes on clouds<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Son of Man will be seated on the right hand of God,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pointing to the equivalence of the three titles, Christ, Son of God, Son of Man, the common element being the reference to kingly power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington200152_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington200152-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christ's_death,_resurrection_and_return"><span id="Christ.27s_death.2C_resurrection_and_return"></span>Christ's death, resurrection and return</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Mark&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Christ's death, resurrection and return"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a> means the study of the end-times, and the Jews expected the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">messiah</a> to be an <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatological</a> figure, a deliverer who would appear at the end of the age to usher in an earthly kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett200269_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett200269-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest Jewish Christian community saw Jesus as a messiah in this Jewish sense, a human figure appointed by God as his earthly regent; but they also believed in Jesus' resurrection and exaltation to heaven, and for this reason they also viewed him as God's agent (the "son of God") who would return in glory ushering in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of God">Kingdom of God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETelford1999155_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETelford1999155-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">Son of God</a>" likewise had a specific Jewish meaning, or range of meanings,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003709–10_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003709–10-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including referring to an angel, the nation of Israel, or simply a man.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrossman2011698_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossman2011698-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevineBrettler2011544_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevineBrettler2011544-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most significant Jewish meanings of this epithet is a reference to an earthly king adopted by God as his son at his enthronement, legitimizing his rule over Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrecker200081–82_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrecker200081–82-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Hellenistic culture, in contrast, the phrase meant a "divine man", covering legendary heroes like <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a>, god-kings like the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaohs</a>, or famous philosophers like <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn200369_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200369-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the gospels call Jesus "Son of God" the intention is to place him in the class of Hellenistic and Greek divine men, the "sons of God" who were endowed with supernatural power to perform healings, exorcisms and other wonderful deeds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrecker200081–82_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrecker200081–82-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mark's "Son of David" is Hellenistic, his Jesus predicting that his mission involves suffering, death and resurrection, and, by implication, not military glory and conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETelford199952_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETelford199952-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reflects a move away from the Jewish-Christian apocalyptic tradition and towards the Hellenistic message preached by Paul, for whom Christ's death and resurrection, rather than the establishment of the apocalyptic Jewish kingdom, is the meaning of salvation, the "gospel".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETelford1999155_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETelford1999155-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_other_writings">Comparison with other writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Mark&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Comparison with other writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PericopesHenryIIFol117rAngelOnTomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/PericopesHenryIIFol117rAngelOnTomb.jpg/220px-PericopesHenryIIFol117rAngelOnTomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/PericopesHenryIIFol117rAngelOnTomb.jpg/330px-PericopesHenryIIFol117rAngelOnTomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/PericopesHenryIIFol117rAngelOnTomb.jpg/440px-PericopesHenryIIFol117rAngelOnTomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>"Entering into the sepulchre, they saw a young man sitting on the right side, clothed in a long white garment" – Mark's description of the discovery of the empty tomb (from the <a href="/wiki/Pericopes_of_Henry_II" title="Pericopes of Henry II">Pericopes of Henry II</a>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mark_and_the_New_Testament">Mark and the New Testament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Mark&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mark and the New Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All four gospels tell a story in which Jesus' death and resurrection are the crucial redemptive events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005587_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005587-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are, however, important differences between the four: Unlike <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a>, Mark never calls Jesus "God", or claims that Jesus existed before his earthly life; unlike <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a>, the author does not mention a virgin birth or indicate whether Jesus had a normal human parentage and birth; unlike Matthew and Luke, he makes no attempt to trace Jesus' ancestry back to <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">King David</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> with a genealogy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002158_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002158-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christians of Mark's time expected Jesus to return as Messiah in their own lifetime – Mark, like the other gospels, attributes the promise to return to Jesus himself,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is reflected in the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline Epistles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">Epistle of James</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Epistle to the Hebrews</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>. When return failed, the early Christians revised their understanding. Some acknowledged that the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> had been delayed, but still expected it; others redefined the focus of the promise, the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a>, for example, speaking of "eternal life" as something available in the present; while still others concluded that Jesus would not return at all (the <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">Second Epistle of Peter</a> argues against those who held the view that Jesus would not return at all).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett200269–70_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett200269–70-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars, however, contend that all four gospels show an eschatology wherein many of the eschatological topics concern the destruction of the Jewish Temple, the transfiguration and resurrection of Jesus, whereas his return is a promise for an undisclosed time in the future which people should always be ready for.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars, like those of the <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Seminar" title="Jesus Seminar">Jesus Seminar</a>, believe that the apocalyptic language in Mark and the rest of the gospels are inventions of the gospel writers and the early Christians for theological and cultural purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mark's despairing death of Jesus was changed to a more victorious one in subsequent gospels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoyise2013unpaginated_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoyise2013unpaginated-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mark's Christ dies with the cry, "<a href="/wiki/My_God,_my_God,_why_have_you_forsaken_me%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?">My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?</a>"; Matthew, the next gospel to be written, repeats this word for word but manages to make clear that Jesus's death is the beginning of the resurrection of Israel; Luke has a still more positive picture, replacing Mark's (and Matthew's) cry of despair with one of submission to God's will ("Father, into your hands I commend my spirit"); while John, the last gospel, has Jesus dying without apparent suffering in fulfillment of the divine plan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoyise2013unpaginated_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoyise2013unpaginated-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Content_unique_to_Mark">Content unique to Mark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Mark&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Content unique to Mark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Marco_cathedral_in_Venice.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/San_Marco_cathedral_in_Venice.JPG/250px-San_Marco_cathedral_in_Venice.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/San_Marco_cathedral_in_Venice.JPG/330px-San_Marco_cathedral_in_Venice.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/San_Marco_cathedral_in_Venice.JPG/500px-San_Marco_cathedral_in_Venice.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2361" data-file-height="3132" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">St. Mark</a> with angels, holding his gospel. His symbol, <a href="/wiki/Lion_of_St_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion of St Mark">the winged lion</a>, also appears with him. Detail from <a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica" title="St Mark's Basilica">St Mark's Cathedral</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Sabbath" title="Biblical Sabbath">Sabbath</a> was made for man, not man for the Sabbath. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%202:27&version=nrsv">Mark 2:27</a><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not present in either Matthew 12:1–8 or Luke 6:1–5. This is also a so-called "<a href="/wiki/Western_non-interpolation" class="mw-redirect" title="Western non-interpolation">Western non-interpolation</a>". The passage is not found in the Western text of Mark.</li> <li>People were saying, "[Jesus] has gone out of his mind", see also <a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_Jesus" title="Rejection of Jesus">Rejection of Jesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mark is the only gospel with the combination of verses in <a href="/wiki/Mark_4" title="Mark 4">Mark 4</a>:24–25: the other gospels split them up, Mark 4:24 being found in Luke 6:38 and Matthew 7:2, Mark 4:25 in Matthew 13:12 and Matthew 25:29, Luke 8:18 and Luke 19:26.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Growing_Seed" title="Parable of the Growing Seed">Parable of the Growing Seed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Only Mark counts the <a href="/wiki/Legion_(demons)" title="Legion (demons)">possessed swine</a>; there are about two thousand.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Two consecutive healing stories of women; both make use of the number twelve.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Only Mark gives healing commands of Jesus in the (presumably original) <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>: <i>Talitha koum</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ephphatha</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic of Jesus">Aramaic of Jesus</a>.</li> <li>Only place in the New Testament where Jesus is referred to as "the son of Mary".<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mark is the only gospel where Jesus himself is called a carpenter;<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Matthew he is called a carpenter's son.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Only place that both names <a href="/wiki/Brothers_and_sisters_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Brothers and sisters of Jesus">his brothers and mentions his sisters</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_113-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matthew has a slightly different name for one brother.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The taking of a staff and sandals is permitted in Mark 6:8–9 but prohibited in Matthew 10:9–10 and Luke 9:3.</li> <li>Only Mark refers to <a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a> as a king;<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matthew and Luke refer to him (more properly) as an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herodian_tetrarch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herodian tetrarch (page does not exist)">Herodian tetrarch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The longest version of the story of <a href="/wiki/Herodias" title="Herodias">Herodias</a>' daughter's dance and the <a href="/wiki/Beheading_of_John_the_Baptist" title="Beheading of John the Baptist">beheading of John the Baptist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mark's literary cycles:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>6:30–44 – <i>Feeding</i> of the five thousand;</li> <li>6:45–56 – Crossing of the <i>lake</i>;</li> <li>7:1–13 – <i>Dispute</i> with the Pharisees;</li> <li>7:14–23 – <i><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Defilement" title="Discourse on Defilement">Discourse on Defilement</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwelftree199979_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwelftree199979-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd> <dd>Then: <ul><li>8:1–9 – <i>Feeding</i> of the four thousand;</li> <li>8:10 – Crossing of the <i>lake</i>;</li> <li>8:11–13 – <i>Dispute</i> with the Pharisees;</li> <li>8:14–21 – Incident of <i>no bread</i> and discourse about the <i>leaven</i> of the Pharisees.</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Customs that at that time were unique to Jews are explained (hand, produce, and utensil washing): Mark 7:3–4.</li> <li>"Thus he declared all foods clean".<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 7:19 <a href="/wiki/NRSV" class="mw-redirect" title="NRSV">NRSV</a>, not found in the Matthean parallel Matthew 15:15–20.</li> <li>There is no mention of <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a>.</li> <li>Jesus heals using his fingers and spit at the same time: 7:33; <i>cf.</i> 8:23, Luke 11:20, John 9:6, Matthew 8:16.</li> <li>Jesus lays his hands on a blind man twice in curing him: 8:23–25; <i>cf.</i> 5:23, 16:18, Acts 6:6, Acts 9:17, Acts 28:8, <a href="/wiki/Laying_on_of_hands" title="Laying on of hands">laying on of hands</a>.</li> <li>Jesus cites the <a href="/wiki/Shema_Yisrael" class="mw-redirect" title="Shema Yisrael">Shema Yisrael</a>: "Hear O Israel ...";<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the parallels of Matt 22:37–38 and Luke 10:27 the first part of the Shema<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is absent.</li> <li>Mark points out that the <a href="/wiki/Mount_of_Olives" title="Mount of Olives">Mount of Olives</a> is across from the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>When <a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" title="Arrest of Jesus">Jesus is arrested</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Naked_fugitive" title="Naked fugitive">naked young man</a> flees.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A young man in a robe also appears in Mark 16:5–7.</li> <li>Mark does not name the <a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Priests_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="List of High Priests of Israel">High Priest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Witness testimony against Jesus does not agree.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The cock crows "twice" as predicted.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See also <a href="/wiki/Fayyum_Fragment" title="Fayyum Fragment">Fayyum Fragment</a>. The other Gospels simply record, "the cock crew". Early codices 01, W, and most Western texts have the simpler version.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pilate's position (Governor) is not specified.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a>'s sons are named.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A summoned centurion is questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The women ask each other who will roll away the stone.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A young man sits on the "right side".<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mark is the only canonical gospel with significant various alternative endings.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the contents of the traditional "Longer Ending" (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#16:9" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Mark">Mark 16:9–20</a>) are found in other New Testament texts and are not unique to Mark, see <a href="/wiki/Mark_16#Longer_ending" title="Mark 16">Mark 16 § Longer ending</a>, the one significant exception being 16:18b ("and if they drink any deadly thing, it shall not hurt them"), which is unique to Mark.