CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>James Clark McReynolds - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"920b68a1-d075-4f2d-b9b2-4be2112590c3","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"James_Clark_McReynolds","wgTitle":"James Clark McReynolds","wgCurRevisionId":1255244973,"wgRevisionId":1255244973,"wgArticleId":21826428,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles using NRISref without a reference number","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All pages needing factual verification","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2022","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from January 2022","All articles with incomplete citations", "Articles with incomplete citations from January 2022","FJC Bio template with ID same as Wikidata","Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges","Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch","Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch","1862 births","1946 deaths","20th-century American judges","20th-century American politicians","American Disciples of Christ","American legal scholars","American members of the Churches of Christ","American people of Scotch-Irish descent","Kentucky Democrats","People from Elkton, Kentucky","Tennessee Democrats","Tennessee lawyers","United States assistant attorneys general","Attorneys general of the United States","United States federal judges appointed by Woodrow Wilson","Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States","Vanderbilt University Law School faculty","University of Virginia School of Law alumni","Woodrow Wilson administration cabinet members", "Cravath, Swaine \u0026 Moore people","Antisemitism in Kentucky","American white supremacists","Phi Delta Theta members"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"James_Clark_McReynolds","wgRelevantArticleId":21826428,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"James_C._McReynolds","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[], "wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q724204","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready", "ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/McREYNOLDS%2C_J.C._JUSTICE_LCCN2016857877_%E2%80%93_unframed.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1465"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/McREYNOLDS%2C_J.C._JUSTICE_LCCN2016857877_%E2%80%93_unframed.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="977"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/McREYNOLDS%2C_J.C._JUSTICE_LCCN2016857877_%E2%80%93_unframed.jpg/640px-McREYNOLDS%2C_J.C._JUSTICE_LCCN2016857877_%E2%80%93_unframed.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="781"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="James Clark McReynolds - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clark_McReynolds&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-James_Clark_McReynolds rootpage-James_Clark_McReynolds skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=James+Clark+McReynolds" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=James+Clark+McReynolds" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=James+Clark+McReynolds" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=James+Clark+McReynolds" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attorney_General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attorney_General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Attorney General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attorney_General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supreme_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supreme_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Supreme Court</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Supreme_Court-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Supreme Court subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Supreme_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Important_opinions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Important_opinions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Important opinions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Important_opinions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personality_and_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personality_and_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personality and conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personality_and_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Retirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Death and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Papers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Papers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scholarly_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Scholarly books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_journal_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_journal_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Law journal articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_journal_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dictionaries_and_Encyclopedias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dictionaries_and_Encyclopedias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Dictionaries and Encyclopedias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dictionaries_and_Encyclopedias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Other works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">James Clark McReynolds</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B2" title="جيمس كلارك ماك رينولدز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيمس كلارك ماك رينولدز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B2" title="جیمز کلارک مکرینولدز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جیمز کلارک مکرینولدز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_C._McReynolds" title="James C. McReynolds – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="James C. McReynolds" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="James Clark McReynolds – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="James Clark McReynolds" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="James Clark McReynolds – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="James Clark McReynolds" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="James Clark McReynolds – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="James Clark McReynolds" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7_%D7%9E%D7%A7%27%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%A1" title="ג'יימס קלארק מק'ריינולדס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'יימס קלארק מק'ריינולדס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B2" title="جيمس كلارك ماك رينولدز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيمس كلارك ماك رينولدز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="James Clark McReynolds – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="James Clark McReynolds" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E9%9B%B7%E8%AF%BA%E5%85%B9" title="詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克雷诺兹 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克雷诺兹" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q724204#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:James_Clark_McReynolds" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clark_McReynolds&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clark_McReynolds&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clark_McReynolds&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clark_McReynolds&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/James_Clark_McReynolds" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clark_McReynolds&oldid=1255244973" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clark_McReynolds&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=James_Clark_McReynolds&id=1255244973&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJames_Clark_McReynolds"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJames_Clark_McReynolds"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=James_Clark_McReynolds&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clark_McReynolds&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:James_Clark_McReynolds" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q724204" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_C._McReynolds&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="James C. McReynolds">James C. McReynolds</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">US Supreme Court justice from 1914 to 1941</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">James McReynolds</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:McREYNOLDS,_J.C._JUSTICE_LCCN2016857877_%E2%80%93_unframed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/McREYNOLDS%2C_J.C._JUSTICE_LCCN2016857877_%E2%80%93_unframed.jpg/220px-McREYNOLDS%2C_J.C._JUSTICE_LCCN2016857877_%E2%80%93_unframed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/McREYNOLDS%2C_J.C._JUSTICE_LCCN2016857877_%E2%80%93_unframed.jpg/330px-McREYNOLDS%2C_J.C._JUSTICE_LCCN2016857877_%E2%80%93_unframed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/McREYNOLDS%2C_J.C._JUSTICE_LCCN2016857877_%E2%80%93_unframed.jpg/440px-McREYNOLDS%2C_J.C._JUSTICE_LCCN2016857877_%E2%80%93_unframed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="890" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />October 12, 1914 – January 31, 1941<sup id="cite_ref-SCOTUSjustices_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCOTUSjustices-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Nominated by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Harmon_Lurton" title="Horace Harmon Lurton">Horace Harmon Lurton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">48th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorney General</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 15, 1913 – August 29, 1914</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Wickersham" title="George W. Wickersham">George Wickersham</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Watt_Gregory" title="Thomas Watt Gregory">Thomas Gregory</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">James Clark McReynolds</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1862-02-03</span>)</span>February 3, 1862<br /><a href="/wiki/Elkton,_Kentucky" title="Elkton, Kentucky">Elkton, Kentucky</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">August 24, 1946<span style="display:none">(1946-08-24)</span> (aged 84)<br /><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_School_of_Law" title="University of Virginia School of Law">University of Virginia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>James Clark McReynolds</b> (February 3, 1862 – August 24, 1946) was an American <a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">lawyer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">judge</a> from Tennessee who served as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorney General</a> under President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> and as an <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a>. He served on the Court from 1914 to his retirement in 1941. McReynolds is best known today for his sustained opposition to the domestic programs of President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and his personality, which was widely viewed negatively and included documented elements of overt <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PepperRPILR21_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PepperRPILR21-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FoxWNETmat_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FoxWNETmat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Elkton,_Kentucky" title="Elkton, Kentucky">Elkton, Kentucky</a>, McReynolds practiced law in Tennessee after graduating from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_School_of_Law" title="University of Virginia School of Law">University of Virginia School of Law</a>. He served as the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Assistant_Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Assistant Attorney General">U.S. Assistant Attorney General</a> during President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>'s administration and became well known for his skill in <a href="/wiki/United_States_antitrust_law" title="United States antitrust law">antitrust</a> cases. After Wilson took office in 1913, he appointed McReynolds as his administration's first attorney general. Wilson nominated McReynolds to the Supreme Court in 1914 to fill the vacancy caused by Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/Horace_Harmon_Lurton" title="Horace Harmon Lurton">Horace Harmon Lurton</a>'s death. </p><p>In his 26 years on the bench, McReynolds wrote 506 majority opinions for the Court and 157 dissents, 93 of which were against the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>. He was part of the "<a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_(Supreme_Court)" title="Four Horsemen (Supreme Court)">Four Horsemen</a>" bloc of conservative justices who frequently voted to strike down New Deal programs. He assumed <a href="/wiki/Senior_status" title="Senior status">senior status</a> in 1941 and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a>. During his Supreme Court tenure, McReynolds wrote the majority opinion in cases such as <i><a href="/wiki/Meyer_v._Nebraska" title="Meyer v. Nebraska">Meyer v. Nebraska</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Miller" title="United States v. Miller">United States v. Miller</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Adams_v._Tanner" title="Adams v. Tanner">Adams v. Tanner</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Pierce_v._Society_of_Sisters" title="Pierce v. Society of Sisters">Pierce v. Society of Sisters</a></i>. Due to his temperament, bigotry, and his opposition to the domestic programs of the FDR administration, McReynolds is sometimes included on lists of the worst Supreme Court justices.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clark_McReynolds&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McReynolds_House_in_Elkton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/McReynolds_House_in_Elkton.jpg/220px-McReynolds_House_in_Elkton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/McReynolds_House_in_Elkton.jpg/330px-McReynolds_House_in_Elkton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/McReynolds_House_in_Elkton.jpg/440px-McReynolds_House_in_Elkton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>McReynolds's birthplace in Elkton</figcaption></figure> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Elkton,_Kentucky" title="Elkton, Kentucky">Elkton, Kentucky</a>, the county seat of Todd County, McReynolds was the son of John Oliver and Ellen (née Reeves) McReynolds, both members of the <a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Disciples of Christ">Disciples of Christ</a> church.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Oliver McReynolds was active in business ventures and served as a surgeon in the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The house where James Clark McReynolds was born still stands;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He graduated from the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Green_River_Female_Academy" title="Green River Female Academy">Green River Academy</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later matriculated at <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt University</a>, graduating with status one year later as a <a href="/wiki/Valedictorian" title="Valedictorian">valedictorian</a> in 1882. At the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_School_of_Law" title="University of Virginia School of Law">University of Virginia School of Law</a>, where he studied under <a href="/wiki/John_B._Minor" title="John B. Minor">John B. Minor</a>, "a man of stern morality and firm conservative convictions", McReynolds completed his studies in 14 months. He again graduated at the head of his class,<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> receiving his law degree in 1884. </p><p>McReynolds was secretary to U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Howell_E._Jackson" title="Howell E. Jackson">Howell E. Jackson</a>, who became an associate justice of the Supreme Court in 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He practiced law in Nashville and served for three years as an <a href="/wiki/Adjunct_professor" title="Adjunct professor">adjunct professor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Law">commercial law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insurance_law" title="Insurance law">insurance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Corporations_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporations law">corporations</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University_Law_School" title="Vanderbilt University Law School">Vanderbilt University Law School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Historical_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McReynolds became active in politics, running unsuccessfully for Congress in 1896 as a "Goldbug" Democrat.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>B<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As head of the Tennessee delegation to the <a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 Democratic National Convention</a>, he wrote the party's "sound money" plank.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, McReynolds served as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Assistant_Attorney_General" title="United States Assistant Attorney General">Assistant Attorney General</a> from 1903 to 1907, when he resigned to take up private practice with the law firm of Guthrie, Cravath, and Henderson (later renamed <a href="/wiki/Cravath,_Swaine_%26_Moore" title="Cravath, Swaine & Moore">Cravath, Swaine & Moore</a>) in New York City. