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Studies inspired by Agnes Korn" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Dorian PASTOR" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/93130862/Reanalysis_of_the_Pronominal_Clitic_e_%C5%A1_in_Colloquial_Persian" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Reanalysis of the Pronominal Clitic =(e)š in Colloquial Persian" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="This paper offers an analysis of colloquial Persian words involving the third person singular pronominal clitic =(e)š which seems to be devoid of grammatical functions. The discussed forms are the stems kuš- ‘be where?’, ināhāš- ‘be here’ and unāhāš-" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/44506877/16289488/16693168/s200_dorian.pastor.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/93130862/Reanalysis_of_the_Pronominal_Clitic_e_%C5%A1_in_Colloquial_Persian" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Reanalysis of the Pronominal Clitic =(e)š in Colloquial Persian" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="This paper offers an analysis of colloquial Persian words involving the third person singular pronominal clitic =(e)š which seems to be devoid of grammatical functions. The discussed forms are the stems kuš- ‘be where?’, ināhāš- ‘be here’ and unāhāš-" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://ens.academia.edu/DorianPASTOR" /> <meta name="description" content="This paper offers an analysis of colloquial Persian words involving the third person singular pronominal clitic =(e)š which seems to be devoid of grammatical functions. The discussed forms are the stems kuš- ‘be where?’, ināhāš- ‘be here’ and unāhāš-" /> <title>(PDF) Reanalysis of the Pronominal Clitic =(e)š in Colloquial Persian | Dorian PASTOR - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/93130862/Reanalysis_of_the_Pronominal_Clitic_e_%C5%A1_in_Colloquial_Persian" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '7f20a93c141b9b490992296828f53069361587f0'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732758146000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732758146000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"This paper offers an analysis of colloquial Persian words involving the third person singular pronominal clitic =(e)š which seems to be devoid of grammatical functions. The discussed forms are the stems kuš- ‘be where?’, ināhāš- ‘be here’ and unāhāš- ‘be there’ respectively originated from the interrogative ku ‘where is’, and the presentatives ināhā ‘here is’ and unāhā ‘there is’. Moreover, the paper also introduces and discusses the functions of the interjections āxeyš and xodāiš, etymologically related to the interjections āxey and xodāi. It is proposed that the pronominal clitic =(e)š in the stems kuš-, ināhāš- and unāhāš- is in line with the so-called Watkins’s Law and that the pronominal clitic found in āxeyš and xodāiš has expressive functions.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Dorian PASTOR"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2022-12-17","dateModified":"2024-09-10","datePublished":"2022-01-01","headline":"Reanalysis of the Pronominal Clitic =(e)š in Colloquial Persian","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Degrammaticalization","Pronominal Clitics","Reanalysis","Colloquial Persian","lexicalisation"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"Tous les chemins mènent à Paris. Studies inspired by Agnes Korn","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":"Reichert"},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/93130862/Reanalysis_of_the_Pronominal_Clitic_e_%C5%A1_in_Colloquial_Persian","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"ens"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-102fa537001ba4d8dcd921ad9bd56c474abc201906ea4843e7e7efe9dfbf561d.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-8d679e925718b5e8e4b18e9a4fab37f7eaa99e43386459376559080ac8f2856a.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-3cea6e0ad4715ed965c49bfb15dedfc632787b32ff6d8c3a474182b231146ab7.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":93130862,"created_at":"2022-12-17T21:05:27.405-08:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2024-09-10T06:54:05.092-07:00","_data":{"abstract":"This paper offers an analysis of colloquial Persian words involving the third person singular pronominal clitic =(e)š which seems to be devoid of grammatical functions. The discussed forms are the stems kuš- ‘be where?’, ināhāš- ‘be here’ and unāhāš- ‘be there’ respectively originated from the interrogative ku ‘where is’, and the presentatives ināhā ‘here is’ and unāhā ‘there is’. Moreover, the paper also introduces and discusses the functions of the interjections āxeyš and xodāiš, etymologically related to the interjections āxey and xodāi. It is proposed that the pronominal clitic =(e)š in the stems kuš-, ināhāš- and unāhāš- is in line with the so-called Watkins’s Law and that the pronominal clitic found in āxeyš and xodāiš has expressive functions.","more_info":"Eds. Murad Suleymanov, Dorian Pastor","publisher":"Reichert","page_numbers":"123-150","publication_date":"2022,,","publication_name":"Tous les chemins mènent à Paris. Studies inspired by Agnes Korn"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Reanalysis of the Pronominal Clitic =(e)š in Colloquial Persian","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [44506877]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":118108274,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Reanalysis of the Pronominal Clitic =(e)š in Colloquial Persian”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/118108274/mini_magick20240910-1-e6psuc.png?1725975003" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Reanalysis of the Pronominal Clitic =(e)š in Colloquial Persian</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="44506877" href="https://ens.academia.edu/DorianPASTOR"><img