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searchaux" style="display:none">US Supreme Court justice from 1863 to 1897</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Justice Field" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Justice_Field_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Justice Field (disambiguation)">Justice Field (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Stephen Johnson Field</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephen_Johnson_Field,_photo_half_length_seated,_1875.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Stephen_Johnson_Field%2C_photo_half_length_seated%2C_1875.jpg/220px-Stephen_Johnson_Field%2C_photo_half_length_seated%2C_1875.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Stephen_Johnson_Field%2C_photo_half_length_seated%2C_1875.jpg/330px-Stephen_Johnson_Field%2C_photo_half_length_seated%2C_1875.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Stephen_Johnson_Field%2C_photo_half_length_seated%2C_1875.jpg/440px-Stephen_Johnson_Field%2C_photo_half_length_seated%2C_1875.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3286" data-file-height="3720" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />May 20, 1863 – December 1, 1897</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Nominated by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Seat established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McKenna" title="Joseph McKenna">Joseph McKenna</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">5th <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of California">Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of California</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />September 12, 1859 – May 20, 1863</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Nominated by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_B._Weller" title="John B. Weller">John B. Weller</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_S._Terry" title="David S. Terry">David S. Terry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Warner_Cope" title="Warner Cope">Warner Cope</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Associate Justice of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California" title="Supreme Court of California">Supreme Court of California</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />October 13, 1857 – September 12, 1859</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Nominated by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J._Neely_Johnson" title="J. Neely Johnson">J. Neely Johnson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Murray_(judge)" title="Hugh Murray (judge)">Hugh Murray</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_B._Crocker" title="Edwin B. Crocker">Edwin B. Crocker</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/California_State_Assembly" title="California State Assembly">California State Assembly</a></span><br />from the <a href="/wiki/California%27s_14th_State_Assembly_district" title="California's 14th State Assembly district">14th</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1851–1852</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Constituency established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">A. G. Caldwell</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1816-11-04</span>)</span>November 4, 1816<br /><a href="/wiki/Haddam,_Connecticut" title="Haddam, Connecticut">Haddam, Connecticut</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 9, 1899<span style="display:none">(1899-04-09)</span> (aged 82)<br /><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek_Cemetery" title="Rock Creek Cemetery">Rock Creek Cemetery</a><br />Washington, D.C., U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Sue Virginia Swearingen</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1859)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Williams_College" title="Williams College">Williams College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Stephen_Johnson_Field_(1816%E2%80%931899).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Stephen Johnson Field's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Signature_of_Stephen_Johnson_Field_%281816%E2%80%931899%29.png/128px-Signature_of_Stephen_Johnson_Field_%281816%E2%80%931899%29.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Signature_of_Stephen_Johnson_Field_%281816%E2%80%931899%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="164" data-file-height="39" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Stephen Johnson Field</b> (November 4, 1816 – April 9, 1899) was an American <a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurist</a>. He was an <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> from May 20, 1863, to December 1, 1897, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_Justices_by_time_in_office" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court Justices by time in office">second longest</a> tenure of any justice. Prior to this appointment, he was the fifth <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of California">Chief Justice of California</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Johnson_Field&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Haddam,_Connecticut" title="Haddam, Connecticut">Haddam, Connecticut</a>, he was the sixth of the nine children of <a href="/wiki/David_Dudley_Field_I" title="David Dudley Field I">David Dudley Field I</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalist</a> minister, and his wife Submit Dickinson, a teacher. His family produced three other children of major prominence in 19th century America: <a href="/wiki/David_Dudley_Field_II" title="David Dudley Field II">David Dudley Field II</a> the prominent attorney, <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrus Field">Cyrus Field</a>, the millionaire investor and creator of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Cable">Atlantic Cable</a>, and Rev. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Martyn_Field_(minister)" title="Henry Martyn Field (minister)">Henry Martyn Field</a>, a prominent clergyman and travel writer. He grew up in <a href="/wiki/Stockbridge,_Massachusetts" title="Stockbridge, Massachusetts">Stockbridge, Massachusetts</a>, and went to <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> at thirteen with his sister Emilia and her missionary husband, Rev. <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Brewer" title="Josiah Brewer">Josiah Brewer</a>. He received a B.A. from <a href="/wiki/Williams_College" title="Williams College">Williams College</a>, Williamstown, Massachusetts, in 1837. While attending Williams College he was one of the original Founders of <a href="/wiki/Delta_Upsilon" title="Delta Upsilon">Delta Upsilon</a> fraternity. After <a href="/wiki/Reading_law" title="Reading law">reading law</a> in <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a> with <a href="/wiki/Harmanus_Bleecker" title="Harmanus Bleecker">Harmanus Bleecker</a> and New York City with his brother David, Stephen was admitted to the bar. He practiced law with David until 1848, when he went to California during the <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">Gold Rush</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Field was an uncle of future Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/David_Josiah_Brewer" class="mw-redirect" title="David Josiah Brewer">David Josiah Brewer</a>. Other notable relatives include Paul Stephen Field and legal scholar Anne Field. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_in_California_politics_and_law">Career in California politics and law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Johnson_Field&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career in California politics and law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In California, Field's legal practice boomed and he was elected <a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">alcalde</a>, a form of mayor and <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">justice of the peace</a> under the old Mexican rule of law, of <a href="/wiki/Marysville,_California" title="Marysville, California">Marysville</a> (curiously, he was elected Alcalde just three days after his arrival in Marysville).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the Gold Rush city could not afford a jail, and it cost too much to transport prisoners to San Francisco, Field implemented<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the whipping post, believing that without such a brutal implement many in the rough and tumble city would be hanged for minor crimes. The voters sent him to the <a href="/wiki/California_State_Assembly" title="California State Assembly">California State Assembly</a> in 1850 to represent <a href="/wiki/Yuba_County,_California" title="Yuba County, California">Yuba County</a>, but he lost a race the next year for the <a href="/wiki/California_State_Senate" title="California State Senate">State Senate</a>. His successful legal practice led to his election to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California" title="Supreme Court of California">California Supreme Court</a> in 1857, serving six years.