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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><meta charset="utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/a44401725/aerospike-engine-is-the-future-of-spaceflight/"/><meta name="X-UA-Compatible" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrom=1"/><meta name="msapplication-tap-highlight" content="no"/><title>Why the Aerospike Engine Is the Future of Rockets and Spaceflight</title><meta name="title" content="Why the Aerospike Engine Is the Future of Rockets and Spaceflight"/><meta name="description" content="The innovative rocket engine could revolutionize spaceflight as we know it. An aerospace engineer explains how the aerospike engine works."/><meta name="keywords" content="aerospike engine, bell shaped engine, rocket engines, spaceflight"/><meta name="theme-color" content="#000000"/><link href="/_assets/design-tokens/popularmechanics/static/images/favicon.ee0d102.ico" rel="icon"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Popular Mechanics"/><meta name="fb:app_id" content="218456798186610" property="fb:app_id"/><meta name="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/popularmechanics" property="article:publisher"/><meta name="twitter:site" content="@PopMech"/><meta name="google-site-verification" content="98saqo61zkfl_yfZaXKLgLkazlZwpUcMCkqCFEO-O18"/><meta property="og:title" content="The Novel Aerospike Engine Is Imperfect But Undeniably the Future of Spaceflight"/><meta property="og:description" content="How the innovative rocket tech could revolutionize space exploration."/><meta name="parsely-metadata" content="{"socialHeadline":"The Novel Aerospike Engine Is Imperfect But Undeniably the Future of Spaceflight"}"/><meta name="robots" content="noarchive,noai,noimageai,max-image-preview:large,max-snippet:-1,max-video-preview:30"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/_assets/design-tokens/popularmechanics/static/images/apple-touch-icon.5d5fa0d.png"/><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Popular Mechanics - Space" href="/rss/space.xml"/><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Popular Mechanics" href="/rss/all.xml"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/ec98-44440-4-orig-649f4c1a7de61.jpeg?crop=1.00xw:0.631xh;0,0.178xh&resize=1200:*"/><meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"/><meta property="og:image:height" content="600"/><meta name="thumbnail" content="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/ec98-44440-4-orig-649f4c1a7de61.jpeg?crop=0.804xw:1.00xh;0.103xw,0&resize=320:*"/><meta name="sailthru.image.full" content="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/ec98-44440-4-orig-649f4c1a7de61.jpeg?crop=1.00xw:0.631xh;0,0.178xh&resize=320:*"/><meta name="sailthru.image.thumb" content="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/ec98-44440-4-orig-649f4c1a7de61.jpeg?crop=0.804xw:1.00xh;0.103xw,0"/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/ec98-44440-4-orig-649f4c1a7de61.jpeg?crop=1.00xw:0.631xh;0,0.178xh&resize=640:*"/><meta content="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/a44401725/aerospike-engine-is-the-future-of-spaceflight/" property="og:url"/><meta name="auto-publish" content="timely"/><meta property="og:type" content="article"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta name="article:opinion" property="article:opinion" content="false"/><meta content="Rockets" property="article:section"/><meta content="2023-06-30T22:44:00Z" property="article:modified_time"/><meta content="2023-06-30T22:44:00Z" property="article:published_time"/><meta name="sailthru.excerpt" content="Rockets have gone mostly unchanged since their introduction in the 20th century. From Apollo 11 in 1969 to the SpaceX Falcon Heavy missions, which began in 2018, both were propelled by rockets with bell-shaped nozzles. So this design is not only tried and true, but stout enough to sling spacecraft"/><meta name="sailthru.tags" content="space,Space,rockets,Rockets,popmechpro,Pop Mech Pro,Popular Mechanics-US"/><meta name="sailthru.date" content="2023-06-30 22:44:00"/><meta name="sailthru.socialtitle" content="The Novel Aerospike Engine Is Imperfect But Undeniably the Future of Spaceflight"/><meta name="sailthru.contenttype" content="longform-article"/><meta id="m1" name="m1" itemprop="cssSelector " content=".content-hed"/><meta id="m2" name="m2" itemprop="cssSelector" content=".content-dek p"/><link href="/" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/SpeakableSpecification" itemref="m1 m2"/><meta name="next-head-count" content="46"/><script id="settings" 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From Apollo 11 in 1969 to the SpaceX Falcon Heavy missions, which began in 2018, both were propelled by rockets with bell-shaped nozzles. So this design is not only tried and true, but stout enough to sling spacecraft outside of Earth’s orbit. But what if there was a better way? Those behind the aerospike rocket engine certainly believe so. This relatively innovative concept promises to capitalize on the shortcomings of the early bell-shaped nozzle rockets, which were inefficient, expensive, and heavy. Engineers have been toying with the aerospike engine concept since the 1950s, but interest picked back up in the early 2000s with NASA’s Project X-33. In fact, just this year the German military recently awarded a contract to Polaris, a small startup testing out a new linear aerospike rocket engine.A Quick Primer on Rocketry Before we get started, let’s talk about how conventional rockets function—and how the aerospike can bring us to the next level. If it wasn’t already apparent, all