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Traditionally, it has been supposed that these enclitics act as arguments, while it is argued here that they act as agreement markers as well. As they have moved from Wackernagel\u0026amp;#39;s position toward verb adjacent position in different stages of Persian language history, their functions have also changed. Through grammaticalization, they have acquired a new role as subject agreement markers. They may also act as objects in clitic doubling structures, when the optional NP object acts as topic. The new role of these clitics is explained by the blocking principle, which shows how a language acquires new verbal agreement formatives only for the non-distinctive slots of the agreement paradigm.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Mohammad Rasekh-Mahand"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2015-01-31","dateModified":"2024-11-27","datePublished":null,"headline":"Persian Clitics: Doubling and Agreement","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Persian Language","Linguistic Typology","Clitics","Pronominal Clitics"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":null,"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/10424695/Persian_Clitics_Doubling_and_Agreement","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"basu"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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Traditionally, it has been supposed that these enclitics act as arguments, while it is argued here that they act as agreement markers as well. As they have moved from Wackernagel's position toward verb adjacent position in different stages of Persian language history, their functions have also changed. Through grammaticalization, they have acquired a new role as subject agreement markers. They may also act as objects in clitic doubling structures, when the optional NP object acts as topic. The new role of these clitics is explained by the blocking principle, which shows how a language acquires new verbal agreement formatives only for the non-distinctive slots of the agreement paradigm.","ai_title_tag":"Persian Clitics: Evolving Roles in Agreement and Doubling"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Persian Clitics: Doubling and Agreement","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [774947]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":36470138,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Persian Clitics: Doubling and Agreement”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/36470138/mini_magick20180819-15905-19vaw66.png?1534668233" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Persian Clitics: Doubling and Agreement</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="774947" href="https://basu.academia.edu/MohammadRasekhmahand"><img alt="Profile image of Mohammad Rasekh-Mahand" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/774947/279839/56795707/s65_mohammad.rasekh-mahand.jpg" />Mohammad Rasekh-Mahand</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">In this paper, different functions of Persian pronominal enclitics in verbal domain are discussed. Traditionally, it has been supposed that these enclitics act as arguments, while it is argued here that they act as agreement markers as well. As they have moved from Wackernagel's position toward verb adjacent position in different stages of Persian language history, their functions have also changed. Through grammaticalization, they have acquired a new role as subject agreement markers. They may also act as objects in clitic doubling structures, when the optional NP object acts as topic. The new role of these clitics is explained by the blocking principle, which shows how a language acquires new verbal agreement formatives only for the non-distinctive slots of the agreement paradigm.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":36470138,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/10424695/Persian_Clitics_Doubling_and_Agreement"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":36470138,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/10424695/Persian_Clitics_Doubling_and_Agreement"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="36470138" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/10424695/Persian_Clitics_Doubling_and_Agreement" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="61906843" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/61906843/Pronominal_clitics_in_Western_Iranian_languages_Description_mapping_and_typological_implications_PHD_thesis_">Pronominal clitics in Western Iranian languages: Description, mapping, and typological implications (PHD thesis)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1747884" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/MasoudMohammadirad">Masoud Mohammadirad</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Unpublished PhD thesis , 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Pronominal clitics comprise one of the important traits of the majority of West Iranian languages. Nevertheless, while these person clitics have been the subject of virtually systematic studies in certain languages, e.g. Central Kurdish dialects, and Persian, they are hardly studied in the majority of languages where they are attested. More specifically, the existing scholarship has faintly dealt with the rise of procliticization, the development of person marking system, the placement of clitics, the cluster internal ordering of clitics, and the clitic-affix combinations. This study is an attempt to fill the lack of knowledge across the aspects mentioned. The development of proclitic attachment forms an integral part of the thesis. Originally enclitics in the second position in the sense of Wackernagel, a subset of West Iranian languages have developed proclitics. The hypothesis postulated in the thesis is that this evolution results from a change in the domain of cliticization, more precisely, the abandonment of the clause as the domain of cliticization. This shift in turn leads to the reanalysis of the clause-initial particles, hosts of the second position clitics, and their integration into the clitic paradigm. Having lost their host, the second position clitics change their attachment orientation and become incorporated into the element which follows them in the form of proclitics. Proclitic attachment is thus a secondary development from erstwhile second positioning of enclitics (Steele 1977; Wanner 1987). The person marking system points to the inverse development of subject indexing and object indexing in the past transitive constructions: in the former, the original ‘pronominal’ clitics have grammaticalized into markers of agreement, further pointing to the cross-linguistic tendency for subject agreement (Siewierska 1999; Haig 2018a). In the latter, the originally object agreement inflectional affixes on the verb are lending/have lent themselves to varying degrees of deinflectionalization (Norde 2009; Haig 2018a), hence deviating from the typological tendencies in associating inflectional affixes with the agreement relation (Siewierska 2004). Three domains are accountable for clitic placement across WILs: the clause, the verb phrase (VP), and the verb. A subgroup of VP-based clitic systems provides a rich source for the study of endoclitics: the endoclitics of the latter are the result of the interplay between second position requirement for clitics and the stress factor. V-based proclitic systems are characterised by ditropic attachment of clitics. The cluster internal ordering of clitics is determined by argument hierarchy (A > O > R > POS) across Iranian: the argument ranked higher in the hierarchy appears second in the cluster. This property brings Iranian languages close to Romance languages (Gerlach 2002). Finally, in some clitic-affix combinations, clitics interrupt morphological words, further overshadowing a categorical distinction between the categories of clitics and affixes on the one hand, and the concept of wordhood on the other (Haspelmath 2011).