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Field was determined and vengeful when others disagreed with him, and he easily made enemies. An opponent of his wrote that Field's life would be "found to be one series of little-mindedness, meanlinesses, of braggadocio, pusillanimity, and contemptible vanity."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While serving on the California Supreme Court, Field had a special coat made with pockets large enough to hold two pistols so that he could fire the weapons inside the pockets.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1858 he was challenged to a duel by a fellow Judge (William T. Barbour) but at the dueling ground, neither man fired his gun.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1859 Field replaced the former chief justice of the California Supreme Court, <a href="/wiki/David_S._Terry" title="David S. Terry">David S. Terry</a>, because Judge Terry killed a United States Senator from California (<a href="/wiki/David_Colbreth_Broderick" class="mw-redirect" title="David Colbreth Broderick">David Colbreth Broderick</a>) in a duel and left the state.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Field and Terry's paths crossed again 30 years later when Field, acting in his capacity as a circuit judge of the 9th <a href="/wiki/United_States_circuit_court" title="United States circuit court">Federal Circuit Court</a>, ruled against Terry in a convoluted divorce case (and had him sent to jail for contempt of court as well). Seeking revenge, Terry attempted to kill Field in 1889 near <a href="/wiki/Stockton,_California" title="Stockton, California">Stockton, California</a>, but was instead shot dead by Field's bodyguard, U.S. Marshal <a href="/wiki/David_Neagle" title="David Neagle">David B. Neagle</a>. Legal issues arising from the killing of Terry came before the Supreme Court in the 1890 <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a> case of <i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Neagle" title="In re Neagle">In re Neagle</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court ruled the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorney General</a> had authority to appoint U.S. Marshals as bodyguards to Supreme Court justices and Marshal Neagle had acted within the scope of his authority in shooting Terry. Field <a href="/wiki/Recuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Recuse">recused</a> himself from the case.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._Supreme_Court_justice">U.S. Supreme Court justice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Johnson_Field&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: U.S. Supreme Court justice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STField-SCjustice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/STField-SCjustice.jpg/160px-STField-SCjustice.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/STField-SCjustice.jpg/240px-STField-SCjustice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/STField-SCjustice.jpg/320px-STField-SCjustice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="1127" /></a><figcaption>Stephen Johnson Field</figcaption></figure> <p>The number of seats on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> was expanded from nine to ten in March 1863, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Circuit_Act_of_1863" title="Tenth Circuit Act of 1863">Tenth Circuit Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gave President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> an opportunity to <a href="/wiki/Nomination_and_confirmation_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Nomination and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States">nominate</a> a new <a href="/wiki/Associate_justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">associate justice</a>, which he did on March 6, 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-RL33225_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RL33225-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeking to effect both a regional and political balance on the Court, Lincoln selected Field, a <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">westerner</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_Democrat" title="War Democrat">Unionist Democrat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Field was confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> on March 10, 1863,<sup id="cite_ref-RL33225_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RL33225-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and took the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office#Federal_judiciary_oaths" title="Oath of office">judicial oath of office</a> on May 20, 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Field insisted on breaking <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a>'s record of 34 years on the court, even when he was no longer able to handle the workload. His colleagues asked him to resign due to his being intermittently <a href="/wiki/Senile" class="mw-redirect" title="Senile">senile</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he refused, at one point <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">John Marshall Harlan</a> urged Field to retire, reminding Field that he had been part of a committee to urge Justice <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cooper_Grier" title="Robert Cooper Grier">Robert Grier</a> to retire. Finding Field dozing in the robing room, Harlan later related what happened next: “The old man listened, gradually became alert, and finally, with his eyes blazing with the fire of youth, he burst out, ‘Yes, and a dirtier day’s work I never did in my life.'”<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1896, he wrote what would be his final opinion on behalf of the Court, but remained on the bench for another twenty months, finally retiring on December 1, 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Field would become the last veteran of both the <a href="/wiki/Taney_Court" title="Taney Court">Taney Court</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chase_Court" title="Chase Court">Chase Court</a> to remain on the bench. He would remain the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices_by_time_in_office" title="List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office">longest serving</a> member of the Court until his record was surpassed by <a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a>, who served from 1939 to 1975. </p><p>He died in Washington, D.C., on April 9, 1899, and was buried there in the <a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek_Cemetery" title="Rock Creek Cemetery">Rock Creek Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Johnson_Field&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jurisprudence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Field wrote 544 opinions, more than any other justice save for <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_Miller" title="Samuel Freeman Miller">Justice Samuel Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_P._Stevens" class="mw-redirect" title="John P. Stevens">John P. Stevens</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (by comparison, Chief Justice Marshall wrote 508 opinions in his 34 years on the court).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to journalist <a href="/wiki/Brian_Doherty_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Doherty (journalist)">Brian Doherty</a>, "Field was one of the pioneers of the concept (beloved by many <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">libertarian legal thinkers</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Substantive_due_process" title="Substantive due process">substantive due process</a> – the notion that the due process protected by the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> applied not merely to procedures but to the substance of laws as well."