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attorney_General">Attorney General</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clark_McReynolds&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Attorney General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_C._McReynolds_-_c1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/James_C._McReynolds_-_c1913.jpg/170px-James_C._McReynolds_-_c1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/James_C._McReynolds_-_c1913.jpg/255px-James_C._McReynolds_-_c1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/James_C._McReynolds_-_c1913.jpg/340px-James_C._McReynolds_-_c1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3376" data-file-height="4644" /></a><figcaption>Attorney General McReynolds (c. 1913)</figcaption></figure> <p>While in private practice, McReynolds was retained by the government in matters relating to enforcement of <a href="/wiki/Antitrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitrust">antitrust</a> laws. He litigated against the "tobacco trust" in <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._American_Tobacco_Co." title="United States v. American Tobacco Co.">United States v. American Tobacco Co.</a></i> and against a monopoly over <a href="/wiki/Anthracite_coal" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthracite coal">anthracite coal</a> in <i>United States v. Reading Co.</i><sup id="cite_ref-DOJ_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOJ-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recognition of his "trust busting" credentials, Wilson appointed McReynolds as the 48th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorney General</a> on March 15, 1913, and he served until his accession to the Supreme Court the following August.<sup id="cite_ref-DOJ_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOJ-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His abrasive personality was understood to be a factor in his short tenure.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oyez_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oyez-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ariens_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ariens-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supreme_Court">Supreme Court</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clark_McReynolds&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Supreme Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On August 19, 1914, Wilson <a href="/wiki/Nomination_and_confirmation_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Nomination and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States">nominated</a> McReynolds as an <a href="/wiki/Associate_justice_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate justice of the United States Supreme Court">associate justice of the United States Supreme Court</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-RL33225_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RL33225-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to succeed <a href="/wiki/Horace_H._Lurton" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace H. Lurton">Horace H. Lurton</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> confirmed him on August 29, by a 44–6 vote,<sup id="cite_ref-RL33225_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RL33225-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he was <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office#Federal_judiciary_oaths" title="Oath of office">sworn into office</a> on October 12.<sup id="cite_ref-SCOTUSjustices_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCOTUSjustices-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">Supreme Court Building</a> opened in 1935 during the Great Depression, McReynolds, like most of the other justices, refused to move his office into the new building. He continued to work out of the office he maintained in his apartment.<sup id="cite_ref-Bush_2010_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bush_2010-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said that, with the country in economic turmoil, the government should not have spent so much money on a single building.<sup id="cite_ref-Bush_2010_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bush_2010-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Important_opinions">Important opinions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clark_McReynolds&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Important opinions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McReynolds_Nomination.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/McReynolds_Nomination.JPG/220px-McReynolds_Nomination.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/McReynolds_Nomination.JPG/330px-McReynolds_Nomination.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/McReynolds_Nomination.JPG/440px-McReynolds_Nomination.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>McReynolds's Supreme Court nomination</figcaption></figure> <p>In his 27 years on the bench, McReynolds wrote 506 decisions, an average of just under 19 opinions for each term of the Court during his tenure. In addition, he authored 157 dissents, 93 of which were against the New Deal.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lucas_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucas-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McReynolds's fierce opposition to <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> legislation designed to provide relief to citizens and put people to work, but which greatly expanded the scope of the federal government during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, resulted in his being classified as one of the "<a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_(Supreme_Court)" title="Four Horsemen (Supreme Court)">Four Horsemen</a>", along with <a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">George Sutherland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willis_Van_Devanter" title="Willis Van Devanter">Willis Van Devanter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(justice)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierce Butler (justice)">Pierce Butler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oyez_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oyez-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McReynolds voted to strike down the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Ashwander_v._TVA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashwander v. TVA">Ashwander v. TVA</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Industrial_Recovery_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Industrial Recovery Act">National Industrial Recovery Act</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Schechter_Poultry_Corporation_v._United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States">Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Adjustment_Act_of_1933" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933">Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Butler" title="United States v. Butler">United States v. Butler</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Guffey_Coal_Act" title="Guffey Coal Act">Bituminous Coal Conservation Act</a> of 1935 in <i><a href="/wiki/Carter_v._Carter_Coal_Co." title="Carter v. Carter Coal Co.">Carter v. Carter Coal Co.</a></i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Act" title="Social Security Act">Social Security Act</a>, 42 U.S.C. § 301 <i>et seq.</i>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Steward_Machine_Co._v._Davis" title="Steward Machine Co. v. Davis">Steward Machine Co. v. Davis</a></i>, 301 U.S. 548 (1937).<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued to vote against New Deal measures after most of the Court shifted in 1937 to upholding New Deal legislation. Howard Ball called McReynolds "the most strident Court critic of Roosevelt's New Deal programs".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a confirmed opponent of federal authority aimed toward social ends or economic regulation, McReynolds had the "single-minded passion of a zealot".<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a "firm believer in <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire economic theory</a>", which he said was constitutionally enshrined.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the "<a href="/wiki/Lochner_era" title="Lochner era">Lochner era</a>" ended in 1937—the Court's "<a href="/wiki/The_switch_in_time_that_saved_nine" title="The switch in time that saved nine">switch in time that saved nine</a>"—McReynolds became a dissenter.<sup id="cite_ref-Ariens_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ariens-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unchanging through his 1941 retirement, his dissents continued to decry the federal government's exercises of power. In <i><a href="/wiki/Steward_Machine_Co._v._Davis" title="Steward Machine Co. v. Davis">Steward Machine Co. v. Davis</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Case_citation" title="Case citation">301 U.S. 548</a> (1937),<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_citation"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds#endnote_citation">[1]</a></sup> he dissented from a decision upholding the <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Act" title="Social Security Act">Social Security Act</a>. He wrote: "I can not find any authority in the Constitution for making the Federal Government the great <a href="/wiki/Almoner" title="Almoner">almoner</a> of public charity throughout the United States".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hall_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Clark_McReynolds_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/James_Clark_McReynolds_portrait.jpg/170px-James_Clark_McReynolds_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/James_Clark_McReynolds_portrait.jpg/255px-James_Clark_McReynolds_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/James_Clark_McReynolds_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Supreme Court's official portrait of James Clark McReynolds, ca 1941</figcaption></figure><p>McReynolds wrote two early decisions using the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> to protect <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Meyer_v._Nebraska" title="Meyer v. Nebraska">Meyer v. Nebraska</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_262" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 262">262</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/262/390/">390</a> (1923), and <i><a href="/wiki/Pierce_v._Society_of_Sisters" title="Pierce v. Society of Sisters">Pierce v. Society of Sisters</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_268" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 268">268</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/268/510/">510</a> (1925). <i>Meyer</i> involved a state law that prohibited the teaching of modern foreign languages in public schools. Meyer, who taught German in a Lutheran school, was convicted under this law. In overturning the conviction on substantive <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a> grounds, McReynolds wrote that the liberty guaranteed by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment included an individual's right "to contract, to engage in any of the common occupations of life, to acquire useful knowledge, to marry, to establish a home and bring up children, to worship God according to the dictates of his conscience, and generally to enjoy privileges, essential to the orderly pursuit of happiness by free men". These two decisions survived the post-Lochner era.<sup id="cite_ref-Ariens_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ariens-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Pierce</i> involved a challenge to a law forbidding parents to send their children to any but public schools. McReynolds wrote the opinion for a unanimous Court, holding that the Act violated the liberty of parents to direct the education of their children: "the fundamental liberty upon which all governments in this Union repose excludes any general power of the State to standardize its children by forcing them to accept instruction from public teachers only". These decisions were revived long after McReynolds left the bench, to buttress the Court's announcement of a constitutional <a href="/wiki/Privacy_laws_of_the_United_States" title="Privacy laws of the United States">right to privacy</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Griswold_v._Connecticut" title="Griswold v. Connecticut">Griswold v. Connecticut</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_381" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 381">381</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/381/479/">479</a> (1965), and later the constitutional <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">right to abortion</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_410" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 410">410</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/410/113/">113</a> (1973). </p><p>McReynolds wrote the decision in <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Miller" title="United States v. Miller">United States v. Miller</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_307" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 307">307</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/307/174/">174</a> (1939), the only Supreme Court case directly involving the <a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Second Amendment</a> until <i><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_v._Heller" title="District of Columbia v. Heller">District of Columbia v. Heller</a></i> in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-Lucas_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucas-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the field of tax law, he wrote for the Court in <i><a href="/wiki/Burnet_v._Logan" title="Burnet v. Logan">Burnet v. Logan</a></i>, 283 U.S. 404 (1931), a significant decision setting out the Court's doctrine regarding "open transactions." </p><p>He also wrote the dissent in the <i><a href="/wiki/Gold_Clause_Cases" title="Gold Clause Cases">Gold Clause Cases</a></i>, which required the surrender of all <a href="/wiki/Gold_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold coins">gold coins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold_bullion" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold bullion">gold bullion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gold_certificate_(United_States)" title="Gold certificate (United States)">gold certificates</a> to the government by May 1, 1933, under <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_6102" title="Executive Order 6102">Executive Order 6102</a>, issued by President Franklin Roosevelt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personality_and_conflicts">Personality and conflicts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clark_McReynolds&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personality and conflicts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>McReynolds was labeled "<a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge">Scrooge</a>" by journalist <a href="/wiki/Drew_Pearson_(journalist)" title="Drew Pearson (journalist)">Drew Pearson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>C<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> thought him selfish, prejudiced and mean: "[H]e has a continual grouch, and is always offended because the court is doing something that he regards as undignified."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft also wrote that McReynolds was the most irresponsible member of the Court, and that "[i]n the absence of McReynolds everything went smoothly."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early on, his temperament affected his performance in the court.<sup id="cite_ref-Oyez_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oyez-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, he determined that <a href="/wiki/John_Hessin_Clarke" title="John Hessin Clarke">John Clarke</a>, another Wilson appointee, was "too liberal" and refused to speak with him.<sup id="cite_ref-Oyez_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oyez-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clarke decided to resign early from the court, and said that McReynolds's open antipathy was a factor.<sup id="cite_ref-Bickel_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bickel-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McReynolds refused to sign the customary joint memorial letter for Clarke, which was always given to departing members.<sup id="cite_ref-Warner_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warner-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter, Taft commented that "[t]his is a fair sample of McReynolds's personal character and the difficulty of getting along with him."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justice_James_Clark_McReynolds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Justice_James_Clark_McReynolds.jpg/170px-Justice_James_Clark_McReynolds.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Justice_James_Clark_McReynolds.jpg/255px-Justice_James_Clark_McReynolds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Justice_James_Clark_McReynolds.jpg/340px-Justice_James_Clark_McReynolds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3746" data-file-height="4450" /></a><figcaption>Justice McReynolds, February 3, 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>Taft wrote that although he considered McReynolds an "able man", he found him to be "selfish to the last degree ... fuller of prejudice than any man I have ever known ... one who delights in making others uncomfortable. He has no sense of duty ... really seems to have less of a loyal spirit to the Court than anybody."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1929, McReynolds asked Taft to announce opinions assigned to him (McReynolds), explaining that "an imperious voice has called me out of town. I don't think my sudden illness will prove fatal, but strange things some time [sic] happen around Thanksgiving."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duck hunting season had opened and McReynolds was off to Maryland for some shooting. In 1925, he left so suddenly on a similar errand that he had no opportunity to notify the Chief Justice of his departure. Taft was infuriated as two important decisions he wanted to deliver were delayed, because McReynolds had not handed in a dissent before leaving.