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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Zen Buddhism</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">18,639 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Most downloaded papers in <b>Zen Buddhism</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Zen_Buddhism">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34081384" data-work_id="34081384" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34081384/PURE_VISION_AND_THE_VISION_OF_THE_GURU_A_PHENOMENOLOGY_0F_BEWILDERMENT">PURE VISION AND THE VISION OF THE GURU: A PHENOMENOLOGY 0F BEWILDERMENT</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">It is not easy to understand the nature of the guru and understanding the nature of the guru can be bewildering. There is often bewilderment about the guru. One source of the bewilderment is that people think that the guru is an... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34081384" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">It is not easy to understand the nature of the guru and understanding the nature of the guru can be bewildering. There is often bewilderment about the guru. One source of the bewilderment is that people think that the guru is an individual person and for most people the understanding that the guru is not a person has been foreclosed. The guru is not a person. And when people see and believe the guru is a person, such a belief will create illusions about the person whom they think is the guru, and their own relationship with the person whom they see as the guru will fall into various forms of the psychology of transference. Moreover, the true and pervasive nature of the guru will be concealed and the power of the guru limited and anthropomorphized, and politicized. To use Heideggerian language the ontic dimension will become the focus and the ontological dimension becomes foreclosed. In fact, the guru is not an entity, the guru is not a thing, and the guru is not even a being. The guru is the field of Being. The guru is the field of Being's manifestation of understanding, manifestation of protection and manifestation of self-revelation. The guru is the radiance of primordial awareness. The contemporary master of Kashmir Shavism, Swami Muktananda would teach, using the language of theology, " the guru is the grace bestowing power of God. " He would also say " The guru is your own innermost awareness and you must get beyond your mind to experience the guru as your own awareness. " Vehicle-ness It is also equally true that a person can be vehicle of the guru. Even you and I can be a vehicle for the guru. The light of the guru can manifest and shine forth through you and me, and through everyone. The power of the guru does not manifest only through institutional religious teachers as some would like you to think, but most often this manifestation is through</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34081384" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d74b17cf4112d5e6035dd0d0042e21ee" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54015120,"asset_id":34081384,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54015120/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4ODU0Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2967220" href="https://meditatelive.academia.edu/rudolphbauer">rudolph bauer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2967220" type="text/json">{"id":2967220,"first_name":"rudolph","last_name":"bauer","domain_name":"meditatelive","page_name":"rudolphbauer","display_name":"rudolph bauer","profile_url":"https://meditatelive.academia.edu/rudolphbauer?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2967220/982632/1229615/s65_rudolph.bauer.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34081384 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34081384"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34081384, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34081384", }); 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There is often bewilderment about the guru. One source of the bewilderment is that people think that the guru is an individual person and for most people the understanding that the guru is not a person has been foreclosed. The guru is not a person. And when people see and believe the guru is a person, such a belief will create illusions about the person whom they think is the guru, and their own relationship with the person whom they see as the guru will fall into various forms of the psychology of transference. Moreover, the true and pervasive nature of the guru will be concealed and the power of the guru limited and anthropomorphized, and politicized. To use Heideggerian language the ontic dimension will become the focus and the ontological dimension becomes foreclosed. In fact, the guru is not an entity, the guru is not a thing, and the guru is not even a being. The guru is the field of Being. The guru is the field of Being's manifestation of understanding, manifestation of protection and manifestation of self-revelation. The guru is the radiance of primordial awareness. The contemporary master of Kashmir Shavism, Swami Muktananda would teach, using the language of theology, \" the guru is the grace bestowing power of God. \" He would also say \" The guru is your own innermost awareness and you must get beyond your mind to experience the guru as your own awareness. \" Vehicle-ness It is also equally true that a person can be vehicle of the guru. Even you and I can be a vehicle for the guru. The light of the guru can manifest and shine forth through you and me, and through everyone. The power of the guru does not manifest only through institutional religious teachers as some would like you to think, but most often this manifestation is through","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54015120,"asset_id":34081384,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2967220,"first_name":"rudolph","last_name":"bauer","domain_name":"meditatelive","page_name":"rudolphbauer","display_name":"rudolph bauer","profile_url":"https://meditatelive.academia.edu/rudolphbauer?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2967220/982632/1229615/s65_rudolph.bauer.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8,"name":"Critical 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itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30412761/A_Case_Study_and_the_Manifestation_of_Thich_Nhat_Hanh_s_Vision_of_the_Five_Mindfulness_Trainings">A Case Study and the Manifestation of Thich Nhat Hanh’s Vision of the Five Mindfulness Trainings</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper is about a Case Study and the Manifestation of Thich Nhat Hanh’s Vision of the Five Mindfulness Trainings. Vietnamese Zen Master Thich Nhat Hanh, a Buddhist monk, peace activist, writer, poet, and scholar, is a champion of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_30412761" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper is about a Case Study and the Manifestation of Thich Nhat Hanh’s Vision of the Five Mindfulness Trainings. Vietnamese Zen Master Thich Nhat Hanh, a Buddhist monk, peace activist, writer, poet, and scholar, is a champion of mindfulness. His work is said to have carried mindfulness practices into the mainstream culture. His wisdom and practice of mindfulness have provided guidance and a practical approach, which benefits individuals, families and<br />organizations. Thich Nhat Hanh (2007) emphasized, “With mindfulness, we are aware of what is going on in our bodies, our feelings, our minds, and the world, and we avoid doing harm to ourselves and others” (p. 2). Additionally, he continued, “Mindfulness protects us, our families, and our society, and ensures a safe and happy present and a safe and happy<br />future. Precepts are the most concrete expression of the practice of mindfulness” (p. 2).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30412761" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2485bf4a5f2e50dcdf812c12e8af2640" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50857647,"asset_id":30412761,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50857647/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4ODU0Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34456836" href="https://drexel.academia.edu/PheBach">Phe Bach, Ed.D.</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34456836" type="text/json">{"id":34456836,"first_name":"Phe","last_name":"Bach, Ed.D.","domain_name":"drexel","page_name":"PheBach","display_name":"Phe Bach, Ed.D.","profile_url":"https://drexel.academia.edu/PheBach?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34456836/10078794/11250296/s65_phe.bach.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30412761 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30412761"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30412761, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30412761", }); 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type="text/json">{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1222" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Philosophy">Buddhist Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1222" type="text/json">{"id":1222,"name":"Buddhist Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Philosophy?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2059" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Religion">History of Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2059" type="text/json">{"id":2059,"name":"History of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Religion?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2882" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a><script 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class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30099983/TAISEN_DESHIMARU_PREGUNTAS_A_UN_MAESTRO_ZEN">TAISEN DESHIMARU PREGUNTAS A UN MAESTRO ZEN</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">La obra clave de Taisen Deshimaru, donde esxplica las claves de la meditaci´`on zen (escuela soto), tal como el maestro la introdujo en Europa desde el dojo de parís, 1968/1982</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30099983" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li 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href="https://independent.academia.edu/GuillemCatal%C3%A0">Guillem Català</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2650585" type="text/json">{"id":2650585,"first_name":"Guillem","last_name":"Català","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GuillemCatalà","display_name":"Guillem Català","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GuillemCatal%C3%A0?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2650585/3149990/3708412/s65_guillem.catal_.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30099983 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30099983"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30099983, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30099983", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_30099983 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30099983]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_30099983").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_30099983").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="30099983"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4108" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yoga_Meditation">Yoga Meditation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4108" type="text/json">{"id":4108,"name":"Yoga Meditation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yoga_Meditation?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6053" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen">Zen</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6053" type="text/json">{"id":6053,"name":"Zen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7108" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism">Zen Buddhism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7108" type="text/json">{"id":7108,"name":"Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="331451" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soto_Zen">Soto Zen</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="331451" type="text/json">{"id":331451,"name":"Soto Zen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soto_Zen?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=30099983]'), work: {"id":30099983,"title":"TAISEN DESHIMARU PREGUNTAS A UN MAESTRO ZEN","created_at":"2016-11-26T13:05:06.520-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/30099983/TAISEN_DESHIMARU_PREGUNTAS_A_UN_MAESTRO_ZEN?f_ri=7108","dom_id":"work_30099983","summary":"La obra clave de Taisen Deshimaru, donde esxplica las claves de la meditaci´`on zen (escuela soto), tal como el maestro la introdujo en Europa desde el dojo de parís, 1968/1982","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50561627,"asset_id":30099983,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2650585,"first_name":"Guillem","last_name":"Català","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GuillemCatalà","display_name":"Guillem Català","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GuillemCatal%C3%A0?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2650585/3149990/3708412/s65_guillem.catal_.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4108,"name":"Yoga 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itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34710506/Consciousness_Manifesto_Physical_origins_of_consciousness_through_evolution_and_revolution">Consciousness Manifesto: Physical origins of consciousness through evolution and revolution</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Once the positivistic/escapist interpretation that human consciousness is epiphenomenal, i.e., accidental, is dismissed there are two possible approaches to the scientific study of consciousness. Bottom-up consciousness, from the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34710506" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Once the positivistic/escapist interpretation that human consciousness is epiphenomenal, i.e., accidental, is dismissed there are two possible approaches to the scientific study of consciousness. Bottom-up consciousness, from the individual organism or being to the universe, and Consciousness from the top-down, from the universe to the individual. These two approaches mark the outer boundaries of the present scientific search for a theoretical model of consciousness, even though Consciousness goes beyond science and moves into the realm of metaphysics. In any case, everything in between these two approaches is seriously muddled and clouded with speculations and metatheories that cannot be possible, which is common to the period preceding a scientific revolution. Some of those speculations and metatheories sound rather esoteric and even spiritual, which allows them to appeal to many people, but they would normally be considered non-scientific by definition if they were expressed for anything other than consciousness, which in itself presents a total mystery to science and the scientists who are willing to attempt to explain consciousness. On the other hand, what little concrete information science has at its disposal about consciousness does seem to match ideas in eastern mystical thought and in some cases earlier western ideas in Natural Philosophy that have been rejected by science, which further muddles the scientific quest for understanding consciousness. These ideas and concepts fit the qualitative aspects of mind that science normally associates with consciousness even better as well as the direct characteristics of consciousness, at least to the extent that such characteristics are known. Science needs to find a balance between them so it can maximize the effect of the next scientific revolution as well as the corresponding evolutionary leap in consciousness that is coming, but physics must simultaneously develop a working unified field theory to better define the universe in which consciousness of any kind, shape or form can and has developed.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34710506" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5b8b28a3f41f624c1c4e6eecd2445472" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54703677,"asset_id":34710506,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54703677/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4ODU0Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13393868" href="https://webplus.academia.edu/JamesJimBeichler">James (Jim) E Beichler</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13393868" type="text/json">{"id":13393868,"first_name":"James (Jim)","last_name":"Beichler","domain_name":"webplus","page_name":"JamesJimBeichler","display_name":"James (Jim) E Beichler","profile_url":"https://webplus.academia.edu/JamesJimBeichler?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13393868/3842772/4496298/s65_jim.beichler.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34710506 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34710506"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34710506, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34710506", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34710506]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34710506").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34710506").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34710506"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">86</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="155" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology">Evolutionary Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="155" type="text/json">{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="772" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Evolution">Human Evolution</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="772" type="text/json">{"id":772,"name":"Human Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Evolution?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="806" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Mind">Philosophy of Mind</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="806" type="text/json">{"id":806,"name":"Philosophy of Mind","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Mind?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2055" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consciousness_Psychology_">Consciousness (Psychology)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2055" type="text/json">{"id":2055,"name":"Consciousness (Psychology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consciousness_Psychology_?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34710506]'), work: {"id":34710506,"title":"Consciousness Manifesto: Physical origins of consciousness through evolution and revolution","created_at":"2017-09-28T15:22:16.613-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34710506/Consciousness_Manifesto_Physical_origins_of_consciousness_through_evolution_and_revolution?f_ri=7108","dom_id":"work_34710506","summary":"Once the positivistic/escapist interpretation that human consciousness is epiphenomenal, i.e., accidental, is dismissed there are two possible approaches to the scientific study of consciousness. Bottom-up consciousness, from the individual organism or being to the universe, and Consciousness from the top-down, from the universe to the individual. These two approaches mark the outer boundaries of the present scientific search for a theoretical model of consciousness, even though Consciousness goes beyond science and moves into the realm of metaphysics. In any case, everything in between these two approaches is seriously muddled and clouded with speculations and metatheories that cannot be possible, which is common to the period preceding a scientific revolution. Some of those speculations and metatheories sound rather esoteric and even spiritual, which allows them to appeal to many people, but they would normally be considered non-scientific by definition if they were expressed for anything other than consciousness, which in itself presents a total mystery to science and the scientists who are willing to attempt to explain consciousness. On the other hand, what little concrete information science has at its disposal about consciousness does seem to match ideas in eastern mystical thought and in some cases earlier western ideas in Natural Philosophy that have been rejected by science, which further muddles the scientific quest for understanding consciousness. These ideas and concepts fit the qualitative aspects of mind that science normally associates with consciousness even better as well as the direct characteristics of consciousness, at least to the extent that such characteristics are known. Science needs to find a balance between them so it can maximize the effect of the next scientific revolution as well as the corresponding evolutionary leap in consciousness that is coming, but physics must simultaneously develop a working unified field theory to better define the universe in which consciousness of any kind, shape or form can and has developed.