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Field's vocal advocacy of <a href="/wiki/Substantive_due_process" title="Substantive due process">substantive due process</a> was illustrated in his dissents to the <i><a href="/wiki/Slaughter-House_Cases" title="Slaughter-House Cases">Slaughter-House Cases</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Munn_v._Illinois" title="Munn v. Illinois">Munn v. Illinois</a></i>. In the <i>Slaughter-House Cases</i>, Justice Field's dissent focused on the Privileges or Immunities clause, not the Due Process clause (which was important in the dissent of Justice Bradley as well as the dissent of Justice Swayne). In both <i>Munn v. Illinois</i> and <i>Mugler v. Kansas</i>, Justice Field based his dissent on the protection of property interests by the Due Process clause. One of Field's most notable opinions was his majority opinion in <i><a href="/wiki/Pennoyer_v._Neff" title="Pennoyer v. Neff">Pennoyer v. Neff</a></i>, which set the standard on <a href="/wiki/Personal_jurisdiction" title="Personal jurisdiction">personal jurisdiction</a> for the next 100 years. His views on due process were eventually adopted by the court's majority after he left the Supreme Court. In other cases he helped end the <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Pollock_v._Farmers%27_Loan_and_Trust_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust Company">Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust Company</a></i>), limited <a href="/wiki/United_States_antitrust_law" title="United States antitrust law">antitrust law</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._E.C._Knight_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="United States v. E.C. Knight Company">United States v. E.C. Knight Company</a></i>), and limited the power of the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Commission" title="Interstate Commerce Commission">Interstate Commerce Commission</a>. He also joined the majority in <i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> that upheld <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a>. Field dissented in the landmark case <i><a href="/wiki/Strauder_v._West_Virginia" title="Strauder v. West Virginia">Strauder v. West Virginia</a></i>, where the majority opinion held that the exclusion of African-Americans from juries violated the Fourteenth Amendment's <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justice_Field.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Justice_Field.jpg/150px-Justice_Field.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Justice_Field.jpg/225px-Justice_Field.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Justice_Field.jpg/300px-Justice_Field.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Field's gravesite</figcaption></figure> <p>Early in his career, Field wrote opinions against California's laws discriminating against the Chinese immigrants to that state.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serving as an individual jurist in district court, he notably struck down the so-called '<a href="/wiki/Pigtail_Ordinance" title="Pigtail Ordinance">Pigtail Ordinance</a>' in 1879, which was regarded as discriminating against Chinese, making him unpopular with the Californian public. In his 1884 district court ruling, <i>In re <a href="/wiki/Look_Tin_Eli" title="Look Tin Eli">Look Tin Sing</a></i>, he declared that children born in U.S. jurisdictions are U.S. citizens regardless of ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-looktinsing_ruling_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-looktinsing_ruling-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as a member of the U.S. Supreme Court, he penned opinions infused with racist anti-Chinese-American rhetoric, most notably in his majority opinion in <i>The Chinese Exclusion Case, <a href="/wiki/Chae_Chan_Ping_v._United_States" title="Chae Chan Ping v. United States">Chae Chan Ping v. United States</a>,</i> 130 U.S. 581 (1889), and in his dissent in <i>Chew Heong v. United States</i>, 112 U.S. 536 (1884). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_work">Academic work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Johnson_Field&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Academic work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 1885, Field served as an original trustee of <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Leland Stanford Junior University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Johnson_Field&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juristic_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Juristic person">Juristic person</a> (Corporate personhood)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States">Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Chase_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Chase Court">List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Chase Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Fuller_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Fuller Court">List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Fuller Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taney_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taney Court">List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taney Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Waite_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Waite Court">List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Waite Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_California" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of California">List of justices of the Supreme Court of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_judges_by_longevity_of_service" title="List of United States federal judges by longevity of service">List of United States federal judges by longevity of service</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Johnson_Field&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcCloskey1951" class="citation book cs1">McCloskey, Robert Green (1951). <i>American Conservatism in the Age of Enterprise, 1865-1910</i>. Harper & Row. pp. 86–92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Conservatism+in+the+Age+of+Enterprise%2C+1865-1910&rft.pages=86-92&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=McCloskey&rft.aufirst=Robert+Green&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Johnson+Field" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTocklin1997" class="citation journal cs1">Tocklin, Adrian M. (1997). "<i>Pennoyer v. Neff</i>: The Hidden Agenda of Stephen J. Field". <i>Seton Hall Law Review</i>: 104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seton+Hall+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Pennoyer+v.+Neff%3A+The+Hidden+Agenda+of+Stephen+J.+Field&rft.pages=104&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Tocklin&rft.aufirst=Adrian+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Johnson+Field" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCloskey1951">McCloskey (1951)</a>, pp. 96–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/supremecourt/personality/robes_field.html">"Stephen Johnson Field"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200303171524/https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/supremecourt/personality/robes_field.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stephen+Johnson+Field&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thirteen.org%2Fwnet%2Fsupremecourt%2Fpersonality%2Frobes_field.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Johnson+Field" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTocklin1997">Tocklin (1997)</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTocklin1997">Tocklin (1997)</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1963" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, J. Edward (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180817124828/http://library.courtinfo.ca.gov/included/docs/SCJC_Vol_1.pdf"><i>History of the California Supreme Court: The Justices 1850–1900</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 1. San Francisco: Bender Moss Co. pp. 65–72. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.courtinfo.ca.gov/included/docs/SCJC_Vol_1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 17, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061002223057/http://www.supremecourthistory.org/04_library/subs_volumes/04_c03_f.html">"The Era of Mellville Weston Fuller"</a>. <i>Supreme Court Historical Society 1981 Yearbook</i>. <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Historical_Society" title="Supreme Court Historical Society">Supreme Court Historical Society</a>. 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(Autumn 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5893&context=uclrev">"Mental Decrepitude on the U.S. Supreme Court: The Historical Case for a 28th Amendment"</a>. <i>The University of Chicago Law Review</i>. <b>67</b> (4): 1009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+University+of+Chicago+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Mental+Decrepitude+on+the+U.S.+Supreme+Court%3A+The+Historical+Case+for+a+28th+Amendment&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1009&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Garrowt&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchicagounbound.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D5893%26context%3Duclrev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Johnson+Field" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwisher1930" class="citation book cs1">Swisher, Carl Brent (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015010252149&view=1up&seq=492"><i>Stephen J. Field: Craftsman of the Law</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. p. 449<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2022</span> – via HathiTrust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stephen+J.