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McReynolds went on tirades about "un-Americans" and "political subversives."<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Known as a blatant <a href="/wiki/Bigotry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bigotry">bigot</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Oyez_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oyez-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>D<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he would not accept "Jews, drinkers, blacks, women, smokers, married or engaged individuals" as law clerks.<sup id="cite_ref-Abraham_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abraham-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> "called him '<a href="/wiki/Puritanical" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritanical">Puritanical</a>', 'intolerably rude', 'savagely sarcastic', 'incredibly reactionary', and 'anti-Semitic<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".<sup id="cite_ref-Burner_2024_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burner_2024-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-beaconhill_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beaconhill-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McReynolds refused to speak to <a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a>, the first Jewish member of the Court, for the first three years of Brandeis's tenure. When Brandeis retired in 1939, McReynolds again did not sign the dedicatory letter.<sup id="cite_ref-beaconhill_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beaconhill-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He habitually left the conference room whenever Brandeis spoke.<sup id="cite_ref-beaconhill_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beaconhill-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo">Benjamin Cardozo</a>'s appointment was being pressed on President <a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Hoover" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert C. Hoover">Herbert C. Hoover</a>, McReynolds joined Justices <a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(justice)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierce Butler (justice)">Pierce Butler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willis_Van_Devanter" title="Willis Van Devanter">Willis Van Devanter</a> in urging the White House not to "afflict the Court with another Jew".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When news of Cardozo's appointment was announced, McReynolds is claimed to have said "Huh, it seems that the only way you can get on the Supreme Court these days is to be either the son of a criminal or a Jew, or both."<sup id="cite_ref-Allen,_p._225_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen,_p._225-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kaufman_480_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufman_480-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Cardozo's swearing-in ceremony, McReynolds pointedly read a newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen,_p._225_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen,_p._225-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He often held a brief or record in front of his face when Cardozo delivered an opinion from the bench.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, he refused to sign opinions authored by Brandeis.<sup id="cite_ref-FoxWNETmat_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FoxWNETmat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (January 2022)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (January 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/John_Frush_Knox" title="John Frush Knox">John Frush Knox</a>, McReynolds's law clerk for the 1936–37 term (following the seven-year clerkship of Maurice Mahoney), and one author of a memoir of McReynolds's service, McReynolds never spoke to Cardozo at all,<sup id="cite_ref-Abraham_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abraham-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and several sources report that he did not attend Cardozo's memorial ceremonies held at the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufman_480_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufman_480-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Atkinson_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkinson-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (On the other hand, the report that he did not attend <a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Felix Frankfurter</a>'s swearing-in—with regard to which he is reported to have exclaimed, "My God, another Jew on the Court!"<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—was refuted by Supreme Court historian Franz Jantzen, as cited by T. C. Peppers in the <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Richmond_School_of_Law#Richmond_Public_Interest_Law_Review" title="University of Richmond School of Law">Richmond Public Interest Law Review</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PepperRPILR21_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PepperRPILR21-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>In 1922, Taft proposed that members of the Court accompany him to Philadelphia on a ceremonial occasion, but McReynolds refused, writing: "As you know, I am not always to be found when there is a Hebrew abroad. Therefore, my 'inability' to attend must not surprise you."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the oft-repeated story that McReynolds refused to sit for the 1924 Court photograph because of his hostility to Brandeis is untrue. McReynolds objected to taking a new photograph when there had been no change in the membership of the court since the 1923 photograph.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alpheus_T._Mason" title="Alpheus T. Mason">Alpheus T. Mason</a> misinterpreted this as hostility to Brandeis, but McReynolds sat for numerous photographs for which Brandeis (and later Felix Frankfurter) were present.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once, when colleague <a href="/wiki/Harlan_Fiske_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlan Fiske Stone">Harlan Fiske Stone</a> remarked to him of an attorney's brief: "That was the dullest argument I ever heard in my life", McReynolds replied: "The only duller thing I can think of is to hear you read one of your opinions."<sup id="cite_ref-Burner_2024_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burner_2024-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McReynolds's rudeness was not confined to colleagues on the Court, or Jews. When <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Houston" title="Charles Hamilton Houston">Charles Hamilton Houston</a>, one of the foremost African American lawyers of his day, appeared before the Court to argue in favor of desegregating the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri_Law_School" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Missouri Law School">University of Missouri Law School</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Gaines_v._Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaines v. Canada">Gaines v. Canada</a></i> (1938), McReynolds turned his chair backward so he could not see Hamilton.<sup id="cite_ref-Wrightsman_book_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrightsman_book-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McReynolds's long-suffering African-American domestic servants—subject to his racism—gave him the nickname "Pussywillow".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a Justice, McReynolds held privileges at the <a href="/wiki/Chevy_Chase,_Maryland" title="Chevy Chase, Maryland">Chevy Chase</a> golf club. Justices <a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(justice)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierce Butler (justice)">Pierce Butler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willis_Van_Devanter" title="Willis Van Devanter">Willis Van Devanter</a> transferred from the club to <a href="/wiki/Burning_Tree_Club" title="Burning Tree Club">Burning Tree</a> because McReynolds "got disagreeable even beyond their endurance".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once when called before the chairman of the Golf Committee to answer complaints filed against him, McReynolds said, "I've been a member of this club a good many years, and no one around here has ever shown me any courtesy, so I don't intend to show any to anyone else." The indignant chairman replied: "Mr. Justice, you wouldn't be a member of this club if it wasn't for your official position. The members of this club have put up with your discourtesy for years, merely because you are a member of the Supreme Court. But I'm telling you now that the next time there is a complaint against you, you'll be suspended from the privileges of the golf course."<sup id="cite_ref-Allen,_p._226_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen,_p._226-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a woman lawyer appeared in the courtroom, McReynolds reportedly muttered: "I see the female is here again." He often left the bench when a woman lawyer rose to present a case.<sup id="cite_ref-beaconhill_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beaconhill-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He found the wearing of wristwatches by men effeminate, and the use of red fingernail polish by women vulgar.<sup id="cite_ref-Burner_2024_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burner_2024-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McReynolds forbade smoking in his presence, and is said to have been responsible for the "No Smoking" signs in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">Supreme Court Building</a>, inaugurated during his tenure.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He announced to any justice who attempted to smoke in conference that "tobacco smoke is personally objectionable to me". Any who tried "were stopped at the threshold".<sup id="cite_ref-Douglas_13_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douglas_13-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But McReynolds was reportedly "extremely charitable" to the pages who worked at the Court,<sup id="cite_ref-Douglas_13_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douglas_13-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had a great love of children.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, he gave very generous assistance and adopted 33 children who were victims of the German bombing of London in 1940, and left a sizable fortune to charity.<sup id="cite_ref-Burner_2024_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burner_2024-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-beaconhill_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beaconhill-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes</a>'s wife died, McReynolds wept at her funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen,_p._226_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen,_p._226-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holmes wrote in 1926: "Poor McReynolds is, I think, a man of feeling and of more secret kindliness than he would get credit for."<sup id="cite_ref-Burner_2024_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burner_2024-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McReynolds often entertained at his apartment, and occasionally passed cigarettes to his guests.<sup id="cite_ref-Douglas_13_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douglas_13-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He often invited people for brunch on Sunday mornings. According to <a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a>, "On these informal occasions in his own home he was the essence of hospitality and a very delightful companion."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once, when riding to his office on a street car, a drunk got on board and fell out in the aisle. McReynolds picked him up, helped him back to his seat, and sat beside him until they reached the top of Capitol Hill, leaving him only after giving explicit instructions to the conductor.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he was required to preside in court, due to absence of more senior justices, "he was the soul of courtesy, graciously greeting and raptly listening to the arguments by lawyers of both sexes."<sup id="cite_ref-beaconhill_40-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beaconhill-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The public McReynolds was noted for his hospitality. He entertained frequently at the Willard Hotel with guest lists of 150 people, including his fellow justices, and at an annual eggnog party that was one of the social highlights of the Christmas season. <a href="/wiki/Alice_Roosevelt_Longworth" title="Alice Roosevelt Longworth">Alice Roosevelt</a>, one of many friends, requested the services of his cook, Mrs. Parker, for her wedding breakfast on the occasion of her marriage to Nicholas Longworth.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement">Retirement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clark_McReynolds&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After a substantial <a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">hearing loss</a> in 1925, McReynolds strongly intended to resign from the Court, and was dissuaded only by requests by many friends, who called him "one of the few who have courageously stood for the rights of property and of the citizen."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McReynolds retired on January 31, 1941, and assumed <a href="/wiki/Senior_status" title="Senior status">senior status</a>. He lived at the Rochambeau apartment complex in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> from 1915 until President Roosevelt requisitioned the building in 1935 for his New Deal requirements. McReynolds found a new apartment at 2400 Sixteenth Street. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clark_McReynolds&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>McReynolds never married.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ariens_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ariens-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died on August 24, 1946, and was buried in the Elkton Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Elkton,_Kentucky" title="Elkton, Kentucky">Elkton, Kentucky</a>. Elkton residents fondly remembered him, pointing out both his home and office "with great pride and respect".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Knox wrote "in 1946 he [McReynolds] died a very lonely death in a hospital – without a single friend or relative at his bedside." He was buried in Kentucky, but no member of the Court attended his funeral. In contrast, as the clerk noted, when McReynolds's aged <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> messenger, Harry Parker, died in 1953, his funeral was attended by five or six justices, including the chief justice. McReynolds's brother, Robert, visited him in the hospital shortly before his death. </p><p>In his will, McReynolds wrote, "let there be no service in Washington". The U.S. Marshal for the Supreme Court traveled to Elkton for the funeral. The <i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Science_Monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Science Monitor">Christian Science Monitor</a></i> hailed McReynolds in tribute as "the last and lone champion on the Supreme Bench battling the steady encroachment of Federal powers on State and individual rights ... standing these later years at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae" title="Battle of Thermopylae">Pass of Thermopylae</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McReynolds bequeathed his entire estate to charity.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burner_2024_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burner_2024-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-beaconhill_40-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beaconhill-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these bequests were additional funds to Children's Hospital in Washington, which he had supported for years, adding a new elevator, $10,000 and the residue of his estate. His books and opinions were left to the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, and $10,000 and his judicial robe to Vanderbilt University, where he had served for 30 years on the Board of Trustees.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Papers">Papers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clark_McReynolds&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Papers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>McReynolds's papers are held at many libraries around the country, mainly at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Law_School" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Virginia Law School">University of Virginia Law School</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Law_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard University Law School">Harvard University Law School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Felix Frankfurter</a> papers; John Knox papers (1920–80), available at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a>; <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kentucky" title="University of Kentucky">University of Kentucky</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky" title="Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington, Kentucky</a>, William Jennings Price (1851–1952) papers; <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> <a href="/wiki/Bentley_Historical_Library" title="Bentley Historical Library">Bentley Historical Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Frank Murphy</a> papers; <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society" title="Minnesota Historical Society">Minnesota Historical Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(justice)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierce Butler (justice)">Pierce Butler</a> papers; <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_State_Library_and_Archives" title="Tennessee State Library and Archives">Tennessee State Library and Archives</a>, Robert Boyte Crawford Howell papers; <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>, Homer Stille Cummings papers.