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Mark&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Betawi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Betawi.jpg/220px-Betawi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Betawi.jpg/330px-Betawi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Betawi.jpg/440px-Betawi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Gospel of Mark 1:9–11 in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakartan</a> <a href="/wiki/Malay_creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay creole">Malay creole</a></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:110%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gospel of Mark</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Chapters</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_1" title="Mark 1">Mark 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_2" title="Mark 2">Mark 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_3" title="Mark 3">Mark 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_4" title="Mark 4">Mark 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_5" title="Mark 5">Mark 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_6" title="Mark 6">Mark 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_7" title="Mark 7">Mark 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_8" title="Mark 8">Mark 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_9" title="Mark 9">Mark 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_10" title="Mark 10">Mark 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_11" title="Mark 11">Mark 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_12" title="Mark 12">Mark 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_13" title="Mark 13">Mark 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_14" title="Mark 14">Mark 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_15" title="Mark 15">Mark 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_16" title="Mark 16">Mark 16</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles_(genre)" title="Acts of the Apostles (genre)">Acts of the Apostles (genre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">Gospel harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark_(intertextuality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel of Mark (intertextuality)">Gospel of Mark (intertextuality)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List of Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_omitted_Bible_verses" class="mw-redirect" title="List of omitted Bible verses">List of omitted Bible verses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_Trial_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus">Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus</a> (reference to Mark)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Gospel_of_Mark" title="Secret Gospel of Mark">Secret Gospel of Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_New_Testament#Gospel_of_Mark" title="Textual variants in the New Testament">Textual variants in the Gospel of Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-source_hypothesis" title="Two-source hypothesis">Two-source hypothesis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Mark&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The book is sometimes called the <b>Gospel according to Mark</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Εὐαγγέλιον κατὰ Μᾶρκον</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Euangélion katà Mârkon</i></span>), or simply <b>Mark</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (which is also its most common form of abbreviation).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-authorship-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-authorship_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Authorship: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2004">Ehrman (2004</a>, p. 58–59): "Proto-orthodox Christians of the second century, some decades after most of the New Testament books had been written, claimed that their favorite Gospels had been penned by two of Jesus' disciples—Matthew, the tax collector, and John, the beloved disciple—and by two friends of the apostles—Mark, the secretary of Peter, and Luke, the traveling companion of Paul. Scholars today, however, find it difficult to accept this tradition for several reasons.</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFWatts_Henderson2018">Watts Henderson (2018</a>, p. 1431): "Though the author’s identity is unknown, scholars find clues about its author in the Gospel itself. For example, its awkward style suggests that Greek was not the author’s first language. Other details, such as the imprecise citation of Jewish scripture (1.2), the over-generalized portrait of Jewish practice (7.3–4), and problematic geographical details (5.1,13) suggest that the evangelist was a Hellenized Jew who lived outside of Palestine.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Adela_Yarbro_Collins" title="Adela Yarbro Collins">Adela Yarbro Collins</a>, a Biblical scholar at <a href="/wiki/Yale_Divinity_School" title="Yale Divinity School">Yale Divinity School</a>, notes that Paul's letter to Philemon also mentions a Mark, which may be the same as the Mark from Acts. While it may be possible that the Gospel of Mark was written by this Mark, many scholars argue against this possibility, given the contradictions between Paul and Mark's theology and literary aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins20075-6_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins20075-6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeander2013">Leander 2013</a>, p. 167 refers to <a href="#CITEREFHengel1985">Hengel 1985</a>, pp. 7–28 and <a href="#CITEREFCollins2007">Collins 2007</a>, pp. 11–14 as arguing for a dating immediately before 70 AD, and to <a href="#CITEREFTheissen1992">Theissen 1992</a>, pp. 258–262, <a href="#CITEREFIncigneri2003">Incigneri 2003</a>, pp. 116–155, <a href="#CITEREFHead2004">Head 2004</a> and <a href="#CITEREFKloppenborg2005">Kloppenborg 2005</a> as arguing for a dating immediately after 70 AD. Leander also refers to the minority position of <a href="#CITEREFCrossley2004">Crossley 2004</a>, who proposed a much earlier <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 35–45</span> AD dating, listing reviews that point out the problems with Crossley's argument.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thiessen: "Barber concludes that the Gospel of Matthew provides a historically plausible depiction of Jesus, regardless of the historical veracity of this or that precise detail. This remembered Jesus, the only Jesus we have access to [...] was a temple-pious Jew [...]it is this Jesus who makes sense of the various shapes that the early Jesus movement took"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Similar to a rabbinical saying from the 2nd century BC, "The Sabbath is given over to you ["the son of man"], and not you to the Sabbath." (<a href="#CITEREFKohler1905">Kohler 1905</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The verb <i>katharizo</i> means both "to declare to be clean" and "to purify." The <i>Scholars Version</i> has: "This is how everything we eat is purified", Gaus' <i><a href="/wiki/Unvarnished_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Unvarnished New Testament">Unvarnished New Testament</a></i> has: "purging all that is eaten."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Mark_16#Alternate_endings" title="Mark 16">Mark 16 § Alternate endings</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Mark&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HiPouAEACAAJ"><i>ESV Pew Bible</i></a>. Wheaton, IL: Crossway. 2018. p. 836. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-6343-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-6343-0"><bdi>978-1-4335-6343-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603093159/https://www.google.com/books/edition/ESV_Pew_Bible_Black/HiPouAEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ESV+Pew+Bible&rft.place=Wheaton%2C+IL&rft.pages=836&rft.pub=Crossway&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4335-6343-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHiPouAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.logos.com/bible-book-abbreviations">"Bible Book Abbreviations"</a>. <i>Logos Bible Software</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220421100743/https://www.logos.com/bible-book-abbreviations">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Logos+Bible+Software&rft.atitle=Bible+Book+Abbreviations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.logos.com%2Fbible-book-abbreviations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoring200644-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoring200644_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoring2006">Boring 2006</a>, pp. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott2014404–406-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott2014404–406_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElliott2014">Elliott 2014</a>, pp. 404–406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoring2006252–53-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoring2006252–53_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoring2006">Boring 2006</a>, pp. 252–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins2007137-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins2007137_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerkins2007">Perkins 2007</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002156-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002156_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002156_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002156_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002156_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurkett2002">Burkett 2002</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards20022-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards20022_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards20022_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards2002">Edwards 2002</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards20021–3-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards20021–3_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards20021–3_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards20021–3_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards20021–3_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards2002">Edwards 2002</a>, pp. 1–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeith201692-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeith201692_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeith2016">Keith 2016</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199563–64-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199563–64_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199563–64_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanders1995">Sanders 1995</a>, pp. 63–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts_Henderson20181431-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts_Henderson20181431_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts_Henderson20181431_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts_Henderson2018">Watts Henderson 2018</a>, p. 1431.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins20075-6-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins20075-6_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2007">Collins 2007</a>, p. 5-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBond2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Bond" title="Helen Bond">Bond, Helen</a> (2020). <i>The First Biography of Jesus: Genre and Meaning in Mark's Gospel</i>. Eerdmans. p. 10-11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802874603" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802874603"><bdi>978-0802874603</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Biography+of+Jesus%3A+Genre+and+Meaning+in+Mark%27s+Gospel&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0802874603&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n307-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n307_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTheissenMaloney2011" class="citation book cs1">Theissen, Gerd; Maloney, Linda M. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AZdAxLt4lVUC&pg=PT109"><i>The New Testament: A Literary History</i></a>. G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. Fortress Press. p. unpaginated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-9785-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-9785-3"><bdi>978-0-8006-9785-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2025</span>. <q>In the case of Mark and John</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament%3A+A+Literary+History&rft.series=G+-+Reference%2C+Information+and+Interdisciplinary+Subjects+Series&rft.pages=unpaginated&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-9785-3&rft.aulast=Theissen&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rft.au=Maloney%2C+Linda+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAZdAxLt4lVUC%26pg%3DPT109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETelford199912-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETelford199912_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTelford1999">Telford 1999</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeander2013167-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeander2013167_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeander2013">Leander 2013</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez2018" class="citation book cs1">Rodriguez, Rafael (2018). <i>Jesus Darkly: Remembering Jesus with the New Testament</i>. Abingdon Press. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1501839115" title="Special:BookSources/978-1501839115"><bdi>978-1501839115</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Darkly%3A+Remembering+Jesus+with+the+New+Testament&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1501839115&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevering2024" class="citation journal cs1">Levering, Matthew (2024). "The Historical Jesus and the Temple: Memory, Methodology, and the Gospel of Matthew by Michael Patrick Barber (review)". <i>The Catholic Biblical Quarterly</i>. <b><span class="nowrap">22–</span>3</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">1053–</span>1059. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fnov.2024.a934941">10.1353/nov.2024.a934941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Biblical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Historical+Jesus+and+the+Temple%3A+Memory%2C+Methodology%2C+and+the+Gospel+of+Matthew+by+Michael+Patrick+Barber+%28review%29&rft.volume=22-3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1053-%3C%2Fspan%3E1059&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fnov.2024.a934941&rft.aulast=Levering&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_Os2011" class="citation book cs1">van Os, Bas (2011). <i>Psychological Analyses and the Historical Jesus: New Ways to Explore Christian Origins</i>. T&T Clark. pp. 57, 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567269515" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567269515"><bdi>978-0567269515</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychological+Analyses+and+the+Historical+Jesus%3A+New+Ways+to+Explore+Christian+Origins&rft.pages=57%2C+83&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0567269515&rft.aulast=van+Os&rft.aufirst=Bas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBockmuehl2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Markus_Bockmuehl" title="Markus Bockmuehl">Bockmuehl, Markus</a> (2006). <i>Seeing the Word: Refocusing New Testament Study</i>. Baker Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">178–</span>184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801027611" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801027611"><bdi>978-0801027611</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeing+the+Word%3A+Refocusing+New+Testament+Study&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E178-%3C%2Fspan%3E184&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0801027611&rft.aulast=Bockmuehl&rft.aufirst=Markus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoring200613–14-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoring200613–14_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoring2006">Boring 2006</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003203-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003203_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2003">Dunn 2003</a>, pp. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James D.G. Dunn, "Messianic Ideas and Their Influence on the Jesus of History," in <i>The Messiah</i>, ed. James H. Charlesworth. pp. 371–372. Cf. James D.G. Dunn, <i>Jesus Remembered</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez2010" class="citation book cs1">Rodriguez, Rafael (2010). <i>Structuring Early Christian Memory: Jesus in Tradition, Performance and Text</i>. T&T Clark. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567264206" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567264206"><bdi>978-0567264206</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structuring+Early+Christian+Memory%3A+Jesus+in+Tradition%2C+Performance+and+Text&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0567264206&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins2007241-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins2007241_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerkins2007">Perkins 2007</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002157-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002157_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurkett2002">Burkett 2002</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Williams, Rowan</a> (2014). <i>Meeting God in Mark</i>. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meeting+God+in+Mark&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Rowan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln2004133-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln2004133_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLincoln2004">Lincoln 2004</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2005174-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2005174_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAune198759-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAune198759_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAune1987">Aune 1987</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAune198760-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAune198760_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAune1987">Aune 1987</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELössl201043-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELössl201043_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELössl201043_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLössl2010">Lössl 2010</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGamble199523-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGamble199523_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGamble1995">Gamble 1995</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins20006-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins20006_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2000">Collins 2000</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoester200044–46-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoester200044–46_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoester2000">Koester 2000</a>, pp. 44–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus2000859-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus2000859_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarcus2000">Marcus 2000</a>, p. 859.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson198317-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson198317_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliamson1983">Williamson 1983</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell199837-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell199837_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowell1998">Powell 1998</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllison2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dale_Allison" title="Dale Allison">Allison, Dale C. Jr.</a> (2023). Foreword. <i>The Historical Jesus and the Temple: Memory, Methodology and the Gospel of Matthew</i>. By Barber, Michael Patrick. Cambridge University Press. pp. x, 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-21085-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-21085-0"><bdi>978-1-009-21085-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus+and+the+Temple%3A+Memory%2C+Methodology+and+the+Gospel+of+Matthew&rft.pages=x%2C+238&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-009-21085-0&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Dale+C.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThiessen2024" class="citation journal cs1">Thiessen, Matthew (2024). "The Historical Jesus and the Temple: Memory, Methodology, and the Gospel of Matthew by Michael Patrick Barber (review)". <i>The Catholic Biblical Quarterly</i>. <b><span class="nowrap">86–</span>1</b>: 168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcbq.2024.a918386">10.1353/cbq.2024.a918386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Biblical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Historical+Jesus+and+the+Temple%3A+Memory%2C+Methodology%2C+and+the+Gospel+of+Matthew+by+Michael+Patrick+Barber+%28review%29&rft.volume=86-1&rft.pages=168&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcbq.2024.a918386&rft.aulast=Thiessen&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETwelftree199968-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwelftree199968_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTwelftree1999">Twelftree 1999</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole198986-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole198986_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1989">Cole 1989</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole198986–87-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole198986–87_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1989">Cole 1989</a>, pp. 86–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrance200211-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrance200211_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrance2002">France 2002</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palmer, David G. (2020) <i>The Gospel of Mark: Chapter and Verse</i> Ceridwen Press pp.41-307. ISBN 978-0-9513661-1-0</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards200238–39-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards200238–39_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards2002">Edwards 2002</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1995209–31-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1995209–31_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1995">Smith 1995</a>, pp. 209–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoring20061–3-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoring20061–3_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoring2006">Boring 2006</a>, pp. 1–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2002500–01-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2002500–01_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards2002">Edwards 2002</a>, pp. 500–01.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchröter2010279-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchröter2010279_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchröter2010279_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchröter2010">Schröter 2010</a>, p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzger2000105,_106-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzger2000105,_106_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetzger2000">Metzger 2000</a>, pp. 105, 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAune198717-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAune198717_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAune198717_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAune1987">Aune 1987</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris199095-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris199095_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1990">Morris 1990</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAune198755-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAune198755_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAune1987">Aune 1987</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahue200533–34-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonahue200533–34_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonahue2005">Donahue 2005</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETwelftree199957-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwelftree199957_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTwelftree1999">Twelftree 1999</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%208:22–26&version=nrsv">Mark 8:22–26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Talitha cumi," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%205:41&version=nrsv">5:41</a>, "Ephphatha," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%207:34&version=nrsv">7:34</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1993483-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1993483_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1993483_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKee1993">Kee 1993</a>, p. 483.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell199857-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell199857_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowell1998">Powell 1998</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%203:22&version=nrsv">Mark 3:22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%206:14&version=nrsv">Mark 6:14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch2006362-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelch2006362_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWelch2006">Welch 2006</a>, p. 362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%203:20–30&version=nrsv">Mark 3:20–30</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAune198756-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAune198756_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAune1987">Aune 1987</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051083-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051083_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, p. 1083.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETelford19993-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETelford19993_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTelford1999">Telford 1999</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2013:32&version=nrsv">Mark 13:32</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETelford199938–39-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETelford199938–39_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETelford199938–39_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTelford1999">Telford 1999</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahue200525-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonahue200525_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonahue2005">Donahue 2005</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman199374-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman199374_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman1993">Ehrman 1993</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%201:9–11&version=nrsv">Mark 1:9–11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett200268–69-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett200268–69_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurkett2002">Burkett 2002</a>, pp. 68–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado202196-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado202196_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHurtado2021">Hurtado 2021</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahue200525–26-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonahue200525–26_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonahue200525–26_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonahue2005">Donahue 2005</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2002250-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2002250_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards2002">Edwards 2002</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington200151-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington200151_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWitherington2001">Witherington 2001</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahue200526–27-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonahue200526–27_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonahue2005">Donahue 2005</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Daniel%207:13&version=nrsv">Daniel 7:13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%20110:1&version=nrsv">Psalm 110:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington200152-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington200152_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWitherington2001">Witherington 2001</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett200269-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett200269_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurkett2002">Burkett 2002</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETelford1999155-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETelford1999155_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETelford1999155_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTelford1999">Telford 1999</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003709–10-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003709–10_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2003">Dunn 2003</a>, pp. 709–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossman2011698-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrossman2011698_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrossman2011">Grossman 2011</a>, p. 698.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevineBrettler2011544-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevineBrettler2011544_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevineBrettler2011">Levine & Brettler 2011</a>, p. 544.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrecker200081–82-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrecker200081–82_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrecker200081–82_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrecker2000">Strecker 2000</a>, pp. 81–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200369-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn200369_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2003">Dunn 2003</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETelford199952-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETelford199952_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTelford1999">Telford 1999</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005587-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005587_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, p. 587.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002158-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002158_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurkett2002">Burkett 2002</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%209:1&version=nrsv">Mark 9:1</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2013:30&version=nrsv">13:30</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett200269–70-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett200269–70_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurkett2002">Burkett 2002</a>, pp. 69–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/N.T._Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="N.T. Wright">N.T. Wright</a> (2018), <i>Hope Deferred? Against the Dogma of Delay</i>, University of St. Andrew's, pp. 68-72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Hurtado" title="Larry Hurtado">Larry Hurtado</a> (1990), <i>Mark: New International Biblical Commentary</i>, p. 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Stein (2014), <i>Jesus, the Temple and the Coming Son of Man: A Commentary on Mark 13</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_F._Bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael F. Bird">Michael F. Bird</a> (2024), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.logos.com/grow/hall-the-olivet-discourse//"><i>The Olivet Discourse: Second Coming Prophesy or Prophetic Warning against Jerusalem?</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBorg1988" class="citation web cs1">Borg, Marcus J. (October 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204055910/http://theologytoday.ptsem.edu/oct1988/v45-3-article2.htm#13">"A renaissance in Jesus studies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Theological_Seminary" title="Princeton Theological Seminary">Princeton Theological Seminary</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theologytoday.ptsem.edu/oct1988/v45-3-article2.htm#13">the original</a> on 4 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+renaissance+in+Jesus+studies&rft.pub=Princeton+Theological+Seminary&rft.date=1988-10&rft.aulast=Borg&rft.aufirst=Marcus+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheologytoday.ptsem.edu%2Foct1988%2Fv45-3-article2.htm%2313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoyise2013unpaginated-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoyise2013unpaginated_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoyise2013unpaginated_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoyise2013">Moyise 2013</a>, p. unpaginated.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%203:21&version=nrsv">Mark 3:21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%204:26–29&version=nrsv">Mark 4:26–29</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%205:13&version=nrsv">Mark 5:13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%205:25&version=nrsv">Mark 5:25</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%205:42&version=nrsv">Mark 5:42</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%205:41&version=nrsv">Mark 5:41</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%207:34&version=nrsv">Mark 7:34</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_113-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%206:3&version=nrsv">Mark 6:3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2013:55&version=nrsv">Matthew 13:55</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%206:14&version=nrsv">Mark 6:14</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%206:24&version=nrsv">Mark 6:24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <i>cf.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2014:1&version=nrsv">Matthew 14:1</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%203:19&version=nrsv">Luke 3:19</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%209:7&version=nrsv">Luke 9:7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%206:14–29&version=nrsv">Mark 6:14–29</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETwelftree199979-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwelftree199979_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTwelftree1999">Twelftree 1999</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2012:29–30&version=nrsv">Mark 12:29–30</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%206:4&version=nrsv">Deut 6:4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2013:3&version=nrsv">Mark 13:3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2014:51–52&version=nrsv">Mark 14:51–52</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <i>cf.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2026:57&version=nrsv">Matthew 26:57</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%203:2&version=nrsv">Luke 3:2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%204:6&version=nrsv">Acts 4:6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2018:13&version=nrsv">John 18:13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <i>cf.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2014:56&version=nrsv">Mark 14:56</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2014:59&version=nrsv">Mark 14:59</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2014:72&version=nrsv">Mark 14:72</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWillker" class="citation web cs1">Willker, Wieland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227161053/http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/TCG/TC-Mark.pdf">"A Textual Commentary on the Greek Gospels. Vol. 2: Mark, p. 448"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>TCG 2007: An Online Textual Commentary on the Greek Gospels</i> (5th ed.). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/TCG/TC-Mark.