+Field%3A+Craftsman+of+the+Law&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=449&rft.pub=The+Brookings+Institution&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Swisher&rft.aufirst=Carl+Brent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015010252149%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Johnson+Field" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law360.com/articles/1128989/a-look-back-at-justice-stevens-most-important-opinions">"A Look Back at Justice Stevens' Most Important Opinions - Law360"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507155857/https://www.law360.com/articles/1128989/a-look-back-at-justice-stevens-most-important-opinions">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Look+Back+at+Justice+Stevens%27+Most+Important+Opinions+-+Law360&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law360.com%2Farticles%2F1128989%2Fa-look-back-at-justice-stevens-most-important-opinions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Johnson+Field" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/Clarence_Thomas_%28Supreme_Court%29">"Clarence Thomas (Supreme Court) - Ballotpedia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415080144/https://ballotpedia.org/Clarence_Thomas_(Supreme_Court)">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clarence+Thomas+%28Supreme+Court%29+-+Ballotpedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fballotpedia.org%2FClarence_Thomas_%2528Supreme_Court%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Johnson+Field" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTocklin1997">Tocklin (1997)</a>, n. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoherty2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Doherty_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Doherty (journalist)">Doherty, Brian</a> (2007). <i><a href="/wiki/Radicals_for_Capitalism" title="Radicals for Capitalism">Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement</a></i>. p. 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radicals+for+Capitalism%3A+A+Freewheeling+History+of+the+Modern+American+Libertarian+Movement&rft.pages=28&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Doherty&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Johnson+Field" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCloskey1951">McCloskey (1951)</a>, pp. 109–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-looktinsing_ruling-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-looktinsing_ruling_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libraryweb.uchastings.edu/library/research/special-collections/wong-kim-ark/21%20F.%20905.pdf">"In re Look Tin Sing (Ruling)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>libraryweb.uchastings.edu</i>. Federal Reporter 21 F. 905, Circuit Court, D. California, September 29, 1884. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201004060216/http://libraryweb.uchastings.edu/library/research/special-collections/wong-kim-ark/21%20F.%20905.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 4, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=libraryweb.uchastings.edu&rft.atitle=In+re+Look+Tin+Sing+%28Ruling%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibraryweb.uchastings.edu%2Flibrary%2Fresearch%2Fspecial-collections%2Fwong-kim-ark%2F21%2520F.%2520905.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Johnson+Field" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SD18851128.2.2&srpos=146&e=-------en--20--141--txt-txIN-%22t.+b.+mcfarland%22-------1">"Leland Stanford Jr. University"</a>. <i>Sonoma Democrat</i>. November 28, 1885. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170816063649/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SD18851128.2.2&srpos=146&e=-------en--20--141--txt-txIN-%22t.+b.+mcfarland%22-------1">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2017</span> – via California Digital Newspaper Collection.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sonoma+Democrat&rft.atitle=Leland+Stanford+Jr.+University&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1885-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdnc.ucr.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcdnc%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DSD18851128.2.2%26srpos%3D146%26e%3D-------en--20--141--txt-txIN-%2522t.%2Bb.%2Bmcfarland%2522-------1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Johnson+Field" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Johnson_Field&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham1992" class="citation book cs1">Abraham, Henry J. (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/justicespresiden0000abra"><i>Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506557-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-506557-3"><bdi>0-19-506557-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justices+and+Presidents%3A+A+Political+History+of+Appointments+to+the+Supreme+Court&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-19-506557-3&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=Henry+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjusticespresiden0000abra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Johnson+Field" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeatty2007" class="citation book cs1">Beatty, Jack (2007). <i>Age of Betrayal: The Triumph of Money in America 1865–1900</i>. Knopf.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Age+of+Betrayal%3A+The+Triumph+of+Money+in+America+1865%E2%80%931900&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Beatty&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Johnson+Field" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCushman2001" class="citation book cs1">Cushman, Clare (2001). <i>The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995</i> (2nd ed.). (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Historical_Society" title="Supreme Court Historical Society">Supreme Court Historical Society</a>, Congressional Quarterly Books). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56802-126-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56802-126-7"><bdi>1-56802-126-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Court+Justices%3A+Illustrated+Biographies%2C+1789%E2%80%931995&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=%28Supreme+Court+Historical+Society%2C+Congressional+Quarterly+Books%29&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-56802-126-7&rft.aulast=Cushman&rft.aufirst=Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Johnson+Field" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank1995" class="citation book cs1">Frank, John P. (1995). Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/justicesofunited0000unse"><i>The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions</i></a>. Chelsea House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7910-1377-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7910-1377-4"><bdi>0-7910-1377-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Justices+of+the+United+States+Supreme+Court%3A+Their+Lives+and+Major+Opinions&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7910-1377-4&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjusticesofunited0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Johnson+Field" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1992" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Kermit L., ed. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hall"><i>The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505835-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-505835-6"><bdi>0-19-505835-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-19-505835-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Johnson+Field" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKens1997" class="citation book cs1">Kens, Paul (1997). <i>Justice Stephen Field: Shaping Liberty from the Gold Rush to the Gilded Age</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas" title="University Press of Kansas">University Press of Kansas</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0817-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0817-1"><bdi>978-0-7006-0817-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justice+Stephen+Field%3A+Shaping+Liberty+from+the+Gold+Rush+to+the+Gilded+Age&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0817-1&rft.aulast=Kens&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Johnson+Field" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinGoehlert,_Robert_U.1990" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ussupremecourtbi0000mart"><i>The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87187-554-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87187-554-3"><bdi>0-87187-554-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+Supreme+Court%3A+A+Bibliography&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Congressional+Quarterly+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-87187-554-3&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Fenton+S.&rft.au=Goehlert%2C+Robert+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fussupremecourtbi0000mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Johnson+Field" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrofsky1994" class="citation book cs1">Urofsky, Melvin I. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/supremecourtjust00melv/page/590"><i>The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary</i></a>. New York: Garland Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/supremecourtjust00melv/page/590">590</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-1176-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-1176-1"><bdi>0-8153-1176-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Court+Justices%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=590&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8153-1176-1&rft.aulast=Urofsky&rft.aufirst=Melvin+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsupremecourtjust00melv%2Fpage%2F590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Johnson+Field" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Johnson_Field&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stephen_Johnson_Field" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Stephen Johnson Field">Stephen Johnson Field</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Stephen_Johnson_Field" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Stephen Johnson Field">Stephen Johnson Field</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Field,_Stephen_Johnson" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Field, Stephen Johnson">Field, Stephen Johnson</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oyez.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyez.org">Oyez Project</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/justices/stephen_j_field/">Official Supreme Court media, Stephen Johnson Field.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/personality/robes_field.html">Stephen Johnson Field</a> at <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020508033753/http://www.supremecourthistory.org/02_history/subs_timeline/images_associates/033.html">Stephen J. Field at</a> <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Historical_Society" title="Supreme Court Historical Society">Supreme Court Historical Society</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/6254">Works by Stephen Johnson Field</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Field%2C%20Stephen%20Johnson%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Field%2C%20Stephen%20J%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Field%2C%20S%2E%20J%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Stephen%20Johnson%20Field%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Stephen%20J%2E%20Field%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22S%2E%20J%2E%20Field%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Field%2C%20Stephen%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Stephen%20Field%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Stephen%20Johnson%20Field%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Stephen%20J%2E%20Field%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22S%2E%20J%2E%20Field%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22S%2E%20Johnson%20Field%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Field%2C%20Stephen%20Johnson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Field%2C%20Stephen%20J%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Field%2C%20S%2E%20J%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Field%2C%20S%2E%20Johnson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Stephen%20Field%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Field%2C%20Stephen%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Stephen%20Johnson%20Field%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Stephen%20J%2E%20Field%22%20OR%20title%3A%22S%2E%20J%2E%20Field%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Stephen%20Field%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Stephen%20Johnson%20Field%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Stephen%20J%2E%20Field%22%20OR%20description%3A%22S%2E%20J%2E%20Field%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Field%2C%20Stephen%20Johnson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Field%2C%20Stephen%20J%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Stephen%20Field%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Field%2C%20Stephen%22%29%20OR%20%28%221816-1899%22%20AND%20Field%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Stephen Johnson Field</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf8q2nb3dh/?query=Stephen%2520J.%2520Field">Guide to the Stephen Johnson Field Letters Addressed to Him, 1862-1896.</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Bancroft_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bancroft Library">The Bancroft Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courts.ca.gov/12523.htm">Past & Present Justices</a>. California State Courts.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/California_State_Assembly" title="California State Assembly">California Assembly</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New constituency</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/California_State_Assembly" title="California State Assembly">California State Assembly</a><br />from the <a href="/wiki/California%27s_14th_State_Assembly_district" title="California's 14th State Assembly district">14th</a> district </b><br />1851–1852 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">A. G. Caldwell</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DDCEF2;">Legal offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_S._Terry" title="David S. Terry">David Terry</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of California">Chief Justice of California</a> </b><br />1859–1863 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Warner_Cope" title="Warner Cope">Warner Cope</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New seat</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a> </b><br />1863–1897 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McKenna" title="Joseph McKenna">Joseph McKenna</a></div> </td></tr> 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Election_Commission" title="Template:Election Commission"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Election_Commission" title="Template talk:Election Commission"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Election_Commission" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Election Commission"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Electoral_Commission" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)" title="Electoral Commission (United States)">Members of the Electoral Commission</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Clifford" title="Nathan Clifford">Nathan Clifford</a> (President of the Commission)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Thomas F. Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Allen G. Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">George F. Edmunds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frederick T. Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_P._Morton" title="Oliver P. Morton">Oliver P. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gardner_Abbott" title="Josiah Gardner Abbott">Josiah Gardner Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eppa_Hunton" title="Eppa Hunton">Eppa Hunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Payne" title="Henry B. Payne">Henry B. Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Hoar" title="George F. Hoar">George F. Hoar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stephen Johnson Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Bradley" title="Joseph P. Bradley">Joseph P. Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_Miller" title="Samuel Freeman Miller">Samuel Freeman Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Strong_(Pennsylvania_judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Strong (Pennsylvania judge)">William Strong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Template:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Template talk:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Justices of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd flatlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Chief_justices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief justices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jay_Court" title="Jay Court">1789–1795</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Jay_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Jay Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rutledge_Court" title="Rutledge Court">1795</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rutledge_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rutledge Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ellsworth" title="Oliver Ellsworth">Oliver Ellsworth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Court" title="Ellsworth Court">1796–1800</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Ellsworth_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Ellsworth Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marshall_Court" title="Marshall Court">1801–1835</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Marshall_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Marshall Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taney_Court" title="Taney