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Step Inside the Russian Spacesuit Factory
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a factory that has been building Russian spacesuits for 60-plus years. Step Inside the Russian Spacesuit Factory The town of Tomilino, some 16 miles southeast of Moscow, is rather unassuming about its role in the history of space exploration. A snack kiosk and a shaky sign for a bus stop are about all there is to greet a visitor getting off the commuter train. There is no statue of the world's first cosmonaut, Yuri Gagarin, in his bright-orange spacesuit waving to earthlings after his successful landing. But that's a shame, because Tomilino is the home of the world's few workshops where space travelers can get their outfits.\r\n\r\nEstablished in October 1952, top-secret Factory No. 918 developed all Russian spacesuits along with numerous life-support and safety systems, including catapult chairs for military pilots, various protective gear, and even space-based toilets and showers. With the work no longer classified, the company, renamed Zvezda (Star), carries on its unique and often dangerous experimental work for aviation and space here: Minutes after I passed through security into Zvezda's campus, a loud bang shook the air. \"A catapult just went off,\" my guide said. \r\n\r\nMost of the out-of-this-world artifacts developed at Zvezda over its six-decade history are now displayed inside the company's recently renovated demo hall. Resembling an airlock of some interplanetary cruiser, this long gallery is lined with glass capsules that contain original spacesuits worn by pioneers of space exploration during their actual missions. \r\n\r\nAnatoly Zak is the publisher of RussianSpaceWeb.com and the author of Russia in Space, the Past Explained, the Future Explored, just published by Apogee Prime.\r\n The USSR started its foray into space at the beginning of the 1950s by launching dogs on ballistic missiles into arc-shaped trajectories that touched the edge of space. For these flights, Factory No. 918 designed rocket-powered sleds and pressure suits complete with transparent helmets. These enabled a pair of dogs to eject and land safely under a parachute after their rocket had exhausted its fuel and began falling back to Earth. Sadly, some dogs did perish due to equipment failures, including the famous Laika, whose cabin (far right) was not designed to return from the first and only one-way mission into orbit launched by the USSR in November 1957.\r\n During the world's first orbital spaceflight, on April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin was riding the Vostok spacecraft in the V3A ejection seat and wore the SK-1 safety suit now both prominently displayed in the demo hall. However, after Gagarin's SK-1 suit was returned to its creators shortly after Vostok's landing, they had little appreciation for its historic value, seeing it only as another iteration in their unending race to improve flight gear. As a result, the priceless artifact ended up with two holes cut in the chest area, made by engineers pondering upgrades. \r\n According to Zvezda folklore, the flight jacket worn by the first woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova, during her difficult three-day mission 50 years ago did not survive a botched post-landing attempt by the company's technicians to machine wash it. However, its original Dove of Peace insignia was reportedly saved and sewn onto this similar garment now on display.\r\n Aleksei Leonov was wearing the Berkut spacesuit during the world's first spacewalk, taken from the Voskhod-2 spacecraft in March 1965. A 20-kilogram Berkut sported the first Soviet backpack life-support system, designated KP-55. The 21.5-kilogram unit could sustain a cosmonaut for 30 to 45 minutes during a spacewalk or in an emergency onboard the spacecraft.\r\n During the 1960s, engineers at Factory No. 918 endeavored to resolve the out-of-this-world problem of cosmonauts maneuvering outside their spacecraft. The result was a Unit for Cosmonaut Transfer and Maneuvering, UMPK. This space bike was to be propelled by 84 solid-propellent motors and 14 cold-gas thrusters. It was to be tested during Voskhod-5 or Voskhod-6 missions. But both were cancelled, leaving the UMPK unit just a museum artifact.\r\n The USSR developed a much more advanced personal maneuvering unit, called 21KS, during the 1980s. It was successfully tested onboard the Mir space station in February 1990, when a pair of cosmonauts took turns to fly 33 to 45 meters (more than 100 feet) from their orbital home. Unlike American astronauts who pioneered the use of a similar contraption onboard the space shuttle six years earlier, the Soviet cosmonauts remained tethered to the station. \r\n The development of the Buran, the Soviet equivalent of the space shuttle, posed new challenges for spacesuit designers. During early test launches of the winged spacecraft, Buran's pilots would sit in K-36RB ejection seats, ready to bail out in the event of a catastrophic failure up to an altitude of 40 kilometers. To protect the pilot from the enormous heat generated during a supersonic free-fall from the stratosphere, the Strizh spacesuit, seen here, had a leather-covered external layer. The Strizh could also protect pilots in case Buran's cabin was breached in orbit, giving the crew 12 to 24 hours to return their space plane back to Earth. During its development, one of the Strizh suits (second from the left) was placed in an unmanned Soyuz rocket and ejected in midflight in order to prove its design. However, the Buran spacecraft flew only one unmanned mission before the program stalled at the end of the Cold War.\r\n During a highly publicized MARS-500 experiment in 2011, a group of volunteers was locked up for a year and a half in a life-size mockup of a Mars-bound spacecraft. Although the group never truly left Earth, the project gave Russian engineers their first opportunity to practice building a spacesuit for walks on the surface of the Red Planet (left).\r\n They're much less glamorous but no less necessary than spacesuits. Space toilets of several generations have been built here. The museum display represents the ASU-8A device, whose key components were first developed for the Buran orbiter. Later, a modified version provided conveniences for the crew of the Mir space station. Although it was designed for a spacecraft with a crew of three to six, ASU-8A required a periodic replacement of waste containers (right), which would be loaded into departing cargo ships to burn up in the atmosphere along with other trash.\r\n Engineers at Zvezda attempted to bring Soviet \"space hotels\" to a five-star level with the development of an orbital shower. It was first employed onboard the Salyut-6 space station, launched in 1977. However, veterans of the project admit that the hassle of using the water-hungry device rendered it impractical.\r\n Russia's spacefaring past and future meet inside Zvezda's vast centrifuge room. Currently undergoing renovations for the future development work, the facility was once a backdrop for the iconic footage of Yuri Gagarin enduring a dizzying centrifuge spin. \r\n The latest incarnation of the Orlan spacesuit undergoes final checks before its delivery to the International Space Station, where it would be used for multiple ventures onto the exterior of the orbiting outpost staged from the Russian segment of the ISS.\r\n Spacesuits designed for spacewalks can be tested inside a 50-cubic-meter KS-5411 vacuum chamber that mimics conditions in space. The facility was once used to prepare a welding experiment, which was later repeated onboard the Salyut-7 space station.\r\n All cosmonauts (and now astronauts) preparing to fly on board Soyuz spacecraft undergo a risky test inside the vacuum chamber at Zvezda. The procedure aims to familiarize Soyuz crew members with \"space-grade\" vacuum and demonstrate protective capabilities of their Sokol rescue suits. Ironically, Soyuz crews will never experience vacuum conditions during a real flight unless their spacecraft is hit with a catastrophic failure leading to a loss of pressure in the cabin. When this photo was taken, a European astronaut scheduled to fly to the ISS was undergoing the test inside the chamber. A medical emergency team was on standby in the same room.\r\n Relying on 60 years of experience in designing cosmonaut chairs for Russia's spacecraft, engineers at Zvezda are currently working on a new seating arrangement for the next-generation spacecraft. They used a cutting-edge 3D printing technology to produce this full-scale prototype of the chair, dubbed Cheget after a mountain in the Caucasus range. Still, the chair could go through many incarnations before the final design emerges.\r\n","wordCount":null,"articleSection":"Space","image":[{"@type":"ImageObject","height":1200,"thumbnail":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1xw:1xh;center,top&resize=100:*","url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1xw:1xh;center,top&resize=1200:*","width":1200},{"@type":"ImageObject","height":900,"thumbnail":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1xw:1xh;center,top&resize=100:*","url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1xw:0.75xh;center,top&resize=1200:*","width":1200},{"@type":"ImageObject","height":675,"thumbnail":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1xw:1xh;center,top&resize=100:*","url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1.00xw:0.564xh;0,0.198xh&resize=1200:*","width":1200}],"mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/g1317/step-inside-the-russian-spacesuit-factory/","@type":"WebPage"},"publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","name":"Popular Mechanics","sameAs":["https://twitter.com/PopMech","https://www.tiktok.com/@popularmechanics","https://www.youtube.com/c/popularmechanics","https://www.facebook.com/popularmechanics","https://www.instagram.com/popularmechanics/","https://www.pinterest.com/popmech/"],"logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://www.popularmechanics.com/_assets/design-tokens/popularmechanics/static/images/logos/logo-jsonld.2362803.png","width":312,"height":60},"parentOrganization":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","name":"Hearst Corporation"}},"keywords":["content-type: Default","locale: US","displayType: listicle"],"url":"https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/g1317/step-inside-the-russian-spacesuit-factory/","isBasedOn":"https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/g1317/step-inside-the-russian-spacesuit-factory/","isAccessibleForFree":"False","hasPart":[{"@type":"WebPageElement","isAccessibleForFree":"False","cssSelector":".content-container"}],"description":"PopMech travels to Tomilino, Russia, to a factory that has been building Russian spacesuits for 60-plus years.","author":{"name":"Anatoly Zak","url":"https://www.popularmechanics.com/author/7726/anatoly-zak/","@type":"Person","description":"Anatoly Zak is a publisher of RussianSpaceWeb.com and the author of \"Russia in Space: the Past Explained, the Future Explored.\"","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/rover/profile_photos/dc7fbbcb-8d66-410e-838c-24920a9e5ca9_1509754896.jpg","email":"unknown@hearst.com"},"@context":"http://schema.org","about":{"@type":"ItemList","numberOfItems":16,"itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"Step Inside the Russian Spacesuit Factory ","url":"https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/g1317/step-inside-the-russian-spacesuit-factory/#slide-1","description":"The town of Tomilino, some 16 miles southeast of Moscow, is rather unassuming about its role in the history of space exploration. A snack kiosk and a shaky sign for a bus stop are about all there is to greet a visitor getting off the commuter train. There is no statue of the world's first cosmonaut, Yuri Gagarin, in his bright-orange spacesuit waving to earthlings after his successful landing. But that's a shame, because Tomilino is the home of the world's few workshops where space travelers can get their outfits.