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54703677,"asset_id":34710506,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13393868,"first_name":"James (Jim)","last_name":"Beichler","domain_name":"webplus","page_name":"JamesJimBeichler","display_name":"James (Jim) E Beichler","profile_url":"https://webplus.academia.edu/JamesJimBeichler?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13393868/3842772/4496298/s65_jim.beichler.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":772,"name":"Human 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itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25911963/On_the_Buddhist_roots_of_contemporary_non_religious_mindfulness_practice_Moving_beyond_sectarian_and_essentialist_approaches">On the Buddhist roots of contemporary non-religious mindfulness practice: Moving beyond sectarian and essentialist approaches</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Mindfulness-based practice methods are entering the Western cultural mainstream as institutionalised approaches in healthcare, education, and other public spheres. The Buddhist roots of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_25911963" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Mindfulness-based practice methods are entering the Western cultural mainstream as institutionalised approaches in healthcare, education, and other public spheres. The Buddhist roots of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) and comparable mindfulness-based programmes are widely acknowledged, together with the view of their religious and ideological neutrality. However, the cultural and historical roots of these contemporary approaches have received relatively little attention in the study of religion, and the discussion has been centred on Theravāda Buddhist viewpoints or essentialist presentations of ‘classical Buddhism’. In the light of historical and textual analysis it seems unfounded to hold Theravāda tradition as the original context or as some authoritative expression of Buddhist mindfulness, and there are no grounds for holding it as the exclusive Buddhist source of the MBSR programme either. Rather, one-sided Theravāda-based presentations give a limited and oversimplified picture of Buddhist doctrine and practice, and also distort comparisons with contemporary non-religious forms of mindfulness practice. To move beyond the sectarian and essentialist approaches closely related to the ‘world religions paradigm’ in the study of religion, the discussion would benefit from a lineage-based approach, where possible historical continuities and phenomenological similarities between Buddhist mindfulness and contemporary non-religious approaches are examined at the level of particular relevant Buddhist teachers and their lineages of doctrine and practice.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25911963" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5cef649f68bfce80c1f29d735920d587" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49129665,"asset_id":25911963,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49129665/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4ODU0Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="25436858" href="https://helsinki.academia.edu/VilleHusgafvel">Ville Husgafvel</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="25436858" type="text/json">{"id":25436858,"first_name":"Ville","last_name":"Husgafvel","domain_name":"helsinki","page_name":"VilleHusgafvel","display_name":"Ville Husgafvel","profile_url":"https://helsinki.academia.edu/VilleHusgafvel?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25436858/19796719/23136540/s65_ville.husgafvel.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_25911963 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="25911963"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 25911963, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_25911963", }); 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The Buddhist roots of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) and comparable mindfulness-based programmes are widely acknowledged, together with the view of their religious and ideological neutrality. However, the cultural and historical roots of these contemporary approaches have received relatively little attention in the study of religion, and the discussion has been centred on Theravāda Buddhist viewpoints or essentialist presentations of ‘classical Buddhism’. In the light of historical and textual analysis it seems unfounded to hold Theravāda tradition as the original context or as some authoritative expression of Buddhist mindfulness, and there are no grounds for holding it as the exclusive Buddhist source of the MBSR programme either. Rather, one-sided Theravāda-based presentations give a limited and oversimplified picture of Buddhist doctrine and practice, and also distort comparisons with contemporary non-religious forms of mindfulness practice. To move beyond the sectarian and essentialist approaches closely related to the ‘world religions paradigm’ in the study of religion, the discussion would benefit from a lineage-based approach, where possible historical continuities and phenomenological similarities between Buddhist mindfulness and contemporary non-religious approaches are examined at the level of particular relevant Buddhist teachers and their lineages of doctrine and practice.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49129665,"asset_id":25911963,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":25436858,"first_name":"Ville","last_name":"Husgafvel","domain_name":"helsinki","page_name":"VilleHusgafvel","display_name":"Ville Husgafvel","profile_url":"https://helsinki.academia.edu/VilleHusgafvel?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25436858/19796719/23136540/s65_ville.husgafvel.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":122,"name":"Comparative Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":2906,"name":"Buddhist Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":3810,"name":"Mindfulness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mindfulness?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":7108,"name":"Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":7833,"name":"Study of Religions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Study_of_Religions?f_ri=7108"},{"id":15773,"name":"Buddhist Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Psychology?f_ri=7108"},{"id":25051,"name":"Theravada Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theravada_Buddhism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":57275,"name":"Meditation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Meditation?f_ri=7108"},{"id":182867,"name":"Mindfulness Meditation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mindfulness_Meditation?f_ri=7108"},{"id":292574,"name":"Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mindfulness_Based_Stress_Reduction?f_ri=7108"},{"id":298802,"name":"Buddhist Meditation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Meditation?f_ri=7108"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13116314" data-work_id="13116314" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13116314/FRANCISCO_VARELA_NEUROFENOMENOLOG%C3%8DA_ENFOQUE_ENACTIVO_DE_LA_COGNICI%C3%93N_MENTES_SIN_YO_Y_EL_ELUSIVO_FEN%C3%93MENO_DE_LA_CONCIENCIA">FRANCISCO VARELA: NEUROFENOMENOLOGÍA , ENFOQUE ENACTIVO DE LA COGNICIÓN, MENTES SIN YO Y EL ELUSIVO FENÓMENO DE LA CONCIENCIA</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">RESUMEN El presente artículo se propone dar cuenta del elusivo fenómeno de la conciencia desde la original perspectiva de la neurofenomenología de Francisco Varela, quien a partir de nociones tales como neuroplasticidad, enacción y... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13116314" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">RESUMEN <br />El presente artículo se propone dar cuenta del elusivo fenómeno de la conciencia desde la original perspectiva de la neurofenomenología de Francisco Varela, quien a partir de nociones tales como neuroplasticidad, enacción y emergencia, explica, cómo ocurren los procesos cerebrales que fundan la conciencia y la “unidad” de la vivencia. Describiendo como la conciencia aparece en el vivir encarnado: en la regulación con el cuerpo entero; en sus relaciones sensorio-motoras con el mundo y en una red ínter-subjetiva de acciones y de lenguaje. <br />Dr. Adolfo Vásquez Rocca <br />Keywords:  Neurociencias, ciencias cognitivas, ética, yo, cuerpo, neuroplasticidad, enacción, acciones corporeizadas,  biología cultural,  saber-cómo. <br />Neuroscience, cognitive science, ethics, self, body, neuroplasticity, enaction, actions embodied experiences, cultural biology,  know-how. <br />-Francisco Varela: neurophenomenology, enactive approach to cognition, minds without me and the elusive phenomenon of consciousness. <br />DR. ADOLFO VÁSQUEZ ROCCA</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13116314" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a785425e85c4dc19892fa0247c6e2606" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37949897,"asset_id":13116314,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37949897/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4ODU0Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1871883" href="https://ucm.academia.edu/AdolfoVasquezRocca">Adolfo Vasquez Rocca</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1871883" type="text/json">{"id":1871883,"first_name":"Adolfo","last_name":"Vasquez Rocca","domain_name":"ucm","page_name":"AdolfoVasquezRocca","display_name":"Adolfo Vasquez Rocca","profile_url":"https://ucm.academia.edu/AdolfoVasquezRocca?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1871883/634717/30335960/s65_adolfo.vasquez_rocca.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13116314 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13116314"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13116314, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13116314", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13116314]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13116314").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13116314").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13116314"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">211</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl11x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory">Critical Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8" type="text/json">{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="161" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="161" type="text/json">{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="188" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies">Cultural Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="188" type="text/json">{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13116314]'), work: {"id":13116314,"title":"FRANCISCO VARELA: NEUROFENOMENOLOGÍA , ENFOQUE ENACTIVO DE LA COGNICIÓN, MENTES SIN YO Y EL ELUSIVO FENÓMENO DE LA CONCIENCIA","created_at":"2015-06-19T21:11:30.366-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13116314/FRANCISCO_VARELA_NEUROFENOMENOLOG%C3%8DA_ENFOQUE_ENACTIVO_DE_LA_COGNICI%C3%93N_MENTES_SIN_YO_Y_EL_ELUSIVO_FEN%C3%93MENO_DE_LA_CONCIENCIA?f_ri=7108","dom_id":"work_13116314","summary":"RESUMEN\r\nEl presente artículo se propone dar cuenta del elusivo fenómeno de la conciencia desde la original perspectiva de la neurofenomenología de Francisco Varela, quien a partir de nociones tales como neuroplasticidad, enacción y emergencia, explica, cómo ocurren los procesos cerebrales que fundan la conciencia y la “unidad” de la vivencia. Describiendo como la conciencia aparece en el vivir encarnado: en la regulación con el cuerpo entero; en sus relaciones sensorio-motoras con el mundo y en una red ínter-subjetiva de acciones y de lenguaje.\r\nDr. Adolfo Vásquez Rocca\r\nKeywords: Neurociencias, ciencias cognitivas, ética, yo, cuerpo, neuroplasticidad, enacción, acciones corporeizadas, biología cultural, saber-cómo.\r\nNeuroscience, cognitive science, ethics, self, body, neuroplasticity, enaction, actions embodied experiences, cultural biology, know-how.\r\n-Francisco Varela: neurophenomenology, enactive approach to cognition, minds without me and the elusive phenomenon of consciousness.\r\nDR. ADOLFO VÁSQUEZ ROCCA","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37949897,"asset_id":13116314,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1871883,"first_name":"Adolfo","last_name":"Vasquez Rocca","domain_name":"ucm","page_name":"AdolfoVasquezRocca","display_name":"Adolfo Vasquez Rocca","profile_url":"https://ucm.academia.edu/AdolfoVasquezRocca?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1871883/634717/30335960/s65_adolfo.vasquez_rocca.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":188,"name":"Cultural 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class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="40854996" href="https://independent.academia.edu/panholon">Giorgio Peri</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="40854996" type="text/json">{"id":40854996,"first_name":"Giorgio","last_name":"Peri","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"panholon","display_name":"Giorgio Peri","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/panholon?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/40854996/11113230/12402099/s65_pan.holon.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36951804 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36951804"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ 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Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="61251" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Filosof%C3%ADa">Filosofía</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="61251" type="text/json">{"id":61251,"name":"Filosofía","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Filosof%C3%ADa?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="86634" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Taoism">Taoism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="86634" type="text/json">{"id":86634,"name":"Taoism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Taoism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1633369" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fisica_quantistica">Fisica quantistica</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1633369" type="text/json">{"id":1633369,"name":"Fisica quantistica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fisica_quantistica?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36951804]'), work: {"id":36951804,"title":"Appunti","created_at":"2018-07-01T02:53:43.013-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36951804/Appunti?f_ri=7108","dom_id":"work_36951804","summary":"Filosofia, Fisica e Antico Pensiero Orientale","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56902010,"asset_id":36951804,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":40854996,"first_name":"Giorgio","last_name":"Peri","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"panholon","display_name":"Giorgio Peri","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/panholon?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/40854996/11113230/12402099/s65_pan.holon.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7108,"name":"Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":61251,"name":"Filosofía","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Filosof%C3%ADa?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":86634,"name":"Taoism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Taoism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":1633369,"name":"Fisica quantistica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fisica_quantistica?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":2427715,"name":"Antico Pensiero Orientale","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antico_Pensiero_Orientale?f_ri=7108"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38581726" data-work_id="38581726" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38581726/THE_UNIVERSAL_DHARMA_FOUNDATION_OF_MINDFULNESS_BASED_STRESS_REDUCTION_NON_DUALITY_AND_MAH%C4%80Y%C4%80NA_BUDDHIST_INFLUENCES_IN_THE_WORK_OF_JON_KABAT_ZINN">THE 'UNIVERSAL DHARMA FOUNDATION' OF MINDFULNESS-BASED STRESS REDUCTION: NON- DUALITY AND MAHĀYĀNA BUDDHIST INFLUENCES IN THE WORK OF JON KABAT-ZINN</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The discussion on the Buddhist roots of contemporary mindfulness practices is dominated by a narrative which considers the Theravāda tradition and Theravāda-based ‘neo-vipassanā movement’ as the principal source of Buddhist influences in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38581726" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The discussion on the Buddhist roots of contemporary mindfulness practices is dominated by a narrative which considers the Theravāda tradition and Theravāda-based ‘neo-vipassanā movement’ as the principal source of Buddhist influences in mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and related mindfulness-based programmes (MBPs). This Theravāda bias fails to acknowledge the significant Mahāyāna Buddhist influences that have informed the pioneering work of Jon Kabat-Zinn in the formation of the MBSR programme. In Kabat-Zinn’s texts, the ‘universal dharma foundation’ of mindfulness practice is grounded in pan-Buddhist teachings on the origins and cessation of suffering. While MBSR methods derive from both Theravāda-based vipassanā and non-dual Mahāyāna approaches, the philosophical foundation of MBSR differs significantly from Theravāda views. Instead, the characteristic principles and insights of MBSR practice indicate significant similarities and historical continuities with contemporary Zen/Sŏn/Thiền and Tibetan Dzogchen teachings based on doctrinal developments within Indian and East Asian Mahāyāna Buddhism.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38581726" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e2b9ab30cae65e3de04f33608a20188b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58655154,"asset_id":38581726,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58655154/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4ODU0Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="25436858" href="https://helsinki.academia.edu/VilleHusgafvel">Ville Husgafvel</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="25436858" type="text/json">{"id":25436858,"first_name":"Ville","last_name":"Husgafvel","domain_name":"helsinki","page_name":"VilleHusgafvel","display_name":"Ville Husgafvel","profile_url":"https://helsinki.academia.edu/VilleHusgafvel?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25436858/19796719/23136540/s65_ville.husgafvel.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38581726 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38581726"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38581726, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38581726", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38581726]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38581726").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38581726").