alt="Profile image of Dorian PASTOR" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/44506877/16289488/16693168/s65_dorian.pastor.jpg" />Dorian PASTOR</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2022, Tous les chemins mènent à Paris. Studies inspired by Agnes Korn</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">31 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 93130862; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=93130862"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { const viewCountNumber = Number(viewCount); if (!viewCountNumber) { throw new Error('Failed to parse view count'); } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (viewCountBody) { viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } else { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This paper offers an analysis of colloquial Persian words involving the third person singular pronominal clitic =(e)š which seems to be devoid of grammatical functions. The discussed forms are the stems kuš- ‘be where?’, ināhāš- ‘be here’ and unāhāš- ‘be there’ respectively originated from the interrogative ku ‘where is’, and the presentatives ināhā ‘here is’ and unāhā ‘there is’. Moreover, the paper also introduces and discusses the functions of the interjections āxeyš and xodāiš, etymologically related to the interjections āxey and xodāi. It is proposed that the pronominal clitic =(e)š in the stems kuš-, ināhāš- and unāhāš- is in line with the so-called Watkins’s Law and that the pronominal clitic found in āxeyš and xodāiš has expressive functions.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":118108274,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/93130862/Reanalysis_of_the_Pronominal_Clitic_e_%C5%A1_in_Colloquial_Persian"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":118108274,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/93130862/Reanalysis_of_the_Pronominal_Clitic_e_%C5%A1_in_Colloquial_Persian"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="118108274" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/93130862/Reanalysis_of_the_Pronominal_Clitic_e_%C5%A1_in_Colloquial_Persian" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="43407000" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43407000/The_rise_of_contrastive_partitive_and_definite_functions_of_e%C5%A1_in_colloquial_Persian_A_grammaticalization_from_third_person_clitic_pronoun">The rise of contrastive-partitive and definite functions of =eš in colloquial Persian: A grammaticalization from third person clitic pronoun</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="386298" href="https://uppsala.academia.edu/ZahraEtebari">Zahra Etebari</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Ninth International Conference on Iranian Linguistics (ICIL9), 2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The rise of contrastive-partitive and definite functions of =eš in colloquial Persian: A grammaticalization from third person clitic pronoun","attachmentId":65027024,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43407000/The_rise_of_contrastive_partitive_and_definite_functions_of_e%C5%A1_in_colloquial_Persian_A_grammaticalization_from_third_person_clitic_pronoun","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43407000/The_rise_of_contrastive_partitive_and_definite_functions_of_e%C5%A1_in_colloquial_Persian_A_grammaticalization_from_third_person_clitic_pronoun"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="61906843" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/61906843/Pronominal_clitics_in_Western_Iranian_languages_Description_mapping_and_typological_implications_PHD_thesis_">Pronominal clitics in Western Iranian languages: Description, mapping, and typological implications (PHD thesis)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1747884" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/MasoudMohammadirad">Masoud Mohammadirad</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Unpublished PhD thesis , 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Pronominal clitics comprise one of the important traits of the majority of West Iranian languages. Nevertheless, while these person clitics have been the subject of virtually systematic studies in certain languages, e.g. Central Kurdish dialects, and Persian, they are hardly studied in the majority of languages where they are attested. More specifically, the existing scholarship has faintly dealt with the rise of procliticization, the development of person marking system, the placement of clitics, the cluster internal ordering of clitics, and the clitic-affix combinations. This study is an attempt to fill the lack of knowledge across the aspects mentioned. The development of proclitic attachment forms an integral part of the thesis. Originally enclitics in the second position in the sense of Wackernagel, a subset of West Iranian languages have developed proclitics. The hypothesis postulated in the thesis is that this evolution results from a change in the domain of cliticization, more precisely, the abandonment of the clause as the domain of cliticization. This shift in turn leads to the reanalysis of the clause-initial particles, hosts of the second position clitics, and their integration into the clitic paradigm. Having lost their host, the second position clitics change their attachment orientation and become incorporated into the element which follows them in the form of proclitics. Proclitic attachment is thus a secondary development from erstwhile second positioning of enclitics (Steele 1977; Wanner 1987). The person marking system points to the inverse development of subject indexing and object indexing in the past transitive constructions: in the former, the original ‘pronominal’ clitics have grammaticalized into markers of agreement, further pointing to the cross-linguistic tendency for subject agreement (Siewierska 1999; Haig 2018a). In the latter, the originally