\r\n\r\nEstablished in October 1952, top-secret Factory No. 918 developed all Russian spacesuits along with numerous life-support and safety systems, including catapult chairs for military pilots, various protective gear, and even space-based toilets and showers. With the work no longer classified, the company, renamed Zvezda (Star), carries on its unique and often dangerous experimental work for aviation and space here: Minutes after I passed through security into Zvezda's campus, a loud bang shook the air. \"A catapult just went off,\" my guide said. \r\n\r\nMost of the out-of-this-world artifacts developed at Zvezda over its six-decade history are now displayed inside the company's recently renovated demo hall. Resembling an airlock of some interplanetary cruiser, this long gallery is lined with glass capsules that contain original spacesuits worn by pioneers of space exploration during their actual missions. \r\n\r\nAnatoly Zak is the publisher of RussianSpaceWeb.com and the author of Russia in Space, the Past Explained, the Future Explored, just published by Apogee Prime.\r\n","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"","url":"https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/g1317/step-inside-the-russian-spacesuit-factory/#slide-2","description":"The USSR started its foray into space at the beginning of the 1950s by launching dogs on ballistic missiles into arc-shaped trajectories that touched the edge of space. For these flights, Factory No. 918 designed rocket-powered sleds and pressure suits complete with transparent helmets. These enabled a pair of dogs to eject and land safely under a parachute after their rocket had exhausted its fuel and began falling back to Earth. Sadly, some dogs did perish due to equipment failures, including the famous Laika, whose cabin (far right) was not designed to return from the first and only one-way mission into orbit launched by the USSR in November 1957.\r\n","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"","url":"https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/g1317/step-inside-the-russian-spacesuit-factory/#slide-3","description":"During the world's first orbital spaceflight, on April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin was riding the Vostok spacecraft in the V3A ejection seat and wore the SK-1 safety suit now both prominently displayed in the demo hall. However, after Gagarin's SK-1 suit was returned to its creators shortly after Vostok's landing, they had little appreciation for its historic value, seeing it only as another iteration in their unending race to improve flight gear. As a result, the priceless artifact ended up with two holes cut in the chest area, made by engineers pondering upgrades. \r\n","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"","url":"https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/g1317/step-inside-the-russian-spacesuit-factory/#slide-4","description":"According to Zvezda folklore, the flight jacket worn by the first woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova, during her difficult three-day mission 50 years ago did not survive a botched post-landing attempt by the company's technicians to machine wash it. However, its original Dove of Peace insignia was reportedly saved and sewn onto this similar garment now on display.\r\n","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":5,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"","url":"https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/g1317/step-inside-the-russian-spacesuit-factory/#slide-5","description":"Aleksei Leonov was wearing the Berkut spacesuit during the world's first spacewalk, taken from the Voskhod-2 spacecraft in March 1965. A 20-kilogram Berkut sported the first Soviet backpack life-support system, designated KP-55. The 21.5-kilogram unit could sustain a cosmonaut for 30 to 45 minutes during a spacewalk or in an emergency onboard the spacecraft.\r\n","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":6,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"","url":"https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/g1317/step-inside-the-russian-spacesuit-factory/#slide-6","description":"During the 1960s, engineers at Factory No. 918 endeavored to resolve the out-of-this-world problem of cosmonauts maneuvering outside their spacecraft. The result was a Unit for Cosmonaut Transfer and Maneuvering, UMPK. This space bike was to be propelled by 84 solid-propellent motors and 14 cold-gas thrusters. It was to be tested during Voskhod-5 or Voskhod-6 missions. But both were cancelled, leaving the UMPK unit just a museum artifact.\r\n","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":7,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"","url":"https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/g1317/step-inside-the-russian-spacesuit-factory/#slide-7","description":"The USSR developed a much more advanced personal maneuvering unit, called 21KS, during the 1980s. It was successfully tested onboard the Mir space station in February 1990, when a pair of cosmonauts took turns to fly 33 to 45 meters (more than 100 feet) from their orbital home. Unlike American astronauts who pioneered the use of a similar contraption onboard the space shuttle six years earlier, the Soviet cosmonauts remained tethered to the station. \r\n","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":8,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"","url":"https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/g1317/step-inside-the-russian-spacesuit-factory/#slide-8","description":"The development of the Buran, the Soviet equivalent of the space shuttle, posed new challenges for spacesuit designers. During early test launches of the winged spacecraft, Buran's pilots would sit in K-36RB ejection seats, ready to bail out in the event of a catastrophic failure up to an altitude of 40 kilometers. To protect the pilot from the enormous heat generated during a supersonic free-fall from the stratosphere, the Strizh spacesuit, seen here, had a leather-covered external layer. The Strizh could also protect pilots in case Buran's cabin was breached in orbit, giving the crew 12 to 24 hours to return their space plane back to Earth. During its development, one of the Strizh suits (second from the left) was placed in an unmanned Soyuz rocket and ejected in midflight in order to prove its design. However, the Buran spacecraft flew only one unmanned mission before the program stalled at the end of the Cold War.\r\n","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":9,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"","url":"https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/g1317/step-inside-the-russian-spacesuit-factory/#slide-9","description":"During a highly publicized MARS-500 experiment in 2011, a group of volunteers was locked up for a year and a half in a life-size mockup of a Mars-bound spacecraft. Although the group never truly left Earth, the project gave Russian engineers their first opportunity to practice building a spacesuit for walks on the surface of the Red Planet (left).\r\n","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":10,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"","url":"https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/g1317/step-inside-the-russian-spacesuit-factory/#slide-10","description":"They're much less glamorous but no less necessary than spacesuits. Space toilets of several generations have been built here. The museum display represents the ASU-8A device, whose key components were first developed for the Buran orbiter. Later, a modified version provided conveniences for the crew of the Mir space station. Although it was designed for a spacecraft with a crew of three to six, ASU-8A required a periodic replacement of waste containers (right), which would be loaded into departing cargo ships to burn up in the atmosphere along with other trash.\r\n","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":11,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"","url":"https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/g1317/step-inside-the-russian-spacesuit-factory/#slide-11","description":"Engineers at Zvezda attempted to bring Soviet \"space hotels\" to a five-star level with the development of an orbital shower. It was first employed onboard the Salyut-6 space station, launched in 1977. However, veterans of the project admit that the hassle of using the water-hungry device rendered it impractical.\r\n","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":12,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"","url":"https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/g1317/step-inside-the-russian-spacesuit-factory/#slide-12","description":"Russia's spacefaring past and future meet inside Zvezda's vast centrifuge room. Currently undergoing renovations for the future development work, the facility was once a backdrop for the iconic footage of Yuri Gagarin enduring a dizzying centrifuge spin. \r\n","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":13,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"","url":"https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/g1317/step-inside-the-russian-spacesuit-factory/#slide-13","description":"The latest incarnation of the Orlan spacesuit undergoes final checks before its delivery to the International Space Station, where it would be used for multiple ventures onto the exterior of the orbiting outpost staged from the Russian segment of the ISS.\r\n","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":14,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"","url":"https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/g1317/step-inside-the-russian-spacesuit-factory/#slide-14","description":"Spacesuits designed for spacewalks can be tested inside a 50-cubic-meter KS-5411 vacuum chamber that mimics conditions in space. 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When this photo was taken, a European astronaut scheduled to fly to the ISS was undergoing the test inside the chamber. A medical emergency team was on standby in the same room.\r\n","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":16,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"","url":"https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/g1317/step-inside-the-russian-spacesuit-factory/#slide-16","description":"Relying on 60 years of experience in designing cosmonaut chairs for Russia's spacecraft, engineers at Zvezda are currently working on a new seating arrangement for the next-generation spacecraft. They used a cutting-edge 3D printing technology to produce this full-scale prototype of the chair, dubbed Cheget after a mountain in the Caucasus range. 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a::after{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;color:#D4D4D4;content:"|";display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;left:1rem;position:relative;}.css-4d6vc7 nav:last-child>a:after{display:none;}.css-4d6vc7 a:hover{color:#737373;}.css-1cjybzt{padding:0.9375rem 0;min-width:45.5rem;text-align:center;z-index:2000000;position:relative;display:none;background-color:#E5E5E5;color:#000;width:100%;}@media(max-width: 40.625rem){.css-1cjybzt{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:calc(var(--mobile-sticky-header-height, 0px) + var(--sticky-secondary-header-height, 0px));padding-bottom:0.9375rem;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-1cjybzt{min-height:121px;}}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-1cjybzt{display:block;}}@media print{.css-1cjybzt{display:none!important;}}.css-b0nc2u{width:100%;max-width:100vw;display:grid;margin-bottom:0.9375rem;position:relative;z-index:auto;}@media 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61.25rem){.css-dn8zfu{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-dn8zfu{top:7rem;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-dn8zfu{width:calc(100% + (2.5rem * 2));margin-left:-2.5rem;min-height:138px;}}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-dn8zfu{top:calc(var(--mobile-sticky-header-height, 0px) + var(--sticky-secondary-header-height, 0px));width:unset;margin:0rem;margin-left:0rem;position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;-webkit-align-self:flex-start;-ms-flex-item-align:flex-start;align-self:flex-start;grid-area:ad;}}.css-dn8zfu:after{content:"";display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:static;margin:0.9375rem 0.938rem 0;}@media(max-width: 40.625rem){.css-dn8zfu:after{position:absolute;bottom:0rem;width:-webkit-fill-available;}}@media(max-width: 61.25rem){.css-dn8zfu:after{border-bottom:thin solid #E5E5E5;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-dn8zfu:after{margin:0.9375rem 2.5rem 0;}}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-dn8zfu:after{visibility:hidden;}}@media(min-width: 75rem){.css-dn8zfu:after{margin:0.9375rem 0 0;}}.css-o2p5ot{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;text-align:center;margin:0 