Court">1836–1864</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taney_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taney Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chase_Court" title="Chase Court">1864–1873</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Chase_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Chase Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Waite" title="Morrison Waite">Morrison Waite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Waite_Court" title="Waite Court">1874–1888</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Waite_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Waite Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Fuller" title="Melville Fuller">Melville Fuller</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuller_Court" title="Fuller Court">1888–1910</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Fuller_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Fuller Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">Edward Douglass White</a> (<a href="/wiki/White_Court_(justices)" title="White Court (justices)">1910–1921</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_White_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the White Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taft_Court" title="Taft Court">1921–1930</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taft_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hughes_Court" title="Hughes Court">1930–1941</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Hughes_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Hughes Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Harlan F. Stone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stone_Court" title="Stone Court">1941–1946</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Stone_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Stone Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Fred M. Vinson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vinson_Court" title="Vinson Court">1946–1953</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Vinson_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Vinson Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Warren_Court" title="Warren Court">1953–1969</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Warren_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Warren Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Warren E. Burger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burger_Court" title="Burger Court">1969–1986</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Burger_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Burger Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rehnquist_Court" title="Rehnquist Court">1986–2005</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rehnquist_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roberts_Court" title="Roberts Court">2005–present</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Roberts_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Roberts Court">cases</a></i>)</li></ol> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd flatlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Associate_justices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate justices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ol><li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">J. Rutledge</a>* (1790–1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cushing" title="William Cushing">Cushing</a> (1790–1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">Wilson</a> (1789–1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blair_Jr." title="John Blair Jr.">Blair</a> (1790–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Iredell" title="James Iredell">Iredell</a> (1790–1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Johnson_(judge)" title="Thomas Johnson (judge)">T. Johnson</a> (1792–1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)" title="William Paterson (judge)">Paterson</a> (1793–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chase" title="Samuel Chase">S. Chase</a> (1796–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushrod_Washington" title="Bushrod Washington">Washington</a> (1798–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Moore" title="Alfred Moore">Moore</a> (1800–1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Johnson_(judge)" title="William Johnson (judge)">W. Johnson</a> (1804–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brockholst_Livingston" title="Henry Brockholst Livingston">Livingston</a> (1807–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Todd" title="Thomas Todd">Todd</a> (1807–1826)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Duvall" title="Gabriel Duvall">Duvall</a> (1811–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Story</a> (1812–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Thompson" title="Smith Thompson">Thompson</a> (1823–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trimble" title="Robert Trimble">Trimble</a> (1826–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">McLean</a> (1829–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Baldwin_(judge)" title="Henry Baldwin (judge)">Baldwin</a> (1830–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Moore_Wayne" class="mw-redirect" title="James Moore Wayne">Wayne</a> (1835–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Barbour</a> (1836–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Catron" title="John Catron">Catron</a> (1837–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McKinley" title="John McKinley">McKinley</a> (1838–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_V._Daniel" title="Peter V. Daniel">Daniel</a> (1842–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nelson" title="Samuel Nelson">Nelson</a> (1845–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a> (1845–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cooper_Grier" title="Robert Cooper Grier">Grier</a> (1846–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Robbins_Curtis" title="Benjamin Robbins Curtis">Curtis</a> (1851–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Campbell" title="John Archibald Campbell">Campbell</a> (1853–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Clifford" title="Nathan Clifford">Clifford</a> (1858–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Haynes_Swayne" title="Noah Haynes Swayne">Swayne</a> (1862–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_Miller" title="Samuel Freeman Miller">Miller</a> (1862–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">Davis</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Field</a> (1863–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Strong_(Pennsylvania_judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Strong (Pennsylvania judge)">Strong</a> (1870–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Bradley" title="Joseph P. Bradley">Bradley</a> (1870–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Hunt" title="Ward Hunt">Hunt</a> (1873–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">J. M. Harlan</a> (1877–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Burnham_Woods" title="William Burnham Woods">Woods</a> (1881–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Matthews</a> (1881–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Gray" title="Horace Gray">Gray</a> (1882–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Blatchford" title="Samuel Blatchford">Blatchford</a> (1882–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Quintus_Cincinnatus_Lamar" title="Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar">L. Lamar</a> (1888–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Brewer" title="David J. Brewer">Brewer</a> (1890–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Billings_Brown" title="Henry Billings Brown">Brown</a> (1891–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shiras_Jr." title="George Shiras Jr.">Shiras</a> (1892–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_E._Jackson" title="Howell E. Jackson">H. Jackson</a> (1893–1895)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">E. White</a>* (1894–1910)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_W._Peckham" title="Rufus W. Peckham">Peckham</a> (1896–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McKenna" title="Joseph McKenna">McKenna</a> (1898–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Holmes</a> (1902–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">Day</a> (1903–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">Moody</a> (1906–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Harmon_Lurton" title="Horace Harmon Lurton">Lurton</a> (1910–1914)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>* (1910–1916)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Van_Devanter" title="Willis Van Devanter">Van Devanter</a> (1911–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rucker_Lamar" title="Joseph Rucker Lamar">J. Lamar</a> (1911–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Pitney" title="Mahlon Pitney">Pitney</a> (1912–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="James