object agreement inflectional affixes on the verb are lending/have lent themselves to varying degrees of deinflectionalization (Norde 2009; Haig 2018a), hence deviating from the typological tendencies in associating inflectional affixes with the agreement relation (Siewierska 2004). Three domains are accountable for clitic placement across WILs: the clause, the verb phrase (VP), and the verb. A subgroup of VP-based clitic systems provides a rich source for the study of endoclitics: the endoclitics of the latter are the result of the interplay between second position requirement for clitics and the stress factor. V-based proclitic systems are characterised by ditropic attachment of clitics. The cluster internal ordering of clitics is determined by argument hierarchy (A > O > R > POS) across Iranian: the argument ranked higher in the hierarchy appears second in the cluster. This property brings Iranian languages close to Romance languages (Gerlach 2002). Finally, in some clitic-affix combinations, clitics interrupt morphological words, further overshadowing a categorical distinction between the categories of clitics and affixes on the one hand, and the concept of wordhood on the other (Haspelmath 2011).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Pronominal clitics in Western Iranian languages: Description, mapping, and typological implications (PHD thesis)","attachmentId":74821451,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/61906843/Pronominal_clitics_in_Western_Iranian_languages_Description_mapping_and_typological_implications_PHD_thesis_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/61906843/Pronominal_clitics_in_Western_Iranian_languages_Description_mapping_and_typological_implications_PHD_thesis_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="117187317" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/117187317/The_Persian_Contributions_to_the_English_Language_A_Historical_Dictionary_Garland_Cannon_and_Kaye_S_Alan_Wiesbaden_Harrassowitz_Verlag_2001_ISBN_3_447_04503_5_x_190_pp">The Persian Contributions to the English Language: A Historical Dictionary, Garland Cannon and Kaye S. Alan, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2001, ISBN 3-447-04503-5, x + 190 pp</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13444733" href="https://allameh.academia.edu/GolnazModarresiGhavami">Golnaz Modarresi Ghavami</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Iranian Studies, 2006</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Persian Contributions to the English Language: A Historical Dictionary, Garland Cannon and Kaye S. Alan, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2001, ISBN 3-447-04503-5, x + 190 pp","attachmentId":113110447,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/117187317/The_Persian_Contributions_to_the_English_Language_A_Historical_Dictionary_Garland_Cannon_and_Kaye_S_Alan_Wiesbaden_Harrassowitz_Verlag_2001_ISBN_3_447_04503_5_x_190_pp","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/117187317/The_Persian_Contributions_to_the_English_Language_A_Historical_Dictionary_Garland_Cannon_and_Kaye_S_Alan_Wiesbaden_Harrassowitz_Verlag_2001_ISBN_3_447_04503_5_x_190_pp"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="6336618" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6336618/Haig_and_Jahani_eds_Iranian_Linguistics_2012_special_section_of_the_journal_Oriental_Suecana_LXI_pp_121_225">Haig and Jahani (eds) Iranian Linguistics (2012), special section of the journal Oriental Suecana LXI, pp. 121-225</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2605375" href="https://uni-bamberg.academia.edu/GeoffreyHaig">Geoffrey Haig</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Haig and Jahani (eds) Iranian Linguistics (2012), special section of the journal Oriental Suecana LXI, pp. 121-225","attachmentId":33166072,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6336618/Haig_and_Jahani_eds_Iranian_Linguistics_2012_special_section_of_the_journal_Oriental_Suecana_LXI_pp_121_225","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6336618/Haig_and_Jahani_eds_Iranian_Linguistics_2012_special_section_of_the_journal_Oriental_Suecana_LXI_pp_121_225"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="10424695" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10424695/Persian_Clitics_Doubling_and_Agreement">Persian Clitics: Doubling and Agreement</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="774947" href="https://basu.academia.edu/MohammadRasekhmahand">Mohammad Rasekh-Mahand</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this paper, different functions of Persian pronominal enclitics in verbal domain are discussed. Traditionally, it has been supposed that these enclitics act as arguments, while it is argued here that they act as agreement markers as well. As they have moved from Wackernagel's position toward verb adjacent position in different stages of Persian language history, their functions have also changed. Through grammaticalization, they have acquired a new role as subject agreement markers. They may also act as objects in clitic doubling structures, when the optional NP object acts as topic. The new role of these clitics is explained by the blocking principle, which shows how a language acquires new verbal agreement formatives only for the non-distinctive slots of the agreement paradigm.