0.938rem;line-height:2rem;text-transform:none;font-size:0.70028rem;font-family:Inter,Inter-roboto,Inter-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-o2p5ot{margin:0 2.5rem;}}@media(min-width: 75rem){.css-o2p5ot{margin:0rem;}}.css-o2p5ot:after{margin:0 0 0 0.625rem;}.css-o2p5ot:before{margin:0 0.625rem 0 0;}.css-o2p5ot:before,.css-o2p5ot:after{background-color:#E5E5E5;color:inherit;content:"";-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;height:0.0625rem;position:relative;top:1rem;}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-o2p5ot,.css-o2p5ot:after,.css-o2p5ot:before{display:none;}}.css-o2p5ot a{color:inherit;-webkit-transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;}.css-o2p5ot a:hover{color:#595959;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}.css-om4gqg{min-width:18.75rem;text-align:center;z-index:2000000;position:relative;width:100%;}@media(max-width: 40.625rem){.css-om4gqg{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:calc(var(--mobile-sticky-header-height, 0px) + var(--sticky-secondary-header-height, 0px));padding-bottom:0.9375rem;}}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-om4gqg{left:unset;}}.css-njhfk8{padding:0 0.938rem 1.25rem 0.938rem;background-color:#000000;color:#fff;}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-njhfk8{padding:0 2.5rem 1.875rem 2.5rem;}}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-njhfk8{display:grid;grid-row-gap:1.25rem;grid-column-gap:1.25rem;grid-template-areas:"header" "content";grid-template-rows:repeat(2, auto);grid-template-columns:minmax(auto, 75rem);}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-njhfk8{margin:0 auto;}}@media(min-width: 73.75rem){.css-njhfk8{grid-column-gap:0rem;grid-template-areas:"lgut header rgut" "lgut content rgut";grid-template-columns:1fr minmax(auto, 75rem) 1fr;}}.css-taukg1{contain:layout;display:grid;grid-area:content;grid-template-columns:repeat(2, 1fr);}@media(min-width: 20rem){.css-taukg1{grid-gap:0.09rem;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-taukg1{grid-gap:0.09rem;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-taukg1{grid-gap:1.8rem;grid-template-columns:repeat(4, 1fr);}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-taukg1{grid-gap:0.09rem;}}.css-h7nhlk{margin:1.25rem 0;clear:both;color:#000000;text-align:center;position:static;margin-top:1.25rem;margin-bottom:1.25rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;min-height:523px;}@media(max-width: 40.625rem){.css-h7nhlk{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;-webkit-justify-content:start;justify-content:start;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-h7nhlk{min-height:138px;}}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-h7nhlk{margin:1.25rem auto;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-h7nhlk{max-width:75rem;}}.css-h7nhlk.clearfix{clear:both;}.css-h7nhlk:after{content:"";border-bottom:thin solid #E5E5E5;margin:0.9375rem 0.938rem 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2.5rem;}}@media(min-width: 75rem){.css-177hzxi{margin:0rem;}}.css-177hzxi:after{margin:0 0 0 0.625rem;margin-right:0rem;}.css-177hzxi:before{margin:0 0.625rem 0 0;margin-left:0rem;}.css-177hzxi:before,.css-177hzxi:after{background-color:#E5E5E5;color:inherit;content:"";-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;height:0.0625rem;position:relative;top:1rem;}.css-177hzxi a{color:inherit;-webkit-transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;}.css-177hzxi a:hover{color:#595959;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}.css-1njatnj{min-width:18.75rem;text-align:center;z-index:2000000;position:relative;margin:0rem;}@media(max-width: 40.625rem){.css-1njatnj{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:calc(var(--mobile-sticky-header-height, 0px) + var(--sticky-secondary-header-height, 0px));padding-bottom:0.9375rem;}}@media(min-width: 73.75rem){.css-1njatnj{margin:0 calc((100vw - 75rem) / -2);}}.css-1xen7u9{position:relative;padding-top:1.875rem;padding-bottom:1.875rem;background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:FreightSansW01,FreightSansW01-roboto,FreightSansW01-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-1xen7u9{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-1xen7u9{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-1xen7u9{margin-right:var(--sponsor-panel-width, auto);}}@media print{.css-1xen7u9{display:none;}}body:has(#page-settings[data-has-sponsor]) .css-1xen7u9{margin-top:25vh;top:-25vh;}@media(min-width: 64rem){body:has(#page-settings[data-has-sponsor]) .css-1xen7u9{margin-top:auto;top:auto;}}.css-1ss7lvu{padding:0 0.938rem;margin:0 auto;max-width:75rem;}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-1ss7lvu{padding:0 2.5rem;}}.css-iz4391{display:grid;grid-gap:0.5rem;grid-template-rows:1fr 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1fr);margin-top:0.5rem;margin-bottom:0.875rem;}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-kzigki{grid-template-columns:repeat(4, 1fr);}}.css-1vc4yu1{padding:0.6rem 0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-1vc4yu1{-webkit-transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-1vc4yu1:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}}.css-15si9rg{max-width:12rem;padding-bottom:0.3125rem;}.css-j307y1{padding-top:0.9375rem;margin:0.3125rem 0;}.css-i7117i{padding-top:0.9375rem;margin:0.3125rem 0;line-height:1.4;}.css-i7117i span{display:block;margin-top:1rem;}.css-lqx6q4{padding-top:0.9375rem;line-height:2;}.css-r7fsoq{padding:0.625rem 0.625rem 0.625rem 0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding-right:1.25rem;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-r7fsoq{-webkit-transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-r7fsoq:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}}.css-5tjtfu{display:inline-block;margin:1.875rem 0.9375rem 1.25rem 0;}.css-1dn8jmj{display:inline-block;gap:0px;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;border:0.0625rem solid black;padding:0.625rem;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.4;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:FreightSansW01,FreightSansW01-upcase-roboto,FreightSansW01-upcase-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;-webkit-transition:background 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:background 0.3s ease-in-out;}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-1dn8jmj{text-align:left;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-1dn8jmj{text-align:center;}}.css-1dn8jmj:hover{background-color:#D4D4D4;color:#000;}.css-1lqj95v{display:inline-block;gap:0px;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;border:0.0625rem solid black;padding:0.625rem;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.4;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:FreightSansW01,FreightSansW01-upcase-roboto,FreightSansW01-upcase-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;-webkit-transition:background 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:background 0.3s ease-in-out;}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-1lqj95v{text-align:left;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-1lqj95v{text-align:center;}}.css-1lqj95v:hover{background-color:#D4D4D4;color:#000;}.css-1wohilq{position:fixed;bottom:0;width:100%;z-index:10000000;background-color:#E5E5E5;color:#000000;text-align:center;}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-1wohilq{display:none;}}.css-6bu6ey{min-width:18.75rem;text-align:center;z-index:2000000;position:relative;}.css-1o9hvj{visibility:hidden;position:absolute;right:0.625rem;bottom:auto;top:-0.7rem;padding:0rem;margin:0rem;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;z-index:2000000;box-sizing:content-box;width:1.4rem;height:1.4rem;border:2px solid white;border-radius:1em;color:#000000;text-overflow:clip;cursor:pointer;background-color:#000000;box-shadow:1px 1px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.2);}.css-1o9hvj::before{display:inline-block;box-sizing:content-box;width:0.75rem;height:0.1rem;position:absolute;content:"";border:none;color:#000000;text-overflow:clip;background-color:#ffffff;text-shadow:none;inset:0;margin:auto;-webkit-transform:rotateZ(45deg);-moz-transform:rotateZ(45deg);-ms-transform:rotateZ(45deg);transform:rotateZ(45deg);}.css-1o9hvj::after{display:inline-block;box-sizing:content-box;width:0.75rem;height:0.1rem;position:absolute;content:"";border:none;color:#000000;text-overflow:clip;background-color:#ffffff;text-shadow:none;inset:0;margin:auto;-webkit-transform:rotateZ(-45deg);-moz-transform:rotateZ(-45deg);-ms-transform:rotateZ(-45deg);transform:rotateZ(-45deg);}.css-1l76243{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background-color:#1c6a65;color:#fff;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;overflow:hidden;-webkit-transition:height 0.5s ease-out;transition:height 0.5s ease-out;z-index:14000001;}.css-1l76243 [data-theme-key='button-primary']:hover{background-color:transparent;color:#fff;}.css-c2mbg0{position:fixed;bottom:0rem;right:0rem;left:0rem;width:100%;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;justify-content:flex-end;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;height:0rem;padding:0rem;margin:0rem;background-color:#1c6a65;color:#fff;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background-color:#1c6a65;color:#fff;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;overflow:hidden;-webkit-transition:height 0.5s ease-out;transition:height 0.5s ease-out;z-index:14000001;}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-c2mbg0{height:0rem;padding:0rem;}}.css-c2mbg0 [data-theme-key='button-primary']:hover{background-color:transparent;color:#fff;}.css-c2mbg0 [data-theme-key='button-primary']:hover{background-color:transparent;color:#fff;}.css-ks2ry9{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:auto;-webkit-transition:250ms height ease-in-out;transition:250ms height ease-in-out;font-size:1.1875rem;line-height:1.6;font-family:Charter,Charter-roboto,Charter-local,Georgia,Times,Serif;}.css-ks2ry9 em{font-style:italic;font-family:Charter,Charter-styleitalic-roboto,Charter-styleitalic-local,Georgia,Times,Serif;}.css-ks2ry9 strong{font-family:Charter,Charter-weightbold-roboto,Charter-weightbold-local,Georgia,Times,Serif;font-weight:bold;}.css-1wjzpdh{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;font-family:Inter,Inter-roboto,Inter-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;}@media(min-width: 30rem){.css-1wjzpdh{max-width:80%;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-1wjzpdh{-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;max-width:-webkit-fit-content;max-width:-moz-fit-content;max-width:fit-content;}}.css-1mqiucd{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;height:100%;-webkit-box-pack:space-around;-ms-flex-pack:space-around;-webkit-justify-content:space-around;justify-content:space-around;padding-right:0rem;width:100%;}@media(min-width: 20rem){.css-1mqiucd{padding-right:10%;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-1mqiucd{padding-right:0rem;width:600px;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-1mqiucd{width:900px;}}@media(min-width: 73.75rem){.css-1mqiucd{width:1000px;}}.css-nv49m3{font-weight:400;font-size:14px;line-height:19.2px;}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-nv49m3{max-width:540px;}}@media(min-width: 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60-plus years.</div><div class="css-1ftq7xy e1f1sunr5"><address class="css-wv4d7 e1v8cotw2"><span data-theme-key="by-line-name" class="css-1hpra6i e1v8cotw1">By <a data-theme-key="popover-trigger" title="Anatoly Zak" alt href="/author/7726/anatoly-zak/" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="dialog" class="er6ohko0 e1puv02z1 css-1b6aj23 e1c1bym14">Anatoly Zak</a></span><time class="css-3y33je e1f1sunr4">Published: Oct 21, 2013 1:00 PM EDT</time></address></div><div class="no-print css-17vu5fu e1f1sunr11"><div data-journey-blur="true" class="content-header-actions css-18jz25a e1f1sunr10"><button data-theme-key="button-primary" data-vars-ga-name="recipe-save-button" data-vars-ga-recipe-button-state="recipe_save" class="contentSaveButton css-tghghn e12nq69g1"><img data-dynamic-svg="true" src="/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/saved.ad81f1a.svg?primary=%2523ffffff" loading="lazy" data-testid="dynamic-svg-base" height="24" width="24" alt="bookmarks" class="css-1exgad7 eah8dyz1"/>Save 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srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1xw:1xh;center,top&resize=980:*" media="(min-width: 48rem)"/><source srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1xw:1xh;center,top&resize=640:*" media="(max-width: 48rem)"/><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1xw:1xh;center,top&resize=640:*" alt="this image is not available" title="Image No Longer Available" width="1080" height="1080" decoding="async" fetchPriority="high" sizes="100vw"/></picture></div><section data-lazy-id="P0-8"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption-lead-image" class="css-285vyd e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-3v2r6c e1geg53v2">Media Platforms Design Team</span></figcaption></section></div><div data-journey-listicle-introduction="true" class="listicle-intro css-1mdnnmm e13lia4i13"><span>PopMech travels to Tomilino, Russia, to a factory that has been building Russian spacesuits for 60-plus years.