rockets need to use a nozzle of some type to accelerate hot exhaust to produce thrust. The nozzle itself is nothing more than a specially shaped tube, which hot gasses can flow through.All rocketry functions through Newton’s third law of motion:Why Are Rocket Nozzles Bell-Shaped?Pictured above are conventional bell-shaped rocket nozzles—also known as a convergent-divergent nozzles—on the space shuttle Discovery. Inherent in its name, the nozzle converges down to a pinch point and proceeds to diverge and expand towards the exit. The size of the convergent point (also known as the throat of the nozzle) can be altered to tune the amount of thrust the rocket produces; this process is critically important, as this design produces varying levels of performance at different altitudes. This means that the size of the nozzle’s throat needs to be chosen to produce optimal performance during the burn cycle as the spacecraft climbs. “Basically, you pick the best operating altitude…and then you realize when you get to high altitude, your efficiency is going to decrease as you’re not gaining all the momentum you could,” says Stephen Whitmore, a mechanical and aerospace engineering professor at Utah State University. It’s a notable disadvantage of the bell-nozzle design that forces engineers to make a calculated compromise with the size of the nozzle’s throat section.The bell nozzle is actually more efficient in space compared to being near the Earth’s surface. This is because the air pressure within our atmosphere inhibits the thrust generated by any given rocket—meaning they produce more thrust in space than on Earth. Learn more in this video: How Aerospike Engines WorkThe aerospike engine—specifically the conical aerospike—looks quite similar to a conventional rocket and functions using largely the same principle: exchanging thermal energy for kinetic energy. You’ll see in the cross-section above that the aerospike uses a, well, spike-shaped section that fits inside where the divergent part of a bell nozzle would be. “It replaces this fixed boundary with a free boundary…instead of the bell shape being an external boundary, it’s an internal boundary which you push against,” says Whitmore. You may have also seen a linear aerospike engine, which is essentially a conical aerospike that’s been unrolled and flattened out. This configuration was used for Project X-33, as it was better suited to the flat shape of the spacecraft. “The linear aerospike for the X-33 was driven by basically what the base of the x-33 looked like,” says Whitmore.Plain and simple, it’s essentially a bell nozzle that’s been turned upside down and inside out. This means the aerospike nozzle can not only be packaged smaller than a bell nozzle but can compensate for altitude much more effectively. This produces a considerable reduction in performance drop off while the rocket is catapulted to the outer edges of the earth’s atmosphere. So by now, you might be curious why we keep mentioning the importance of dropping weight and increasing performance for space exploration. While weight reduction is often labeled as a way to go faster, space exploration is all about carrying a heavier payload further. To offer some perspective, Whitmore mentioned that every pound of payload currently costs roughly $10,000 to launch into space. Learn more in this video:What About Thrust Vectoring? Along with sufficient gains in efficiency, the aerospike engine also promises advantages when it comes to control.Bell-nozzle rockets use mechanical systems called gimbals to produce differential thrust—used to control the direction of any given spacecraft. This involves a system of hydraulic actuators that adjust the direction the rocket nozzle is pointing. Along with not offering a ton of control, this system adds weight, which takes away efficiency. While gimbals are active systems for controlling differential thrust, an aerospike engine use a passive process called pressure injection. Passive differential thrust means that the rocket’s plume can be manipulated without needing any of the hefty gimbals seen on bell-nozzle rockets. Instead of changing the direction of the nozzle itself, the aerospike can inject pressure through a series of ports and passages within the spike itself to manipulate where the power goes. Along with simplifying the process, subtracting the weight of the gimbals means the rockets can be much more efficient—lighter spacecraft use less fuel to go a given distance. Watch the video below to see a gimbal test in action on a J-2X engine—and turn your volume down!How We Got HereContrary to what you might think, the aerospike has actually been in the design phase for quite a while. The Rocketdyne Propulsion Power unit of Boeing laid the foundations in the 1960s and 70s for the same aerospike we’re writing about today. NASA’s Project X-33 is what really got the ball rolling in the late 90s and early 2000s. Partnering with Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Co., in Palmdale California, they took the original idea and brought it up to date with new technologies and materials. It’s no accident that the aerospike engine checks most of the boxes that NASA was looking for in its plans to build a reusable launch vehicle (RLV), which needs a propulsion system that’s lightweight and efficient, but stout enough to sling it into space. It also needs to be affordable enough to operate, with good reliability and short turnaround times between flights.Validation tests began in 1998 not long after the working group was put together. Proceedings took place at NASA’s Stennis Space Center in Mississippi, where the aerospike was first