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TCG+2007%3A+An+Online+Textual+Commentary+on+the+Greek+Gospels&rft.atitle=A+Textual+Commentary+on+the+Greek+Gospels.+Vol.+2%3A+Mark%2C+p.+448&rft.aulast=Willker&rft.aufirst=Wieland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-user.uni-bremen.de%2F~wie%2FTCG%2FTC-Mark.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <i>cf.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:1&version=nrsv">Mark 15:1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:2&version=nrsv">Matthew 27:2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%203:1&version=nrsv">Luke 3:1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2018:28–29&version=nrsv">John 18:28–29</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:21&version=nrsv">Mark 15:21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:44–45&version=nrsv">Mark 15:44–45</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <i>cf.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2016:3&version=nrsv">Mark 16:3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2028:2–7&version=nrsv">Matthew 28:2–7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <i>cf.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2016:5&version=nrsv">Mark 16:5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2024:4&version=nrsv">Luke 24:4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2020:12&version=nrsv">John 20:12</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Mark&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 45em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAune1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Aune" title="David Aune">Aune, David E.</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XdSto1nkx9AC"><i>The New Testament in its Literary Environment</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25018-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25018-8"><bdi>978-0-664-25018-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament+in+its+Literary+Environment&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25018-8&rft.aulast=Aune&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXdSto1nkx9AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoring2006" class="citation book cs1">Boring, M. Eugene (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmP5-Jp8VzsC"><i>Mark: A Commentary</i></a>. Presbyterian Publishing Corp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22107-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22107-2"><bdi>978-0-664-22107-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mark%3A+A+Commentary&rft.pub=Presbyterian+Publishing+Corp&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22107-2&rft.aulast=Boring&rft.aufirst=M.+Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzmP5-Jp8VzsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Brown, Raymond E.</a> (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontone00brow_0"><i>An Introduction to the New Testament</i></a></span>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-24767-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-24767-2"><bdi>978-0-385-24767-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-385-24767-2&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontone00brow_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurkett2002" class="citation book cs1">Burkett, Delbert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EcsQknxV-xQC"><i>An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00720-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00720-7"><bdi>978-0-521-00720-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+New+Testament+and+the+origins+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00720-7&rft.aulast=Burkett&rft.aufirst=Delbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEcsQknxV-xQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharlesworth2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_H._Charlesworth" title="James H. Charlesworth">Charlesworth, James</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xzg0AgAAQBAJ"><i>The Tomb of Jesus and His Family?: Exploring Ancient Jewish Tombs Near Jerusalem's Walls</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6745-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6745-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-6745-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tomb+of+Jesus+and+His+Family%3F%3A+Exploring+Ancient+Jewish+Tombs+Near+Jerusalem%27s+Walls&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6745-2&rft.aulast=Charlesworth&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxzg0AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCole1989" class="citation book cs1">Cole, R. Alan (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AFSK_wrjrx8C"><i>The Gospel According to Mark: An Introduction and Commentary</i></a> (2 ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0481-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0481-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-0481-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+According+to+Mark%3A+An+Introduction+and+Commentary&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0481-5&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=R.+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAFSK_wrjrx8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollins2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adela_Yarbro_Collins" title="Adela Yarbro Collins">Collins, Adela Yarbro</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eZv1JZAHdg0C"><i>Cosmology and Eschatology in Jewish and Christian Apocalypticism</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11927-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11927-7"><bdi>978-90-04-11927-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosmology+and+Eschatology+in+Jewish+and+Christian+Apocalypticism&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11927-7&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Adela+Yarbro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeZv1JZAHdg0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollins2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adela_Yarbro_Collins" title="Adela Yarbro Collins">Collins, Adela Yarbro</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/markcommentary0000coll"><i>Mark: A Commentary</i></a>. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mark%3A+A+Commentary&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Adela+Yarbro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarkcommentary0000coll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Leslie_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Leslie Cross">Cross, Frank L.</a>; Livingstone, Elizabeth A., eds. (2005) [1997]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1083">"Messianic Secret"</a>. <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i> (3 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 1083. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Messianic+Secret&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pages=1083&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrossley2004" class="citation book cs1">Crossley, James G. (2004). <i>The Date of Mark's Gospel: Insight from the Law in Earliest Christianity (The Library of New Testament Studies)</i>. T & T Clark International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567081957" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567081957"><bdi>978-0567081957</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Date+of+Mark%27s+Gospel%3A+Insight+from+the+Law+in+Earliest+Christianity+%28The+Library+of+New+Testament+Studies%29&rft.pub=T+%26+T+Clark+International&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0567081957&rft.aulast=Crossley&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDonahue2005" class="citation book cs1">Donahue, John R. (2005) [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FfAWQh9ybFYC"><i>The Gospel of Mark</i></a>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5965-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5965-6"><bdi>978-0-8146-5965-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Mark&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-5965-6&rft.aulast=Donahue&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFfAWQh9ybFYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunn2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">Dunn, James D.G.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G4qpnvoautgC"><i>Jesus Remembered</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3931-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3931-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-3931-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Remembered&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3931-2&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG4qpnvoautgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunn2005" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D.G. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=37uJRUF6btAC&pg=PA174">"The Tradition"</a>. In Dunn, James D.G.; McKnight, Scot (eds.). <i>The Historical Jesus in Recent Research</i>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-100-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-100-9"><bdi>978-1-57506-100-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Tradition&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus+in+Recent+Research&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-100-9&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D37uJRUF6btAC%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_R._Edwards" title="James R. Edwards">Edwards, James</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0MjWS_4La_EC"><i>The Gospel According to Mark</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85111-778-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85111-778-2"><bdi>978-0-85111-778-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+According+to+Mark&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-85111-778-2&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0MjWS_4La_EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEhrman1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HGpL9x19GaEC"><i>The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture: The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510279-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510279-6"><bdi>978-0-19-510279-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Corruption+of+Scripture%3A+The+Effect+of+Early+Christological+Controversies+on+the+Text+of+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510279-6&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHGpL9x19GaEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2004" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (2004). <i>The New Testament</i>. Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515462-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-515462-2"><bdi>0-19-515462-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-515462-2&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2006" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peterpaulmarymag00ehrm_0"><i>Peter, Paul and Mary Magdalene: The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peterpaulmarymag00ehrm_0/page/6">6</a>–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974113-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974113-7"><bdi>978-0-19-974113-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter%2C+Paul+and+Mary+Magdalene%3A+The+Followers+of+Jesus+in+History+and+Legend&rft.pages=6-10&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-974113-7&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeterpaulmarymag00ehrm_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2005" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HHDNe8KmMAIC&pg=PA235"><i>Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975668-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975668-1"><bdi>978-0-19-975668-1</bdi></a>. <q>Most scholars today have abandoned these identifications...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Christianities%3A+The+Battles+for+Scripture+and+the+Faiths+We+Never+Knew&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975668-1&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHHDNe8KmMAIC%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElliott2014" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, Neil (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=StasAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA405">"Messianic Secret"</a>. In Evans, Craig A. (ed.). <i>The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317722243" title="Special:BookSources/9781317722243"><bdi>9781317722243</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Messianic+Secret&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317722243&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DStasAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrance2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._T._France" title="R. T. France">France, R.T.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B4ei0AZSWsoC"><i>The Gospel of Mark: A Commentary on the Greek text</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2446-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2446-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-2446-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Mark%3A+A+Commentary+on+the+Greek+text&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2446-2&rft.aulast=France&rft.aufirst=R.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB4ei0AZSWsoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGamble1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Y._Gamble" title="Harry Y. Gamble">Gamble, Harry Y.</a> (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/booksreadersinea0000gamb"><i>Books and Readers in the Early Church: A History of Early Christian Texts</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06918-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06918-1"><bdi>978-0-300-06918-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Books+and+Readers+in+the+Early+Church%3A+A+History+of+Early+Christian+Texts&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-300-06918-1&rft.aulast=Gamble&rft.aufirst=Harry+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbooksreadersinea0000gamb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoodacre2021" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Goodacre" title="Mark Goodacre">Goodacre, Mark</a> (September 2021). Lawrence, Louise (ed.). "How Empty Was the Tomb?". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_for_the_Study_of_the_New_Testament" title="Journal for the Study of the New Testament">Journal for the Study of the New Testament</a></i>. <b>44</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>: <span class="nowrap">134–</span>148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0142064X211023714">10.1177/0142064X211023714</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1745-5294">1745-5294</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236233486">236233486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+New+Testament&rft.atitle=How+Empty+Was+the+Tomb%3F&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E134-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.date=2021-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236233486%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1745-5294&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0142064X211023714&rft.aulast=Goodacre&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrossman2011" class="citation book cs1">Grossman, Maxine (14 March 2011) [1997]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199730049.001.0001/acref-9780199730049-e-3012">"Son of Man"</a>. In Berlin, Adele (ed.). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199730049.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780199730049.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973004-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973004-9"><bdi>978-0-19-973004-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Son+of+Man&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Jewish+Religion&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2011-03-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199730049.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973004-9&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Maxine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199730049.001.0001%2Facref-9780199730049-e-3012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHead2004" class="citation journal cs1">Head, Ivan (2004). "Mark as a Roman Document from the Year 69: Testing Martin Hengel's Thesis". <i>Journal of Religious History</i>. <b>28</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">240–</span>259. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9809.2004.00242.x">10.1111/j.1467-9809.2004.00242.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religious+History&rft.atitle=Mark+as+a+Roman+Document+from+the+Year+69%3A+Testing+Martin+Hengel%27s+Thesis&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E240-%3C%2Fspan%3E259&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9809.2004.00242.x&rft.aulast=Head&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHengel1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Hengel" title="Martin Hengel">Hengel, Martin</a> (1985). <i>Studies in the Gospel of Mark</i>. London: SCM.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Gospel+of+Mark&rft.place=London&rft.pub=SCM&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Hengel&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHorsely2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Horsley" title="Richard A. Horsley">Horsely, Richard A.</a> (2007). "Mark". In Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nc-i_pQsiW8C"><i>The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 56–92 New Testament. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-528881-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-528881-0"><bdi>978-0-19-528881-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mark&rft.btitle=The+New+Oxford+Annotated+Bible+with+the+Apocryphal%2FDeuterocanonical+Books%3A+New+Revised+Standard+Version&rft.pages=56-92+New+Testament&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-528881-0&rft.aulast=Horsely&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNc-i_pQsiW8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHurtado2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Hurtado" title="Larry Hurtado">Hurtado, Larry W.