</span></div></div></div></section><div class="css-1jh7ofx e13lia4i12"><div class="css-65qmx2 e13lia4i11"><div class="standard-article-vertical-ad e13lia4i10 css-8d4de6 e19qkiag2"><div id="gpt-ad-vertical-top" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div></div><section id="slide-1" data-anchor-id="slide-1" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-8binen e16kmapv7"><div class="css-gd5gam e16kmapv6"><span class="css-1quk5zh e16kmapv2">1</span><h2 class="css-1o36o3r e16kmapv5">Step Inside the Russian Spacesuit Factory </h2><div class="css-voix3z eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh&resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh&resize=980:* 980w" alt="this image is not available" data-cy="slide-image-1" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh&resize=980:*" title="Image No Longer Available" width="1080" height="1080" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-qwlzud e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-3v2r6c e1geg53v2">Media Platforms Design Team</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-1h3t9lj e16kmapv3"><div class="css-h4zml9 e16kmapv4">The town of Tomilino, some 16 miles southeast of Moscow, is rather unassuming about its role in the history of space exploration. A snack kiosk and a shaky sign for a bus stop are about all there is to greet a visitor getting off the commuter train. There is no statue of the world's first cosmonaut, Yuri Gagarin, in his bright-orange spacesuit waving to earthlings after his successful landing. But that's a shame, because Tomilino is the home of the world's few workshops where space travelers can get their outfits. <br/><br/> Established in October 1952, top-secret Factory No. 918 developed all Russian spacesuits along with numerous life-support and safety systems, including catapult chairs for military pilots, various protective gear, and even space-based toilets and showers. With the work no longer classified, the company, renamed Zvezda (Star), carries on its unique and often dangerous experimental work for aviation and space here: Minutes after I passed through security into Zvezda's campus, a loud bang shook the air. "A catapult just went off," my guide said. <br/><br/> Most of the out-of-this-world artifacts developed at Zvezda over its six-decade history are now displayed inside the company's recently renovated demo hall. Resembling an airlock of some interplanetary cruiser, this long gallery is lined with glass capsules that contain original spacesuits worn by pioneers of space exploration during their actual missions. <br/><br/> <em>Anatoly Zak is the publisher of <a href="http://www.RussianSpaceWeb.com" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="http://www.RussianSpaceWeb.com" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="RussianSpaceWeb.com" class="body-link css-1kk1geb emevuu60">RussianSpaceWeb.com</a> and the author of </em>Russia in Space, the Past Explained, the Future Explored<em>, just published by Apogee Prime.</em> <br/><br/></div></div></div></div></section><section id="slide-2" data-anchor-id="slide-2" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-8binen e16kmapv7"><div class="css-gd5gam e16kmapv6"><span class="css-1quk5zh e16kmapv2">2</span><div class="css-voix3z eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1xw:0.75xh;center,top&resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1xw:0.75xh;center,top&resize=980:* 980w" alt="this image is not available" data-cy="slide-image-2" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1xw:0.75xh;center,top&resize=980:*" title="Image No Longer Available" width="1080" height="1080" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-qwlzud e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-3v2r6c e1geg53v2">Media Platforms Design Team</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-1h3t9lj e16kmapv3"><div class="css-h4zml9 e16kmapv4">The USSR started its foray into space at the beginning of the 1950s by launching dogs on ballistic missiles into arc-shaped trajectories that touched the edge of space. For these flights, Factory No. 918 designed rocket-powered sleds and pressure suits complete with transparent helmets. These enabled a pair of dogs to eject and land safely under a parachute after their rocket had exhausted its fuel and began falling back to Earth. Sadly, some dogs did perish due to equipment failures, including the famous Laika, whose cabin (far right) was not designed to return from the first and only one-way mission into orbit launched by the USSR in November 1957. <br/><br/></div></div></div></div></section></section><div data-journey-unblur="true"><div data-journey-unblur="true" class="gpt-breaker-container breaker-ad breaker-ad listicle-slide-list-ad eutn2uj1 css-vroe5m e1spmc110"><div class="ad-disclaimer no-print css-ul6h9p e1caqep90">Advertisement - Continue Reading Below</div><div id="listicle-ad-breaker-0" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div><section data-ad-index="1" class="css-t6ry6e e13lia4i18"><section id="slide-3" data-anchor-id="slide-3" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-8binen e16kmapv7"><div class="css-gd5gam e16kmapv6"><span class="css-1quk5zh e16kmapv2">3</span><div class="css-voix3z eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh&resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh&resize=980:* 980w" alt="this image is not available" data-cy="slide-image-3" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh&resize=980:*" title="Image No Longer Available" width="1080" height="1080" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-qwlzud e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-3v2r6c e1geg53v2">Media Platforms Design Team</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-1h3t9lj e16kmapv3"><div class="css-h4zml9 e16kmapv4">During the world's first orbital spaceflight, on April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin was riding the Vostok spacecraft in the V3A ejection seat and wore the SK-1 safety suit now both prominently displayed in the demo hall. However, after Gagarin's SK-1 suit was returned to its creators shortly after Vostok's landing, they had little appreciation for its historic value, seeing it only as another iteration in their unending race to improve flight gear. As a result, the priceless artifact ended up with two holes cut in the chest area, made by engineers pondering upgrades. <br/><br/></div></div></div></div></section><section id="slide-4" data-anchor-id="slide-4" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-8binen e16kmapv7"><div class="css-gd5gam e16kmapv6"><span class="css-1quk5zh e16kmapv2">4</span><div class="css-voix3z eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh&resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh&resize=980:* 980w" alt="this image is not available" data-cy="slide-image-4" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh&resize=980:*" title="Image No Longer Available" width="1080" height="1080" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-qwlzud e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-3v2r6c e1geg53v2">Media Platforms Design Team</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-1h3t9lj e16kmapv3"><div class="css-h4zml9 e16kmapv4">According to Zvezda folklore, the flight jacket worn by the first woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova, during her difficult three-day mission 50 years ago did not survive a botched post-landing attempt by the company's technicians to machine wash it. However, its original Dove of Peace insignia was reportedly saved and sewn onto this similar garment now on display. <br/><br/></div></div></div></div></section><div class="css-1sirylr eutn2uj0"><div class="vertical-ad right-rail-ad listicle--ad-rail css-80uhvq e13lia4i5"><div class="e13lia4i6 css-4z3bwe e19qkiag2"><div id="listicle-ad-rail-0" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div></div></section><div data-journey-unblur="true"><div data-journey-unblur="true" class="gpt-breaker-container breaker-ad breaker-ad listicle-slide-list-ad eutn2uj1 css-vroe5m e1spmc110"><div class="ad-disclaimer no-print css-ul6h9p e1caqep90">Advertisement - Continue Reading Below</div><div id="listicle-ad-breaker-1" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div><section data-ad-index="2" class="css-t6ry6e e13lia4i18"><section id="slide-5" data-anchor-id="slide-5" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-8binen e16kmapv7"><div class="css-gd5gam e16kmapv6"><span class="css-1quk5zh e16kmapv2">5</span><div class="css-voix3z eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh&resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh&resize=980:* 980w" alt="this image is not available" data-cy="slide-image-5" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh&resize=980:*" title="Image No Longer Available" width="1080" height="1080" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-qwlzud e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-3v2r6c e1geg53v2">Media Platforms Design Team</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-1h3t9lj e16kmapv3"><div class="css-h4zml9 e16kmapv4">Aleksei Leonov was wearing the Berkut spacesuit during the world's first spacewalk, taken from the Voskhod-2 spacecraft in March 1965. A 20-kilogram Berkut sported the first Soviet backpack life-support system, designated KP-55. The 21.5-kilogram unit could sustain a cosmonaut for 30 to 45 minutes during a spacewalk or in an emergency onboard the spacecraft. <br/><br/></div></div></div></div></section><section id="slide-6" data-anchor-id="slide-6" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-8binen e16kmapv7"><div class="css-gd5gam e16kmapv6"><span class="css-1quk5zh e16kmapv2">6</span><div class="css-voix3z eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh&resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh&resize=980:* 980w" alt="this image is not available" data-cy="slide-image-6" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh&resize=980:*" title="Image No Longer Available" width="1080" height="1080" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-qwlzud e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-3v2r6c e1geg53v2">Media Platforms Design Team</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-1h3t9lj e16kmapv3"><div class="css-h4zml9 e16kmapv4">During the 1960s, engineers at Factory No. 918 endeavored to resolve the out-of-this-world problem of cosmonauts maneuvering outside their spacecraft. The result was a Unit for Cosmonaut Transfer and Maneuvering, UMPK. This space bike was to be propelled by 84 solid-propellent motors and 14 cold-gas thrusters. It was to be tested during Voskhod-5 or Voskhod-6 missions. But both were cancelled, leaving the UMPK unit just a museum artifact. <br/><br/></div></div></div></div></section><div class="css-1sirylr eutn2uj0"><div class="vertical-ad right-rail-ad listicle--ad-rail css-80uhvq e13lia4i5"><div class="e13lia4i6 css-4z3bwe e19qkiag2"><div id="listicle-ad-rail-1" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div></div></section><div data-journey-unblur="true"><div data-journey-unblur="true" class="gpt-breaker-container breaker-ad breaker-ad listicle-slide-list-ad eutn2uj1 css-vroe5m e1spmc110"><div class="ad-disclaimer no-print css-ul6h9p e1caqep90">Advertisement - Continue Reading Below</div><div id="listicle-ad-breaker-2" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div><section data-ad-index="3" class="css-t6ry6e e13lia4i18"><section id="slide-7" data-anchor-id="slide-7" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-8binen e16kmapv7"><div class="css-gd5gam e16kmapv6"><span class="css-1quk5zh e16kmapv2">7</span><div class="css-voix3z eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh&resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh&resize=980:* 980w" alt="this