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38581726"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2906" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies">Buddhist Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2906" type="text/json">{"id":2906,"name":"Buddhist Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3810" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3810" type="text/json">{"id":3810,"name":"Mindfulness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mindfulness?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7108" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism">Zen Buddhism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7108" type="text/json">{"id":7108,"name":"Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7833" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Study_of_Religions">Study of Religions</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7833" type="text/json">{"id":7833,"name":"Study of Religions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Study_of_Religions?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38581726]'), work: {"id":38581726,"title":"THE 'UNIVERSAL DHARMA FOUNDATION' OF MINDFULNESS-BASED STRESS REDUCTION: NON- DUALITY AND MAHĀYĀNA BUDDHIST INFLUENCES IN THE WORK OF JON KABAT-ZINN","created_at":"2019-03-19T07:30:12.943-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38581726/THE_UNIVERSAL_DHARMA_FOUNDATION_OF_MINDFULNESS_BASED_STRESS_REDUCTION_NON_DUALITY_AND_MAH%C4%80Y%C4%80NA_BUDDHIST_INFLUENCES_IN_THE_WORK_OF_JON_KABAT_ZINN?f_ri=7108","dom_id":"work_38581726","summary":"The discussion on the Buddhist roots of contemporary mindfulness practices is dominated by a narrative which considers the Theravāda tradition and Theravāda-based ‘neo-vipassanā movement’ as the principal source of Buddhist influences in mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and related mindfulness-based programmes (MBPs). This Theravāda bias fails to acknowledge the significant Mahāyāna Buddhist influences that have informed the pioneering work of Jon Kabat-Zinn in the formation of the MBSR programme. In Kabat-Zinn’s texts, the ‘universal dharma foundation’ of mindfulness practice is grounded in pan-Buddhist teachings on the origins and cessation of suffering. While MBSR methods derive from both Theravāda-based vipassanā and non-dual Mahāyāna approaches, the philosophical foundation of MBSR differs significantly from Theravāda views. Instead, the characteristic principles and insights of MBSR practice indicate significant similarities and historical continuities with contemporary Zen/Sŏn/Thiền and Tibetan Dzogchen teachings based on doctrinal developments within Indian and East Asian Mahāyāna Buddhism.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58655154,"asset_id":38581726,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":25436858,"first_name":"Ville","last_name":"Husgafvel","domain_name":"helsinki","page_name":"VilleHusgafvel","display_name":"Ville Husgafvel","profile_url":"https://helsinki.academia.edu/VilleHusgafvel?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25436858/19796719/23136540/s65_ville.husgafvel.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2906,"name":"Buddhist Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":3810,"name":"Mindfulness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mindfulness?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":7108,"name":"Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":7833,"name":"Study of Religions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Study_of_Religions?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=7108"},{"id":85840,"name":"Dzogchen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dzogchen?f_ri=7108"},{"id":118993,"name":"Contemporary Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Buddhism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":292574,"name":"Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mindfulness_Based_Stress_Reduction?f_ri=7108"},{"id":298802,"name":"Buddhist Meditation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Meditation?f_ri=7108"},{"id":578593,"name":"Vipassana Meditation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vipassana_Meditation?f_ri=7108"},{"id":952323,"name":"MBSR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/MBSR?f_ri=7108"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_32628953" data-work_id="32628953" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32628953/20090407_Buddha_vs_Buddhism_The_Broken_Dhamma_or_the_Karma_that_Kills_the_Dogma_of_Buddhism">20090407 Buddha vs Buddhism - The Broken Dhamma, or, the Karma that Kills the Dogma of Buddhism</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Buddhist traditions want us to believe they have maintained all the Buddha's Teaching as the Three Baskets (Tipiṭaka) accurately over 2,500 years, even though the Buddha supposedly said 'all conditioned things are impermanent'. Here I... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_32628953" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Buddhist traditions want us to believe they have maintained all the Buddha's Teaching as the Three Baskets (Tipiṭaka) accurately over 2,500 years, even though the Buddha supposedly said 'all conditioned things are impermanent'. Here I present teachings that go against the words of the Buddha as presented in the early Pāli texts. There he is recorded to have said to reject teachings that do not match his words.<br /><br />An interesting observation I made is, to those holding as authentic the ideas here that I suggest are not and are dogma, this book would be heresy. If the ideas I suggest to be inauthentic, truly are, if most of them cannot be found in the first four collections of suttas (the first Four Pāli Nikāya or the Four Chinese Āgama) as specific clear teachings, like ‘I teach the Four Noble Truths’, then this research seems to suggest that the Buddhist tradition has maintained the first four collections of suttas quite well.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32628953" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bf7a3d1461295f7bbdec90bd321312f8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59265211,"asset_id":32628953,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59265211/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4ODU0Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1306453" href="https://uq.academia.edu/NormanJosephSmith">Joe Smith</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1306453" type="text/json">{"id":1306453,"first_name":"Joe","last_name":"Smith","domain_name":"uq","page_name":"NormanJosephSmith","display_name":"Joe Smith","profile_url":"https://uq.academia.edu/NormanJosephSmith?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1306453/50499023/105643493/s65_joe.smith.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_32628953 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="32628953"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 32628953, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_32628953", }); 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Here I present teachings that go against the words of the Buddha as presented in the early Pāli texts. There he is recorded to have said to reject teachings that do not match his words.\n\nAn interesting observation I made is, to those holding as authentic the ideas here that I suggest are not and are dogma, this book would be heresy. If the ideas I suggest to be inauthentic, truly are, if most of them cannot be found in the first four collections of suttas (the first Four Pāli Nikāya or the Four Chinese Āgama) as specific clear teachings, like ‘I teach the Four Noble Truths’, then this research seems to suggest that the Buddhist tradition has maintained the first four collections of suttas quite well.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59265211,"asset_id":32628953,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1306453,"first_name":"Joe","last_name":"Smith","domain_name":"uq","page_name":"NormanJosephSmith","display_name":"Joe Smith","profile_url":"https://uq.academia.edu/NormanJosephSmith?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1306453/50499023/105643493/s65_joe.smith.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":1222,"name":"Buddhist Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Philosophy?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":2882,"name":"Chinese Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":2906,"name":"Buddhist Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":7108,"name":"Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":15773,"name":"Buddhist Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Psychology?f_ri=7108"},{"id":18313,"name":"Tibetan Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tibetan_Buddhism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":19093,"name":"Indian Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Buddhism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":25051,"name":"Theravada Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theravada_Buddhism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":25767,"name":"Buddhist Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Ethics?f_ri=7108"},{"id":35308,"name":"Western Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Western_Buddhism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":186159,"name":"early Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/early_Buddhism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":257250,"name":"Mahayana Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mahayana_Buddhism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":298802,"name":"Buddhist Meditation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Meditation?f_ri=7108"},{"id":499382,"name":"Chan/Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chan_Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":2499438,"name":"Secular Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Secular_Buddhism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":2583737,"name":"Rational Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rational_Buddhism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":2600627,"name":"Buddhist Studies - Stepped Path","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies_-_Stepped_Path?f_ri=7108"},{"id":2600628,"name":"Buddhist Studies - Sequential Path","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies_-_Sequential_Path?f_ri=7108"},{"id":2600629,"name":"Buddhist Studies - Step-by-Step Path","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies_-_Step-by-Step_Path?f_ri=7108"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18766503" data-work_id="18766503" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18766503/Translations_of_A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3as_Buddhacarita_and_Saundarananda_pdf_">Translations of Aśvaghoṣa's Buddhacarita & Saundarananda (pdf)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Aśvaghoṣa's two epic poems are ostensibly biographies of the Buddha himself and of his half-brother, the handsome Nanda. The poems have hitherto been read in the world of Buddhist studies as religious texts -- albeit splashed with... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18766503" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Aśvaghoṣa's two epic poems are ostensibly biographies of the Buddha himself and of his half-brother, the handsome Nanda. The poems have hitherto been read in the world of  Buddhist studies as religious texts -- albeit splashed with colourful sexual content. These annotated translations, with introductions to each chapter, aim to bring out the irreligious irony which runs through Aśvaghoṣa's poetry. This irony is most evident in a 'reverse innuendo'  whereby sexually suggestive behaviour (especially in BC Cantos 3 - 5) has hidden meaning that would tend to be called, in Buddhist studies departments, "soteriological." The translator is independent in the sense of holding no academic position nor any status in a religious organization. As a long-time Zen practitioner and qualified teacher of the FM Alexander Technique, however, he has been well trained to appreciate the ever-present irony of "soteriological" endeavour -- namely that trying to be right puts us wrong.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18766503" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ad73a50383897cd79706aa78a43b7dfc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40243546,"asset_id":18766503,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40243546/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4ODU0Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="19296450" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MikeCross0">Mike Cross</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="19296450" type="text/json">{"id":19296450,"first_name":"Mike","last_name":"Cross","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MikeCross0","display_name":"Mike Cross","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MikeCross0?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/19296450/5376178/6137002/s65_mike.cross.jpg_oh_bad84fc4e5b32bb3b12fbfa8a0498a5c_oe_54efda67___gda___1421910732_54758b94ca3ac01178753508aeafb11e"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18766503 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18766503"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18766503, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18766503", }); 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The poems have hitherto been read in the world of Buddhist studies as religious texts -- albeit splashed with colourful sexual content. These annotated translations, with introductions to each chapter, aim to bring out the irreligious irony which runs through Aśvaghoṣa's poetry. This irony is most evident in a 'reverse innuendo' whereby sexually suggestive behaviour (especially in BC Cantos 3 - 5) has hidden meaning that would tend to be called, in Buddhist studies departments, \"soteriological.\" The translator is independent in the sense of holding no academic position nor any status in a religious organization. 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js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33285320/Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra_Influence_on_the_Northern_School_of_Chan_Buddhism">Yogācāra Influence on the Northern School of Chan Buddhism</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In East Asian contexts, Yogācāra Buddhism is often seen as a theoretical system rather than a collection of practical instructions. In particular, many people seem to have the stereotypic image that the Faxiang tradition (based on the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33285320" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In East Asian contexts, Yogācāra Buddhism is often seen as a theoretical system rather than a collection of practical instructions. In particular, many people seem to have the stereotypic image that the Faxiang tradition (based on the Yogācāra texts brought to China by Xuanzang) was a highly scholastic system, while Chan (Zen) Buddhism emphasized intuitive penetration into the essence of Buddhism. Thus, these two traditions are thought to have stood at the opposite ends of a spectrum. If one actually looks into early Chan texts belonging to the Northern School (or its forerunner, East Mountain Teaching), however, one realizes that the matter is not so simple. Yuanming lun and Dasheng kaixin xianxing dunwu zhenzong lun, for example, clearly display traces of the strong influence of Xuanzang's Yogācāra texts. Daofan qusheng xinjue indicates that even the meditative practice of Chan Buddhism was influenced by Xuanzang’s Yogācāra. Apparently the relationship between Faxiang and Chan was much closer than is commonly believed</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33285320" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b35faaf7bac18d20cedeba0c5806c876" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53352085,"asset_id":33285320,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53352085/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4ODU0Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="22534372" href="https://waseda.academia.edu/NobuyoshiYamabe">Nobuyoshi Yamabe</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="22534372" type="text/json">{"id":22534372,"first_name":"Nobuyoshi","last_name":"Yamabe","domain_name":"waseda","page_name":"NobuyoshiYamabe","display_name":"Nobuyoshi Yamabe","profile_url":"https://waseda.academia.edu/NobuyoshiYamabe?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/22534372/26472411/48212519/s65_nobuyoshi.yamabe.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33285320 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33285320"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33285320, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33285320", }); 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In particular, many people seem to have the stereotypic image that the Faxiang tradition (based on the Yogācāra texts brought to China by Xuanzang) was a highly scholastic system, while Chan (Zen) Buddhism emphasized intuitive penetration into the essence of Buddhism. Thus, these two traditions are thought to have stood at the opposite ends of a spectrum. If one actually looks into early Chan texts belonging to the Northern School (or its forerunner, East Mountain Teaching), however, one realizes that the matter is not so simple. Yuanming lun and Dasheng kaixin xianxing dunwu zhenzong lun, for example, clearly display traces of the strong influence of Xuanzang's Yogācāra texts. Daofan qusheng xinjue indicates that even the meditative practice of Chan Buddhism was influenced by Xuanzang’s Yogācāra. Apparently the relationship between Faxiang and Chan was much closer than is commonly believed\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53352085,"asset_id":33285320,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":22534372,"first_name":"Nobuyoshi","last_name":"Yamabe","domain_name":"waseda","page_name":"NobuyoshiYamabe","display_name":"Nobuyoshi Yamabe","profile_url":"https://waseda.academia.edu/NobuyoshiYamabe?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/22534372/26472411/48212519/s65_nobuyoshi.yamabe.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7108,"name":"Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":38210,"name":"Yogacara","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yogacara?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":499382,"name":"Chan/Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chan_Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1362714" data-work_id="1362714" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1362714/Where_Chan_and_Tantra_Meet_Buddhist_Syncretism_in_Dunhuang">Where Chan and Tantra Meet: Buddhist Syncretism in Dunhuang</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1362714" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div 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});</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1362714").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1362714"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2905" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tibetan_Studies">Tibetan Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2905" type="text/json">{"id":2905,"name":"Tibetan Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tibetan_Studies?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7108" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism">Zen Buddhism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7108" type="text/json">{"id":7108,"name":"Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18313" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tibetan_Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18313" type="text/json">{"id":18313,"name":"Tibetan Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tibetan_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="245148" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dunhuang_manuscripts">Dunhuang manuscripts</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="245148" type="text/json">{"id":245148,"name":"Dunhuang manuscripts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dunhuang_manuscripts?