</a> (2005) [2003]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k32wZRMxltUC"><i>Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3167-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3167-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-3167-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Jesus+Christ%3A+Devotion+to+Jesus+in+Earliest+Christianity&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3167-5&rft.aulast=Hurtado&rft.aufirst=Larry+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk32wZRMxltUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHurtado2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Hurtado" title="Larry Hurtado">Hurtado, Larry W.</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_QIlEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA81">"Mark's Presentation of Jesus"</a>. In Kirk, J. R. Daniel; Winn, Adam; Huebenthal, Sandra; Hurtado, L. W. (eds.). <i>Christology in Mark's Gospel: Four Views</i>. Zondervan Academic. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-53872-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-53872-1"><bdi>978-0-310-53872-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mark%27s+Presentation+of+Jesus&rft.btitle=Christology+in+Mark%27s+Gospel%3A+Four+Views&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Zondervan+Academic&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-310-53872-1&rft.aulast=Hurtado&rft.aufirst=Larry+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_QIlEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIncigneri2003" class="citation book cs1">Incigneri, Brian J. (2003). <i>The Gospel to the Romans: The Setting and Rhetoric of Mark's Gospel</i>. Biblical Interpretation Series. Vol. 65. Leiden: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+to+the+Romans%3A+The+Setting+and+Rhetoric+of+Mark%27s+Gospel&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Biblical+Interpretation+Series&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Incigneri&rft.aufirst=Brian+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIverson2011" class="citation book cs1">Iverson, Kelly R. (2011). "Wherever the Gospel Is Preached': The Paradox of Secrecy in the Gospel of Mark". In Iverson, Kelly R.; Skinner, Christopher W. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zkXmhloeG9cC"><i>Mark as Story: Retrospect and Prospect</i></a>. SBL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589835481" title="Special:BookSources/9781589835481"><bdi>9781589835481</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wherever+the+Gospel+Is+Preached%E2%80%99%3A+The+Paradox+of+Secrecy+in+the+Gospel+of+Mark&rft.btitle=Mark+as+Story%3A+Retrospect+and+Prospect&rft.pub=SBL&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781589835481&rft.aulast=Iverson&rft.aufirst=Kelly+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzkXmhloeG9cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKee1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Clark_Kee" title="Howard Clark Kee">Kee, Howard Clark</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC">"Magic and Divination"</a>. In Coogan, Michael David; Metzger, Bruce M. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458/page/483"><i>The Oxford Companion to the Bible</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458/page/483">483–84</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504645-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504645-8"><bdi>978-0-19-504645-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magic+and+Divination&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Bible&rft.pages=483-84&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504645-8&rft.aulast=Kee&rft.aufirst=Howard+Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY2KGVuym5OUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeith2016" class="citation book cs1">Keith, Chris (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FV_CCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA92">"The Pericope Adulterae: A theory of attentive insertion"</a>. In Black, David Alan; Cerone, Jacob N. (eds.). <i>The Pericope of the Adulteress in Contemporary Research</i>. The Library of New Testament Studies. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-66580-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-66580-5"><bdi>978-0-567-66580-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Pericope+Adulterae%3A+A+theory+of+attentive+insertion&rft.btitle=The+Pericope+of+the+Adulteress+in+Contemporary+Research&rft.series=The+Library+of+New+Testament+Studies&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-567-66580-5&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFV_CCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKloppenborg2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_S._Kloppenborg" title="John S. Kloppenborg">Kloppenborg, John S.</a> (2005). "Evocatio deorum and the Date of Mark". <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>124</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">419–</span>450. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F30041033">10.2307/30041033</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30041033">30041033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=Evocatio+deorum+and+the+Date+of+Mark&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E419-%3C%2Fspan%3E450&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F30041033&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30041033%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kloppenborg&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoester2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Koester" title="Helmut Koester">Koester, Helmut</a> (2000) [1982]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=thXUHM5udTcC&pg=PA44"><i>Introduction to the New Testament: History and literature of early Christianity</i></a> (2 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-16561-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-16561-9"><bdi>978-0-567-16561-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+New+Testament%3A+History+and+literature+of+early+Christianity&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-567-16561-9&rft.aulast=Koester&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DthXUHM5udTcC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKohler1905" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kaufmann_Kohler" title="Kaufmann Kohler">Kohler, Kaufmann</a> (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11498-new-testament#703%20Misunderstood%20Passages">"New Testament"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 9. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 246-254.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Testament&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=246-254&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Kohler&rft.aufirst=Kaufmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F11498-new-testament%23703%2520Misunderstood%2520Passages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeander2013" class="citation book cs1">Leander, Hans (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fZoXAgAAQBAJ"><i>Discourses of Empire: The Gospel of Mark from a Postcolonial Perspective</i></a>. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-889-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-889-5"><bdi>978-1-58983-889-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discourses+of+Empire%3A+The+Gospel+of+Mark+from+a+Postcolonial+Perspective&rft.place=Atlanta&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-889-5&rft.aulast=Leander&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfZoXAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevineBrettler2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amy-Jill_Levine" title="Amy-Jill Levine">Levine, Amy-Jill</a>; <a href="/wiki/Marc_Zvi_Brettler" title="Marc Zvi Brettler">Brettler, Marc Z.</a> (3 November 2011). <i>The Jewish Annotated New Testament</i>. Oxford: OUP USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-529770-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-529770-6"><bdi>978-0-19-529770-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Annotated+New+Testament&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2011-11-03&rft.isbn=978-0-19-529770-6&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Amy-Jill&rft.au=Brettler%2C+Marc+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLincoln2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_T._Lincoln" title="Andrew T. Lincoln">Lincoln, Andrew</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OsPYJZCToq4C&pg=PA133">"Reading John"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_E._Porter" title="Stanley E. Porter">Porter, Stanley E.</a> (ed.). <i>Reading the Gospels Today</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0517-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0517-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-0517-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reading+John&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Gospels+Today&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0517-1&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOsPYJZCToq4C%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLössl2010" class="citation book cs1">Lössl, Josef (2010). <i>The Early Church: History and Memory</i>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-16561-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-16561-9"><bdi>978-0-567-16561-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Church%3A+History+and+Memory&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-567-16561-9&rft.aulast=L%C3%B6ssl&rft.aufirst=Josef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarcus2000" class="citation book cs1">Marcus, Joel (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA859"><i>Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-503-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-503-2"><bdi>978-90-5356-503-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-5356-503-2&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRtUqxkB7wkC%26pg%3DPA859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMetzger2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger" title="Bruce M. Metzger">Metzger, Bruce M.</a> (2000). <i>A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament</i> (2nd ed.). Germany: United Bible Societies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-438-06010-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-438-06010-8"><bdi>3-438-06010-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Textual+Commentary+on+the+Greek+New+Testament&rft.place=Germany&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=United+Bible+Societies&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=3-438-06010-8&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Bruce+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorris1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Morris" title="Leon Morris">Morris, Leon</a> (1990) [1986]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6D3o6fZd67EC"><i>New Testament Theology</i></a>. Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-45571-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-45571-4"><bdi>978-0-310-45571-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Testament+Theology&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-310-45571-4&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6D3o6fZd67EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoyise2013" class="citation book cs1">Moyise, Steve (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sXzjBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT31"><i>Introduction to Biblical Studies</i></a>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-18926-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-18926-4"><bdi>978-0-567-18926-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Biblical+Studies&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-567-18926-4&rft.aulast=Moyise&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsXzjBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerkins1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pheme_Perkins" title="Pheme Perkins">Perkins, Pheme</a> (1998). "The Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles: Telling the Christian Story". In Barton, John (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PSHCRgS_SAUC"><i>The Cambridge companion to biblical interpretation</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">241–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48593-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48593-7"><bdi>978-0-521-48593-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Synoptic+Gospels+and+the+Acts+of+the+Apostles%3A+Telling+the+Christian+Story&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+companion+to+biblical+interpretation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E241-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-48593-7&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Pheme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPSHCRgS_SAUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerkins2007" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, Pheme (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lMUZhdgmOR8C&pg=PA137"><i>Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6553-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6553-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-6553-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Synoptic+Gospels&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6553-3&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Pheme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlMUZhdgmOR8C%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPowell1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Allan_Powell" title="Mark Allan Powell">Powell, Mark Allan</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IJP4DRCVaUMC"><i>Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25703-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25703-3"><bdi>978-0-664-25703-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+as+a+Figure+in+History%3A+How+Modern+Historians+View+the+Man+from+Galilee&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25703-3&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Mark+Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIJP4DRCVaUMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="Reddish" class="citation book cs1">Reddish, Mitchell (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hliGUOv18cQC"><i>An Introduction to The Gospels</i></a>. Abingdon Press, 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4267-5008-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4267-5008-3"><bdi>978-1-4267-5008-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+The+Gospels&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press%2C+2011&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4267-5008-3&rft.aulast=Reddish&rft.aufirst=Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhliGUOv18cQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoskam2004" class="citation book cs1">Roskam, H.N. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AO15DwAAQBAJ"><i>The purpose of the Gospel of Mark in its historical and social context</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-1394-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-1394-3"><bdi>978-90-474-1394-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+purpose+of+the+Gospel+of+Mark+in+its+historical+and+social+context&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-474-1394-3&rft.aulast=Roskam&rft.aufirst=H.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAO15DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSanders1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">Sanders, E. P.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lkbTL36ZgPIC"><i>The Historical Figure of Jesus</i></a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141928227" title="Special:BookSources/9780141928227"><bdi>9780141928227</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Figure+of+Jesus&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780141928227&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlkbTL36ZgPIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchröter2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Schr%C3%B6ter" class="extiw" title="de:Jens Schröter">Schröter, Jens</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (2010). "The Gospel of Mark". In Aune, David E. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ygcgn8h-jo4C"><i>The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide</i></a>. Wiley–Blackwell. pp. <span class="nowrap">272–</span>95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0825-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0825-6"><bdi>978-1-4051-0825-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Gospel+of+Mark&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E272-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.pub=Wiley%E2%80%93Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-0825-6&rft.aulast=Schr%C3%B6ter&rft.aufirst=Jens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dygcgn8h-jo4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith1995" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Stephen H. (1995). "A Divine Tragedy: Some Observations on the Dramatic Structure of Mark's Gospel". <i>Novum Testamentum</i>. <b>37</b> (3). E.J. Brill, Leiden: <span class="nowrap">209–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1568536952662709">10.1163/1568536952662709</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1561221">1561221</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Novum+Testamentum&rft.atitle=A+Divine+Tragedy%3A+Some+Observations+on+the+Dramatic+Structure+of+Mark%27s+Gospel&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1568536952662709&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1561221%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Stephen+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrauss2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_L._Strauss" title="Mark L. Strauss">Strauss, Mark L.</a> (2014). <i>Mark</i>. Zondervan Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament. Vol. 2. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-24358-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-24358-8"><bdi>978-0-310-24358-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/863695341">863695341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mark&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.series=Zondervan+Exegetical+Commentary+on+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F863695341&rft.isbn=978-0-310-24358-8&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Mark+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrecker2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Strecker" class="extiw" title="de:Georg Strecker">Strecker, Georg</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_6NxpAvdrOgC"><i>Theology of the New Testament</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22336-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22336-6"><bdi>978-0-664-22336-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology+of+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22336-6&rft.aulast=Strecker&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_6NxpAvdrOgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTelford1999" class="citation book cs1">Telford, William R. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E9saA_qL4iMC&pg=PA12"><i>The Theology of the Gospel of Mark</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43977-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43977-0"><bdi>978-0-521-43977-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theology+of+the+Gospel+of+Mark&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43977-0&rft.aulast=Telford&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE9saA_qL4iMC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTheissen1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerd_Theissen" title="Gerd Theissen">Theissen, Gerd</a> (1992). <i>The Gospels in Context: Social and Political History in the Synoptic Tradition</i>. Edinburgh: T&T Clark.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospels+in+Context%3A+Social+and+Political+History+in+the+Synoptic+Tradition&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Theissen&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTwelftree1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Graham_Twelftree" title="Graham Twelftree">Twelftree, Graham H.</a> (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusmiraclework00grah"><i>Jesus the miracle worker: a historical & theological study</i></a></span>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1596-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1596-8"><bdi>978-0-8308-1596-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+the+miracle+worker%3A+a+historical+%26+theological+study&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-1596-8&rft.aulast=Twelftree&rft.aufirst=Graham+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesusmiraclework00grah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatts_Henderson2018" class="citation book cs1">Watts Henderson, Suzanne (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T05WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1431">"The Gospel according to Mark"</a>. In Coogan, Michael; Brettler, Marc; Newsom, Carol; Perkins, Pheme (eds.). <i>The New Oxford Annotated Bible: New Revised Standard Version</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027605-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027605-8"><bdi>978-0-19-027605-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Gospel+according+to+Mark&rft.btitle=The+New+Oxford+Annotated+Bible%3A+New+Revised+Standard+Version&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-027605-8&rft.aulast=Watts+Henderson&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT05WDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWelch2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Welch" title="John W. Welch">Welch, John W.</a> (2006). "Miracles, Maleficium, and Maiestas in the Trial of Jesus". In <a href="/wiki/James_H._Charlesworth" title="James H. Charlesworth">Charlesworth, James H.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QoIS7VApH6cC"><i>Jesus and Archaeology</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4880-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4880-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-4880-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Miracles%2C+Maleficium%2C+and+Maiestas+in+the+Trial+of+Jesus&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+Archaeology&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4880-2&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQoIS7VApH6cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2013" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Guy J. (March 2013). Lawrence, Louise (ed.). "Narrative Space, Angelic Revelation, and the End of Mark's Gospel". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_for_the_Study_of_the_New_Testament" title="Journal for the Study of the New Testament">Journal for the Study of the New Testament</a></i>. <b>35</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>: <span class="nowrap">263–</span>284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0142064X12472118">10.1177/0142064X12472118</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1745-5294">1745-5294</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171065040">171065040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+New+Testament&rft.atitle=Narrative+Space%2C+Angelic+Revelation%2C+and+the+End+of+Mark%27s+Gospel&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E263-%3C%2Fspan%3E284&rft.date=2013-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171065040%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1745-5294&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0142064X12472118&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Guy+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson1983" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, Lamar (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SEDB-Rg9mBoC&pg=PA17"><i>Mark</i></a>. John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23760-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23760-8"><bdi>978-0-664-23760-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mark&rft.pub=John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-664-23760-8&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Lamar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSEDB-Rg9mBoC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinn2008" class="citation book cs1">Winn, Adam (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XCPQ1NqyP6IC"><i>The purpose of Mark's gospel</i></a>. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149635-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149635-6"><bdi>978-3-16-149635-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+purpose+of+Mark%27s+gospel&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-16-149635-6&rft.aulast=Winn&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXCPQ1NqyP6IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWitherington2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Witherington_III" title="Ben Witherington III">Witherington, Ben</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QzNgJ_9fOAwC"><i>The Gospel of Mark: A Socio-rhetorical Commentary</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4503-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4503-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-4503-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Mark%3A+A+Socio-rhetorical+Commentary&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4503-0&rft.aulast=Witherington&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQzNgJ_9fOAwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Mark&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 45em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeaver2009" class="citation book cs1">Beaver, Caurie (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cl1MAwAAQBAJ"><i>Mark: A Twice-Told Story</i></a>. Wipf and Stoc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-121-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-121-1"><bdi>978-1-60899-121-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mark%3A+A+Twice-Told+Story&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stoc&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60899-121-1&rft.aulast=Beaver&rft.aufirst=Caurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCl1MAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Brown, Raymond E.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9N73EmFbgHQC"><i>An Introduction to New Testament Christology</i></a>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3516-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3516-5"><bdi>978-0-8091-3516-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+New+Testament+Christology&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-3516-5&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9N73EmFbgHQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrossan2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Dominic_Crossan" title="John Dominic Crossan">Crossan, John Dominic</a> (2010) [1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D27udyoW_HkC"><i>The Birth of Christianity: Discovering What Happened in the Years Immediately After the Execution of Jesus</i></a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-197815-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-197815-9"><bdi>978-0-06-197815-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Christianity%3A+Discovering+What+Happened+in+the+Years+Immediately+After+the+Execution+of+Jesus&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-06-197815-9&rft.aulast=Crossan&rft.aufirst=John+Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD27udyoW_HkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sxNgpHuQdf4C"><i>Misquoting Jesus</i></a>. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-085951-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-085951-0"><bdi>978-0-06-085951-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Misquoting+Jesus&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-06-085951-0&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsxNgpHuQdf4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2009" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusinterrupted00ehrm_0"><i>Jesus Interrupted</i></a></span>. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-117394-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-117394-3"><bdi>978-0-06-117394-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Interrupted&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-06-117394-3&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesusinterrupted00ehrm_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLadd1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Eldon_Ladd" title="George Eldon Ladd">Ladd, George Eldon</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eIdkM00EdlAC"><i>A Theology of the New Testament</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0680-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0680-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-0680-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Theology+of+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0680-2&rft.aulast=Ladd&rft.aufirst=George+Eldon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeIdkM00EdlAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLane1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Lane" title="William L. Lane">Lane, William L.</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nIjPDDlweUgC"><i>The Gospel According to Mark: The English Text with Introduction, Exposition and Notes</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2502-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2502-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-2502-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+According+to+Mark%3A+The+English+Text+with+Introduction%2C+Exposition+and+Notes&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2502-5&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnIjPDDlweUgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevine2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amy-Jill_Levine" title="Amy-Jill Levine">Levine, Amy-Jill</a> (2001) [1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4DVHJRFW3mYC&pg=PT546">"Visions of kingdoms: From Pompey to the first Jewish revolt"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Coogan" title="Michael Coogan">Coogan, Michael D.</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford History of the Biblical World</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2"><bdi>978-0-19-513937-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Visions+of+kingdoms%3A+From+Pompey+to+the+first+Jewish+revolt&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513937-2&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Amy-Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4DVHJRFW3mYC%26pg%3DPT546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMack1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Burton_L._Mack" title="Burton L. Mack">Mack, Burton L.</a> (1994) [1993]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lostgospelbookof00mack"><i>The Lost Gospel: The Book of Q and Christian origins</i></a></span>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-065375-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-065375-0"><bdi>978-0-06-065375-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Gospel%3A+The+Book+of+Q+and+Christian+origins&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-06-065375-0&rft.aulast=Mack&rft.aufirst=Burton+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flostgospelbookof00mack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarcus2002" class="citation book cs1">Marcus, Joel (2002). <i>Mark 1–8</i>. <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Bible_Series" title="Anchor Bible Series">Anchor Bible Series</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mark+1%E2%80%938&rft.series=Anchor+Bible+Series&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarcus2009" class="citation book cs1">Marcus, Joel (2009). <i>Mark 8–16</i>. <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Bible_Series" title="Anchor Bible Series">Anchor Bible Series</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mark+8%E2%80%9316&rft.series=Anchor+Bible+Series&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerrinDuling1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Perrin" title="Norman Perrin">Perrin, Norman</a>; Duling, Dennis C. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BlDuAAAAMAAJ"><i>The New Testament: An Introduction</i></a> (2 ed.). Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-565726-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-565726-7"><bdi>978-0-15-565726-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament%3A+An+Introduction&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-15-565726-7&rft.aulast=Perrin&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Duling%2C+Dennis+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBlDuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Robinson_(bishop_of_Woolwich)" title="John Robinson (bishop of Woolwich)">Robinson, John A.T.</a> (2000). <i>Redating the New Testament</i>. Wipf and Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1579105273" title="Special:BookSources/978-1579105273"><bdi>978-1579105273</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redating+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1579105273&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=John+A.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchnelle1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Udo_Schnelle" title="Udo Schnelle">Schnelle, Udo</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iEURAQAAIAAJ"><i>The History and Theology of the New Testament Writings</i></a>. Translated by M. Eugene Boring. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2952-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2952-6"><bdi>978-0-8006-2952-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Theology+of+the+New+Testament+Writings&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-2952-6&rft.aulast=Schnelle&rft.aufirst=Udo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiEURAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTheißenMerz1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerd_Theissen" title="Gerd Theissen">Theißen, Gerd</a>; <a href="/wiki/Annette_Merz" title="Annette Merz">Merz, Annette</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MIglAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide</i></a>. Augsburg Fortress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-3123-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-3123-9"><bdi>978-0-8006-3123-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.pub=Augsburg+Fortress&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-3123-9&rft.aulast=Thei%C3%9Fen&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rft.au=Merz%2C+Annette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMIglAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_Linden1992" class="citation book cs1">Van Linden, Philip (1992) [1989]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fJR0wYP12ZEC&pg=PA903">"Mark"</a>. In Karris, Robert J. (ed.). <i>The Collegeville Bible Commentary: New Testament, NAB</i>. Liturgical Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">903–</span>35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-2211-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-2211-7"><bdi>978-0-8146-2211-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mark&rft.btitle=The+Collegeville+Bible+Commentary%3A+New+Testament%2C+NAB&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E903-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-2211-7&rft.aulast=Van+Linden&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfJR0wYP12ZEC%26pg%3DPA903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeeden1995" class="citation book cs1">Weeden, Theodore J. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UrM3DCDosYgC&pg=PA89">"The Heresy that Necessitated Mark's Gospel"</a>. In Telford, William (ed.). <i>Interpretation of Mark</i>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-29256-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-29256-8"><bdi>978-0-567-29256-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Heresy+that+Necessitated+Mark%27s+Gospel&rft.btitle=Interpretation+of+Mark&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-567-29256-8&rft.aulast=Weeden&rft.aufirst=Theodore+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUrM3DCDosYgC%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWillker2015" class="citation book cs1">Willker, Wieland (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.willker.de/wie/TCG/TC-Mark.pdf"><i>Mark</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. A Textual Commentary on the Greek Gospels. Vol. 2 (12th ed.). Bremen, Germany: Author<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mark&rft.place=Bremen%2C+Germany&rft.series=A+Textual+Commentary+on+the+Greek+Gospels&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=Author&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Willker&rft.aufirst=Wieland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.willker.de%2Fwie%2FTCG%2FTC-Mark.