image is not available" data-cy="slide-image-7" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh&resize=980:*" title="Image No Longer Available" width="1080" height="1080" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-qwlzud e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-3v2r6c e1geg53v2">Media Platforms Design Team</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-1h3t9lj e16kmapv3"><div class="css-h4zml9 e16kmapv4">The USSR developed a much more advanced personal maneuvering unit, called 21KS, during the 1980s. It was successfully tested onboard the Mir space station in February 1990, when a pair of cosmonauts took turns to fly 33 to 45 meters (more than 100 feet) from their orbital home. Unlike American astronauts who pioneered the use of a similar contraption onboard the space shuttle six years earlier, the Soviet cosmonauts remained tethered to the station. <br/><br/></div></div></div></div></section><section id="slide-8" data-anchor-id="slide-8" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-8binen e16kmapv7"><div class="css-gd5gam e16kmapv6"><span class="css-1quk5zh e16kmapv2">8</span><div class="css-voix3z eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1xw:0.75xh;center,top&resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1xw:0.75xh;center,top&resize=980:* 980w" alt="this image is not available" data-cy="slide-image-8" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1xw:0.75xh;center,top&resize=980:*" title="Image No Longer Available" width="1080" height="1080" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-qwlzud e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-3v2r6c e1geg53v2">Media Platforms Design Team</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-1h3t9lj e16kmapv3"><div class="css-h4zml9 e16kmapv4">The development of the Buran, the Soviet equivalent of the space shuttle, posed new challenges for spacesuit designers. During early test launches of the winged spacecraft, Buran's pilots would sit in K-36RB ejection seats, ready to bail out in the event of a catastrophic failure up to an altitude of 40 kilometers. To protect the pilot from the enormous heat generated during a supersonic free-fall from the stratosphere, the Strizh spacesuit, seen here, had a leather-covered external layer. The Strizh could also protect pilots in case Buran's cabin was breached in orbit, giving the crew 12 to 24 hours to return their space plane back to Earth. During its development, one of the Strizh suits (second from the left) was placed in an unmanned Soyuz rocket and ejected in midflight in order to prove its design. However, the Buran spacecraft flew only one unmanned mission before the program stalled at the end of the Cold War. <br/><br/></div></div></div></div></section><div class="css-1sirylr eutn2uj0"><div class="vertical-ad right-rail-ad listicle--ad-rail css-80uhvq e13lia4i5"><div class="e13lia4i6 css-4z3bwe e19qkiag2"><div id="listicle-ad-rail-2" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div></div></section><div data-journey-unblur="true"></div><section data-ad-index="4" class="css-t6ry6e e13lia4i18"><section id="slide-9" data-anchor-id="slide-9" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-8binen e16kmapv7"><div class="css-gd5gam e16kmapv6"><span class="css-1quk5zh e16kmapv2">9</span><div class="css-voix3z eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1xw:0.75xh;center,top&resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1xw:0.75xh;center,top&resize=980:* 980w" alt="this image is not available" data-cy="slide-image-9" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1xw:0.75xh;center,top&resize=980:*" title="Image No Longer Available" width="1080" height="1080" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-qwlzud e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-3v2r6c e1geg53v2">Media Platforms Design Team</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-1h3t9lj e16kmapv3"><div class="css-h4zml9 e16kmapv4">During a highly publicized MARS-500 experiment in 2011, a group of volunteers was locked up for a year and a half in a life-size mockup of a Mars-bound spacecraft. Although the group never truly left Earth, the project gave Russian engineers their first opportunity to practice building a spacesuit for walks on the surface of the Red Planet (left). <br/><br/></div></div></div></div></section><section id="slide-10" data-anchor-id="slide-10" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-8binen e16kmapv7"><div class="css-gd5gam e16kmapv6"><span class="css-1quk5zh e16kmapv2">10</span><div class="css-voix3z eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh&resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh&resize=980:* 980w" alt="this image is not available" data-cy="slide-image-10" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh&resize=980:*" title="Image No Longer Available" width="1080" height="1080" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-qwlzud e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-3v2r6c e1geg53v2">Media Platforms Design Team</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-1h3t9lj e16kmapv3"><div class="css-h4zml9 e16kmapv4">They're much less glamorous but no less necessary than spacesuits. Space toilets of several generations have been built here. The museum display represents the ASU-8A device, whose key components were first developed for the Buran orbiter. Later, a modified version provided conveniences for the crew of the Mir space station. Although it was designed for a spacecraft with a crew of three to six, ASU-8A required a periodic replacement of waste containers (right), which would be loaded into departing cargo ships to burn up in the atmosphere along with other trash. <br/><br/></div></div></div></div></section><div class="css-1sirylr eutn2uj0"><div class="vertical-ad right-rail-ad listicle--ad-rail css-80uhvq e13lia4i5"><div class="e13lia4i6 css-4z3bwe e19qkiag2"><div id="listicle-ad-rail-3" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div></div></section><div data-journey-unblur="true"><div data-journey-unblur="true" class="gpt-breaker-container breaker-ad breaker-ad listicle-slide-list-ad eutn2uj1 css-vroe5m e1spmc110"><div class="ad-disclaimer no-print css-ul6h9p e1caqep90">Advertisement - Continue Reading Below</div><div id="listicle-ad-breaker-4" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div><section data-ad-index="5" class="css-t6ry6e e13lia4i18"><section id="slide-11" data-anchor-id="slide-11" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-8binen e16kmapv7"><div class="css-gd5gam e16kmapv6"><span class="css-1quk5zh e16kmapv2">11</span><div class="css-voix3z eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh&resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh&resize=980:* 980w" alt="this image is not available" data-cy="slide-image-11" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh&resize=980:*" title="Image No Longer Available" width="1080" height="1080" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-qwlzud e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-3v2r6c e1geg53v2">Media Platforms Design Team</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-1h3t9lj e16kmapv3"><div class="css-h4zml9 e16kmapv4">Engineers at Zvezda attempted to bring Soviet "space hotels" to a five-star level with the development of an orbital shower. It was first employed onboard the Salyut-6 space station, launched in 1977. However, veterans of the project admit that the hassle of using the water-hungry device rendered it impractical. <br/><br/></div></div></div></div></section><section id="slide-12" data-anchor-id="slide-12" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-8binen e16kmapv7"><div class="css-gd5gam e16kmapv6"><span class="css-1quk5zh e16kmapv2">12</span><div class="css-voix3z eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1xw:0.75xh;center,top&resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1xw:0.75xh;center,top&resize=980:* 980w" alt="this image is not available" data-cy="slide-image-12" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1xw:0.75xh;center,top&resize=980:*" title="Image No Longer Available" width="1080" height="1080" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-qwlzud e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-3v2r6c e1geg53v2">Media Platforms Design Team</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-1h3t9lj e16kmapv3"><div class="css-h4zml9 e16kmapv4">Russia's spacefaring past and future meet inside Zvezda's vast centrifuge room. Currently undergoing renovations for the future development work, the facility was once a backdrop for the iconic footage of Yuri Gagarin enduring a dizzying centrifuge spin. <br/><br/></div></div></div></div></section><div class="css-1sirylr eutn2uj0"><div class="vertical-ad right-rail-ad listicle--ad-rail css-80uhvq e13lia4i5"><div class="e13lia4i6 css-4z3bwe e19qkiag2"><div id="listicle-ad-rail-4" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div></div></section><div data-journey-unblur="true"><div data-journey-unblur="true" class="gpt-breaker-container breaker-ad breaker-ad listicle-slide-list-ad eutn2uj1 css-vroe5m e1spmc110"><div class="ad-disclaimer no-print css-ul6h9p e1caqep90">Advertisement - Continue Reading Below</div><div id="listicle-ad-breaker-5" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div><section data-ad-index="6" class="css-t6ry6e e13lia4i18"><section id="slide-13" data-anchor-id="slide-13" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-8binen e16kmapv7"><div class="css-gd5gam e16kmapv6"><span class="css-1quk5zh e16kmapv2">13</span><div class="css-voix3z eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1xw:0.75xh;center,top&resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1xw:0.75xh;center,top&resize=980:* 980w" alt="this image is not available" data-cy="slide-image-13" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1xw:0.75xh;center,top&resize=980:*" title="Image No Longer Available" width="1080" height="1080" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-qwlzud e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-3v2r6c e1geg53v2">Media Platforms Design Team</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-1h3t9lj e16kmapv3"><div class="css-h4zml9 e16kmapv4">The latest incarnation of the Orlan spacesuit undergoes final checks before its delivery to the International Space Station, where it would be used for multiple ventures onto the exterior of the orbiting outpost staged from the Russian segment of the ISS. <br/><br/></div></div></div></div></section><section id="slide-14" data-anchor-id="slide-14" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-8binen e16kmapv7"><div class="css-gd5gam e16kmapv6"><span class="css-1quk5zh e16kmapv2">14</span><div class="css-voix3z eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1xw:0.75xh;center,top&resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1xw:0.75xh;center,top&resize=980:* 980w" alt="this image is not available" data-cy="slide-image-14" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1xw:0.75xh;center,top&resize=980:*" title="Image No Longer Available" width="1080" height="1080" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-qwlzud e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-3v2r6c e1geg53v2">Media Platforms Design Team</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-1h3t9lj e16kmapv3"><div class="css-h4zml9 e16kmapv4">Spacesuits designed for spacewalks can be tested inside a 50-cubic-meter KS-5411 vacuum chamber that mimics conditions in space. The facility was once used to prepare a welding experiment, which was later repeated onboard the Salyut-7 space station. <br/><br/></div></div></div></div></section><div class="css-1sirylr eutn2uj0"><div class="vertical-ad right-rail-ad listicle--ad-rail css-80uhvq e13lia4i5"><div class="e13lia4i6 css-4z3bwe e19qkiag2"><div id="listicle-ad-rail-5" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div></div></section><div data-journey-unblur="true"><div data-journey-unblur="true" class="gpt-breaker-container breaker-ad breaker-ad listicle-slide-list-ad eutn2uj1 css-vroe5m e1spmc110"><div class="ad-disclaimer no-print css-ul6h9p e1caqep90">Advertisement - Continue Reading Below</div><div id="listicle-ad-breaker-6" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div><section data-ad-index="7" class="css-t6ry6e e13lia4i18"><section id="slide-15" data-anchor-id="slide-15" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-8binen e16kmapv7"><div class="css-gd5gam e16kmapv6"><span class="css-1quk5zh e16kmapv2">15</span><div class="css-voix3z eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1xw:0.75xh;center,top&resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1xw:0.75xh;center,top&resize=980:* 980w" alt="this image is not available" data-cy="slide-image-15" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1xw:0.75xh;center,top&resize=980:*" title="Image No Longer Available" width="1080" height="1080" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-qwlzud e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-3v2r6c e1geg53v2">Media Platforms Design Team</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-1h3t9lj e16kmapv3"><div class="css-h4zml9 e16kmapv4">All cosmonauts (and now astronauts) preparing to fly on board Soyuz spacecraft undergo a risky test inside the vacuum chamber at Zvezda. The procedure aims to familiarize Soyuz crew members with "space-grade" vacuum and demonstrate protective capabilities of their Sokol rescue suits. Ironically, Soyuz crews will never experience vacuum conditions during a real flight unless their spacecraft is hit with a catastrophic failure leading to a loss of pressure in the cabin. When this photo was taken, a European astronaut scheduled to fly to the ISS was undergoing the test inside the chamber. A medical emergency team was on standby in the same room. <br/><br/></div></div></div></div></section><section id="slide-16" data-anchor-id="slide-16" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-8binen e16kmapv7"><div class="css-gd5gam e16kmapv6"><span class="css-1quk5zh e16kmapv2">16</span><div class="css-voix3z eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh&resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh&resize=980:* 980w" alt="this image is not available" data-cy="slide-image-16" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png?crop=1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh&resize=980:*" title="Image No Longer Available" width="1080" height="1080" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-qwlzud e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-3v2r6c e1geg53v2">Media Platforms Design Team</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-1h3t9lj e16kmapv3"><div class="css-h4zml9 e16kmapv4">Relying on 60 years of experience in designing cosmonaut chairs for Russia's spacecraft, engineers at Zvezda are currently working on a new seating arrangement for the next-generation spacecraft. They used a cutting-edge 3D printing technology to produce this full-scale prototype of the chair, dubbed Cheget after a mountain in the Caucasus range. Still, the chair could go through many incarnations before the final design emerges. <br/><br/></div></div></div></div></section><div class="css-1sirylr eutn2uj0"><div class="vertical-ad right-rail-ad listicle--ad-rail css-80uhvq e13lia4i5"><div class="e13lia4i6 css-4z3bwe e19qkiag2"><div id="listicle-ad-rail-6" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div></div></section><section class="css-t6ry6e e13lia4i18"><div data-journey-blur="partial" class="css-1e54vvi e13lia4i9"><div class="css-16s525c e13lia4i8"><div data-journey-blur="partial" data-ad-exclude="true" class="css-19m4yzp e1jy25xv0"><div class="css-sfzxfp ev8dhu59"><span class="css-3mrz81 ev8dhu51"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/rover/profile_photos/dc7fbbcb-8d66-410e-838c-24920a9e5ca9_1509754896.jpg?fill=1:1&resize=120:*" alt="Headshot of Anatoly Zak" title="Headshot of Anatoly Zak" width="100%" height="100%" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="css-o0wq4v ev8dhu53"/></span><div class="css-gorqpr ev8dhu58"><span class="css-0 ev8dhu56"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/author/7726/anatoly-zak/" class="e1c1bym13 css-siwijo e1c1bym14"><span>Anatoly Zak</span></a></span></div><div class="css-1dsojn8 ev8dhu55"><div class="css-1blykqe ev8dhu54">Anatoly Zak is a publisher of RussianSpaceWeb.com and the author of "Russia in Space: the Past Explained, the Future Explored."</div></div></div></div><div data-ad-exclude="true" id="journey-inline" class="css-ciejky e1ye6jr30"></div></div></div></section></div><section data-lazy-id="P0-9"><div data-embed="watch-next" class="css-es6uyf e1a8voem5"><div data-journey-blur="partial" class="css-14vh9p e1a8voem4"><div class="css-1sowyjy e1a8voem3"><h6 class="css-57mhak e1a8voem2"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span class="css-0 e1a8voem1">Watch Next</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h6><h6 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1998during a cold flow flight, gaseous helium and liquid nitrogen are cycled through the linear aerospike engine to check the engine's plumbing system for leaks and to check the engine operating characterisitics cold flow tests must be accomplished successfully before firing the rocket engine experiment in flightthe sr 71 took off at 1016 am pst the aircraft flew for one hour and fifty seven minutes, reaching a maximum speed of mach 158 before landing at edwards at 1213 pm pst"i think all in all we had a good mission today," dryden lasre project manager dave lux saidflight crew member bob meyer agreed, saying the crew "thought it was a really good flight" dryden research pilot ed schneider piloted the sr 71 during the missionlockheed martin lasre project manager carl meade added, "we are extremely pleased with today's results this will help pave the way for the first in flight engine data collection flight of the lasre"" title="why the aerospike engine is the future of rockets" 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years.","type":"text"}],"name":"span","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"},"slides":[{"image_id":"2aa9898f-991e-4de9-918f-425a29d067d6","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1080,"role":1,"pathname":"/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png","media_type":"image","width":1080,"created_at":"2022-03-11T17:13:21.435248Z","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:1xh;center,top","2x1":"1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh","3x1":"1.00xw:0.334xh;0,0.324xh","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.667xw:1.00xh;0.167xw,0","5x1":"1.00xw:0.201xh;0,0.395xh","6x4":"1.00xw:0.668xh;0,0.144xh","8x1":"0.667xw:0.0830xh;0.154xw,0.498xh","10x2":"1.00xw:0.201xh;0,0.391xh","10x3":"1.00xw:0.301xh;0,0.346xh","10x5":"1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.234xh","16x9":"1.00xw:0.564xh;0,0.198xh","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","9x16":"0.564xw:1.00xh;0.219xw,0","18x11":"1.00xw:0.612xh;0,0.173xh"},"dek":"The town of Tomilino, some 16 miles southeast of Moscow, is rather unassuming about its role in the history of space exploration. A snack kiosk and a shaky sign for a bus stop are about all there is to greet a visitor getting off the commuter train. There is no statue of the world's first cosmonaut, Yuri Gagarin, in his bright-orange spacesuit waving to earthlings after his successful landing. But that's a shame, because Tomilino is the home of the world's few workshops where space travelers can get their outfits.\r\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e\r\nEstablished in October 1952, top-secret Factory No. 918 developed all Russian spacesuits along with numerous life-support and safety systems, including catapult chairs for military pilots, various protective gear, and even space-based toilets and showers. With the work no longer classified, the company, renamed Zvezda (Star), carries on its unique and often dangerous experimental work for aviation and space here: Minutes after I passed through security into Zvezda's campus, a loud bang shook the air. \"A catapult just went off,\" my guide said. \r\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e\r\nMost of the out-of-this-world artifacts developed at Zvezda over its six-decade history are now displayed inside the company's recently renovated demo hall. Resembling an airlock of some interplanetary cruiser, this long gallery is lined with glass capsules that contain original spacesuits worn by pioneers of space exploration during their actual missions. \r\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e\r\n\u003cem\u003eAnatoly Zak is the publisher of \u003ca href=\"http://www.RussianSpaceWeb.com\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eRussianSpaceWeb.com\u003c/a\u003e and the author of \u003c/em\u003eRussia in Space, the Past Explained, the Future Explored\u003cem\u003e, just published by Apogee Prime.\u003c/em\u003e\r\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e","headline":"Step Inside the Russian Spacesuit Factory ","selected_crop":"2x1","skip_slide_numbering":"0","hide_social":true,"dekDom":{"children":[{"data":"The town of Tomilino, some 16 miles southeast of Moscow, is rather unassuming about its role in the history of space exploration. A snack kiosk and a shaky sign for a bus stop are about all there is to greet a visitor getting off the commuter train. There is no statue of the world's first cosmonaut, Yuri Gagarin, in his bright-orange spacesuit waving to earthlings after his successful landing. But that's a shame, because Tomilino is the home of the world's few workshops where space travelers can get their outfits.\r\n","type":"text"},{"children":[],"name":"br","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[],"name":"br","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":"\r\nEstablished in October 1952, top-secret Factory No. 918 developed all Russian spacesuits along with numerous life-support and safety systems, including catapult chairs for military pilots, various protective gear, and even space-based toilets and showers. With the work no longer classified, the company, renamed Zvezda (Star), carries on its unique and often dangerous experimental work for aviation and space here: Minutes after I passed through security into Zvezda's campus, a loud bang shook the air. \"A catapult just went off,\" my guide said. \r\n","type":"text"},{"children":[],"name":"br","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[],"name":"br","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":"\r\nMost of the out-of-this-world artifacts developed at Zvezda over its six-decade history are now displayed inside the company's recently renovated demo hall. Resembling an airlock of some interplanetary cruiser, this long gallery is lined with glass capsules that contain original spacesuits worn by pioneers of space exploration during their actual missions. \r\n","type":"text"},{"children":[],"name":"br","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[],"name":"br","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":"\r\n","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Anatoly Zak is the publisher of ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"RussianSpaceWeb.com","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"http://www.RussianSpaceWeb.com","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"http://www.RussianSpaceWeb.com","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"RussianSpaceWeb.com","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" and the author of ","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":"Russia in Space, the Past Explained, the Future Explored","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":", just published by Apogee Prime.","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":"\r\n","type":"text"},{"children":[],"name":"br","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[],"name":"br","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"},"headlineDom":{"children":[{"data":"Step Inside the Russian Spacesuit Factory ","type":"text"}],"type":"root"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Image No Longer Available","seo_meta_description":"this image is not available"},"photographer":{"name":"Media Platforms Design Team"},"id":"2aa9898f-991e-4de9-918f-425a29d067d6","media_id":"5c0ab105-a2e4-4c5c-a055-e659433b13c4"},{"image_id":"2aa9898f-991e-4de9-918f-425a29d067d6","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1080,"role":1,"pathname":"/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png","media_type":"image","width":1080,"created_at":"2022-03-11T17:12:48.461644Z","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:1xh;center,top","2x1":"1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh","3x1":"1.00xw:0.334xh;0,0.324xh","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.667xw:1.00xh;0.167xw,0","5x1":"1.00xw:0.201xh;0,0.395xh","6x4":"1.00xw:0.668xh;0,0.144xh","8x1":"0.667xw:0.0830xh;0.154xw,0.498xh","10x2":"1.00xw:0.201xh;0,0.391xh","10x3":"1.00xw:0.301xh;0,0.346xh","10x5":"1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.234xh","16x9":"1.00xw:0.564xh;0,0.198xh","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","9x16":"0.564xw:1.00xh;0.219xw,0","18x11":"1.00xw:0.612xh;0,0.173xh"},"dek":"The USSR started its foray into space at the beginning of the 1950s by launching dogs on ballistic missiles into arc-shaped trajectories that touched the edge of space. For these flights, Factory No. 918 designed rocket-powered sleds and pressure suits complete with transparent helmets. These enabled a pair of dogs to eject and land safely under a parachute after their rocket had exhausted its fuel and began falling back to Earth. Sadly, some dogs did perish due to equipment failures, including the famous Laika, whose cabin (far right) was not designed to return from the first and only one-way mission into orbit launched by the USSR in November 1957.