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1362714]'), work: {"id":1362714,"title":"Where Chan and Tantra Meet: Buddhist 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Philosophy">Buddhist Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1222" type="text/json">{"id":1222,"name":"Buddhist Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Philosophy?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2882" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2882" type="text/json">{"id":2882,"name":"Chinese Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2906" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies">Buddhist Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2906" type="text/json">{"id":2906,"name":"Buddhist Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if 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js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16611989/Chan_Buddhism_in_Ritual_Context">Chan Buddhism in Ritual Context</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Edited volume. RoutledgeCurzon 2003</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/16611989" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3392b3b10f28a92dc6ee8a6f2b5ca8e3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39080859,"asset_id":16611989,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39080859/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4ODU0Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="20265359" href="https://columbia.academia.edu/BernardFaure">Bernard Faure</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="20265359" type="text/json">{"id":20265359,"first_name":"Bernard","last_name":"Faure","domain_name":"columbia","page_name":"BernardFaure","display_name":"Bernard Faure","profile_url":"https://columbia.academia.edu/BernardFaure?f_ri=7108","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_16611989 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="16611989"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 16611989, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_16611989", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=16611989]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_16611989").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_16611989").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="16611989"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="113" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="113" type="text/json">{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4058" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual">Ritual</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4058" type="text/json">{"id":4058,"name":"Ritual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7108" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism">Zen Buddhism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7108" type="text/json">{"id":7108,"name":"Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=16611989]'), work: {"id":16611989,"title":"Chan Buddhism in Ritual Context","created_at":"2015-10-09T19:43:04.257-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/16611989/Chan_Buddhism_in_Ritual_Context?f_ri=7108","dom_id":"work_16611989","summary":"Edited volume. RoutledgeCurzon 2003","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39080859,"asset_id":16611989,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":20265359,"first_name":"Bernard","last_name":"Faure","domain_name":"columbia","page_name":"BernardFaure","display_name":"Bernard Faure","profile_url":"https://columbia.academia.edu/BernardFaure?f_ri=7108","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":4058,"name":"Ritual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":7108,"name":"Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34502820" data-work_id="34502820" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34502820/Dzogchen_Chan_and_the_Question_of_Influence">Dzogchen, Chan and the Question of Influence</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">When questions prove unanswerable, there are two possibilities. One is that we need more data, and better ways of processing that data; the other is that the question is a bad one, that it is not answerable in the terms in which it has... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34502820" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">When questions prove unanswerable, there are two possibilities. One is that we need more data, and better ways of processing that data; the other is that the question is a bad one, that it is not answerable in the terms in which it has been stated. Now, it is true that we have frustratingly few sources from the time in which Chan is supposed to have been exerting its influence on Dzogchen (the eighth and early ninth centuries), but I think this is not the only problem. I do think the question ‘was Dzogchen influenced by Chan?’ is a bad one, for this reason: it entails an ahistorical reification of the entities ‘Dzogchen’ and ‘Chan’.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34502820" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="33a392eb6ed00bd1801acf0affca8ac6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54367600,"asset_id":34502820,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54367600/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4ODU0Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="573368" href="https://bl.academia.edu/samvanschaik">Sam van Schaik</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="573368" type="text/json">{"id":573368,"first_name":"Sam","last_name":"van Schaik","domain_name":"bl","page_name":"samvanschaik","display_name":"Sam van Schaik","profile_url":"https://bl.academia.edu/samvanschaik?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/573368/204466/256447/s65_sam.van_schaik.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34502820 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34502820"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34502820, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34502820", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34502820]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34502820").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34502820").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34502820"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7108" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism">Zen Buddhism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7108" type="text/json">{"id":7108,"name":"Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18313" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tibetan_Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18313" type="text/json">{"id":18313,"name":"Tibetan Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tibetan_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="85840" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="85840" type="text/json">{"id":85840,"name":"Dzogchen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dzogchen?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="245148" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dunhuang_manuscripts">Dunhuang manuscripts</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="245148" type="text/json">{"id":245148,"name":"Dunhuang manuscripts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dunhuang_manuscripts?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34502820]'), work: {"id":34502820,"title":"Dzogchen, Chan and the Question of Influence","created_at":"2017-09-07T06:07:12.886-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34502820/Dzogchen_Chan_and_the_Question_of_Influence?f_ri=7108","dom_id":"work_34502820","summary":"When questions prove unanswerable, there are two possibilities. One is that we need more data, and better ways of processing that data; the other is that the question is a bad one, that it is not answerable in the terms in which it has been stated. Now, it is true that we have frustratingly few sources from the time in which Chan is supposed to have been exerting its influence on Dzogchen (the eighth and early ninth centuries), but I think this is not the only problem. I do think the question ‘was Dzogchen influenced by Chan?’ is a bad one, for this reason: it entails an ahistorical reification of the entities ‘Dzogchen’ and ‘Chan’.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54367600,"asset_id":34502820,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":573368,"first_name":"Sam","last_name":"van Schaik","domain_name":"bl","page_name":"samvanschaik","display_name":"Sam van Schaik","profile_url":"https://bl.academia.edu/samvanschaik?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/573368/204466/256447/s65_sam.van_schaik.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7108,"name":"Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":18313,"name":"Tibetan Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tibetan_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":85840,"name":"Dzogchen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dzogchen?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":245148,"name":"Dunhuang manuscripts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dunhuang_manuscripts?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":499382,"name":"Chan/Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chan_Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38221949" data-work_id="38221949" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38221949/The_Authority_of_Meditation_in_the_Kaiyuan_Era">The Authority of Meditation in the Kaiyuan Era</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Greene, Eric M. 2018. "The Scripture on the Secret Essentials of Meditation: The Authority of Meditation in the Kaiyuan Era." In Buddhist Stone Sutras in China: Sichuan Province 4, edited by Martin Bemmann and Sun Hua, 75-92. Wiesbaden:... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38221949" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Greene, Eric M. 2018. "The Scripture on the Secret Essentials of Meditation: The Authority of Meditation in the Kaiyuan Era." In Buddhist Stone Sutras in China: Sichuan Province 4, edited by Martin Bemmann and Sun Hua, 75-92. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38221949" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2f24cfe0d1bdf6b09d197d80fb766262" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58261485,"asset_id":38221949,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58261485/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4ODU0Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8328267" href="https://yale.academia.edu/EricGreene">Eric M Greene</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8328267" type="text/json">{"id":8328267,"first_name":"Eric","last_name":"Greene","domain_name":"yale","page_name":"EricGreene","display_name":"Eric M Greene","profile_url":"https://yale.academia.edu/EricGreene?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8328267/6226595/14773648/s65_eric.greene.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38221949 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38221949"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38221949, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38221949", }); 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Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58261485,"asset_id":38221949,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8328267,"first_name":"Eric","last_name":"Greene","domain_name":"yale","page_name":"EricGreene","display_name":"Eric M Greene","profile_url":"https://yale.academia.edu/EricGreene?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8328267/6226595/14773648/s65_eric.greene.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":7108,"name":"Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":7242,"name":"Tang Dynasty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tang_Dynasty?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":298802,"name":"Buddhist Meditation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Meditation?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19764499" data-work_id="19764499" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19764499/Beyond_Silence_A_Cross_Cultural_Comparison_between_Finnish_Quietude_and_Japanese_Tranquility">Beyond Silence. A Cross-Cultural Comparison between Finnish 'Quietude" and Japanese 'Tranquility'.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19764499" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d428edd0e2206f956ca66ff1918edd45" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40831200,"asset_id":19764499,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40831200/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4ODU0Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="711882" href="https://uni-sofia.academia.edu/DianaPetkova">Diana Petkova</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="711882" type="text/json">{"id":711882,"first_name":"Diana","last_name":"Petkova","domain_name":"uni-sofia","page_name":"DianaPetkova","display_name":"Diana Petkova","profile_url":"https://uni-sofia.academia.edu/DianaPetkova?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/711882/358051/432274/s65_diana.petkova.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19764499 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19764499"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 19764499, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_19764499", }); 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href="https://www.academia.edu/3734168/Zen_Rhetoric_An_Introduction">Zen Rhetoric: An Introduction</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3734168" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1c79b714edfa46f87b9b87724644ae45" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31411422,"asset_id":3734168,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" 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type="text/json">{"id":953,"name":"Rhetoric","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rhetoric?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2837" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Religions">Chinese Religions</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2837" type="text/json">{"id":2837,"name":"Chinese Religions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Religions?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6632" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Rhetoric">Medieval Rhetoric</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6632" type="text/json">{"id":6632,"name":"Medieval Rhetoric","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Rhetoric?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3734168]'), work: {"id":3734168,"title":"Zen Rhetoric: An 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literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_literature?f_ri=7108"},{"id":148952,"name":"Chan Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chan_Buddhism-1?f_ri=7108"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37019575" data-work_id="37019575" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37019575/GENEALOGIES_OF_MAHAYANA_BUDDHISM_Emptiness_Power_and_the_Question_of_Origin">GENEALOGIES OF MAHAYANA BUDDHISM: Emptiness, Power and the Question of Origin</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Genealogies of Mahāyāna Buddhism offers a solution to a problem that some have called the holy grail of Buddhist studies: the problem of the " origins " of Mahāyāna Buddhism. In a work that contributes both to a general theory of religion... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37019575" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Genealogies of Mahāyāna Buddhism offers a solution to a problem that some have called the holy grail of Buddhist studies: the problem of the " origins " of Mahāyāna Buddhism. In a work that contributes both to a general theory of religion and power for religious studies as well as to the problem of the origin of a Buddhist movement, Walser argues that that it is the neglect of political and social power in the scholarly imagination of the history of Buddhism that has made the origins of Mahāyāna an intractable problem. Walser challenges commonly-held assumptions about Mahāyāna Buddhism, offering a fascinating new take on its genealogy that traces its doctrines of emptiness and mind-only from the present day back to the time before Mahāyāna was " Mahāyāna. " In situating such concepts in their political and social contexts across diverse regimes of power in Tibet, China and India, the book shows that what was at stake in the Mahāyāna championing of the doctrine of emptiness was the articulation and dissemination of court authority across the rural landscapes of Asia. This text will be of interest to undergraduate and postgraduate students and scholars of Buddhism, religious studies, history and philosophy.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37019575" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="33c730e3c62319bf7fd66673c5b89c3d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56969255,"asset_id":37019575,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56969255/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4ODU0Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="829021" href="https://tufts.academia.edu/JosephWalser">Joseph Walser</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="829021" type="text/json">{"id":829021,"first_name":"Joseph","last_name":"Walser","domain_name":"tufts","page_name":"JosephWalser","display_name":"Joseph Walser","profile_url":"https://tufts.academia.edu/JosephWalser?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/829021/289474/7243631/s65_joseph.walser.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37019575 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37019575"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37019575, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37019575", }); 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In a work that contributes both to a general theory of religion and power for religious studies as well as to the problem of the origin of a Buddhist movement, Walser argues that that it is the neglect of political and social power in the scholarly imagination of the history of Buddhism that has made the origins of Mahāyāna an intractable problem. Walser challenges commonly-held assumptions about Mahāyāna Buddhism, offering a fascinating new take on its genealogy that traces its doctrines of emptiness and mind-only from the present day back to the time before Mahāyāna was \" Mahāyāna. \" In situating such concepts in their political and social contexts across diverse regimes of power in Tibet, China and India, the book shows that what was at stake in the Mahāyāna championing of the doctrine of emptiness was the articulation and dissemination of court authority across the rural landscapes of Asia. This text will be of interest to undergraduate and postgraduate students and scholars of Buddhism, religious studies, history and philosophy.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56969255,"asset_id":37019575,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":829021,"first_name":"Joseph","last_name":"Walser","domain_name":"tufts","page_name":"JosephWalser","display_name":"Joseph Walser","profile_url":"https://tufts.academia.edu/JosephWalser?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/829021/289474/7243631/s65_joseph.walser.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":114,"name":"Hinduism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hinduism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":902,"name":"Philosophy Of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Religion?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":1222,"name":"Buddhist Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Philosophy?