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinn2008" class="citation book cs1">Winn, Adam (2008). <i>The Purpose of Mark's Gospel: An Early Christian Response to Roman Imperial Propaganda</i>. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3161496356" title="Special:BookSources/978-3161496356"><bdi>978-3161496356</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Purpose+of+Mark%27s+Gospel%3A+An+Early+Christian+Response+to+Roman+Imperial+Propaganda&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3161496356&rft.aulast=Winn&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel+of+Mark" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Mark&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mark_(Bible)" class="extiw" title="s:Mark (Bible)">Wikisource</a>: 1 language/23 versions</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/">oremus Bible Browser</a>: 1 language/3 versions</li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=NT+02:+Mark&author=&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced">Bible: Mark</a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a>: 1 language/8 versions</li></ul> <p><b>Related articles</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/mark.html">Early Christian Writings</a>: On-line scholarly resources</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.textweek.com/mkjnacts/mark.htm">Resources for the Book of Mark</a> at The Text This Week</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Gospel of Mark </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic</a> <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></b></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><small><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> of</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <small><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></small><br /><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Bible">Books of the Bible</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><small><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> of</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style 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title="New Testament places associated with Jesus">New Testament places associated with Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament">Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus" title="Tacitus on Jesus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion_on_Jesus" title="Mara bar Serapion on Jesus">Mara bar Serapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Gospels</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_Jesus" title="List of books about Jesus">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">Life of Christ in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_Museum" title="Life of Christ Museum">Life of Christ Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Jesus" title="List of statues of Jesus">Statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus_in_Christian_art" title="Transfiguration of Jesus in Christian art">Transfiguration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology#Person_of_Christ" title="Christology">Person of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">Pre-existence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus" title="Relics associated with Jesus">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_of_Christ" title="Session of Christ">Session of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Christ" title="Cosmic Christ">Cosmic Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">In other faiths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuism" title="Jesuism">Jesuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology" title="Jesus in comparative mythology">In comparative mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" title="Jesus in the Talmud">In the Talmud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus#Baháʼí_Faith" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Jesus the Splendour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Mandaeism" title="Jesus in Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Jesus" title="Master Jesus">Master Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> (legal father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a> (alleged father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Abdes_Pantera" title="Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera">Panthera</a> (alleged father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Brothers of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Kinship" title="Holy Kinship">Holy Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Anne</a> (traditional maternal grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim" title="Joachim">Joachim</a> (traditional maternal grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heli_(biblical_figure)" title="Heli (biblical figure)">Heli</a> (paternal grandfather per Luke)</li> <li>Jacob (paternal grandfather per Matthew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_bloodline" title="Jesus bloodline">Descendants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopas" title="Clopas">Clopas</a> (traditional uncle)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Jesus" title="Language of Jesus">Language of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus%27s_interactions_with_women" title="Jesus's interactions with women">Interactions with women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_Jesus" title="Rejection of Jesus">Rejection of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_Jesus" title="Mental health of Jesus">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_appearance_of_Jesus" title="Race and appearance of Jesus">Race and appearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_marital_status_of_Jesus" title="Sexuality and marital status of Jesus">Sexuality and marital status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jesus" title="Category:Jesus">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gospel_of_Mark155" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gospel_of_Mark" title="Template:Gospel of Mark"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gospel_of_Mark" title="Template talk:Gospel of Mark"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel_of_Mark" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel of Mark"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gospel_of_Mark155" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gospel of Mark</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">chapters</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_1" title="Mark 1">Mark 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_2" title="Mark 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_3" title="Mark 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_4" title="Mark 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_5" title="Mark 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_6" title="Mark 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_7" title="Mark 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_8" title="Mark 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_9" title="Mark 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_10" title="Mark 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_11" title="Mark 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_12" title="Mark 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_13" title="Mark 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_14" title="Mark 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_15" title="Mark 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_16" title="Mark 16">16</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_Jesus_to_Galilee" title="Return of Jesus to Galilee">Galilean ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Growing_Seed" title="Parable of the Growing Seed">Parable of the Growing Seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calming_the_storm" title="Calming the storm">Calming the storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">Feeding the multitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_walking_on_water" title="Jesus walking on water">Walking on water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_cleansing_a_leper" title="Jesus cleansing a leper">Cleansing a leper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilate%27s_court" title="Pilate's court">Pilate's court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Entombment/Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naked_fugitive" title="Naked fugitive">Naked fugitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">Sayings of Jesus on the cross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_James" title="Mary, mother of James">Mary, mother of James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_(biblical_figure)" title="Rufus (biblical figure)">Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(disciple)" title="Salome (disciple)">Salome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Groups</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethany" title="Bethany">Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmanutha" title="Dalmanutha">Dalmanutha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark the Evangelist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">John Mark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Gospel_of_Mark" title="Textual variants in the Gospel of Mark">Textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcan_priority" title="Marcan priority">Marcan priority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two-source_hypothesis" title="Two-source hypothesis">two-source hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-source_hypothesis" title="Three-source hypothesis">three-source hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertextual_production_of_the_Gospel_of_Mark" title="Intertextual production of the Gospel of Mark">Intertextual production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Secret" title="Messianic Secret">Messianic Secret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Gospel_of_Mark" title="Secret Gospel of Mark">Secret Gospel of Mark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Mark_Passion_(attributed_to_Keiser)" title="St Mark Passion (attributed to Keiser)"><i>St Mark Passion</i> (attributed to Keiser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mark_Passion,_BWV_247" title="St Mark Passion, BWV 247"><i>St Mark Passion</i>, BWV 247 (J. S. Bach)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Pasi%C3%B3n_seg%C3%BAn_San_Marcos_(Golijov)" title="La Pasión según San Marcos (Golijov)"><i>La Pasión según San Marcos</i> (Golijov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mark_Passion_(N._Matthes)" title="St Mark Passion (N. Matthes)"><i>St Mark Passion </i>(N. Matthes)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_45" title="Papyrus 45">Papyrus 45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_84" title="Papyrus 84">84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_88" title="Papyrus 88">88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_137" title="Papyrus 137">137</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayyum_Fragment" title="Fayyum Fragment">Fayyum Fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuscule_2427" title="Minuscule 2427">Minuscule 2427 <i>(forgery)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7Q5" title="7Q5">7Q5 <i>(disputed)</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC_%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Κατά Μάρκον">Greek Text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Marcus" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Marcus">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Mark" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Mark">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Mark">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Mark" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Mark" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Mark">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gospel_of_Matthew123" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Template:Gospel of Matthew"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Template talk:Gospel of Matthew"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel of Matthew"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gospel_of_Matthew123" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_Matthew_chapters" title="Category:Gospel of Matthew chapters">Chapters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1" title="Matthew 1">Matthew 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_2" title="Matthew 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_3" title="Matthew 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_4" title="Matthew 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_5" title="Matthew 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_6" title="Matthew 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_7" title="Matthew 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_8" title="Matthew 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_9" title="Matthew 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_10" title="Matthew 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_11" title="Matthew 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_12" title="Matthew 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_13" title="Matthew 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_14" title="Matthew 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_15" title="Matthew 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_16" title="Matthew 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_17" title="Matthew 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_18" title="Matthew 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_19" title="Matthew 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_20" title="Matthew 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_21" title="Matthew 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_22" title="Matthew 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_23" title="Matthew 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_24" title="Matthew 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_25" title="Matthew 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_26" title="Matthew 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_27" title="Matthew 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_28" title="Matthew 28">28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_Matthew_verses" title="Category:Gospel of Matthew verses">Verses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_1" title="Category:Matthew 1">Matthew 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_2" title="Category:Matthew 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_3" title="Category:Matthew 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_4" title="Category:Matthew 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_5" title="Category:Matthew 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_6" title="Category:Matthew 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_7" title="Category:Matthew 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_8" title="Category:Matthew 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_9" title="Category:Matthew 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_10" title="Category:Matthew 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_11" title="Category:Matthew 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_12" title="Category:Matthew 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_14" title="Category:Matthew 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_15" title="Category:Matthew 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_16:2b%E2%80%933" title="Matthew 16:2b–3">16:2b–3</a>,<a href="/wiki/Matthew_16:19" title="Matthew 16:19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_27" title="Category:Matthew 27">27:1–12; 52–66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_28" title="Category:Matthew 28">28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events<br />and phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Jesus' birth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_family_of_Jesus_to_Nazareth" title="Return of the family of Jesus to Nazareth">Return to Nazareth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_heaven_(Gospel_of_Matthew)" title="Kingdom of heaven (Gospel of Matthew)">Kingdom of heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_Jesus_to_Galilee" title="Return of Jesus to Galilee">Galilean ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishers_of_men" title="Fishers of men">Fishers of men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecce_homo#Eastern_Christianity" title="Ecce homo">Behold the bridegroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_preaches_in_a_ship" title="Jesus preaches in a ship">Jesus preaches in a ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calming_the_storm" title="Calming the storm">Calming the storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">Feeding the multitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_walking_on_water" title="Jesus walking on water">Walking on water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Ten_Virgins" title="Parable of the Ten Virgins">Ten Virgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Zebedee" class="mw-redirect" title="James, son of Zebedee">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Groups</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Angels">Angels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethany" title="Bethany">Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Q_source" title="Q source">Q source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_source" title="M source">M source</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gospel of Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Textual variants in the Gospel of