\r\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e","headline":"","selected_crop":"4x3","skip_slide_numbering":"0","hide_social":true,"dekDom":{"children":[{"data":"The USSR started its foray into space at the beginning of the 1950s by launching dogs on ballistic missiles into arc-shaped trajectories that touched the edge of space. For these flights, Factory No. 918 designed rocket-powered sleds and pressure suits complete with transparent helmets. These enabled a pair of dogs to eject and land safely under a parachute after their rocket had exhausted its fuel and began falling back to Earth. Sadly, some dogs did perish due to equipment failures, including the famous Laika, whose cabin (far right) was not designed to return from the first and only one-way mission into orbit launched by the USSR in November 1957.\r\n","type":"text"},{"children":[],"name":"br","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[],"name":"br","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Image No Longer Available","seo_meta_description":"this image is not available"},"photographer":{"name":"Media Platforms Design Team"},"id":"2aa9898f-991e-4de9-918f-425a29d067d6","media_id":"95dcee89-82b8-4080-ade5-daf39ec4321f"},{"image_id":"2aa9898f-991e-4de9-918f-425a29d067d6","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1080,"role":1,"pathname":"/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png","media_type":"image","width":1080,"created_at":"2022-03-11T17:12:52.803274Z","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:1xh;center,top","2x1":"1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh","3x1":"1.00xw:0.334xh;0,0.324xh","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.667xw:1.00xh;0.167xw,0","5x1":"1.00xw:0.201xh;0,0.395xh","6x4":"1.00xw:0.668xh;0,0.144xh","8x1":"0.667xw:0.0830xh;0.154xw,0.498xh","10x2":"1.00xw:0.201xh;0,0.391xh","10x3":"1.00xw:0.301xh;0,0.346xh","10x5":"1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.234xh","16x9":"1.00xw:0.564xh;0,0.198xh","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","9x16":"0.564xw:1.00xh;0.219xw,0","18x11":"1.00xw:0.612xh;0,0.173xh"},"dek":"During the world's first orbital spaceflight, on April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin was riding the Vostok spacecraft in the V3A ejection seat and wore the SK-1 safety suit now both prominently displayed in the demo hall. However, after Gagarin's SK-1 suit was returned to its creators shortly after Vostok's landing, they had little appreciation for its historic value, seeing it only as another iteration in their unending race to improve flight gear. As a result, the priceless artifact ended up with two holes cut in the chest area, made by engineers pondering upgrades. \r\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e","headline":"","selected_crop":"2x1","skip_slide_numbering":"0","hide_social":true,"dekDom":{"children":[{"data":"During the world's first orbital spaceflight, on April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin was riding the Vostok spacecraft in the V3A ejection seat and wore the SK-1 safety suit now both prominently displayed in the demo hall. However, after Gagarin's SK-1 suit was returned to its creators shortly after Vostok's landing, they had little appreciation for its historic value, seeing it only as another iteration in their unending race to improve flight gear. As a result, the priceless artifact ended up with two holes cut in the chest area, made by engineers pondering upgrades. \r\n","type":"text"},{"children":[],"name":"br","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[],"name":"br","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Image No Longer Available","seo_meta_description":"this image is not available"},"photographer":{"name":"Media Platforms Design Team"},"id":"2aa9898f-991e-4de9-918f-425a29d067d6","media_id":"a4673782-ff37-498c-93d7-8e8fd24af6a9"},{"image_id":"2aa9898f-991e-4de9-918f-425a29d067d6","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1080,"role":1,"pathname":"/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png","media_type":"image","width":1080,"created_at":"2022-03-11T17:13:08.285091Z","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:1xh;center,top","2x1":"1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh","3x1":"1.00xw:0.334xh;0,0.324xh","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.667xw:1.00xh;0.167xw,0","5x1":"1.00xw:0.201xh;0,0.395xh","6x4":"1.00xw:0.668xh;0,0.144xh","8x1":"0.667xw:0.0830xh;0.154xw,0.498xh","10x2":"1.00xw:0.201xh;0,0.391xh","10x3":"1.00xw:0.301xh;0,0.346xh","10x5":"1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.234xh","16x9":"1.00xw:0.564xh;0,0.198xh","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","9x16":"0.564xw:1.00xh;0.219xw,0","18x11":"1.00xw:0.612xh;0,0.173xh"},"dek":"According to Zvezda folklore, the flight jacket worn by the first woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova, during her difficult three-day mission 50 years ago did not survive a botched post-landing attempt by the company's technicians to machine wash it. However, its original Dove of Peace insignia was reportedly saved and sewn onto this similar garment now on display.\r\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e","headline":"","selected_crop":"2x1","skip_slide_numbering":"0","hide_social":true,"dekDom":{"children":[{"data":"According to Zvezda folklore, the flight jacket worn by the first woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova, during her difficult three-day mission 50 years ago did not survive a botched post-landing attempt by the company's technicians to machine wash it. However, its original Dove of Peace insignia was reportedly saved and sewn onto this similar garment now on display.\r\n","type":"text"},{"children":[],"name":"br","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[],"name":"br","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Image No Longer Available","seo_meta_description":"this image is not available"},"photographer":{"name":"Media Platforms Design Team"},"id":"2aa9898f-991e-4de9-918f-425a29d067d6","media_id":"f0234edb-249d-40f6-9b43-30f23b31b45a"},{"image_id":"2aa9898f-991e-4de9-918f-425a29d067d6","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1080,"role":1,"pathname":"/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png","media_type":"image","width":1080,"created_at":"2022-03-11T17:12:54.968364Z","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:1xh;center,top","2x1":"1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh","3x1":"1.00xw:0.334xh;0,0.324xh","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.667xw:1.00xh;0.167xw,0","5x1":"1.00xw:0.201xh;0,0.395xh","6x4":"1.00xw:0.668xh;0,0.144xh","8x1":"0.667xw:0.0830xh;0.154xw,0.498xh","10x2":"1.00xw:0.201xh;0,0.391xh","10x3":"1.00xw:0.301xh;0,0.346xh","10x5":"1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.234xh","16x9":"1.00xw:0.564xh;0,0.198xh","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","9x16":"0.564xw:1.00xh;0.219xw,0","18x11":"1.00xw:0.612xh;0,0.173xh"},"dek":"Aleksei Leonov was wearing the Berkut spacesuit during the world's first spacewalk, taken from the Voskhod-2 spacecraft in March 1965. A 20-kilogram Berkut sported the first Soviet backpack life-support system, designated KP-55. The 21.5-kilogram unit could sustain a cosmonaut for 30 to 45 minutes during a spacewalk or in an emergency onboard the spacecraft.\r\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e","headline":"","selected_crop":"2x1","skip_slide_numbering":"0","hide_social":true,"dekDom":{"children":[{"data":"Aleksei Leonov was wearing the Berkut spacesuit during the world's first spacewalk, taken from the Voskhod-2 spacecraft in March 1965. A 20-kilogram Berkut sported the first Soviet backpack life-support system, designated KP-55. The 21.5-kilogram unit could sustain a cosmonaut for 30 to 45 minutes during a spacewalk or in an emergency onboard the spacecraft.\r\n","type":"text"},{"children":[],"name":"br","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[],"name":"br","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Image No Longer Available","seo_meta_description":"this image is not available"},"photographer":{"name":"Media Platforms Design Team"},"id":"2aa9898f-991e-4de9-918f-425a29d067d6","media_id":"78ef403a-6dd2-48ad-a2a6-3f765eadb729"},{"image_id":"2aa9898f-991e-4de9-918f-425a29d067d6","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1080,"role":1,"pathname":"/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png","media_type":"image","width":1080,"created_at":"2022-03-11T17:12:57.208269Z","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:1xh;center,top","2x1":"1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh","3x1":"1.00xw:0.334xh;0,0.324xh","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.667xw:1.00xh;0.167xw,0","5x1":"1.00xw:0.201xh;0,0.395xh","6x4":"1.00xw:0.668xh;0,0.144xh","8x1":"0.667xw:0.0830xh;0.154xw,0.498xh","10x2":"1.00xw:0.201xh;0,0.391xh","10x3":"1.00xw:0.301xh;0,0.346xh","10x5":"1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.234xh","16x9":"1.00xw:0.564xh;0,0.198xh","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","9x16":"0.564xw:1.00xh;0.219xw,0","18x11":"1.00xw:0.612xh;0,0.173xh"},"dek":"During the 1960s, engineers at Factory No. 918 endeavored to resolve the out-of-this-world problem of cosmonauts maneuvering outside their spacecraft. The result was a Unit for Cosmonaut Transfer and Maneuvering, UMPK. This space bike was to be propelled by 84 solid-propellent motors and 14 cold-gas thrusters. It was to be tested during Voskhod-5 or Voskhod-6 missions. But both were cancelled, leaving the UMPK unit just a museum artifact.\r\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e","headline":"","selected_crop":"2x1","skip_slide_numbering":"0","hide_social":true,"dekDom":{"children":[{"data":"During the 1960s, engineers at Factory No. 918 endeavored to resolve the out-of-this-world problem of cosmonauts maneuvering outside their spacecraft. The result was a Unit for Cosmonaut Transfer and Maneuvering, UMPK. This space bike was to be propelled by 84 solid-propellent motors and 14 cold-gas thrusters. It was to be tested during Voskhod-5 or Voskhod-6 missions. But both were cancelled, leaving the UMPK unit just a museum artifact.