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":2906,"name":"Buddhist Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies?f_ri=7108"},{"id":7108,"name":"Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":14104,"name":"Political Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theology?f_ri=7108"},{"id":15887,"name":"Madhyamaka School","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Madhyamaka_School?f_ri=7108"},{"id":18313,"name":"Tibetan Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tibetan_Buddhism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":25051,"name":"Theravada Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theravada_Buddhism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":26850,"name":"Chinese history (History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_history_History_?f_ri=7108"},{"id":32127,"name":"Brahmanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brahmanism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":38210,"name":"Yogacara","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yogacara?f_ri=7108"},{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=7108"},{"id":80556,"name":"Upanishads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Upanishads?f_ri=7108"},{"id":143664,"name":"Vedic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vedic_Studies?f_ri=7108"},{"id":166758,"name":"Mahayana","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mahayana?f_ri=7108"},{"id":176958,"name":"Emptiness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emptiness?f_ri=7108"},{"id":257250,"name":"Mahayana Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mahayana_Buddhism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":309684,"name":"Mahayana sutras","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mahayana_sutras?f_ri=7108"},{"id":499382,"name":"Chan/Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chan_Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":908373,"name":"Prajnaparamita","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prajnaparamita?f_ri=7108"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1816669" data-work_id="1816669" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1816669/_Zen_in_Heideggers_Way_published_in_Journal_of_East_West_Philosophy_">"Zen in Heidegger's Way" (published in Journal of East-West Philosophy)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div 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Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1021" type="text/json">{"id":1021,"name":"Comparative Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Philosophy?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5960" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Continental_Philosophy">Continental Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5960" type="text/json">{"id":5960,"name":"Continental Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Continental_Philosophy?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6053" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen">Zen</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6053" type="text/json">{"id":6053,"name":"Zen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7108" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism">Zen Buddhism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7108" type="text/json">{"id":7108,"name":"Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1816669]'), work: {"id":1816669,"title":"\"Zen in Heidegger's Way\" (published in Journal of East-West Philosophy)","created_at":"2012-07-27T11:55:58.027-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1816669/_Zen_in_Heideggers_Way_published_in_Journal_of_East_West_Philosophy_?f_ri=7108","dom_id":"work_1816669","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":25122517,"asset_id":1816669,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1185061,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Storey","domain_name":"bc","page_name":"DavidStorey","display_name":"David Storey","profile_url":"https://bc.academia.edu/DavidStorey?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1185061/422798/35041856/s65_david.storey.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1021,"name":"Comparative Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Philosophy?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":5960,"name":"Continental Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Continental_Philosophy?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":6053,"name":"Zen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":7108,"name":"Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":8437,"name":"Martin Heidegger","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Martin_Heidegger?f_ri=7108"},{"id":10118,"name":"Eastern Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eastern_Philosophy?f_ri=7108"},{"id":18606,"name":"Heidegger","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heidegger?f_ri=7108"},{"id":53359,"name":"Asian Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Philosophy?f_ri=7108"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30807468" data-work_id="30807468" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30807468/The_Philosophy_of_Zen_Master_D%C5%8Dgen_Egoless_Perspectivism">The Philosophy of Zen Master Dōgen: Egoless Perspectivism</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30807468" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5587919dac8c394c1ed9f3f68429913e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62170374,"asset_id":30807468,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62170374/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4ODU0Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/9291506/This_is_it_and_other_essays_on_Zen_and_spiritual_experience">This is it and other essays on Zen and spiritual experience</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Alan Watts - published 1960</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9291506" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1f54e41d38b3d31ce09e682f4810563f" rel="nofollow" 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Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":102199,"name":"Alan Watts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alan_Watts?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22078912" data-work_id="22078912" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22078912/Japanese_Rinzai_Zen_Buddhism_Myoshinji_a_living_religion">Japanese Rinzai Zen Buddhism - Myoshinji, a living religion</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Book published by Brill 2008, based on previous Ph.D. dissertation.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22078912" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c2fa30d969d0a34e8c6ffdcf12d0850e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42754202,"asset_id":22078912,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42754202/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4ODU0Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" 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Studies in the Textual Features of the Platform Scripture 六祖壇經 Manuscripts from Dūnhuáng.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This is a philological approach to the manuscript versions of the famous Platform Sūtra of the Sixth Patriarch 六祖壇經. The paper consists of three parts, the first part consisting of an overview on previous scholarship on the text; the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3737378" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This is a philological approach to the manuscript versions of the famous Platform Sūtra  of the Sixth Patriarch 六祖壇經. The paper consists of three parts, the first part consisting of an overview on previous scholarship on the text; the second part deals with the textual features of the various manuscripts; the third part tries to contextualize the scripture within popular "Platform congregations" for administering the precepts. As one of the main results, I argue for a radical reinterpretation of the long title of the Dunhuang version of the Platform sutra, showing that "jing 經 (sūtra)" in the title originally referred to the Diamond sutra (central in the text itself and in the context of congregations during which the precepts were conferred), and not to the scripture itself. As such, the "Platform sutra" probably was a sermon delivered during one of these congregations; only in the course of time the reference of "sūtra" gradually shifted from external reference (to the Diamond sūtra) to "internal" reference of the scripture itself.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3737378" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bbe06747112e2afd7ccd1dde29b1b6e1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31743311,"asset_id":3737378,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31743311/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4ODU0Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4575811" href="https://ugent.academia.edu/ChristophAnderl">Christoph Anderl</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4575811" type="text/json">{"id":4575811,"first_name":"Christoph","last_name":"Anderl","domain_name":"ugent","page_name":"ChristophAnderl","display_name":"Christoph Anderl","profile_url":"https://ugent.academia.edu/ChristophAnderl?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4575811/1902220/72123222/s65_christoph.anderl.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3737378 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3737378"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3737378, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3737378", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3737378]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3737378").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3737378").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3737378"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="97" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philology">Philology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="97" type="text/json">{"id":97,"name":"Philology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philology?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2882" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2882" type="text/json">{"id":2882,"name":"Chinese Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6053" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen">Zen</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6053" type="text/json">{"id":6053,"name":"Zen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7108" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism">Zen Buddhism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7108" type="text/json">{"id":7108,"name":"Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3737378]'), work: {"id":3737378,"title":"Was the Platform Sūtra Always a Sūtra? Studies in the Textual Features of the Platform Scripture 六祖壇經 Manuscripts from Dūnhuáng.","created_at":"2013-06-18T07:18:11.185-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3737378/Was_the_Platform_S%C5%ABtra_Always_a_S%C5%ABtra_Studies_in_the_Textual_Features_of_the_Platform_Scripture_%E5%85%AD%E7%A5%96%E5%A3%87%E7%B6%93_Manuscripts_from_D%C5%ABnhu%C3%A1ng?f_ri=7108","dom_id":"work_3737378","summary":"This is a philological approach to the manuscript versions of the famous Platform Sūtra of the Sixth Patriarch 六祖壇經. The paper consists of three parts, the first part consisting of an overview on previous scholarship on the text; the second part deals with the textual features of the various manuscripts; the third part tries to contextualize the scripture within popular \"Platform congregations\" for administering the precepts. As one of the main results, I argue for a radical reinterpretation of the long title of the Dunhuang version of the Platform sutra, showing that \"jing 經 (sūtra)\" in the title originally referred to the Diamond sutra (central in the text itself and in the context of congregations during which the precepts were conferred), and not to the scripture itself. As such, the \"Platform sutra\" probably was a sermon delivered during one of these congregations; only in the course of time the reference of \"sūtra\" gradually shifted from external reference (to the Diamond sūtra) to \"internal\" reference of the scripture itself.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31743311,"asset_id":3737378,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4575811,"first_name":"Christoph","last_name":"Anderl","domain_name":"ugent","page_name":"ChristophAnderl","display_name":"Christoph Anderl","profile_url":"https://ugent.academia.edu/ChristophAnderl?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4575811/1902220/72123222/s65_christoph.anderl.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":97,"name":"Philology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philology?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":2882,"name":"Chinese Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":6053,"name":"Zen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":7108,"name":"Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":16808,"name":"Chinese Textual Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Textual_Culture?f_ri=7108"},{"id":148952,"name":"Chan Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chan_Buddhism-1?f_ri=7108"},{"id":165615,"name":"Textual analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Textual_analysis?f_ri=7108"},{"id":245148,"name":"Dunhuang manuscripts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dunhuang_manuscripts?f_ri=7108"},{"id":331791,"name":"Dunhuang Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dunhuang_Studies?f_ri=7108"},{"id":499382,"name":"Chan/Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chan_Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37550878" data-work_id="37550878" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37550878/Qi_and_the_Virtual_in_Daoist_and_Zen_Literature_A_Comparison_with_Western_Vitalist_Thought">Qi and the Virtual in Daoist and Zen Literature: A Comparison with Western Vitalist Thought</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Driven by a negentropic impulse, this article brings traditional Chinese qi theory and yin-yang theory into dialogue with Bergson's notion of élan vital and Deleuze's notions of the virtual and the actual. It shows that Daoist spiritual... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37550878" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Driven by a negentropic impulse, this article brings traditional Chinese qi theory and yin-yang theory into dialogue with Bergson's notion of élan vital and Deleuze's notions of the virtual and the actual. It shows that Daoist spiritual alchemy and Zennist introspective meditation involve an inversion of Bergsonian differentiation or creative evolution. The suggestion is that Daoism and Zen privilege the virtual over the actual, re-formability over form. Therein lies the essence of Daoist rejuvenation and Zen awakening. The claim is that the existence of a virtual double makes a " thing " vital, energetic, and spiritual. The article invokes the reasoning behind the Yijing to indicate that hyper-technologization goes hand in hand with spiritual impoverishment, and that spiritual alchemy in our era should help address the spiritual deficit created by technology. [Peter Zhang & Lin Tian. Qi and the Virtual in Daoist and Zen Literature: A Comparison with Western Vitalist Thought. China Media Research, 14(4): 99-109] 10</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37550878" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="abe9d4640fc8e41729d53e5012e8d5bc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57526512,"asset_id":37550878,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57526512/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4ODU0Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2585761" href="https://gvsu.academia.edu/PeterZhang">Peter Zhang</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2585761" type="text/json">{"id":2585761,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Zhang","domain_name":"gvsu","page_name":"PeterZhang","display_name":"Peter Zhang","profile_url":"https://gvsu.academia.edu/PeterZhang?f_ri=7108","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37550878 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37550878"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37550878, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37550878", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_37550878 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37550878; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_37550878"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_37550878 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37550878"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37550878; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37550878]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37550878").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37550878").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37550878"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1020" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Philosophy">Chinese Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1020" type="text/json">{"id":1020,"name":"Chinese Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Philosophy?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2190" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Studies">Chinese Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2190" type="text/json">{"id":2190,"name":"Chinese Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Studies?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2837" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Religions">Chinese Religions</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2837" type="text/json">{"id":2837,"name":"Chinese Religions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Religions?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7108" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism">Zen Buddhism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7108" type="text/json">{"id":7108,"name":"Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37550878]'), work: {"id":37550878,"title":"Qi and the Virtual in Daoist and Zen Literature: A Comparison with Western Vitalist Thought","created_at":"2018-10-08T08:20:59.846-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37550878/Qi_and_the_Virtual_in_Daoist_and_Zen_Literature_A_Comparison_with_Western_Vitalist_Thought?f_ri=7108","dom_id":"work_37550878","summary":"Driven by a negentropic impulse, this article brings traditional Chinese qi theory and yin-yang theory into dialogue with Bergson's notion of élan vital and Deleuze's notions of the virtual and the actual. It shows that Daoist spiritual alchemy and Zennist introspective meditation involve an inversion of Bergsonian differentiation or creative evolution. The suggestion is that Daoism and Zen privilege the virtual over the actual, re-formability over form. Therein lies the essence of Daoist rejuvenation and Zen awakening. The claim is that the existence of a virtual double makes a \" thing \" vital, energetic, and spiritual. The article invokes the reasoning behind the Yijing to indicate that hyper-technologization goes hand in hand with spiritual impoverishment, and that spiritual alchemy in our era should help address the spiritual deficit created by technology. [Peter Zhang \u0026 Lin Tian. Qi and the Virtual in Daoist and Zen Literature: A Comparison with Western Vitalist Thought. China Media Research, 14(4): 99-109] 10","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57526512,"asset_id":37550878,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2585761,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Zhang","domain_name":"gvsu","page_name":"PeterZhang","display_name":"Peter Zhang","profile_url":"https://gvsu.academia.edu/PeterZhang?f_ri=7108","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1020,"name":"Chinese Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Philosophy?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":2190,"name":"Chinese Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Studies?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":2837,"name":"Chinese Religions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Religions?