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clark_McReynolds&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_3)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 3)">List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices_by_time_in_office" title="List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office">List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Hughes_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Hughes Court">United States Supreme Court cases during the Hughes Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taft_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court">United States Supreme Court cases during the Taft Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_White_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the White Court">United States Supreme Court cases during the White Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_judges_by_longevity_of_service" title="List of United States federal judges by longevity of service">List of United States federal judges by longevity of service</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clark_McReynolds&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_books">Scholarly books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clark_McReynolds&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Scholarly books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMartin,_Fenton_S.Goehlert,_Robert_U.1990" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ussupremecourtbi0000mart"><i>The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly" title="Congressional Quarterly">Congressional Quarterly</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87187-554-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87187-554-3"><bdi>0-87187-554-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+Supreme+Court%3A+A+Bibliography&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Congressional+Quarterly&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-87187-554-3&rft.au=Martin%2C+Fenton+S.&rft.au=Goehlert%2C+Robert+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fussupremecourtbi0000mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond,_James_Edward1992" class="citation book cs1">Bond, James Edward (1992). <i>I Dissent: The Legacy of Chief Justice James Clark McReynolds</i>. Lanham, MD: <a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University_Press" title="George Mason University Press">George Mason University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Dissent%3A+The+Legacy+of+Chief+Justice+James+Clark+McReynolds&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=George+Mason+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Bond%2C+James+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Note, the designation of McReynolds as "Chief" Justice in the title is an error.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank,_John_P.1995" class="citation book cs1">Frank, John P. (1995). Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/justicesofunited0000unse"><i>The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>-Chelsea House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7910-1377-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7910-1377-4"><bdi>0-7910-1377-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2022</span>. <q>Limited preview.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Justices+of+the+United+States+Supreme+Court%3A+Their+Lives+and+Major+Opinions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing-Chelsea+House&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7910-1377-4&rft.au=Frank%2C+John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjusticesofunited0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCushman,_Clare2001" class="citation book cs1">Cushman, Clare (2001). <i>The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995</i>. <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly" title="Congressional Quarterly">Congressional Quarterly</a> Books (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Historical_Society" title="Supreme Court Historical Society">Supreme Court Historical Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56802-126-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56802-126-7"><bdi>1-56802-126-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Court+Justices%3A+Illustrated+Biographies%2C+1789%E2%80%931995&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=Congressional+Quarterly+Books&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Supreme+Court+Historical+Society&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-56802-126-7&rft.au=Cushman%2C+Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_journal_articles">Law journal articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clark_McReynolds&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Law journal articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnox,_John1984" class="citation journal cs1">Knox, John (1984). "A Personal Recollection of Justice Cardozo". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_Historical_Society_Quarterly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court Historical Society Quarterly (page does not exist)">Supreme Court Historical Society Quarterly</a></i>. <b>6</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Supreme+Court+Historical+Society+Quarterly&rft.atitle=A+Personal+Recollection+of+Justice+Cardozo&rft.volume=6&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Knox%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJantzen,_Franz2015" class="citation journal cs1">Jantzen, Franz (November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jsch.12085">"Urban Legend Department: McReynolds, Brandeis and the Myth of the 1924 Group Photograph"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Supreme_Court_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Supreme Court History">Journal of Supreme Court History</a></i>. <b>40</b> (3): 325–333, esp. 327, 327. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjsch.12085">10.1111/jsch.12085</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145392466">145392466</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Supreme+Court+History&rft.atitle=Urban+Legend+Department%3A+McReynolds%2C+Brandeis+and+the+Myth+of+the+1924+Group+Photograph&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=325-333%2C+esp.+327%2C+327&rft.date=2015-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjsch.12085&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145392466%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Jantzen%2C+Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fjsch.12085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span><blockquote><p><small>James Clark McReynolds (Associate Justice, 1914-1941) might be the single most personally unpopular Supreme Court Justice in history... But was he so anti-Semitic that there is no group photograph for 1924 because he refused to sit next to Justice Louis D. Brandeis, as the seating arrangement dictated? Although this story is frequently cited as evidence of just how obnoxious he could be, it is not true.</small></p></blockquote></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeppers,_Todd_C.2021" class="citation journal cs1">Peppers, Todd C. (May 14, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.richmond.edu/pilr/vol24/iss2/5">"Cancelling Justice? The Case of James Clark McReynolds"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Richmond_School_of_Law#Richmond_Public_Interest_Law_Review" title="University of Richmond School of Law">Richmond Public Interest Law Review</a></i>. <b>24</b> (2): 59–77, esp. 65f<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Richmond+Public+Interest+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Cancelling+Justice%3F+The+Case+of+James+Clark+McReynolds&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=59-77%2C+esp.+65f&rft.date=2021-05-14&rft.au=Peppers%2C+Todd+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.richmond.edu%2Fpilr%2Fvol24%2Fiss2%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span> See also this <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.richmond.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1496&context=pilr">alternative link to the full paper</a>.<blockquote><p><small>[Under section entitled, "Justice James Clark McReynolds: The "Ebenezer Scrooge" of the Court", citation numbers remaining, citations omitted] "McReynolds was unquestionably the most unpleasant individual to sit on the Supreme Court bench. The list of adjectives that could be used to describe McReynolds includes racist, anti-Semite, misogynist, imperious, lazy, miserly and curmudgeon. Those who regularly interacted with McReynolds—his fellow justices, his long-time messenger, his domestic staff, his law clerks, and even members of his country club—were targets of his snobbery and vitriol. Chief Justice William Howard Taft himself once described McReynolds as a 'continual grouch' and 'selfish to the last degree... fuller of prejudice than any man I have ever known... one who delights in making others uncomfortable. He has no sense of duty... [and] really seems to have less of a loyal spirit to the Court than anybody.'[35] / Some criticism of McReynolds, however, seems remarkably petty. Biographers and journalists sniped at McReynolds for being a mediocre golfer whose slow play held up foursomes behind him.[36] He hated tobacco and would ask smokers to extinguish their cigarettes and cigars, was a dangerous driver, and may have had an affair with a married woman.[37] Even his physical appearance was fair game: 'McReynolds is a bachelor, tall, slender and has a face with such a Satanic look that in it there is a certain charm.'[38] / Like many controversial figures, however, the stories about McReynolds' nasty personality have taken on a life of their own and the line between fact and fiction has been blurred. In a recent article, Supreme Court historian Franz Jantzen debunks two popular rumors related to McReynolds' antisemitism: (1) that McReynolds refused to have his official portrait taken because he did not want to sit next to Louis Brandeis (the first Jewish justice), and (2) that McReynolds refused to attend the swearing-in ceremony of Felix Frankfurter (the third Jewish justice).[39] While conceding that McReynolds had racist and religious prejudices, Jantzen ends with an important warning: 'We can only truly take the measure of the man by using those things that he actually said and did...not by using myth and innuendo.'[40] / Nor can you take the full measure of the man without discussing all of his attributes – positive and negative. In a 1939 Time article, the magazine raised a familiar set of charges against the Justice: he was a man "intolerably rude, antiSemitic [sic], savagely sarcastic, incredibly reactionary, Puritanical, prejudiced."[41] The same article, however, observed that the McReynolds 'legend' (an important choice of words) 'had little to say about his tenderness to his narrow circle of friends, his unfailing generosity, his clear legal perception, his unerring eye and ear for the false, the unessential.'"</small></p></blockquote></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dictionaries_and_Encyclopedias">Dictionaries and Encyclopedias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clark_McReynolds&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dictionaries and Encyclopedias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNKNOWN1976" class="citation book cs1">UNKNOWN, ed. (1976). "[James Clark McReynolds]". <i>Biographical Dictionary of the Federal Judiciary</i>. Detroit, Mich.: Gale Research. <q>Limited preview.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%5BJames+Clark+McReynolds%5D&rft.btitle=Biographical+Dictionary+of+the+Federal+Judiciary&rft.place=Detroit%2C+Mich.&rft.pub=Gale+Research&rft.date=1976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (January 2022)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrofsky,_Melvin_I.1994" class="citation book cs1">Urofsky, Melvin I., ed. (1994). "[James Clark McReynolds]". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/supremecourtjust00melv"><i>The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Garland_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Garland Publishing">Garland Publishing</a>. p. 590. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-1176-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-1176-1"><bdi>0-8153-1176-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2022</span>. <q>Limited preview.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%5BJames+Clark+McReynolds%5D&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Court+Justices%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=590&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8153-1176-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsupremecourtjust00melv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (January 2022)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>"McReynolds, James Clark," <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Biography" title="Dictionary of American Biography">Dictionary of American Biography</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>"McReynolds, James Clark," <a href="/wiki/American_National_Biography" title="American National Biography">American National Biography</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fjc.gov/node/1384926">James Clark McReynolds</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_Federal_Judges" title="Biographical Directory of Federal Judges">Biographical Directory of Federal Judges</a></i>, a publication of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center" title="Federal Judicial Center">Federal Judicial Center</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_works">Other works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clark_McReynolds&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527134044/http://www.ca6.uscourts.gov/lib_hist/Courts/supreme/judges/mcreynolds/jcm-bib.html">Bibliography on James Clark McReynolds at 6th Circuit</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Court of Appeals">United States Court of Appeals</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clark_McReynolds&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-upper-alpha" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One block from the Todd County courthouse, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places Inventory.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Free_silver" title="Free silver">free silver</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is the title of the chapter dedicated to McReynolds in <a href="#CITEREFPearsonAllen1936">Pearson & Allen (1936)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"[McReynolds] was a headache ... He would not speak to Brandeis, was clearly anti-Semitic, and was a disruptive force."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clark_McReynolds&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SCOTUSjustices-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SCOTUSjustices_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCOTUSjustices_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/members_text.aspx">"Justices 1789 to Present"</a>. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justices+1789+to+Present&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.gov%2Fabout%2Fmembers_text.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PepperRPILR21-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PepperRPILR21_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PepperRPILR21_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeppers2021" class="citation journal cs1">Peppers, Todd C. (May 14, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.richmond.edu/pilr/vol24/iss2/5">"Cancelling Justice? The Case of James Clark McReynolds"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Public_Interest_Law_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Richmond Public Interest Law Review">Richmond Public Interest Law Review</a></i>. <b>24</b> (2): 59–77, esp. 65f<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Richmond+Public+Interest+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Cancelling+Justice%3F+The+Case+of+James+Clark+McReynolds&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=59-77%2C+esp.+65f&rft.date=2021-05-14&rft.aulast=Peppers&rft.aufirst=Todd+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.richmond.edu%2Fpilr%2Fvol24%2Fiss2%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span> See also this <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.richmond.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1496&context=pilr">alternative link to the full paper, and the extensive quoted content under Further reading</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FoxWNETmat-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FoxWNETmat_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FoxWNETmat_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox,_John_(author)2007" class="citation AV-media-notes cs1">Fox, John (author) (2007). "Supreme Court History / Capitalism and Conflict". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/supremecourt/capitalism/robes_mcreynolds.html"><i>Biographies of the Robes: James Clark McReynolds</i></a> (online support materials, TV series). New York: <a href="/wiki/Educational_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Educational Broadcasting Corporation">Educational Broadcasting Corporation</a>. <a href="/wiki/WNET" title="WNET">WNET-Thirteen.org</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110424130119/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/capitalism/robes_mcreynolds.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 24, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biographies+of+the+Robes%3A+James+Clark+McReynolds&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Educational+Broadcasting+Corporation.