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Pronominal clitics in Western Iranian languages: Description, mapping, and typological implications (PHD thesis)","attachmentId":74821451,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/61906843/Pronominal_clitics_in_Western_Iranian_languages_Description_mapping_and_typological_implications_PHD_thesis_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/61906843/Pronominal_clitics_in_Western_Iranian_languages_Description_mapping_and_typological_implications_PHD_thesis_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="93130862" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/93130862/Reanalysis_of_the_Pronominal_Clitic_e_%C5%A1_in_Colloquial_Persian">Reanalysis of the Pronominal Clitic =(e)š in Colloquial Persian</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="44506877" href="https://ens.academia.edu/DorianPASTOR">Dorian PASTOR</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Tous les chemins mènent à Paris. 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Alan, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2001, ISBN 3-447-04503-5, x + 190 pp","attachmentId":113110447,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/117187317/The_Persian_Contributions_to_the_English_Language_A_Historical_Dictionary_Garland_Cannon_and_Kaye_S_Alan_Wiesbaden_Harrassowitz_Verlag_2001_ISBN_3_447_04503_5_x_190_pp","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/117187317/The_Persian_Contributions_to_the_English_Language_A_Historical_Dictionary_Garland_Cannon_and_Kaye_S_Alan_Wiesbaden_Harrassowitz_Verlag_2001_ISBN_3_447_04503_5_x_190_pp"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="43403280" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43403280/Specific_Features_of_Persian_Syntax_The_Ez%C4%81fe_Construction_Differential_Object_Marking_and_Complex_Predicates">Specific Features of Persian Syntax. The Ezāfe Construction, Differential Object Marking, and Complex Predicates</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5592432" href="https://univ-paris3.academia.edu/psamvelian21aolcomPolletSamvelian">Pollet Samvelian</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Oxford Handbook of Persian Linguistics, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This chapter is devoted to three specific features of Persian syntax, namely, the Ezafe construction, differential object marking with the enclitic râ, and complex predicates, which have received a great deal of attention for more than thirty years. Each of these phenomena involves language-specific challenging facts which need to be accurately described and accounted for. At the same time, each constitutes a topic of cross-linguistic investigation for which the Persian data can be of crucial interest. The chapter is divided into three sections. Each section provides an overview of empirical facts and the way various theoretical studies have tried to account for them. While it was impossible to do justice to all influential studies because of the impressive amount of work on each topic, the article is nevertheless intended to be as exhaustive as possible and to maintain the balance between different theoretical approaches.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Specific Features of Persian Syntax. The Ezāfe Construction, Differential Object Marking, and Complex Predicates","attachmentId":63701580,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43403280/Specific_Features_of_Persian_Syntax_The_Ez%C4%81fe_Construction_Differential_Object_Marking_and_Complex_Predicates","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43403280/Specific_Features_of_Persian_Syntax_The_Ez%C4%81fe_Construction_Differential_Object_Marking_and_Complex_Predicates"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="28508571" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28508571/Persian_Cleft_Constructions_A_Role_and_Reference_Grammar_Analysis">Persian Cleft Constructions: A Role and Reference Grammar Analysis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36754503" href="https://shahroodut.academia.edu/FarhadMoezzipour">Farhad Moezzipour</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Persian Cleft Constructions: A Role and Reference Grammar Analysis","attachmentId":53558498,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28508571/Persian_Cleft_Constructions_A_Role_and_Reference_Grammar_Analysis","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28508571/Persian_Cleft_Constructions_A_Role_and_Reference_Grammar_Analysis"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="67335669" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67335669/The_Distribution_and_Role_of_the_Verb_Clitic_a_a_in_Different_Balochi_Dialects">The Distribution and Role of the Verb Clitic =a/a=in Different Balochi Dialects</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="189328061" href="https://uppsala.academia.edu/MaryamNourzaei">Maryam Nourzaei</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Orientalia Suecana, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study investigates the distribution and role of the verb clitic =a/a= in a variety of Balochi dialects. We summarize earlier findings, argue for the interpretation of this morpheme as a clitic, and present new data for four Balochi dialects spoken in Iran. In these four dialects, the verb clitic is variously consistently proclitic (one dialect), restricted proclitic (two dialects), and restricted enclitic (one dialect). We also find that there is a stronger tendency for enclitic attachment of the verb clitic =a/a= the further eastwards a certain Balochi dialect is spoken. The basic semantic component of the verb clitic =a/a= is one of imperfectivity, and it is used with the non-past indicative and the past imperfective indicative verb forms. It can be linked to the homophonous verb clitic found in several other Western Iranian languages.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Distribution and Role of the Verb Clitic =a/a=in Different Balochi Dialects","attachmentId":78191129,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67335669/The_Distribution_and_Role_of_the_Verb_Clitic_a_a_in_Different_Balochi_Dialects","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/67335669/The_Distribution_and_Role_of_the_Verb_Clitic_a_a_in_Different_Balochi_Dialects"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":36470138,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":36470138,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_36470138" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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