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Persian Clitics: Doubling and Agreement","attachmentId":36470138,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10424695/Persian_Clitics_Doubling_and_Agreement","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10424695/Persian_Clitics_Doubling_and_Agreement"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="42869820" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42869820/The_Linguists_Linguist_A_Collection_of_Papers_in_Honour_of_Alexis_Manaster_Ramer_Vol_II_Grammaticalization_in_Process_The_Evolution_of_the_Afghan_Persian_Adverb_xa%C3%8C_t_1">The Linguist's Linguist: A Collection of Papers in Honour of Alexis Manaster Ramer Vol. II Grammaticalization in Process: The Evolution of the Afghan Persian Adverb xaÌ t 1</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13710654" href="https://chicago.academia.edu/JohnPerry">John R Perry</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Linguist's Linguist: A Collection of Papers in Honour of Alexis Manaster Ramer Vol. II Grammaticalization in Process: The Evolution of the Afghan Persian Adverb xaÌ t 1","attachmentId":63108605,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/42869820/The_Linguists_Linguist_A_Collection_of_Papers_in_Honour_of_Alexis_Manaster_Ramer_Vol_II_Grammaticalization_in_Process_The_Evolution_of_the_Afghan_Persian_Adverb_xa%C3%8C_t_1","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/42869820/The_Linguists_Linguist_A_Collection_of_Papers_in_Honour_of_Alexis_Manaster_Ramer_Vol_II_Grammaticalization_in_Process_The_Evolution_of_the_Afghan_Persian_Adverb_xa%C3%8C_t_1"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="27931639" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27931639/An_Integrated_Minimalist_Analysis_on_the_Position_of_Colloquial_Persian_Wh_phrases">An Integrated Minimalist Analysis on the Position of Colloquial Persian Wh-phrases</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="51447699" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CoSEP">Co. SEP</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this article,I have argued that Persian has got both covert and overt Wh-movements. The possible targets for such movements and possible changes they make in the meaning are discussed. The collected data from colloquial sentences spoken by Persian native speakers shows that there are three possible positions for Wh-phrases in Persian: wh-in-situ, pre-subject and post-subject positions. In these positions certain features are checked and deleted.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An Integrated Minimalist Analysis on the Position of Colloquial Persian Wh-phrases","attachmentId":48229790,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27931639/An_Integrated_Minimalist_Analysis_on_the_Position_of_Colloquial_Persian_Wh_phrases","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/27931639/An_Integrated_Minimalist_Analysis_on_the_Position_of_Colloquial_Persian_Wh_phrases"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="4524969" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4524969/Persian_object_clitics_and_the_syntax_morphology_interface">Persian object clitics and the syntax-morphology interface</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5592432" href="https://univ-paris3.academia.edu/psamvelian21aolcomPolletSamvelian">Pollet Samvelian</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Persian object clitics and the syntax-morphology interface","attachmentId":31914360,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4524969/Persian_object_clitics_and_the_syntax_morphology_interface","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4524969/Persian_object_clitics_and_the_syntax_morphology_interface"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="74425917" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74425917/UKnowledge_Pronominal_Complex_Predicates_in_Colloquial_Persian">UKnowledge Pronominal Complex Predicates in Colloquial Persian</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2342349" href="https://colorado.academia.edu/ghazalehkazeminejad">Ghazaleh Kazeminejad</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"UKnowledge Pronominal Complex Predicates in Colloquial Persian","attachmentId":82583934,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/74425917/UKnowledge_Pronominal_Complex_Predicates_in_Colloquial_Persian","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/74425917/UKnowledge_Pronominal_Complex_Predicates_in_Colloquial_Persian"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="9701181" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9701181/To_Be_As_the_Origin_of_Syntax_A_Persian_Framework">'To Be' As the Origin of Syntax: A Persian Framework</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8792642" href="https://umn.academia.edu/IrajBashiri">Iraj Bashiri</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1973</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This book is a systematic study of syntax through Persian, the standard language of lran today. It is an attempt to formulate a coherent system of grammar developing a new theoretical approach. The latter, while essentially based on insights from modern linguistic theory, includes observations of philosophers of medieval Iran as well. My grammatical model, thus, is not written exclusively for Persian and contains much that is applicable to other languages.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"'To Be' As the Origin of Syntax: A Persian Framework","attachmentId":35891774,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9701181/To_Be_As_the_Origin_of_Syntax_A_Persian_Framework","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9701181/To_Be_As_the_Origin_of_Syntax_A_Persian_Framework"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":118108274,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":118108274,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_118108274" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="87235484" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/87235484/First_International_Conference_on_Aspects_of_Iranian_Linguistics_Organizing_committee">First International Conference on Aspects of Iranian Linguistics Organizing committee</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="51493747" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DonaldStilo">Donald Stilo</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link 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