+WNET-Thirteen.org&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Fox%2C+John+%28author%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thirteen.org%2Fwnet%2Fsupremecourt%2Fcapitalism%2Frobes_mcreynolds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span> See also the four-part <a href="/wiki/WNET" title="WNET">WNET-Thirteen.org</a> video series to which these materials are attached, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation serial cs1">Brunius, Brian (series producer); Lennon, Thomas (director); and so forth (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/supremecourt/about/index.html"><i>The Supreme Court</i></a>. New York. <a href="/wiki/Educational_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Educational Broadcasting Corporation">Educational Broadcasting Corporation</a>. <a href="/wiki/WNET" title="WNET">WNET-Thirteen.org</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Court&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thirteen.org%2Fwnet%2Fsupremecourt%2Fabout%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillhiser2015" class="citation web cs1">Millhiser, Ian (24 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.thinkprogress.org/the-five-worst-supreme-court-justices-in-american-history-ranked-f725000b59e8/">"The Five Worst Supreme Court Justices In American History, Ranked"</a>. <i>ThinkProgress</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThinkProgress&rft.atitle=The+Five+Worst+Supreme+Court+Justices+In+American+History%2C+Ranked&rft.date=2015-03-24&rft.aulast=Millhiser&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.thinkprogress.org%2Fthe-five-worst-supreme-court-justices-in-american-history-ranked-f725000b59e8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2005">Hall (2005)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoemaker2004" class="citation book cs1">Shoemaker, Rebecca S. (2004). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whitecourtjustic00shoe"><i>The White Court: Justice, Rulings, and Legacy</i></a></span>. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whitecourtjustic00shoe/page/n101">86</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-973-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-973-7"><bdi>978-1-57607-973-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+White+Court%3A+Justice%2C+Rulings%2C+and+Legacy&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-973-7&rft.aulast=Shoemaker&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhitecourtjustic00shoe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1983">Jones (1983)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/76000946_text">National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: McReynolds House</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>, 1976-06, 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP">"National Register Information System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. July 9, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System&rft.date=2010-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2006" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Megan (Summer 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528051906/http://www.ucumberlands.edu/academics/history/upsilonian/files/vol17/vol17.pdf">"Supreme Court Associate Justice James Clark McReynolds (1862–1946): Principled Defender of the Federal Constitution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Upsilonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Upsilonian">The Upsilonian</a></i>. <b>17</b>. <a href="/wiki/Upsilon_Sigma_Phi" title="Upsilon Sigma Phi">Upsilon Sigma Phi</a>: 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucumberlands.edu/academics/history/upsilonian/files/vol17/vol17.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 28, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Upsilonian&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+Associate+Justice+James+Clark+McReynolds+%281862%E2%80%931946%29%3A+Principled+Defender+of+the+Federal+Constitution&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucumberlands.edu%2Facademics%2Fhistory%2Fupsilonian%2Ffiles%2Fvol17%2Fvol17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardWeiden2006" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Artemus; Weiden, David L. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=piUUCgAAQBAJ&dq=james+mcreynolds+howell+jackson&pg=PA281"><i>Ward, Artemus, and David Welden, </i>Sorcerers' Apprentices<i>, p. 281 (NYU Press, 2007)</i></a>. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9404-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9404-3"><bdi>978-0-8147-9404-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108230632/https://books.google.com/books?id=piUUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA281&dq=james+mcreynolds+howell+jackson&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlspOUk4rYAhWB8YMKHXkmAdsQ6AEIKzAB#v=onepage&q=james%20mcreynolds%20howell%20jackson&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ward%2C+Artemus%2C+and+David+Welden%2C+Sorcerers%27+Apprentices%2C+p.+281+%28NYU+Press%2C+2007%29&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-9404-3&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Artemus&rft.au=Weiden%2C+David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpiUUCgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Djames%2Bmcreynolds%2Bhowell%2Bjackson%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Historical-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supremecourthistory.org/history-of-the-court/associate-justices/james-clark-mcreynolds-1914-1941/">"James C. McReynolds"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Historical_Society" title="Supreme Court Historical Society">Supreme Court Historical Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201102113226/http://www.supremecourthistory.org/history-of-the-court/associate-justices/james-clark-mcreynolds-1914-1941/">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+C.+McReynolds&rft.pub=Supreme+Court+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourthistory.org%2Fhistory-of-the-court%2Fassociate-justices%2Fjames-clark-mcreynolds-1914-1941%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DOJ-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DOJ_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOJ_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/ag/aghistpage.php?id=47">"James Clark McReynolds, Attorney General"</a>. Department of Justice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415024011/http://www.justice.gov/ag/aghistpage.php?id=47">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Clark+McReynolds%2C+Attorney+General&rft.pub=Department+of+Justice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fag%2Faghistpage.php%3Fid%3D47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oyez-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oyez_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oyez_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oyez_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oyez_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oyez_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/justices/james_c_mcreynolds">"James C. McReynolds"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oyez.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyez.org">Oyez Project</a> Official Supreme Court media</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Kent_College_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Kent College of Law">Chicago Kent College of Law</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120328045439/http://www.oyez.org/justices/james_c_mcreynolds">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oyez+Project+Official+Supreme+Court+media&rft.atitle=James+C.+McReynolds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oyez.org%2Fjustices%2Fjames_c_mcreynolds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ariens-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ariens_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ariens_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ariens_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ariens_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAriens2002–2005" class="citation web cs1">Ariens, Michael (2002–2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204044008/http://www.michaelariens.com/ConLaw/justices/mcreynolds.htm">"James Clark McReynolds"</a>. Michael Ariens website. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michaelariens.com/ConLaw/justices/mcreynolds.htm">the original</a> on February 4, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Clark+McReynolds&rft.pub=Michael+Ariens+website&rft.date=2002%2F2005&rft.aulast=Ariens&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.michaelariens.com%2FConLaw%2Fjustices%2Fmcreynolds.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RL33225-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RL33225_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RL33225_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMillion2022" class="citation report cs1">McMillion, Barry J. (January 28, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/RL33225.pdf">Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2020: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Supreme+Court+Nominations%2C+1789+to+2020%3A+Actions+by+the+Senate%2C+the+Judiciary+Committee%2C+and+the+President&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2022-01-28&rft.aulast=McMillion&rft.aufirst=Barry+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsgp.fas.org%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FRL33225.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1914/08/30/archives/mcreynolds-confirmed-vote-44-to-6-in-senate-favorable-action-on.html">"McREYNOLDS CONFIRMED.; Vote 44 to 6 In Senate;- Favorable Action on Gregory Also"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. August 30, 1914<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=McREYNOLDS+CONFIRMED.%3B+Vote+44+to+6+In+Senate%3B-+Favorable+Action+on+Gregory+Also&rft.date=1914-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1914%2F08%2F30%2Farchives%2Fmcreynolds-confirmed-vote-44-to-6-in-senate-favorable-action-on.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bush_2010-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bush_2010_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bush_2010_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBush2010">Bush (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurner1969">Burner (1969)</a>, p. 2026</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lucas-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lucas_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lucas_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas2004" class="citation web cs1">Lucas, Roy (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armsandthelaw.com/archives/Forgotten%20Justice%20McReynold.htm">"The Forgotten Justice James Clark McReynolds & The Neglected First, Second & Fourteenth Amendments"</a>. Washington, D.C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111025182136/http://armsandthelaw.com/archives/Forgotten%20Justice%20McReynold.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 25, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Justice+James+Clark+McReynolds+%26+The+Neglected+First%2C+Second+%26+Fourteenth+Amendments&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farmsandthelaw.com%2Farchives%2FForgotten%2520Justice%2520McReynold.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBall2006">Ball (2006)</a>, p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Steward Machine Co. v. Davis</i>, 301 U.S. 548, 603 (1937).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter from Taft to Horace Taft, December 26, 1924; quoted in <a href="#CITEREFPringle1939">Pringle (1939)</a>, p. 971</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchlesinger1960">Schlesinger (1960)</a>, p. 456</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter from Taft to <a href="/wiki/Helen_Taft_Manning" title="Helen Taft Manning">Helen Taft Manning</a>, June 11, 1923, quoted in <a href="#CITEREFMason1964">Mason (1964)</a>, p. 215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bickel-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bickel_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBickelSchmidt1985">Bickel & Schmidt (1985)</a>, p. 413</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warner-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Warner_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarner1959">Warner (1959)</a>, p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter from Taft to R.A. Taft, October 26, 1922, quoted in <a href="#CITEREFMason1964">Mason (1964)</a>, p. 217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter from William Howard Taft to Helen Taft Manning, June 11, 1923; <a href="#CITEREFMason1964">Mason (1964)</a>, pp. 215–216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter from J.C. McReynolds to Taft, November 23, 1929, quoted in <a href="#CITEREFMason1964">Mason (1964)</a>, p. 216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter from William Howard Taft to R.A. Taft, February 1, 1925, quoted in <a href="#CITEREFMason1964">Mason (1964)</a>, p. 216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaft" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Phelps_Taft_II" title="Charles Phelps Taft II">Taft, Charles P.</a> Swindler, William F. (ed.). <i>My Father the Chief Justice, </i>Yearbook 1977<i><span></span></i>. The Supreme Court Historical Society. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Father+the+Chief+Justice%2C+Yearbook+1977&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=The+Supreme+Court+Historical+Society&rft.aulast=Taft&rft.aufirst=Charles+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurner1969">Burner (1969)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abraham-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abraham_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abraham_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbraham1999">Abraham (1999)</a>, pp. 133–135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burner_2024-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burner_2024_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burner_2024_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burner_2024_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burner_2024_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burner_2024_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burner_2024_39-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurner1969">Burner (1969)</a>, p. 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beaconhill-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-beaconhill_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beaconhill_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beaconhill_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beaconhill_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beaconhill_40-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beaconhill_40-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beaconhill_40-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker1991">Baker (1991)</a>, p. 465</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall1992">Hall (1992)</a>, p. 543</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker1984">Baker (1984)</a>, p. 370</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in <a href="#CITEREFPearsonAllen1936">Pearson & Allen (1936)</a>, p. 225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen,_p._225-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allen,_p._225_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen,_p._225_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPearsonAllen1936">Pearson & Allen (1936)</a>, p. 225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaufman_480-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaufman_480_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaufman_480_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaufman1998">Kaufman (1998)</a>, p. 480</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nineoldmenatcros00pear/page/218/mode/2up?q=newspaper">"The Nine Old Men"</a>. p. 219<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2020</span>. <q>But the brusque attitude of Butler and the deliberate hazing administered by McReynolds, who read a newspaper while the new Justice took the oath of office, deeply hurt his sensitive soul.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nine+Old+Men&rft.pages=219&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnineoldmenatcros00pear%2Fpage%2F218%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dnewspaper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaufman1998">Kaufman (1998)</a>, p. 480, attributed to Paul A. Freund at a talk delivered before the Harvard Law School Forum, March 7, 1977, from Kaufman's notes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atkinson-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Atkinson_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtkinson1999">Atkinson (1999)</a>, p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker1984">Baker (1984)</a>, p. 357</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbraham2008">Abraham (2008)</a>, p. 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJantzen2015" class="citation journal cs1">Jantzen, Franz (November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jsch.12085">"Urban Legend Department: McReynolds, Brandeis and the Myth of the 1924 Group Photograph"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Supreme_Court_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Supreme Court History">Journal of Supreme Court History</a></i>. <b>40</b> (3): 325–333, esp. 327, 327. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjsch.12085">10.1111/jsch.12085</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145392466">145392466</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Supreme+Court+History&rft.atitle=Urban+Legend+Department%3A+McReynolds%2C+Brandeis+and+the+Myth+of+the+1924+Group+Photograph&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=325-333%2C+esp.