\r\n","type":"text"},{"children":[],"name":"br","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[],"name":"br","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Image No Longer Available","seo_meta_description":"this image is not available"},"photographer":{"name":"Media Platforms Design Team"},"id":"2aa9898f-991e-4de9-918f-425a29d067d6","media_id":"a5343fa8-7739-4589-bae5-a34ca2194b68"},{"image_id":"2aa9898f-991e-4de9-918f-425a29d067d6","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1080,"role":1,"pathname":"/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png","media_type":"image","width":1080,"created_at":"2022-03-11T17:13:06.101545Z","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:1xh;center,top","2x1":"1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh","3x1":"1.00xw:0.334xh;0,0.324xh","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.667xw:1.00xh;0.167xw,0","5x1":"1.00xw:0.201xh;0,0.395xh","6x4":"1.00xw:0.668xh;0,0.144xh","8x1":"0.667xw:0.0830xh;0.154xw,0.498xh","10x2":"1.00xw:0.201xh;0,0.391xh","10x3":"1.00xw:0.301xh;0,0.346xh","10x5":"1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.234xh","16x9":"1.00xw:0.564xh;0,0.198xh","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","9x16":"0.564xw:1.00xh;0.219xw,0","18x11":"1.00xw:0.612xh;0,0.173xh"},"dek":"The USSR developed a much more advanced personal maneuvering unit, called 21KS, during the 1980s. It was successfully tested onboard the Mir space station in February 1990, when a pair of cosmonauts took turns to fly 33 to 45 meters (more than 100 feet) from their orbital home. Unlike American astronauts who pioneered the use of a similar contraption onboard the space shuttle six years earlier, the Soviet cosmonauts remained tethered to the station. \r\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e","headline":"","selected_crop":"2x1","skip_slide_numbering":"0","hide_social":true,"dekDom":{"children":[{"data":"The USSR developed a much more advanced personal maneuvering unit, called 21KS, during the 1980s. It was successfully tested onboard the Mir space station in February 1990, when a pair of cosmonauts took turns to fly 33 to 45 meters (more than 100 feet) from their orbital home. Unlike American astronauts who pioneered the use of a similar contraption onboard the space shuttle six years earlier, the Soviet cosmonauts remained tethered to the station. \r\n","type":"text"},{"children":[],"name":"br","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[],"name":"br","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Image No Longer Available","seo_meta_description":"this image is not available"},"photographer":{"name":"Media Platforms Design Team"},"id":"2aa9898f-991e-4de9-918f-425a29d067d6","media_id":"68fd1c57-281a-448f-b9ba-d110bdfb8d6e"},{"image_id":"2aa9898f-991e-4de9-918f-425a29d067d6","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1080,"role":1,"pathname":"/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png","media_type":"image","width":1080,"created_at":"2022-03-11T17:12:44.076236Z","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:1xh;center,top","2x1":"1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh","3x1":"1.00xw:0.334xh;0,0.324xh","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.667xw:1.00xh;0.167xw,0","5x1":"1.00xw:0.201xh;0,0.395xh","6x4":"1.00xw:0.668xh;0,0.144xh","8x1":"0.667xw:0.0830xh;0.154xw,0.498xh","10x2":"1.00xw:0.201xh;0,0.391xh","10x3":"1.00xw:0.301xh;0,0.346xh","10x5":"1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.234xh","16x9":"1.00xw:0.564xh;0,0.198xh","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","9x16":"0.564xw:1.00xh;0.219xw,0","18x11":"1.00xw:0.612xh;0,0.173xh"},"dek":"The development of the Buran, the Soviet equivalent of the space shuttle, posed new challenges for spacesuit designers. During early test launches of the winged spacecraft, Buran's pilots would sit in K-36RB ejection seats, ready to bail out in the event of a catastrophic failure up to an altitude of 40 kilometers. To protect the pilot from the enormous heat generated during a supersonic free-fall from the stratosphere, the Strizh spacesuit, seen here, had a leather-covered external layer. The Strizh could also protect pilots in case Buran's cabin was breached in orbit, giving the crew 12 to 24 hours to return their space plane back to Earth. During its development, one of the Strizh suits (second from the left) was placed in an unmanned Soyuz rocket and ejected in midflight in order to prove its design. However, the Buran spacecraft flew only one unmanned mission before the program stalled at the end of the Cold War.\r\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e","headline":"","selected_crop":"4x3","skip_slide_numbering":"0","hide_social":true,"dekDom":{"children":[{"data":"The development of the Buran, the Soviet equivalent of the space shuttle, posed new challenges for spacesuit designers. During early test launches of the winged spacecraft, Buran's pilots would sit in K-36RB ejection seats, ready to bail out in the event of a catastrophic failure up to an altitude of 40 kilometers. To protect the pilot from the enormous heat generated during a supersonic free-fall from the stratosphere, the Strizh spacesuit, seen here, had a leather-covered external layer. The Strizh could also protect pilots in case Buran's cabin was breached in orbit, giving the crew 12 to 24 hours to return their space plane back to Earth. During its development, one of the Strizh suits (second from the left) was placed in an unmanned Soyuz rocket and ejected in midflight in order to prove its design. However, the Buran spacecraft flew only one unmanned mission before the program stalled at the end of the Cold War.\r\n","type":"text"},{"children":[],"name":"br","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[],"name":"br","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Image No Longer Available","seo_meta_description":"this image is not available"},"photographer":{"name":"Media Platforms Design Team"},"id":"2aa9898f-991e-4de9-918f-425a29d067d6","media_id":"1db1a093-a1ed-4345-8d4d-015693ea1e2a"},{"image_id":"2aa9898f-991e-4de9-918f-425a29d067d6","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1080,"role":1,"pathname":"/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png","media_type":"image","width":1080,"created_at":"2022-03-11T17:13:17.065970Z","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:1xh;center,top","2x1":"1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh","3x1":"1.00xw:0.334xh;0,0.324xh","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.667xw:1.00xh;0.167xw,0","5x1":"1.00xw:0.201xh;0,0.395xh","6x4":"1.00xw:0.668xh;0,0.144xh","8x1":"0.667xw:0.0830xh;0.154xw,0.498xh","10x2":"1.00xw:0.201xh;0,0.391xh","10x3":"1.00xw:0.301xh;0,0.346xh","10x5":"1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.234xh","16x9":"1.00xw:0.564xh;0,0.198xh","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","9x16":"0.564xw:1.00xh;0.219xw,0","18x11":"1.00xw:0.612xh;0,0.173xh"},"dek":"During a highly publicized MARS-500 experiment in 2011, a group of volunteers was locked up for a year and a half in a life-size mockup of a Mars-bound spacecraft. Although the group never truly left Earth, the project gave Russian engineers their first opportunity to practice building a spacesuit for walks on the surface of the Red Planet (left).\r\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e","headline":"","selected_crop":"4x3","skip_slide_numbering":"0","hide_social":true,"dekDom":{"children":[{"data":"During a highly publicized MARS-500 experiment in 2011, a group of volunteers was locked up for a year and a half in a life-size mockup of a Mars-bound spacecraft. Although the group never truly left Earth, the project gave Russian engineers their first opportunity to practice building a spacesuit for walks on the surface of the Red Planet (left).\r\n","type":"text"},{"children":[],"name":"br","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[],"name":"br","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Image No Longer Available","seo_meta_description":"this image is not available"},"photographer":{"name":"Media Platforms Design Team"},"id":"2aa9898f-991e-4de9-918f-425a29d067d6","media_id":"0ab1d632-95dd-48b4-9065-a1a3d7b58eea"},{"image_id":"2aa9898f-991e-4de9-918f-425a29d067d6","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1080,"role":1,"pathname":"/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png","media_type":"image","width":1080,"created_at":"2022-03-11T17:12:41.897524Z","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:1xh;center,top","2x1":"1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh","3x1":"1.00xw:0.334xh;0,0.324xh","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.667xw:1.00xh;0.167xw,0","5x1":"1.00xw:0.201xh;0,0.395xh","6x4":"1.00xw:0.668xh;0,0.144xh","8x1":"0.667xw:0.0830xh;0.154xw,0.498xh","10x2":"1.00xw:0.201xh;0,0.391xh","10x3":"1.00xw:0.301xh;0,0.346xh","10x5":"1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.234xh","16x9":"1.00xw:0.564xh;0,0.198xh","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","9x16":"0.564xw:1.00xh;0.219xw,0","18x11":"1.00xw:0.612xh;0,0.173xh"},"dek":"They're much less glamorous but no less necessary than spacesuits. Space toilets of several generations have been built here. The museum display represents the ASU-8A device, whose key components were first developed for the Buran orbiter. Later, a modified version provided conveniences for the crew of the Mir space station. Although it was designed for a spacecraft with a crew of three to six, ASU-8A required a periodic replacement of waste containers (right), which would be loaded into departing cargo ships to burn up in the atmosphere along with other trash.\r\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e","headline":"","selected_crop":"2x1","skip_slide_numbering":"0","hide_social":true,"dekDom":{"children":[{"data":"They're much less glamorous but no less necessary than spacesuits. Space toilets of several generations have been built here. The museum display represents the ASU-8A device, whose key components were first developed for the Buran orbiter. Later, a modified version provided conveniences for the crew of the Mir space station. Although it was designed for a spacecraft with a crew of three to six, ASU-8A required a periodic replacement of waste containers (right), which would be loaded into departing cargo ships to burn up in the atmosphere along with other trash.\r\n","type":"text"},{"children":[],"name":"br","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[],"name":"br","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Image No Longer Available","seo_meta_description":"this image is not available"},"photographer":{"name":"Media Platforms Design Team"},"id":"2aa9898f-991e-4de9-918f-425a29d067d6","media_id":"11692982-0857-4136-9b90-2940125ceeb7"},{"image_id":"2aa9898f-991e-4de9-918f-425a29d067d6","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1080,"role":1,"pathname":"/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png","media_type":"image","width":1080,"created_at":"2022-03-11T17:12:46.260027Z","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:1xh;center,top","2x1":"1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh","3x1":"1.00xw:0.334xh;0,0.324xh","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.667xw:1.00xh;0.167xw,0","5x1":"1.00xw:0.201xh;0,0.395xh","6x4":"1.00xw:0.668xh;0,0.144xh","8x1":"0.667xw:0.0830xh;0.154xw,0.498xh","10x2":"1.00xw:0.201xh;0,0.391xh","10x3":"1.00xw:0.301xh;0,0.346xh","10x5":"1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.234xh","16x9":"1.00xw:0.564xh;0,0.198xh","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","9x16":"0.564xw:1.00xh;0.219xw,0","18x11":"1.00xw:0.612xh;0,0.173xh"},"dek":"Engineers at Zvezda attempted to bring Soviet \"space hotels\" to a five-star level with the development of an orbital shower. It was first employed onboard the Salyut-6 space station, launched in 1977. However, veterans of the project admit that the hassle of using the water-hungry device rendered it impractical.\r\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e","headline":"","selected_crop":"2x1","skip_slide_numbering":"0","hide_social":true,"dekDom":{"children":[{"data":"Engineers at Zvezda attempted to bring Soviet \"space hotels\" to a five-star level with the development of an orbital shower. It was first employed onboard the Salyut-6 space station, launched in 1977. However, veterans of the project admit that the hassle of using the water-hungry device rendered it impractical.\r\n","type":"text"},{"children":[],"name":"br","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[],"name":"br","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Image No Longer Available","seo_meta_description":"this image is not available"},"photographer":{"name":"Media Platforms Design Team"},"id":"2aa9898f-991e-4de9-918f-425a29d067d6","media_id":"05f4756d-1731-43fe-979a-8bd8a0f9d7c4"},{"image_id":"2aa9898f-991e-4de9-918f-425a29d067d6","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1080,"role":1,"pathname":"/images/legacy-fre-image-placeholder-1645192942.png","media_type":"image","width":1080,"created_at":"2022-03-11T17:13:01.564366Z","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:1xh;center,top","2x1":"1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.238xh","3x1":"1.00xw:0.334xh;0,0.324xh","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.667xw:1.00xh;0.167xw,0","5x1":"1.00xw:0.201xh;0,0.395xh","6x4":"1.00xw:0.668xh;0,0.144xh","8x1":"0.667xw:0.0830xh;0.154xw,0.498xh","10x2":"1.00xw:0.201xh;0,0.391xh","10x3":"1.00xw:0.301xh;0,0.346xh","10x5":"1.00xw:0.501xh;0,0.234xh","16x9":"1.00xw:0.564xh;0,0.198xh","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","9x16":"0.564xw:1.00xh;0.219xw,0","18x11":"1.00xw:0.612xh;0,0.173xh"},"dek":"Russia's spacefaring past and future meet inside Zvezda's vast centrifuge room. 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