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":7108,"name":"Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":8302,"name":"Gilles Deleuze","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gilles_Deleuze?f_ri=7108"},{"id":8409,"name":"Henri Bergson","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Henri_Bergson?f_ri=7108"},{"id":9039,"name":"Felix Guattari","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Felix_Guattari?f_ri=7108"},{"id":9801,"name":"Chinese Language and Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Language_and_Culture?f_ri=7108"},{"id":18982,"name":"Taoist Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Taoist_Philosophy?f_ri=7108"},{"id":19915,"name":"Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gilles_Deleuze_and_Felix_Guattari?f_ri=7108"},{"id":60107,"name":"Traditional Chinese Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Traditional_Chinese_Medicine?f_ri=7108"},{"id":86634,"name":"Taoism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Taoism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":86638,"name":"Vitalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vitalism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":324332,"name":"Gilles Deleuze and Henri Bergson","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gilles_Deleuze_and_Henri_Bergson?f_ri=7108"},{"id":340559,"name":"Qigong, chi kung, shaolin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qigong_chi_kung_shaolin?f_ri=7108"},{"id":499382,"name":"Chan/Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chan_Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":521144,"name":"Qigong","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qigong?f_ri=7108"},{"id":1695691,"name":"Interality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interality?f_ri=7108"},{"id":1695692,"name":"Interology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interology?f_ri=7108"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_20717047" data-work_id="20717047" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20717047/Janapadas_Mahajanpadas_and_Gan_Raja_were_not_the_same_during_the_life_of_Buddha_and_Mahavira_additional_evidence">Janapadas, Mahajanpadas, and Gan Raja were not the same during the life of Buddha and Mahavira-additional evidence</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A while ago, I wrote several papers related to the life and time of Buddha and Mahavira. In my earlier papers, It was established that there were unintended chronological errors that were introduced in the past due to misleading... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_20717047" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A while ago, I wrote several papers related to the life and time of Buddha and Mahavira. In my earlier papers, It was established that there were unintended chronological errors that were introduced in the past due to misleading interpretations and insufficient consultation by early historians. The traditions were allowed to continue for a long time until some modern historians discovered through inscriptions those errors. How much of this distortion is willful or simple unawareness is for the readers to judge. However, these errors are allowed to creep into classroom textbooks that require corrections. It is time to make everyone aware that it matters to all that we know how long ago in absolute years those early founders of Buddhism and Jainism lived and thrived. This is also important for India in understanding and retaining her true history without any distortions caused by errors, misinterpretations, or poor judgments. <br />This chronological fallacy has been in exitance since the British period and the history textbooks have carried these errors. Recent discoveries of the “bygone” eras discovered through inscription readings made everyone aware of the existence of extinct eras that were replaced by astrologically similar eras with the same names at a later date. The indexing of the events of these teachers' life and nirvana caused additional confusion. The Indian scribes in later history lost the reference point due to these indexing methods used for religious calendars. The number of historical events encoded in history books such as events like Buddha and Mahavira Nirvana was falsely translated into common eras by colonial historians. The author will continue to bring out additional evidence that supports this finding through research from ancient citations and textual evidence that earlier historians had provided but missed, overlooked, or ignored by colonial historians when equating them to the common era.  <br /> We are all aware of India’s oral traditions, We also are aware that writing of the texts began much later somewhere around the beginning of the common era. The canonical texts were recited periodically by a special group of monks, Rishis, and sages. Puranas, Buddhist, and Jaina texts provide ample evidence that kings, Rishis, and monks assumed the names of their famous predecessors which introduced “name” confusion. Many kings assumed various epithets like Vikramaditya, Rajathiraj, etc. Although, this practice is not uncommon in the ancient history of the world while indexing an event to an era that was extinguished .</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/20717047" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a83f81422a56190b83de37fdd2540105" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":88033401,"asset_id":20717047,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/88033401/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4ODU0Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3501007" href="https://sunybuffalo.academia.edu/BipinShah">Bipin Shah</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3501007" type="text/json">{"id":3501007,"first_name":"Bipin","last_name":"Shah","domain_name":"sunybuffalo","page_name":"BipinShah","display_name":"Bipin Shah","profile_url":"https://sunybuffalo.academia.edu/BipinShah?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3501007/1194969/17211261/s65_bipin.shah.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_20717047 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="20717047"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 20717047, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_20717047", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20717047]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_20717047").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_20717047").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="20717047"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="113" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="113" type="text/json">{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="115" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jainism">Jainism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="115" type="text/json">{"id":115,"name":"Jainism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jainism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="130" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History">Ancient History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="130" type="text/json">{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2906" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies">Buddhist Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2906" type="text/json">{"id":2906,"name":"Buddhist Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=20717047]'), work: {"id":20717047,"title":"Janapadas, Mahajanpadas, and Gan Raja were not the same during the life of Buddha and Mahavira-additional evidence","created_at":"2016-01-24T12:19:51.366-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/20717047/Janapadas_Mahajanpadas_and_Gan_Raja_were_not_the_same_during_the_life_of_Buddha_and_Mahavira_additional_evidence?f_ri=7108","dom_id":"work_20717047","summary":"A while ago, I wrote several papers related to the life and time of Buddha and Mahavira. In my earlier papers, It was established that there were unintended chronological errors that were introduced in the past due to misleading interpretations and insufficient consultation by early historians. The traditions were allowed to continue for a long time until some modern historians discovered through inscriptions those errors. How much of this distortion is willful or simple unawareness is for the readers to judge. However, these errors are allowed to creep into classroom textbooks that require corrections. It is time to make everyone aware that it matters to all that we know how long ago in absolute years those early founders of Buddhism and Jainism lived and thrived. This is also important for India in understanding and retaining her true history without any distortions caused by errors, misinterpretations, or poor judgments.\r\nThis chronological fallacy has been in exitance since the British period and the history textbooks have carried these errors. Recent discoveries of the “bygone” eras discovered through inscription readings made everyone aware of the existence of extinct eras that were replaced by astrologically similar eras with the same names at a later date. The indexing of the events of these teachers' life and nirvana caused additional confusion. The Indian scribes in later history lost the reference point due to these indexing methods used for religious calendars. The number of historical events encoded in history books such as events like Buddha and Mahavira Nirvana was falsely translated into common eras by colonial historians. The author will continue to bring out additional evidence that supports this finding through research from ancient citations and textual evidence that earlier historians had provided but missed, overlooked, or ignored by colonial historians when equating them to the common era. \r\n We are all aware of India’s oral traditions, We also are aware that writing of the texts began much later somewhere around the beginning of the common era. The canonical texts were recited periodically by a special group of monks, Rishis, and sages. Puranas, Buddhist, and Jaina texts provide ample evidence that kings, Rishis, and monks assumed the names of their famous predecessors which introduced “name” confusion. Many kings assumed various epithets like Vikramaditya, Rajathiraj, etc. Although, this practice is not uncommon in the ancient history of the world while indexing an event to an era that was extinguished .","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":88033401,"asset_id":20717047,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3501007,"first_name":"Bipin","last_name":"Shah","domain_name":"sunybuffalo","page_name":"BipinShah","display_name":"Bipin Shah","profile_url":"https://sunybuffalo.academia.edu/BipinShah?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3501007/1194969/17211261/s65_bipin.shah.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":115,"name":"Jainism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jainism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":2906,"name":"Buddhist Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":7108,"name":"Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":12381,"name":"Indian ancient history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_ancient_history?f_ri=7108"},{"id":18313,"name":"Tibetan Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tibetan_Buddhism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":32127,"name":"Brahmanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brahmanism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":35596,"name":"Vedanta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vedanta?f_ri=7108"},{"id":146469,"name":"Vedic religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vedic_religion?f_ri=7108"},{"id":259042,"name":"Ancient Indian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Indian_History?f_ri=7108"},{"id":406041,"name":"Jains in Western India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jains_in_Western_India?f_ri=7108"},{"id":2018346,"name":"Tamil Jains","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tamil_Jains?f_ri=7108"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29592091" data-work_id="29592091" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29592091/Orthodoxy_controversy_and_the_transformation_of_Chan_Buddhism_in_seventeenth_century_China">Orthodoxy, controversy and the transformation of Chan Buddhism in seventeenth-century China</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This dissertation investigates the transformation of Chan Buddhism in seventeenth-century China through the lens of a series of controversies motivated by the claim of orthodoxy. The particular case examined here is the Huangbo lineage... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_29592091" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This dissertation investigates the transformation of Chan Buddhism in seventeenth-century China through the lens of a series of controversies motivated by the claim of orthodoxy. The particular case examined here is the Huangbo lineage within the Linji school. Because the third Huangbo master Yinyuan Longqi emigrated to Japan in 1654, this lineage spread throughout Japan and led to the establishment of the Ōbaku (Huangbo) school in Japan. In this study, I focus on three Huangbo masters: Miyun Yuanwu (1566–1642), Feiyin Tongrong (1593–1662) and Yinyuan Longqi (1592–1673). All three masters had been abbots of Mount Huangbo in Fuqing, Fujian province and were bonded by the relationship of dharma transmission. My study suggests that Chan Buddhism in seventeenth-century China was a systematic reconstruction and reinvention of a Chan ideal that was characterized by the performance of encounter dialogue and a hierarchy of dharma transmission. Motivated by the Linji school's forceful claim of orthodoxy (Linji zhengzong), the Huangbo masters engaged in three major controversies in seventeenth-century China.<br /><br />The controversy between Master Miyun Yuanwu and his disciple Hanyue Fazang, taking place around 1635, concerns the authenticity of the Chan enlightenment experience. Interestingly, this controversy was finally judged by the Yongzheng Emperor a hundred years later. The second controversy, about the legitimacy of dharma transmission, led to a lawsuit in which Feiyin Tongrong, the second Huangbo master, lost the case and his book Wudeng yantong was ordered to be burnt in 1654. In addition, the Huangbo master's orthodox position also propelled them to play a leading role in anti-Christian polemics. As a result, Miyun Yuanwu and Feiyin Tongrong organized an anti-Christian campaign from 1634 to 1640.<br /><br />I conclude that significant transformations of Chan Buddhism took place in seventeenth-century China. Chan Buddhists revitalized ancient Chan ideals embodied in the lively performance of encounter dialogue and the practice of dharma transmission. The result of this re-invention was the emergence of a new orthodoxy within Chinese Buddhism. The establishment of the Japanese Ōbaku school through emigration and overseas missionary work of the third Huangbo master Yinyuan Longqi was a direct result of the transformation of Chan Buddhism in seventeenth-century China.<br /><br />Note: This is the dissertation I completed at Harvard in 2002. Since then, two books derived from it. However, I never went back to the issue of Buddhist-Christian debate which I wrote in Chapter 4. I am going to Rome to see the Jesuits archive and will see if there are potentials to developed this theme.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29592091" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="22c392b78225a0861b1909ccea38feff" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50034344,"asset_id":29592091,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50034344/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4ODU0Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11901469" href="https://universityofarizona.academia.edu/JiangWu">Jiang Wu</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11901469" type="text/json">{"id":11901469,"first_name":"Jiang","last_name":"Wu","domain_name":"universityofarizona","page_name":"JiangWu","display_name":"Jiang Wu","profile_url":"https://universityofarizona.academia.edu/JiangWu?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11901469/3483730/7335374/s65_jiang.wu.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29592091 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29592091"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29592091, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29592091", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_29592091 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29592091; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_29592091"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_29592091 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="29592091"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29592091; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29592091]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_29592091").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_29592091").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="29592091"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2882" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2882" type="text/json">{"id":2882,"name":"Chinese Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2906" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies">Buddhist Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2906" type="text/json">{"id":2906,"name":"Buddhist Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7108" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism">Zen Buddhism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7108" type="text/json">{"id":7108,"name":"Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8494" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christian_Missions">Christian Missions</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8494" type="text/json">{"id":8494,"name":"Christian Missions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christian_Missions?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=29592091]'), work: {"id":29592091,"title":"Orthodoxy, controversy and the transformation of Chan Buddhism in seventeenth-century China","created_at":"2016-11-01T09:33:19.600-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/29592091/Orthodoxy_controversy_and_the_transformation_of_Chan_Buddhism_in_seventeenth_century_China?f_ri=7108","dom_id":"work_29592091","summary":"This dissertation investigates the transformation of Chan Buddhism in seventeenth-century China through the lens of a series of controversies motivated by the claim of orthodoxy. The particular case examined here is the Huangbo lineage within the Linji school. Because the third Huangbo master Yinyuan Longqi emigrated to Japan in 1654, this lineage spread throughout Japan and led to the establishment of the Ōbaku (Huangbo) school in Japan. In this study, I focus on three Huangbo masters: Miyun Yuanwu (1566–1642), Feiyin Tongrong (1593–1662) and Yinyuan Longqi (1592–1673). All three masters had been abbots of Mount Huangbo in Fuqing, Fujian province and were bonded by the relationship of dharma transmission. My study suggests that Chan Buddhism in seventeenth-century China was a systematic reconstruction and reinvention of a Chan ideal that was characterized by the performance of encounter dialogue and a hierarchy of dharma transmission. Motivated by the Linji school's forceful claim of orthodoxy (Linji zhengzong), the Huangbo masters engaged in three major controversies in seventeenth-century China.\n\nThe controversy between Master Miyun Yuanwu and his disciple Hanyue Fazang, taking place around 1635, concerns the authenticity of the Chan enlightenment experience. Interestingly, this controversy was finally judged by the Yongzheng Emperor a hundred years later. The second controversy, about the legitimacy of dharma transmission, led to a lawsuit in which Feiyin Tongrong, the second Huangbo master, lost the case and his book Wudeng yantong was ordered to be burnt in 1654. In addition, the Huangbo master's orthodox position also propelled them to play a leading role in anti-Christian polemics. As a result, Miyun Yuanwu and Feiyin Tongrong organized an anti-Christian campaign from 1634 to 1640.