+327%2C+327&rft.date=2015-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjsch.12085&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145392466%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jantzen&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fjsch.12085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span> See also the additional quoted content under this source, in Further reading</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter from McReynolds to Taft, c. February 1922, quoted in <a href="#CITEREFMason1964">Mason (1964)</a>, pp. 216–217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The difficulty is with me and me alone ... I have absolutely refused to go through the bore of picture-taking again until there is a change in the Court, and maybe not even then." Letter from McReynolds to Taft, c. March 1924, quoted in <a href="#CITEREFMason1964">Mason (1964)</a>, p. 217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptak2018" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Liptak" title="Adam Liptak">Liptak, Adam</a> (December 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/10/us/politics/supreme-court-group-photos.html">"The Stories Behind the Supreme Court's Class Photos"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181210161019/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/10/us/politics/supreme-court-group-photos.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Stories+Behind+the+Supreme+Court%27s+Class+Photos&rft.date=2018-12-10&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F12%2F10%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fsupreme-court-group-photos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wrightsman_book-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wrightsman_book_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrightsman2008" class="citation book cs1">Wrightsman, Lawrence (April 16, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fYUo52mjeNAC&pg=PA109"><i>Oral Arguments Before the Supreme Court: An Empirical Approach</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-970943-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-970943-4"><bdi>978-0-19-970943-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108230606/https://books.google.com/books?id=fYUo52mjeNAC&pg=PA109">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oral+Arguments+Before+the+Supreme+Court%3A+An+Empirical+Approach&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008-04-16&rft.isbn=978-0-19-970943-4&rft.aulast=Wrightsman&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfYUo52mjeNAC%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnox2002">Knox (2002)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPearsonAllen1936">Pearson & Allen (1936)</a>, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen,_p._226-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allen,_p._226_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen,_p._226_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPearsonAllen1936">Pearson & Allen (1936)</a>, p. 226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurner1969">Burner (1969)</a>, pp. 2023–2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Douglas_13-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Douglas_13_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douglas_13_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douglas_13_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDouglas1980">Douglas (1980)</a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDouglas1980">Douglas (1980)</a>, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPearsonAllen1936">Pearson & Allen (1936)</a>, pp. 226–227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBush2010">Bush (2010)</a>, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBush2010">Bush (2010)</a>, p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristensen1983" class="citation journal cs1">Christensen, George A. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050903032026/http://www.supremecourthistory.org/04_library/subs_volumes/04_c20_e.html">"Here Lies the Supreme Court: Gravesites of the Justices"</a>. <i>Journal of the Supreme Court Historical Society</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supremecourthistory.org/04_library/subs_volumes/04_c20_e.html">the original</a> on September 3, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Supreme+Court+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Here+Lies+the+Supreme+Court%3A+Gravesites+of+the+Justices&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Christensen&rft.aufirst=George+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourthistory.org%2F04_library%2Fsubs_volumes%2F04_c20_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span> at <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Christian Science Monitor</i>, August 27, 1946, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBush2010">Bush (2010)</a>, p. 238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaead/published/uva-law/viul00003.document">"Inventory of the Papers of Justice James Clark McReynolds 1819–1967"</a>. <i>Collection Number Mss 85-1, A Collection in The Arthur J. Morris Law Library, Special Collections</i>. University of Virginia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301022007/http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaead/published/uva-law/viul00003.document">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collection+Number+Mss+85-1%2C+A+Collection+in+The+Arthur+J.+Morris+Law+Library%2C+Special+Collections&rft.atitle=Inventory+of+the+Papers+of+Justice+James+Clark+McReynolds+1819%E2%80%931967&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fead.lib.virginia.edu%2Fvivaead%2Fpublished%2Fuva-law%2Fviul00003.document&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ca6.uscourts.gov/lib_hist/courts/supreme/judges/mcreynolds/jcm-lop.html">Location of Papers, 6th Circuit United States Court of Appeals.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527134033/http://www.ca6.uscourts.gov/lib_hist/Courts/supreme/judges/mcreynolds/jcm-lop.html">Archived</a> 2010-05-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetMan?jid=1602">"Federal Judicial Center, James Clark McReynolds Resources"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100530070339/http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetMan?jid=1602">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-05-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Judicial+Center%2C+James+Clark+McReynolds+Resources.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fjc.gov%2Fservlet%2FnGetMan%3Fjid%3D1602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clark_McReynolds&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Abraham" title="Henry J. Abraham">Abraham, Henry J.</a> (1999). <i>Justices, Presidents, and Senators: A History of the U.S. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Clinton</i>. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8476-9604-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8476-9604-9"><bdi>0-8476-9604-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justices%2C+Presidents%2C+and+Senators%3A+A+History+of+the+U.S.+Supreme+Court+Appointments+from+Washington+to+Clinton&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8476-9604-9&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=Henry+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Abraham" title="Henry J. Abraham">Abraham, Henry J.</a> (2008). <i>Justices, Presidents, and Senators: A History of the U.S. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Bush II</i> (5th ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5894-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5894-6"><bdi>978-0-7425-5894-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justices%2C+Presidents%2C+and+Senators%3A+A+History+of+the+U.S.+Supreme+Court+Appointments+from+Washington+to+Bush+II&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5894-6&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=Henry+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson1999" class="citation book cs1">Atkinson, David (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leavingbenchsupr0000atki"><i>Leaving the Bench: Supreme Court Justices at the End</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas" title="University Press of Kansas">University Press of Kansas</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1058-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1058-7"><bdi>978-0-7006-1058-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leaving+the+Bench%3A+Supreme+Court+Justices+at+the+End&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1058-7&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleavingbenchsupr0000atki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1984" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Leonard (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brandeisfrankfur00bake"><i>Brandeis and Frankfurter: A Dual Biography</i></a>. New York: Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-015245-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-015245-1"><bdi>0-06-015245-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brandeis+and+Frankfurter%3A+A+Dual+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-06-015245-1&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrandeisfrankfur00bake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2006" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Howard (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hugolblackcoldst00ball"><i>Hugo L. Black: Cold Steel Warrior</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-507814-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-507814-4"><bdi>0-19-507814-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hugo+L.+Black%3A+Cold+Steel+Warrior&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-507814-4&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhugolblackcoldst00ball&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1991" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Liva (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/justicefrombeaco00bake"><i>The Justice from Beacon Hill: the Life and Times of Oliver Wendell Holmes</i></a>. New York: Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-016629-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-016629-0"><bdi>0-06-016629-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Justice+from+Beacon+Hill%3A+the+Life+and+Times+of+Oliver+Wendell+Holmes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-06-016629-0&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Liva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjusticefrombeaco00bake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickelSchmidt1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bickel" title="Alexander Bickel">Bickel, Alexander C.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Benno_C._Schmidt_Jr." title="Benno C. Schmidt Jr.">Schmidt, Benno C. Jr</a> (1985). <i>The Judiciary and Responsible Government 1910–21</i>. History of the Supreme Court of the United States. Vol. 8. New York: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Publishing Company">Macmillan Publishing Company</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Judiciary+and+Responsible+Government+1910%E2%80%9321&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=History+of+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Bickel&rft.aufirst=Alexander+C.&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Benno+C.+Jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurner1969" class="citation book cs1">Burner, David (1969). "James C. McReynolds". In Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/justicesofunite00frie"><i>The Justices of the United States Supreme Court 1789–1969: Their Lives and Major Opinions</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_House_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelsea House Publishers">Chelsea House Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8352-0217-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8352-0217-6"><bdi>978-0-8352-0217-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=James+C.+McReynolds&rft.btitle=The+Justices+of+the+United+States+Supreme+Court+1789%E2%80%931969%3A+Their+Lives+and+Major+Opinions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-8352-0217-6&rft.aulast=Burner&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjusticesofunite00frie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBush2010" class="citation book cs1">Bush, Ann McReynolds (2010). <i>Executive Disorder: The Subversion of the United States Supreme Court, 1914–1940</i>. Cornelia Wendell Bush. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4536-5264-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4536-5264-0"><bdi>978-1-4536-5264-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Executive+Disorder%3A+The+Subversion+of+the+United+States+Supreme+Court%2C+1914%E2%80%931940&rft.pub=Cornelia+Wendell+Bush&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4536-5264-0&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=Ann+McReynolds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas, William O.</a> (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/courtyearsautobio00doug"><i>The Court Years 1939–1975: The Autobiography of William O. Douglas</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-49240-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-49240-4"><bdi>0-394-49240-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Court+Years+1939%E2%80%931975%3A+The+Autobiography+of+William+O.+Douglas&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-394-49240-4&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=William+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcourtyearsautobio00doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kermit_L._Hall" title="Kermit L. Hall">Hall, Kermit L.</a>, ed. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hall"><i>The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States</i></a>. Oxford, UK: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505835-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-505835-6"><bdi>0-19-505835-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-19-505835-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kermit_L._Hall" title="Kermit L. Hall">Hall, Kermit L.</a> (2005). "McReynolds, James Clark". <i>The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-641-99779-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-641-99779-2"><bdi>978-0-641-99779-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=McReynolds%2C+James+Clark&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-641-99779-2&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Kermit+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1983" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Calvin P. (1983). "Kentucky's irascible conservative: Supreme Court Justice James Clark McReynolds". <i>Filson Club History Quarterly</i>. <b>57</b>: 20–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Filson+Club+History+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Kentucky%27s+irascible+conservative%3A+Supreme+Court+Justice+James+Clark+McReynolds&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=20-30&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Calvin+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman1998" class="citation book cs1">Kaufman, Andrew L. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cardozo00kauf"><i>Cardozo</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-09645-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-09645-2"><bdi>0-674-09645-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cardozo&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-674-09645-2&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Andrew+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcardozo00kauf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnox2002" class="citation book cs1">Knox, John (2002). Dennis J. Hutchinson; David J. Garrow (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/448622.html"><i>The Forgotten Memoir of John Knox: a Year in the Life of a Supreme Court Clerk in FDR's Washington</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-44862-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-44862-6"><bdi>978-0-226-44862-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150716113140/http://press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/448622.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-07-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Memoir+of+John+Knox%3A+a+Year+in+the+Life+of+a+Supreme+Court+Clerk+in+FDR%27s+Washington&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-226-44862-6&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.uchicago.edu%2FMisc%2FChicago%2F448622.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1964" class="citation book cs1">Mason, Alpheus Thomas (1964). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/williamhowardtaf0000maso"><i>William Howard Taft: Chief Justice</i></a></span>. London: Oldbourne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Howard+Taft%3A+Chief+Justice&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oldbourne&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Alpheus+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwilliamhowardtaf0000maso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearsonAllen1936" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Drew_Pearson_(journalist)" title="Drew Pearson (journalist)">Pearson, Drew</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Allen" title="Robert S. Allen">Allen, Robert S.</a> (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nineoldmenatcros00pear"><i>The Nine Old Men</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday, Doran, and Company, Inc</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nine+Old+Men&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday%2C+Doran%2C+and+Company%2C+Inc&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Drew&rft.au=Allen%2C+Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnineoldmenatcros00pear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle1939" class="citation book cs1">Pringle, Henry F. (1939). <i>The Life and Times of William Howard Taft: A Biography</i>. Vol. 2. New York: Farrack and Rinehart, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+William+Howard+Taft%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrack+and+Rinehart%2C+Inc&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Henry+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr.</a> (1960). <i>The Politics of Upheaval: 1935–1936, the Age of Roosevelt</i>. Vol. 3. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Upheaval%3A+1935%E2%80%931936%2C+the+Age+of+Roosevelt&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Arthur+M.