Clark McReynolds">McReynolds</a> (1914–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a> (1916–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hessin_Clarke" title="John Hessin Clarke">Clarke</a> (1916–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a> (1922–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(judge)" title="Pierce Butler (judge)">Butler</a> (1923–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a> (1923–1930)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Stone</a>* (1925–1941)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Roberts" title="Owen Roberts">O. Roberts</a> (1930–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo">Cardozo</a> (1932–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Black</a> (1937–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Forman_Reed" title="Stanley Forman Reed">Reed</a> (1938–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Frankfurter</a> (1939–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas</a> (1939–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Murphy</a> (1940–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a> (1941–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">R. Jackson</a> (1941–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiley_Rutledge" title="Wiley Rutledge">W. Rutledge</a> (1943–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_H._Burton" title="Harold H. Burton">Burton</a> (1945–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Clark" title="Tom C. Clark">Clark</a> (1949–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Minton" title="Sherman Minton">Minton</a> (1949–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">J. M. Harlan II</a> (1955–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan</a> (1956–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a> (1957–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart">Stewart</a> (1958–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">B. White</a> (1962–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Goldberg</a> (1962–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abe_Fortas" title="Abe Fortas">Fortas</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">T. Marshall</a> (1967–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun</a> (1970–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Powell_Jr." title="Lewis F. Powell Jr.">Powell</a> (1972–1987)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a>* (1972–1986)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens</a> (1975–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a> (1981–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a> (1986–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1988–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">Souter</a> (1990–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a> (1991–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg</a> (1993–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Breyer</a> (1994–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a> (2006–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a> (2017–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a> (2020–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">K. Jackson</a> (2022–present)</li></ol> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;">*<i>Also served as Chief Justice of the United States</i></span></div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taney_Court_(1836–1864)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taney_Court" title="Template:Taney Court"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Taney_Court" title="Template talk:Taney Court"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Taney_Court" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Taney Court"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Taney_Court_(1836–1864)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Taney_Court" title="Taney Court">Taney Court</a> (1836–1864)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Justices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Taney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Catron" title="John Catron">Catron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McKinley" title="John McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Vivian_Daniel" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Vivian Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nelson" title="Samuel Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cooper_Grier" title="Robert Cooper Grier">Grier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Robbins_Curtis" title="Benjamin Robbins Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Campbell" title="John Archibald Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Clifford" title="Nathan Clifford">Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Haynes_Swayne" title="Noah Haynes Swayne">Swayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_Miller" title="Samuel Freeman Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">Davis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Field</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roger_B._Taney_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Roger_B._Taney_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/90px-Roger_B._Taney_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Roger_B._Taney_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/135px-Roger_B._Taney_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Roger_B._Taney_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/180px-Roger_B._Taney_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4413" data-file-height="6402" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taney_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taney Court">Decisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By volume</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Peters_(reporter)" title="Richard Peters (reporter)">Pet.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_35" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 35">35 (10)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_36" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 36">36 (11)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_37" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 37">37 (12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_38" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 38">38 (13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_39" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 39">39 (14)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_40" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 40">40 (15)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_41" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 41">41 (16)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Chew_Howard" title="Benjamin Chew Howard">How.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_42" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 42">42 (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_43" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 43">43 (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_44" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 44">44 (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_45" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 45">45 (4)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_46" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 46">46 (5)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_47" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 47">47 (6)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_48" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 48">48 (7)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_49" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 49">49 (8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_50" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 50">50 (9)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_51" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 51">51 (10)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_52" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 52">52 (11)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_53" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 53">53 (12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_54" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 54">54 (13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_55" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 55">55 (14)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_56" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 56">56 (15)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_57" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 57">57 (16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_58" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 58">58 (17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_59" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 59">59 (18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_60" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 60">60 (19)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_61" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 61">61 (20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_62" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 62">62 (21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_63" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 63">63 (22)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_64" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 64">64 (23)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_65" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 65">65 (24)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Black</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_66" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 66">66 (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_67" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 67">67 (2)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Wallace" title="John William Wallace">Wall.