\n\nI conclude that significant transformations of Chan Buddhism took place in seventeenth-century China. Chan Buddhists revitalized ancient Chan ideals embodied in the lively performance of encounter dialogue and the practice of dharma transmission. The result of this re-invention was the emergence of a new orthodoxy within Chinese Buddhism. The establishment of the Japanese Ōbaku school through emigration and overseas missionary work of the third Huangbo master Yinyuan Longqi was a direct result of the transformation of Chan Buddhism in seventeenth-century China.\n\nNote: This is the dissertation I completed at Harvard in 2002. Since then, two books derived from it. However, I never went back to the issue of Buddhist-Christian debate which I wrote in Chapter 4. I am going to Rome to see the Jesuits archive and will see if there are potentials to developed this theme.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50034344,"asset_id":29592091,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":11901469,"first_name":"Jiang","last_name":"Wu","domain_name":"universityofarizona","page_name":"JiangWu","display_name":"Jiang Wu","profile_url":"https://universityofarizona.academia.edu/JiangWu?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11901469/3483730/7335374/s65_jiang.wu.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2882,"name":"Chinese Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":2906,"name":"Buddhist Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":7108,"name":"Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":8494,"name":"Christian Missions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christian_Missions?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":21659,"name":"Christian Apologetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christian_Apologetics?f_ri=7108"},{"id":299258,"name":"Jesuits in China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jesuits_in_China?f_ri=7108"},{"id":499382,"name":"Chan/Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chan_Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":1390250,"name":"Obaku","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obaku?f_ri=7108"},{"id":1390251,"name":"Yinyuan/Ingen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yinyuan_Ingen?f_ri=7108"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36063072" data-work_id="36063072" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36063072/East_Asian_Philosophy_A_Brief_Introduction">East Asian Philosophy: A Brief Introduction</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This book is meant to serve as an entry point for the English reader into the vast and profound ocean of East Asian philosophy. Focusing on China, it outlines the basic contours of the three major philosophical streams found in East Asia:... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36063072" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This book is meant to serve as an entry point for the English reader into the vast and profound ocean of East Asian philosophy. Focusing on China, it outlines the basic contours of the three major philosophical streams found in East Asia: Daoism (Taoism), Confucianism, and Buddhism. Beginning with the classical period, the book details the Daoist philosophies of Laozi and Zhuangzi, and the early Confucianism of Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi. Next, the book explains the transmission of Buddhism from India to China, and provides individual chapters on the Chinese Buddhist schools of Huayan and Chan (Zen). This is followed by chapters on the Neo-Confucian philosophies of Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, Zhu Xi and Wang Yangming; and the modern “New Confucian” thought of Fung Yu-lan and Tu Wei-ming. The final two chapters turn to Japan and investigate the Zen philosophy of Dogen and the modern Kyoto School.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36063072" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c850cc6cda80218f51f9374db8dbef7f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55950445,"asset_id":36063072,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55950445/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4ODU0Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14910" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DEOsto">D. E. Osto</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14910" type="text/json">{"id":14910,"first_name":"D. E.","last_name":"Osto","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DEOsto","display_name":"D. E. Osto","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DEOsto?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14910/915364/162080565/s65_d.e..osto.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36063072 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36063072"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36063072, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36063072", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36063072 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36063072; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36063072"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36063072 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36063072"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36063072; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36063072]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36063072").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36063072").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36063072"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1020" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Philosophy">Chinese Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1020" type="text/json">{"id":1020,"name":"Chinese Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Philosophy?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2399" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Daoism">Daoism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2399" type="text/json">{"id":2399,"name":"Daoism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Daoism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7108" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism">Zen Buddhism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7108" type="text/json">{"id":7108,"name":"Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26194" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kyoto_School">Kyoto School</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="26194" type="text/json">{"id":26194,"name":"Kyoto School","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kyoto_School?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36063072]'), work: {"id":36063072,"title":"East Asian Philosophy: A Brief Introduction","created_at":"2018-03-02T15:23:54.050-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36063072/East_Asian_Philosophy_A_Brief_Introduction?f_ri=7108","dom_id":"work_36063072","summary":"This book is meant to serve as an entry point for the English reader into the vast and profound ocean of East Asian philosophy. Focusing on China, it outlines the basic contours of the three major philosophical streams found in East Asia: Daoism (Taoism), Confucianism, and Buddhism. Beginning with the classical period, the book details the Daoist philosophies of Laozi and Zhuangzi, and the early Confucianism of Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi. Next, the book explains the transmission of Buddhism from India to China, and provides individual chapters on the Chinese Buddhist schools of Huayan and Chan (Zen). This is followed by chapters on the Neo-Confucian philosophies of Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, Zhu Xi and Wang Yangming; and the modern “New Confucian” thought of Fung Yu-lan and Tu Wei-ming. The final two chapters turn to Japan and investigate the Zen philosophy of Dogen and the modern Kyoto School.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55950445,"asset_id":36063072,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":14910,"first_name":"D. E.","last_name":"Osto","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DEOsto","display_name":"D. E. Osto","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DEOsto?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14910/915364/162080565/s65_d.e..osto.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1020,"name":"Chinese Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Philosophy?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":2399,"name":"Daoism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Daoism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":7108,"name":"Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":26194,"name":"Kyoto School","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kyoto_School?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":27147,"name":"Dogen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dogen?f_ri=7108"},{"id":27165,"name":"Confucianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Confucianism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":32116,"name":"Neo-Confucian Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neo-Confucian_Philosophy?f_ri=7108"},{"id":37050,"name":"Taoism (Philosophy)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Taoism_Philosophy_?f_ri=7108"},{"id":38205,"name":"Chinese Buddhism (Buddhist Studies)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Buddhism_Buddhist_Studies_?f_ri=7108"},{"id":62508,"name":"Dōgen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/D%C5%8Dgen?f_ri=7108"},{"id":71586,"name":"New Confucianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Confucianism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":86628,"name":"Laozi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Laozi?f_ri=7108"},{"id":86634,"name":"Taoism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Taoism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":89671,"name":"Huayan Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Huayan_Buddhism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":125900,"name":"Neo-Confucianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neo-Confucianism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":158424,"name":"Contemporary New Confucianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_New_Confucianism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":309755,"name":"Dogen studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dogen_studies?f_ri=7108"},{"id":499382,"name":"Chan/Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chan_Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":668899,"name":"Laozi, Zhuangzi, Daoism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Laozi_Zhuangzi_Daoism?f_ri=7108"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1887009" data-work_id="1887009" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1887009/Budismo_global_budismo_local_Una_recorrida_por_los_grupos_zen_argentinos">Budismo global, budismo local. Una recorrida por los grupos zen argentinos</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">El estudio de las diversas religiones orientales que llegaron a la Argentina en las últimas décadas está en sus comienzos. El objetivo de este trabajo es contribuir al conocimiento de los grupos budistas zen/chan establecidos en este... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1887009" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">El estudio de las diversas religiones orientales que llegaron a la Argentina en las últimas décadas está en sus comienzos. El objetivo de este trabajo es contribuir al conocimiento de los grupos budistas zen/chan establecidos en este país. Para ello seguiremos el marco histórico que Martin Baumann y Alione Koné plantean para la dispersión del budismo en Occidente, determinando una primera etapa de difusión del budismo como texto sin<br />contexto, seguido de una segunda etapa en la cual diversas escuelas y tradiciones budistas llegan al país, y por último, una tercera etapa de institucionalización y diversificación de grupos pertenecientes a esta religión. Luego analizaremos las diferentes actitudes hacia la tradición que sostienen los grupos del zen japonés, planteando que esta actitud esta en relación directa con la trayectoria de formación de sus lideres</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1887009" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="060a5d627fe7f2110c83f3e3160d03fa" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":26720127,"asset_id":1887009,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/26720127/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4ODU0Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2376824" href="https://conicet-ar.academia.edu/Cat%C3%B3nCarini">Catón Carini</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2376824" type="text/json">{"id":2376824,"first_name":"Catón","last_name":"Carini","domain_name":"conicet-ar","page_name":"CatónCarini","display_name":"Catón Carini","profile_url":"https://conicet-ar.academia.edu/Cat%C3%B3nCarini?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2376824/748131/928812/s65_cat_n.carini.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1887009 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1887009"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1887009, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1887009", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1887009 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1887009; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1887009"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1887009 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1887009"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1887009; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1887009]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1887009").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1887009").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1887009"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="217" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Religion">Sociology of Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="217" type="text/json">{"id":217,"name":"Sociology of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Religion?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="767" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology">Anthropology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="767" type="text/json">{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2906" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies">Buddhist Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2906" type="text/json">{"id":2906,"name":"Buddhist Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4058" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual">Ritual</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4058" type="text/json">{"id":4058,"name":"Ritual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1887009]'), work: {"id":1887009,"title":"Budismo global, budismo local. Una recorrida por los grupos zen argentinos","created_at":"2012-08-26T00:48:10.397-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1887009/Budismo_global_budismo_local_Una_recorrida_por_los_grupos_zen_argentinos?f_ri=7108","dom_id":"work_1887009","summary":"El estudio de las diversas religiones orientales que llegaron a la Argentina en las últimas décadas está en sus comienzos. El objetivo de este trabajo es contribuir al conocimiento de los grupos budistas zen/chan establecidos en este país. Para ello seguiremos el marco histórico que Martin Baumann y Alione Koné plantean para la dispersión del budismo en Occidente, determinando una primera etapa de difusión del budismo como texto sin\ncontexto, seguido de una segunda etapa en la cual diversas escuelas y tradiciones budistas llegan al país, y por último, una tercera etapa de institucionalización y diversificación de grupos pertenecientes a esta religión. Luego analizaremos las diferentes actitudes hacia la tradición que sostienen los grupos del zen japonés, planteando que esta actitud esta en relación directa con la trayectoria de formación de sus lideres","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":26720127,"asset_id":1887009,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2376824,"first_name":"Catón","last_name":"Carini","domain_name":"conicet-ar","page_name":"CatónCarini","display_name":"Catón Carini","profile_url":"https://conicet-ar.academia.edu/Cat%C3%B3nCarini?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2376824/748131/928812/s65_cat_n.carini.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":217,"name":"Sociology of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Religion?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":2906,"name":"Buddhist Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":4058,"name":"Ritual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":7108,"name":"Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":619396,"name":"Anthropology of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Religion?f_ri=7108"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30176071" data-work_id="30176071" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30176071/Manuscripts_and_Practices_Investigating_the_Tibetan_Chan_Compendium">Manuscripts and Practices: Investigating the Tibetan Chan Compendium</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The manuscript that I discuss in this paper is one of the most important in Tibetan religious history. Yet it has primarily been studied as a series of individual texts, rather than as a multiple-text manuscript. This has limited our... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_30176071" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The manuscript that I discuss in this paper is one of the most important in Tibetan religious history. Yet it has primarily been studied as a series of individual texts, rather than as a multiple-text manuscript. This has limited our under- standing of why it was written, and what role it might have had in religious prac- tice. In this paper I will argue that a combination of close codicological investiga- tion of the manuscript on the one hand, and an awareness of the socio-historical background of its creation on the other are both necessary. It is my hope that the process of intertwining codicological and socio-historical methods here will be of interest to those working will manuscripts from other traditions as well.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30176071" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6b55895554097573dc2acad32eacb20f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50633912,"asset_id":30176071,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50633912/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4ODU0Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="573368" href="https://bl.academia.edu/samvanschaik">Sam van Schaik</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="573368" type="text/json">{"id":573368,"first_name":"Sam","last_name":"van Schaik","domain_name":"bl","page_name":"samvanschaik","display_name":"Sam van Schaik","profile_url":"https://bl.academia.edu/samvanschaik?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/573368/204466/256447/s65_sam.van_schaik.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30176071 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30176071"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30176071, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30176071", }); 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Yet it has primarily been studied as a series of individual texts, rather than as a multiple-text manuscript. This has limited our under- standing of why it was written, and what role it might have had in religious prac- tice. In this paper I will argue that a combination of close codicological investiga- tion of the manuscript on the one hand, and an awareness of the socio-historical background of its creation on the other are both necessary. It is my hope that the process of intertwining codicological and socio-historical methods here will be of interest to those working will manuscripts from other traditions as well.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50633912,"asset_id":30176071,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":573368,"first_name":"Sam","last_name":"van Schaik","domain_name":"bl","page_name":"samvanschaik","display_name":"Sam van Schaik","profile_url":"https://bl.academia.edu/samvanschaik?