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner1959" class="citation book cs1">Warner, Hoyt Landon (1959). <i>The Life of Mr. Justice Clarke</i>. Cleveland, OH: <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Western Reserve University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Mr.+Justice+Clarke&rft.place=Cleveland%2C+OH&rft.pub=Western+Reserve+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Hoyt+Landon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Clark+McReynolds" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clark_McReynolds&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>James Clark McReynolds</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:James_Clark_McReynolds" class="extiw" title="c:category:James Clark McReynolds">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:_James_Clark_McReynolds" class="extiw" title="s:Author: James Clark McReynolds">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q724204" class="extiw" title="d:Q724204">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=1602&cid=0&ctype=sc&instate=na&highlight=null">Biography, James Clark McReynolds at Federal Judicial Center</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Historical_Society" title="Supreme Court Historical Society">Supreme Court Historical Society</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supremecourthistory.org/history-of-the-court/associate-justices/james-clark-mcreynolds-1914-1941/">James C. McReynolds.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201102113226/http://www.supremecourthistory.org/history-of-the-court/associate-justices/james-clark-mcreynolds-1914-1941/">Archived</a> 2020-11-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DDCEF2;">Legal offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Wickersham" title="George W. Wickersham">George Wickersham</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorney General</a> </b><br />1913–1914 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Watt_Gregory" title="Thomas Watt Gregory">Thomas Gregory</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Harmon_Lurton" title="Horace Harmon Lurton">Horace Lurton</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a> </b><br />1914–1941 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James Byrnes</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_attorneys_general" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USAttGen" title="Template:USAttGen"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USAttGen" title="Template talk:USAttGen"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USAttGen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USAttGen"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_attorneys_general" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States attorneys general</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(Attorney_General)" title="William Bradford (Attorney General)">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(Attorney_General)" title="Charles Lee (Attorney General)">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Breckinridge_(U.S._Attorney_General)" title="John Breckinridge (U.S. Attorney General)">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Augustus_Rodney" title="Caesar Augustus Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pinkney" title="William Pinkney">Pinkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wirt_(Attorney_General)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wirt (Attorney General)">Wirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Berrien" title="John M. Berrien">Berrien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Taney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Benjamin Franklin Butler (lawyer)">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Grundy" title="Felix Grundy">Grundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_D._Gilpin" title="Henry D. Gilpin">Gilpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">Crittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Legar%C3%A9" title="Hugh S. Legaré">Legaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nelson_(lawyer)" title="John Nelson (lawyer)">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Y._Mason" title="John Y. Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Clifford" title="Nathan Clifford">Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Toucey" title="Isaac Toucey">Toucey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverdy_Johnson" title="Reverdy Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">Crittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Cushing" title="Caleb Cushing">Cushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._Stanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin M. Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bates" title="Edward Bates">Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Speed" title="James Speed">Speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stanbery" title="Henry Stanbery">Stanbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">Evarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_R._Hoar" title="Ebenezer R. Hoar">Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_T._Akerman" title="Amos T. Akerman">Akerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Williams" title="George Henry Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwards_Pierrepont" title="Edwards Pierrepont">Pierrepont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonso_Taft" title="Alphonso Taft">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Devens" title="Charles Devens">Devens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_MacVeagh" title="Wayne MacVeagh">MacVeagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_H._Brewster" title="Benjamin H. Brewster">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_H._Garland" title="Augustus H. Garland">A. Garland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._H._Miller" title="William H. H. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Olney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judson_Harmon" title="Judson Harmon">Harmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McKenna" title="Joseph McKenna">McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Griggs" title="John W. Griggs">Griggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">Moody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Charles Joseph Bonaparte">Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Wickersham" title="George W. Wickersham">Wickersham</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">McReynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Watt_Gregory" title="Thomas Watt Gregory">Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Mitchell_Palmer" title="A. Mitchell Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_M._Daugherty" title="Harry M. Daugherty">Daugherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Sargent" title="John G. Sargent">Sargent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Mitchell" title="William D. Mitchell">W. D. Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Biddle" title="Francis Biddle">Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Clark" title="Tom C. Clark">T. C. Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._McGranery" title="James P. McGranery">McGranery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Brownell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Katzenbach" title="Nicholas Katzenbach">Katzenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">R. Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Mitchell" title="John N. Mitchell">J. N. Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kleindienst" title="Richard Kleindienst">Kleindienst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Saxbe" title="William B. Saxbe">Saxbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Levi" title="Edward H. Levi">Levi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffin_Bell" title="Griffin Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Civiletti" title="Benjamin Civiletti">Civiletti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_French_Smith" title="William French Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Thornburgh" title="Dick Thornburgh">Thornburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barr" title="William Barr">Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Reno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">Ashcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Gonzales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mukasey" title="Michael Mukasey">Mukasey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lynch" title="Loretta Lynch">Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barr" title="William Barr">Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrick_Garland" title="Merrick Garland">M. Garland</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Department of Justice"><img alt="Seal of the United States Department of Justice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Woodrow_Wilson_(1913–1921)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wilson_cabinet" title="Template:Wilson cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wilson_cabinet" title="Template talk:Wilson cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wilson_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wilson cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Woodrow_Wilson_(1913–1921)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a> (1913–1921)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg/120px-Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg/180px-Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg/240px-Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2484" data-file-height="3762" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> (1913–1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lansing" title="Robert Lansing">Robert Lansing</a> (1915–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bainbridge_Colby" title="Bainbridge Colby">Bainbridge Colby</a> (1920–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo">William Gibbs McAdoo</a> (1913–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Glass" title="Carter Glass">Carter Glass</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_F._Houston" title="David F. Houston">David F. Houston</a> (1920–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lindley_Miller_Garrison" title="Lindley Miller Garrison">Lindley Miller Garrison</a> (1913–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_D._Baker" title="Newton D. Baker">Newton D. Baker</a> (1916–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Clark McReynolds</a> (1913–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Watt_Gregory" title="Thomas Watt Gregory">Thomas Watt Gregory</a> (1914–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Mitchell_Palmer" title="A. Mitchell Palmer">A. Mitchell Palmer</a> (1919–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_S._Burleson" title="Albert S. Burleson">Albert S. Burleson</a> (1913–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephus_Daniels" title="Josephus Daniels">Josephus Daniels</a> (1913–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Knight_Lane" title="Franklin Knight Lane">Franklin Knight Lane</a> (1913–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barton_Payne" title="John Barton Payne">John Barton Payne</a> (1920–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_F._Houston" title="David F. Houston">David F. Houston</a> (1913–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_T._Meredith" title="Edwin T. Meredith">Edwin T. Meredith</a> (1920–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Redfield" title="William C. Redfield">William C. Redfield</a> (1913–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_W._Alexander" title="Joshua W. Alexander">Joshua W. Alexander</a> (1919–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Bauchop_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="William Bauchop Wilson">William Bauchop Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Template:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Template talk:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Justices of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd flatlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Chief_justices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief justices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jay_Court" title="Jay Court">1789–1795</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Jay_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Jay Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rutledge_Court" title="Rutledge Court">1795</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rutledge_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rutledge Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ellsworth" title="Oliver Ellsworth">Oliver Ellsworth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Court" title="Ellsworth Court">1796–1800</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Ellsworth_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Ellsworth Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marshall_Court" title="Marshall Court">1801–1835</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Marshall_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Marshall Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taney_Court" title="Taney Court">1836–1864</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taney_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taney Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chase_Court" title="Chase Court">1864–1873</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Chase_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Chase Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Waite" title="Morrison Waite">Morrison Waite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Waite_Court" title="Waite Court">1874–1888</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Waite_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Waite Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Fuller" title="Melville Fuller">Melville Fuller</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuller_Court" title="Fuller Court">1888–1910</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Fuller_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Fuller Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">Edward Douglass White</a> (<a href="/wiki/White_Court_(justices)" title="White Court (justices)">1910–1921</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_White_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the White Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taft_Court" title="Taft Court">1921–1930</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taft_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hughes_Court" title="Hughes Court">1930–1941</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Hughes_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Hughes Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Harlan F. Stone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stone_Court" title="Stone Court">1941–1946</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Stone_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Stone Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Fred M. Vinson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vinson_Court" title="Vinson Court">1946–1953</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Vinson_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Vinson Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Warren_Court" title="Warren Court">1953–1969</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Warren_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Warren Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Warren E. Burger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burger_Court" title="Burger Court">1969–1986</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Burger_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Burger Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rehnquist_Court" title="Rehnquist Court">1986–2005</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rehnquist_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roberts_Court" title="Roberts Court">2005–present</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Roberts_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Roberts Court">cases</a></i>)</li></ol> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd flatlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Associate_justices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate justices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ol><li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">J. Rutledge</a>* (1790–1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cushing" title="William Cushing">Cushing</a> (1790–1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">Wilson</a> (1789–1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blair_Jr." title="John Blair Jr.">Blair</a> (1790–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Iredell" title="James Iredell">Iredell</a> (1790–1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Johnson_(judge)" title="Thomas Johnson (judge)">T. Johnson</a> (1792–1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)" title="William Paterson (judge)">Paterson</a> (1793–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chase" title="Samuel Chase">S. Chase</a> (1796–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushrod_Washington" title="Bushrod Washington">Washington</a> (1798–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Moore" title="Alfred Moore">Moore</a> (1800–1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Johnson_(judge)" title="William Johnson (judge)">W. Johnson</a> (1804–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brockholst_Livingston" title="Henry Brockholst Livingston">Livingston</a> (1807–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Todd" title="Thomas Todd">Todd</a> (1807–1826)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Duvall" title="Gabriel Duvall">Duvall</a> (1811–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Story</a> (1812–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Thompson" title="Smith Thompson">Thompson</a> (1823–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trimble" title="Robert