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_68" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 68">68 (1)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title_in_the_Taney_Court" title="Aboriginal title in the Taney Court">Aboriginal title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law_in_the_Taney_Court" title="Criminal law in the Taney Court">Criminal law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmark_court_decisions_in_the_United_States" title="List of landmark court decisions in the United States">Landmark</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_River_Bridge_v._Warren_Bridge" title="Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge">Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge</a></i> (1837)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._The_Amistad" title="United States v. The Amistad">United States v. The Amistad</a></i> (1841)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luther_v._Borden" title="Luther v. Borden">Luther v. Borden</a></i> (1849)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cooley_v._Board_of_Wardens" title="Cooley v. Board of Wardens">Cooley v. Board of Wardens</a></i> (1852)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i> (1857)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ableman_v._Booth" title="Ableman v. Booth">Ableman v. Booth</a></i> (1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prize_Cases" title="Prize Cases">Prize Cases</a></i> (1863)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_and_Ninth_Circuits_Act_of_1837" title="Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837">Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Circuit_Act_of_1863" title="Tenth Circuit Act of 1863">Tenth Circuit Act of 1863</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1864)_1868_United_States_presidential_election_(1872_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1868 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1868 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1868 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1864)_1868_United_States_presidential_election_(1872_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">← 1864</a>) <a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="1868 United States presidential election">1868 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">1872 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Schuyler Colfax</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>For Vice President:</b> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Benjamin Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Creswell" title="John Creswell">John Creswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gregg_Curtin" title="Andrew Gregg Curtin">Andrew Gregg Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_Fenton" title="Reuben Fenton">Reuben Fenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harlan_(Iowa_politician)" title="James Harlan (Iowa politician)">James Harlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Kelley" title="William D. Kelley">William D. Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._Pomeroy" title="Samuel C. Pomeroy">Samuel C. Pomeroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Speed" title="James Speed">James Speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Francis P. Blair Jr.</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">George H. Pendleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield S. Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (incumbent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_E._Church" title="Sanford E. Church">Sanford E. Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Packer" title="Asa Packer">Asa Packer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._English" title="James E. English">James E. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Parker_(politician)" title="Joel Parker (politician)">Joel Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Doolittle" title="James R. Doolittle">James R. Doolittle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stephen J. Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Francis P. Blair Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Hoffman" title="John T. Hoffman">John T. Hoffman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1868 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1868%E2%80%9369_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1868–69 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868%E2%80%9369_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1868–69 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1876)_1880_United_States_presidential_election_(1884_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1880 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1880 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1880 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1876)_1880_United_States_presidential_election_(1884_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">← 1876</a>) <a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">John Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">George F. Edmunds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Elihu B. Washburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Windom" title="William Windom">William Windom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield S. Hancock</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">William H. English</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Thomas F. Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Samuel J. Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Payne" title="Henry B. Payne">Henry B. Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Allen G. Thurman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stephen J. Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ralls_Morrison" title="William Ralls Morrison">William R. Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #0BDA51;"><b><a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1880_Greenback_National_Convention" title="1880 Greenback National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Barzillai_J._Chambers" title="Barzillai J. Chambers">Barzillai J. Chambers</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Bradley_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrick Bradley Wright">Hendrick B. Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Dillaye" title="Stephen D. Dillaye">Stephen D. Dillaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Benjamin Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solon_Chase" title="Solon Chase">Solon Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Allis_(businessman)" title="Edward P. Allis (businessman)">Edward P. Allis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(Illinois_politician)" title="Alexander Campbell (Illinois politician)">Alexander Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_H._Murch" title="Thompson H. Murch">Thompson H. Murch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Neal_Dow" title="Neal Dow">Neal Dow</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams_Thompson" title="Henry Adams Thompson">Henry A. Thompson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D99FE8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Phelps" title="John W. Phelps">John W. Phelps</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._Pomeroy" title="Samuel C. Pomeroy">Samuel C. Pomeroy</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1880 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1880 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_and_1881_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1880 and 1881 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1234235#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1234235#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1234235#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14227633">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/090219988">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w62n5c7k">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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