Matthew">Textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_hypothesis" title="Augustinian hypothesis">Augustinian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-gospel_hypothesis" title="Two-gospel hypothesis">Two-gospel hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthean_Posteriority_hypothesis" title="Matthean Posteriority hypothesis">Matthean Posteriority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Discourses_of_Matthew" title="Five Discourses of Matthew">Five Discourses of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calling_of_Matthew" title="Calling of Matthew">Calling of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_heaven_(Gospel_of_Matthew)" title="Kingdom of heaven (Gospel of Matthew)">Kingdom of heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel" title="Immanuel">Immanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Pseudo-Matthew" title="Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew">Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_translations_of_Matthew" title="Rabbinical translations of Matthew">Rabbinical translations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shem_Tob%27s_Hebrew_Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Shem Tob's Hebrew Gospel of Matthew">Shem Tob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith%E2%80%93Matthew" title="Joseph Smith–Matthew">Joseph Smith–Matthew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion" title="St Matthew Passion">St Matthew Passion</a></i> (Bach, 1727/29) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion_structure" title="St Matthew Passion structure">Structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_According_to_St._Matthew_(film)" title="The Gospel According to St. Matthew (film)">The Gospel According to St. Matthew</a></i> (1964 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Godspell" title="Godspell">Godspell</a></i> (1971 musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Godspell_(film)" title="Godspell (film)">Godspell</a></i> (1973 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Visual_Bible:_Matthew" title="The Visual Bible: Matthew">The Visual Bible: Matthew</a></i> (1993 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_1" title="Papyrus 1">Papyrus 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_4" title="Papyrus 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_19" title="Papyrus 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_21" title="Papyrus 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_25" title="Papyrus 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_35" title="Papyrus 35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_37" title="Papyrus 37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_44" title="Papyrus 44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_45" title="Papyrus 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_53" title="Papyrus 53">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_62" title="Papyrus 62">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_70" title="Papyrus 70">70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_71" title="Papyrus 71">71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_73" title="Papyrus 73">73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_77" title="Papyrus 77">77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_83" title="Papyrus 83">83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_86" title="Papyrus 86">86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_96" title="Papyrus 96">96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_101" title="Papyrus 101">101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_102" title="Papyrus 102">102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_103" title="Papyrus 103">103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_104" title="Papyrus 104">104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_105" title="Papyrus 105">105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_110" title="Papyrus 110">110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalen_papyrus" title="Magdalen papyrus">Magdalen papyrus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Κατά Ματθαίον">Greek Text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Matthaeus" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Matthaeus">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Matthew">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Matthew">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Matthew">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gospel_of_Luke112" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gospel_of_Luke" title="Template:Gospel of Luke"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gospel_of_Luke" title="Template talk:Gospel of Luke"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel_of_Luke" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel of Luke"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gospel_of_Luke112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_Luke_chapters" title="Category:Gospel of Luke chapters">Chapters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luke_1" title="Luke 1">Luke 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_2" title="Luke 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_3" title="Luke 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_4" title="Luke 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_5" title="Luke 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_6" title="Luke 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_7" title="Luke 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_8" title="Luke 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_9" title="Luke 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_10" title="Luke 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_11" title="Luke 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_12" title="Luke 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_13" title="Luke 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_14" title="Luke 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_15" title="Luke 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_16" title="Luke 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_17" title="Luke 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_18" title="Luke 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_19" title="Luke 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_20" title="Luke 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_21" title="Luke 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_22" title="Luke 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_23" title="Luke 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_24" title="Luke 24">24</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Verses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luke_22:43%E2%80%9344" title="Luke 22:43–44">Luke 22:43–44</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation to Mary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Elizabeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">and the shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Adoration of shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativity of Saint John the Baptist">John the Baptist's Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_of_Quirinius" title="Census of Quirinius">Census of Quirinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Jesus' Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_of_Jesus" title="Circumcision of Jesus">Circumcision</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Presentation at the Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_in_the_Temple" title="Finding in the Temple">Finding in the Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calling_of_Matthew" title="Calling of Matthew">Calling of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counting_the_cost" title="Counting the cost">Counting the cost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Plain" title="Sermon on the Plain">Sermon on the Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calming_the_storm" title="Calming the storm">Calming the storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">Feeding the 5000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Prodigal_Son" title="Parable of the Prodigal Son">Prodigal son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilate%27s_court" title="Pilate's court">Pilate's court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedictus_(Song_of_Zechariah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictus (Song of Zechariah)">Benedictus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishers_of_men" title="Fishers of men">Fishers of men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wine_into_Old_Wineskins" title="New Wine into Old Wineskins">New Wine into Old Wineskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunc_dimittis" title="Nunc dimittis">Nunc dimittis (Song of Simeon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Unjust_Steward" title="Parable of the Unjust Steward">Parable of the Unjust Steward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_man_and_Lazarus" title="Rich man and Lazarus">Rich man and Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_four_woes_of_Jesus" title="The four woes of Jesus">The four woes of Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abijah" title="Abijah">Abijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annas" title="Annas">Annas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_man_and_Lazarus" title="Rich man and Lazarus">Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysanias" title="Lysanias">Lysanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_of_Bethany" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha of Bethany">Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naaman" title="Naaman">Naaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip (apostle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip (tetrarch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinius" title="Quirinius">Quirinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_(biblical)" title="Theophilus (biblical)">Theophilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberius Caesar">Tiberius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Groups</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abilene_(biblical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abilene (biblical)">Abilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethany_(biblical_village)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethany (biblical village)">Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decapolis" title="Decapolis">Decapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmaus" title="Emmaus">Emmaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea">Iturea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nein" title="Nein">Nain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachonitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Trachonitis">Trachonitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke the Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Luke–Acts">Luke–Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Authorship of Luke–Acts">Authorship of Luke–Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gospel of Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_source" title="Q source">Q source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_source" title="L source">L source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-gospel_hypothesis" title="Two-gospel hypothesis">Two-gospel hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_school_hypothesis" title="Jerusalem school hypothesis">Jerusalem school hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Gospel_of_Luke" title="Textual variants in the Gospel of Luke">Textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Marcion" title="Gospel of Marcion">Gospel of Marcion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jiizas:_di_Buk_We_Luuk_Rait_bout_Im" title="Jiizas: di Buk We Luuk Rait bout Im">Jiizas: di Buk We Luuk Rait bout Im</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Luke_Passion,_BWV_246" title="St Luke Passion, BWV 246"><i>St Luke Passion</i>, BWV 246</a> (1730)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Luke_Passion_(Penderecki)" title="St Luke Passion (Penderecki)"><i>St Luke Passion</i></a> (Penderecki, 1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jesus_(1979_film)" title="Jesus (1979 film)">Jesus</a></i> (1979 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Witness:_Five_Plays_from_the_Gospel_of_Luke" title="Witness: Five Plays from the Gospel of Luke">Witness: Five Plays from the Gospel of Luke</a></i> (2007, radio)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Savior_(2014_film)" title="The Savior (2014 film)">The Savior</a></i> (2014 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_2" title="Papyrus 2">Papyrus 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_3" title="Papyrus 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_4" title="Papyrus 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_7" title="Papyrus 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_42" title="Papyrus 42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_45" title="Papyrus 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_69" title="Papyrus 69">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_75" title="Papyrus 75">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_82" title="Papyrus 82">82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_97" title="Papyrus 97">97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_111" title="Papyrus 111">111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Nitriensis" title="Codex Nitriensis">Codex Nitriensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Glagolitic_fragments" title="Ohrid Glagolitic fragments">Ohrid Glagolitic fragments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC_%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Κατά Λουκάν">Greek Text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Lucas" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Lucas">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Luke" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Luke">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Luke">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Luke" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Luke">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books_of_the_Bible242" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template talk:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books_of_the_Bible242" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Books</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Protocanonical_books" title="Protocanonical books">(protocanon)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocrypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Song of the Three Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Orthodox & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon#Broader_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syriac <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Three_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Three Patriarchs">Testaments of the Three Patriarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Abraham" title="Testament of Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Isaac" title="Testament of Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Jacob" title="Testament of Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament canon">Canon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Laodiceans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">1 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">2 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">3 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah#Pentateuch" title="Torah">Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature#Sapiential_Books" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom books</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Poetic Books</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Johannine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Jewish canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">Intertestamental period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Christian canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" title="List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha">Old Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Manuscripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">New Testament manuscript categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri" title="List of New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials" title="List of New Testament uncials">New Testament uncials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_version_debate" title="Bible version debate">Bible version debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">English Bible translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-canonical_books_referenced_in_the_Bible" title="Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible">Other books referenced in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">Additional Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical and Quranic narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Bible" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Bible">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107388#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2191" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107388#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2191" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107388#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/179823714">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2047159477913027990006">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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Německy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=unn20241212333&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90058081">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000395725&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000058950">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/0xbddxzj09vsjl9">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810669090605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=492/18312">Vatican</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02820106X">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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