Trimble">Trimble</a> (1826–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">McLean</a> (1829–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Baldwin_(judge)" title="Henry Baldwin (judge)">Baldwin</a> (1830–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Moore_Wayne" class="mw-redirect" title="James Moore Wayne">Wayne</a> (1835–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Barbour</a> (1836–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Catron" title="John Catron">Catron</a> (1837–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McKinley" title="John McKinley">McKinley</a> (1838–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_V._Daniel" title="Peter V. Daniel">Daniel</a> (1842–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nelson" title="Samuel Nelson">Nelson</a> (1845–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a> (1845–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cooper_Grier" title="Robert Cooper Grier">Grier</a> (1846–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Robbins_Curtis" title="Benjamin Robbins Curtis">Curtis</a> (1851–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Campbell" title="John Archibald Campbell">Campbell</a> (1853–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Clifford" title="Nathan Clifford">Clifford</a> (1858–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Haynes_Swayne" title="Noah Haynes Swayne">Swayne</a> (1862–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_Miller" title="Samuel Freeman Miller">Miller</a> (1862–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">Davis</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_Field" title="Stephen Johnson Field">Field</a> (1863–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Strong_(Pennsylvania_judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Strong (Pennsylvania judge)">Strong</a> (1870–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Bradley" title="Joseph P. Bradley">Bradley</a> (1870–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Hunt" title="Ward Hunt">Hunt</a> (1873–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">J. M. Harlan</a> (1877–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Burnham_Woods" title="William Burnham Woods">Woods</a> (1881–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Matthews</a> (1881–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Gray" title="Horace Gray">Gray</a> (1882–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Blatchford" title="Samuel Blatchford">Blatchford</a> (1882–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Quintus_Cincinnatus_Lamar" title="Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar">L. Lamar</a> (1888–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Brewer" title="David J. Brewer">Brewer</a> (1890–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Billings_Brown" title="Henry Billings Brown">Brown</a> (1891–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shiras_Jr." title="George Shiras Jr.">Shiras</a> (1892–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_E._Jackson" title="Howell E. Jackson">H. Jackson</a> (1893–1895)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">E. White</a>* (1894–1910)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_W._Peckham" title="Rufus W. Peckham">Peckham</a> (1896–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McKenna" title="Joseph McKenna">McKenna</a> (1898–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Holmes</a> (1902–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">Day</a> (1903–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">Moody</a> (1906–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Harmon_Lurton" title="Horace Harmon Lurton">Lurton</a> (1910–1914)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>* (1910–1916)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Van_Devanter" title="Willis Van Devanter">Van Devanter</a> (1911–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rucker_Lamar" title="Joseph Rucker Lamar">J. Lamar</a> (1911–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Pitney" title="Mahlon Pitney">Pitney</a> (1912–1922)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">McReynolds</a> (1914–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a> (1916–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hessin_Clarke" title="John Hessin Clarke">Clarke</a> (1916–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a> (1922–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(judge)" title="Pierce Butler (judge)">Butler</a> (1923–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a> (1923–1930)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Stone</a>* (1925–1941)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Roberts" title="Owen Roberts">O. Roberts</a> (1930–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo">Cardozo</a> (1932–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Black</a> (1937–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Forman_Reed" title="Stanley Forman Reed">Reed</a> (1938–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Frankfurter</a> (1939–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas</a> (1939–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Murphy</a> (1940–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a> (1941–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">R. Jackson</a> (1941–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiley_Rutledge" title="Wiley Rutledge">W. Rutledge</a> (1943–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_H._Burton" title="Harold H. Burton">Burton</a> (1945–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Clark" title="Tom C. Clark">Clark</a> (1949–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Minton" title="Sherman Minton">Minton</a> (1949–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">J. M. Harlan II</a> (1955–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan</a> (1956–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a> (1957–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart">Stewart</a> (1958–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">B. White</a> (1962–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Goldberg</a> (1962–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abe_Fortas" title="Abe Fortas">Fortas</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">T. Marshall</a> (1967–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun</a> (1970–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Powell_Jr." title="Lewis F. Powell Jr.">Powell</a> (1972–1987)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a>* (1972–1986)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens</a> (1975–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a> (1981–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a> (1986–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1988–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">Souter</a> (1990–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a> (1991–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg</a> (1993–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Breyer</a> (1994–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a> (2006–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a> (2017–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a> (2020–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">K. Jackson</a> (2022–present)</li></ol> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;">*<i>Also served as Chief Justice of the United States</i></span></div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q724204#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q724204#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q724204#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000029788656">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/72197108">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/264023/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhMqcVRqgTjrJQFphcHG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119114291">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n89103731">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007320015005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119114291.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10572097">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6nz87h1">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Clark_McReynolds&oldid=1255244973">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Clark_McReynolds&oldid=1255244973</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1862_births" title="Category:1862 births">1862 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1946_deaths" title="Category:1946 deaths">1946 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_judges" title="Category:20th-century American judges">20th-century American judges</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_politicians" title="Category:20th-century American politicians">20th-century American politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Disciples_of_Christ" title="Category:American Disciples of Christ">American Disciples of Christ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_legal_scholars" title="Category:American legal scholars">American legal scholars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_members_of_the_Churches_of_Christ" title="Category:American members of the Churches of Christ">American members of the Churches of Christ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Scotch-Irish_descent" title="Category:American people of Scotch-Irish descent">American people of Scotch-Irish descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kentucky_Democrats" title="Category:Kentucky Democrats">Kentucky Democrats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Elkton,_Kentucky" title="Category:People from Elkton, Kentucky">People from Elkton, Kentucky</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tennessee_Democrats" title="Category:Tennessee Democrats">Tennessee Democrats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tennessee_lawyers" title="Category:Tennessee lawyers">Tennessee lawyers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_assistant_attorneys_general" title="Category:United States assistant attorneys general">United States assistant attorneys general</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Attorneys_general_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Attorneys general of the United States">Attorneys general of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_federal_judges_appointed_by_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Category:United States federal judges appointed by Woodrow Wilson">United States federal judges appointed by Woodrow Wilson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vanderbilt_University_Law_School_faculty" title="Category:Vanderbilt University Law School faculty">Vanderbilt University Law School faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Virginia_School_of_Law_alumni" title="Category:University of Virginia School of Law alumni">University of Virginia School of Law alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Woodrow_Wilson_administration_cabinet_members" title="Category:Woodrow Wilson administration cabinet members">Woodrow Wilson administration cabinet members</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cravath,_Swaine_%26_Moore_people" title="Category:Cravath, Swaine & Moore people">Cravath, Swaine & Moore people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism_in_Kentucky" title="Category:Antisemitism in Kentucky">Antisemitism in Kentucky</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_white_supremacists" title="Category:American white supremacists">American white supremacists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Phi_Delta_Theta_members" title="Category:Phi Delta Theta members">Phi Delta Theta members</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_NRISref_without_a_reference_number" title="Category:Articles using NRISref without a reference number">Articles using NRISref without a reference number</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:All pages needing factual verification">All pages needing factual verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_January_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2022">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_January_2022" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from January 2022">Articles lacking reliable references from January 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_January_2022" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from January 2022">Articles with incomplete citations from January 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:FJC_Bio_template_with_ID_same_as_Wikidata" title="Category:FJC Bio template with ID same as Wikidata">FJC Bio template with ID same as Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_Biographical_Directory_of_Federal_Judges" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_wikidata_namespace_mismatch" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch">Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_wikidata_mismatch" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch">Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 November 2024, at 22:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Clark_McReynolds&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vthpd","wgBackendResponseTime":141,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.409","walltime":"1.635","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15986,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":215213,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13883,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":219764,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1411.020 1 -total"," 24.40% 344.260 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 20.78% 293.212 2 Template:Reflist"," 16.24% 229.159 29 Template:Cite_book"," 10.62% 149.849 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 7.43% 104.879 2 Template:Navbox"," 7.28% 102.768 1 Template:USAttGen"," 6.72% 94.862 40 Template:Harvp"," 5.49% 77.430 10 Template:Fix"," 5.34% 75.296 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.759","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10906399,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbraham1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbraham2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAriens2002–2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtkinson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaker1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaker1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBall2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBickelSchmidt1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBond,_James_Edward1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurner1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBush2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristensen1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCushman,_Clare2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouglas1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox,_John_(author)2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank,_John_P.1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJantzen,_Franz2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJantzen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaufman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnox,_John1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnox2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiptak2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLucas2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin,_Fenton_S.Goehlert,_Robert_U.1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMason1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMillion2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillhiser2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearsonAllen1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeppers,_Todd_C.2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeppers2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPringle1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlesinger1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShoemaker2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaft\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNKNOWN1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrofsky,_Melvin_I.1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWardWeiden2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarner1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWrightsman2008\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite AV media notes\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 29,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite serial\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 10,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:McReynolds, James Clark\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"FJC Bio\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 40,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Mdash\"] = 2,\n [\"NRHP url\"] = 1,\n [\"NRISref\"] = 1,\n [\"Ref\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 2,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 2,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-legal\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 2,\n [\"SCOTUS Justices\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"USAttGen\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Ussc\"] = 5,\n [\"Verify source\"] = 3,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Wilson cabinet\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-lnrz6","timestamp":"20241124162200","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"James Clark McReynolds","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_Clark_McReynolds","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q724204","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q724204","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-07-07T21:20:24Z","dateModified":"2024-11-03T22:25:43Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/08\/McREYNOLDS%2C_J.C._JUSTICE_LCCN2016857877_%E2%80%93_unframed.jpg","headline":"United States federal judge and Supreme Court Justice (1862-1946)"}</script> </body> </html>