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/573368/204466/256447/s65_sam.van_schaik.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":6663,"name":"Manuscript Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Manuscript_Studies?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":7108,"name":"Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":18313,"name":"Tibetan Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tibetan_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":245148,"name":"Dunhuang manuscripts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dunhuang_manuscripts?f_ri=7108"},{"id":499382,"name":"Chan/Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chan_Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19561799" data-work_id="19561799" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19561799/Meditative_Pluralism_in_Hanshan_Deqing">Meditative Pluralism in Hanshan Deqing</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Meditation and Culture <br />The Interplay of Practice and Context <br />Edited by Halvor Eifring<br />Bloomsbury Academic 2015</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19561799" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="def31589501e5c97327867e001fd610e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40698731,"asset_id":19561799,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button 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Kakuzo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Okakura_Kakuzo?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":365271,"name":"Isabella Stewart Gardner","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Isabella_Stewart_Gardner?f_ri=7108"},{"id":517242,"name":"Art Collecting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_Collecting?f_ri=7108"},{"id":1559599,"name":"Ernest Fenollosa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ernest_Fenollosa?f_ri=7108"},{"id":1808150,"name":"Zen art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_art?f_ri=7108"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29518856" data-work_id="29518856" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29518856/Nishitani_Keiji_on_Practising_Philosophy_as_a_Matter_of_Life_and_Death_2015_">Nishitani Keiji on Practising Philosophy as a Matter of Life and Death (2015)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This essay offers an existential approach to those aspects of Nishitani's philosophy that are motivated by a profound sense of the utter mean-inglessness of existence, and by the desire to confront that situation honestly. It examines his... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_29518856" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This essay offers an existential approach to those aspects of Nishitani's philosophy that are motivated by a profound sense of the utter mean-inglessness of existence, and by the desire to confront that situation honestly. It examines his idea of the three fields of awareness: consciousness , (beneath it) nihility, and (at bottom) emptiness. Existence on the field of consciousness is too superficial to make for a fulfilling life. Drawing from Nietzsche and Heidegger as well as the Zen tradition , Nishitani outlines the field of nihility as a place of death rather than life, and argues that if we can endure facing our finitude there will come a turn to the deeper field, of emptiness. On this field we are able to encounter things " on their home ground " for the first time, and also our selves as participants in the network of relations that constitute the world as " a field of force. " Published in Bret W. Davis, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Japanese Philosophy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), online:</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29518856" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5450fdf38a75e17f37cdcb4cb13e3063" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49957643,"asset_id":29518856,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49957643/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4ODU0Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="16949" href="https://univie.academia.edu/GrahamParkes">Graham Parkes</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="16949" type="text/json">{"id":16949,"first_name":"Graham","last_name":"Parkes","domain_name":"univie","page_name":"GrahamParkes","display_name":"Graham Parkes","profile_url":"https://univie.academia.edu/GrahamParkes?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16949/5698/113405394/s65_graham.parkes.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29518856 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29518856"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29518856, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29518856", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29518856]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_29518856").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_29518856").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="29518856"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2122" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Death">Death</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2122" type="text/json">{"id":2122,"name":"Death","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Death?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7108" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism">Zen Buddhism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7108" type="text/json">{"id":7108,"name":"Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8303" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Friedrich_Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8303" type="text/json">{"id":8303,"name":"Friedrich Nietzsche","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Friedrich_Nietzsche?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8437" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Martin_Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8437" type="text/json">{"id":8437,"name":"Martin Heidegger","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Martin_Heidegger?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=29518856]'), work: {"id":29518856,"title":"Nishitani Keiji on Practising Philosophy as a Matter of Life and Death (2015)","created_at":"2016-10-29T03:42:51.837-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/29518856/Nishitani_Keiji_on_Practising_Philosophy_as_a_Matter_of_Life_and_Death_2015_?f_ri=7108","dom_id":"work_29518856","summary":"This essay offers an existential approach to those aspects of Nishitani's philosophy that are motivated by a profound sense of the utter mean-inglessness of existence, and by the desire to confront that situation honestly. It examines his idea of the three fields of awareness: consciousness , (beneath it) nihility, and (at bottom) emptiness. Existence on the field of consciousness is too superficial to make for a fulfilling life. Drawing from Nietzsche and Heidegger as well as the Zen tradition , Nishitani outlines the field of nihility as a place of death rather than life, and argues that if we can endure facing our finitude there will come a turn to the deeper field, of emptiness. On this field we are able to encounter things \" on their home ground \" for the first time, and also our selves as participants in the network of relations that constitute the world as \" a field of force. \" Published in Bret W. Davis, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Japanese Philosophy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), online:","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49957643,"asset_id":29518856,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":16949,"first_name":"Graham","last_name":"Parkes","domain_name":"univie","page_name":"GrahamParkes","display_name":"Graham Parkes","profile_url":"https://univie.academia.edu/GrahamParkes?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16949/5698/113405394/s65_graham.parkes.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2122,"name":"Death","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Death?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":7108,"name":"Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":8303,"name":"Friedrich Nietzsche","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Friedrich_Nietzsche?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":8437,"name":"Martin Heidegger","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Martin_Heidegger?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":14190,"name":"Nihilism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nihilism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":176958,"name":"Emptiness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emptiness?f_ri=7108"},{"id":218346,"name":"Nishitani Keiji","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nishitani_Keiji?f_ri=7108"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_26291242 coauthored" data-work_id="26291242" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26291242/The_Integrated_Heart_of_Cultural_and_Mindfulness_Meditation_Practice_in_Existential_Phenomenology_and_Humanistic_Psychotherapy">The Integrated Heart of Cultural and Mindfulness Meditation Practice in Existential Phenomenology and Humanistic Psychotherapy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">At this time, it does not appear that existential phenomenology and humanistic psychology (PHP) have formed inclusive, process-oriented frameworks that reference the sociocultural and contextual significations embedded in the flow of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_26291242" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">At this time, it does not appear that existential phenomenology and humanistic psychology (PHP) have formed inclusive, process-oriented frameworks that reference the sociocultural and contextual significations embedded in the flow of everyday human experience. And yet, apart from the welcome variety of psychotherapy approaches comprising PHP, the founding existential phenomenological and humanistic thinkers had already addressed cultural issues in their writings.  In addition, these same founding thinkers had already developed mindfulness meditation perspectives well ahead of the mindfulness-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy third wave. This article considers the link between PHP’s emphasis on attuned mindfulness and meditative sociocultural awareness as part of an emerging Mindful and Multicultural Humanistic-Existential Psychotherapy (MMHEP) approach.  MMHEP fluidly supports both mindfulness and meditative attunement to clients’ culture-near or context-near experiences as part of an experience-near attentiveness to the groundless ground of experience.  By re-uniting the landscape of “inward” possibilities for bare and present moment mindfulness with the meditative awareness of “outer” sociocultural realms, a client may integratively connect with a greater sense of wholeness as a sociocultural-being-in-the-world.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/26291242" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6c16c9e86b8abeec568cc12cb72cb519" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50334421,"asset_id":26291242,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50334421/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4ODU0Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11963859" href="https://ucla.academia.edu/AJFelder">Andrew Felder</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11963859" type="text/json">{"id":11963859,"first_name":"Andrew","last_name":"Felder","domain_name":"ucla","page_name":"AJFelder","display_name":"Andrew Felder","profile_url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/AJFelder?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11963859/7840519/11131614/s65_aj.felder.jpeg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-26291242">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-26291242"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://pointpark.academia.edu/BrentRobbins">Brent Robbins</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-26291242'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-26291242').html(); 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And yet, apart from the welcome variety of psychotherapy approaches comprising PHP, the founding existential phenomenological and humanistic thinkers had already addressed cultural issues in their writings. In addition, these same founding thinkers had already developed mindfulness meditation perspectives well ahead of the mindfulness-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy third wave. This article considers the link between PHP’s emphasis on attuned mindfulness and meditative sociocultural awareness as part of an emerging Mindful and Multicultural Humanistic-Existential Psychotherapy (MMHEP) approach. MMHEP fluidly supports both mindfulness and meditative attunement to clients’ culture-near or context-near experiences as part of an experience-near attentiveness to the groundless ground of experience. By re-uniting the landscape of “inward” possibilities for bare and present moment mindfulness with the meditative awareness of “outer” sociocultural realms, a client may integratively connect with a greater sense of wholeness as a sociocultural-being-in-the-world.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50334421,"asset_id":26291242,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":11963859,"first_name":"Andrew","last_name":"Felder","domain_name":"ucla","page_name":"AJFelder","display_name":"Andrew Felder","profile_url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/AJFelder?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11963859/7840519/11131614/s65_aj.felder.jpeg"},{"id":38881,"first_name":"Brent","last_name":"Robbins","domain_name":"pointpark","page_name":"BrentRobbins","display_name":"Brent Robbins","profile_url":"https://pointpark.academia.edu/BrentRobbins?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38881/12973/199478/s65_brent.robbins.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":898,"name":"Multiculturalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiculturalism?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":2243,"name":"Counseling Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counseling_Psychology?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":2581,"name":"Existential Phenomenological Psychotherapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Existential_Phenomenological_Psychotherapy?f_ri=7108","nofollow":false},{"id":3279,"name":"Psychotherapy and Counseling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychotherapy_and_Counseling?f_ri=7108"},{"id":3307,"name":"Transpersonal Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transpersonal_Psychology?f_ri=7108"},{"id":3810,"name":"Mindfulness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mindfulness?f_ri=7108"},{"id":4830,"name":"Sociocultural Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociocultural_Theory?f_ri=7108"},{"id":5046,"name":"Phenomenological Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phenomenological_Psychology?f_ri=7108"},{"id":5067,"name":"Cultural Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Psychology?f_ri=7108"},{"id":5114,"name":"Hermeneutics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hermeneutics?f_ri=7108"},{"id":5174,"name":"Existential Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Existential_Psychology?f_ri=7108"},{"id":5178,"name":"Phenomenology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phenomenology?f_ri=7108"},{"id":5424,"name":"Contemplative Pedagogy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemplative_Pedagogy?f_ri=7108"},{"id":5515,"name":"Cross-Cultural Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross-Cultural_Psychology?f_ri=7108"},{"id":5619,"name":"Humanistic-Existential","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanistic-Existential?f_ri=7108"},{"id":6053,"name":"Zen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen?f_ri=7108"},{"id":6091,"name":"DBT (Psychology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DBT_Psychology_?f_ri=7108"},{"id":7108,"name":"Zen Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zen_Buddhism?f_ri=7108"},{"id":7904,"name":"Humanistic psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanistic_psychology?f_ri=7108"},{"id":8418,"name":"Maurice Merleau-Ponty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty?f_ri=7108"},{"id":8436,"name":"Edmund Husserl","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Edmund_Husserl?f_ri=7108"},{"id":8437,"name":"Martin Heidegger","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Martin_Heidegger?f_ri=7108"},{"id":11281,"name":"Existential Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Existential_Therapy?f_ri=7108"},{"id":12448,"name":"Contemplative Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemplative_Studies?f_ri=7108"},{"id":14617,"name":"Phenomenology of the body","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phenomenology_of_the_body?f_ri=7108"},{"id":15348,"name":"Hermeneutic Phenomenology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hermeneutic_Phenomenology?f_ri=7108"},{"id":15706,"name":"Social Justice and Multiculturalism in Counseling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Justice_and_Multiculturalism_in_Counseling?f_ri=7108"},{"id":15773,"name":"Buddhist Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Psychology?f_ri=7108"},{"id":16589,"name":"Existential Psychotherapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Existential_Psychotherapy?f_ri=7108"},{"id":16590,"name":"Existential-Experiential Psychotherapy. 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class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In Daozang texts, sectarian hagiographies, and late imperial inner alchemy (neidan 内丹) writings, the life and teachings of Bodhidharma were reconceived in interesting ways, often by drawing upon and magnifying the Chan 禪 Buddhist motifs.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_40088571" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In Daozang texts, sectarian hagiographies, and late imperial inner alchemy (neidan 内丹) writings, the life and teachings of Bodhidharma were reconceived in interesting ways, often by drawing upon and magnifying the Chan 禪 Buddhist motifs. From Daozang texts it is apparent that certain parties regarded him as a master of the immortality technique of Embryonic Breathing, or as having transmitted teachings on how to anticipate death and safely navigate through the dying process. His reputation as a master of immortality methods (i.e., inner alchemy) and death-antici-pation/navigation methods is perpetuated and further magnified in sectarian hagio-graphies and the inner alchemical writings of Wu Shouyang 伍守陽 and Liu Huayang 柳華陽. The sectarian hagiographies, while retaining key Chan hagiogra-phical motifs, recast Bodhidharma as a messenger from the realm of the Eternal True Parents, thus integrating him into the scheme of sectarian mythology and soteriology.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40088571" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="143d05d51f817aa997411fff554f3649" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60296480,"asset_id":40088571,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60296480/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4ODU0Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6234914" href="https://utc.academia.edu/StephenEskildsen">Stephen Eskildsen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6234914" type="text/json">{"id":6234914,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Eskildsen","domain_name":"utc","page_name":"StephenEskildsen","display_name":"Stephen Eskildsen","profile_url":"https://utc.academia.edu/StephenEskildsen?f_ri=7108","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6234914/3245775/3819798/s65_stephen.eskildsen.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40088571 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40088571"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40088571, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40088571", }); 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