fired up in the spring of 2000. In all, the team conducted 14 hot fire tests—fancy NASA speak for firing up the engine.The Aerospike Isn’t Perfect—YetWith all of the promised advantages of the aerospike, you might be wondering why NASA hasn’t already ditched the bell nozzle. Spoiler alert: the aerospike still needs some work before it’s ready to be crammed in the back of a spacecraft with passengers onboard.Whitmore noted that the new design creates much higher temperatures in the throat of the nozzle—the existing materials used in bell nozzles would simply just melt. “This increased heating level will require that the operational nozzles will use throat inserts fabricated using more exotic materials such as refractory metals, pyrolytic graphite, or Boron Nitride—a material used to insulate nuclear reactor chambers,” says Whitmore. While the aerospike does come with a whole host of benefits, Whitmore cautioned that they aren’t the magic bullet that many promised them to be. He reckons that aerospikes likely wouldn’t be replacing bell-nozzle rockets for another 20 years or so. It’s an idea that’s bounced around the aerospace engineering industry for quite some time, but could actually come to fruition given how far material sciences have advanced in such a short period of time.","wordCount":1282,"articleSection":"Space","image":[{"@type":"ImageObject","height":1200,"thumbnail":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/ec98-44440-4-orig-649f4c1a7de61.jpeg?crop=0.804xw:1.00xh;0.103xw,0&resize=100:*","url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/ec98-44440-4-orig-649f4c1a7de61.jpeg?crop=0.804xw:1.00xh;0.103xw,0&resize=1200:*","width":1200},{"@type":"ImageObject","height":900,"thumbnail":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/ec98-44440-4-orig-649f4c1a7de61.jpeg?crop=0.804xw:1.00xh;0.103xw,0&resize=100:*","url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/ec98-44440-4-orig-649f4c1a7de61.jpeg?crop=1xw:0.937962962962963xh;center,top&resize=1200:*","width":1200},{"@type":"ImageObject","height":675,"thumbnail":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/ec98-44440-4-orig-649f4c1a7de61.jpeg?crop=0.804xw:1.00xh;0.103xw,0&resize=100:*","url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/ec98-44440-4-orig-649f4c1a7de61.jpeg?crop=1xw:0.7034722222222223xh;center,top&resize=1200:*","width":1200}],"mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/a44401725/aerospike-engine-is-the-future-of-spaceflight/","@type":"WebPage"},"publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","name":"Popular Mechanics","sameAs":["https://twitter.com/PopMech","https://www.tiktok.com/@popularmechanics","https://www.youtube.com/c/popularmechanics","https://www.facebook.com/popularmechanics","https://www.instagram.com/popularmechanics/","https://www.pinterest.com/popmech/"],"logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://www.popularmechanics.com/_assets/design-tokens/popularmechanics/static/images/logos/logo-jsonld.2362803.png","width":312,"height":60},"parentOrganization":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","name":"Hearst Corporation"}},"keywords":["content-type: How-to & Service","locale: US","displayType: long form article"],"url":"https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/a44401725/aerospike-engine-is-the-future-of-spaceflight/","isBasedOn":"https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/a44401725/aerospike-engine-is-the-future-of-spaceflight/","isAccessibleForFree":"False","hasPart":[{"@type":"WebPageElement","isAccessibleForFree":"False","cssSelector":".content-container"}],"description":"The innovative rocket engine could revolutionize spaceflight as we know it. 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64rem){.css-285vyd{padding-left:0;}}.css-3v2r6c{padding-right:0.3125rem;color:#737373;font-size:0.70028rem;line-height:1.2;font-family:Charter,Charter-weightbold-roboto,Charter-weightbold-local,Georgia,Times,Serif;font-weight:bold;}.css-4oaay7{position:relative;padding-left:0rem;padding-right:0rem;font-size:1.1875rem;line-height:1.6;font-family:Charter,Charter-roboto,Charter-local,Georgia,Times,Serif;}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-4oaay7{padding-left:3.5rem;padding-right:3.5rem;}}@media(min-width: 48rem) and (max-width: 61.25rem){.css-4oaay7{max-width:45.25rem;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-4oaay7{padding-left:0rem;padding-right:0rem;}}@media(min-width: 73.75rem) and (max-width: 100rem){.css-4oaay7{padding-left:0rem;padding-right:0rem;}}@media(min-width: 90rem){.css-4oaay7{padding-left:0rem;padding-right:0rem;}}.css-4oaay7:after{clear:both;content:" ";display:block;font-size:0.7rem;line-height:1.5rem;height:0rem;visibility:hidden;}.css-4oaay7 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itemprop="item" href="/space/rockets/a44401725/aerospike-engine-is-the-future-of-spaceflight/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Breadcrumbs" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="How the Aerospike Engine Will Help Future Rockets —and Space Exploration—Take Off" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/a44401725/aerospike-engine-is-the-future-of-spaceflight/" class="e3morl60 css-93j5lg e1c1bym14"><span itemprop="name">How the Aerospike Engine Will Help Future Rockets —and Space Exploration—Take Off</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="3"/></li></ol></nav><h1 class="css-1uosn6 e1f1sunr8"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span>How the Aerospike Engine Will Help Future Rockets —and Space Exploration—Take Off<span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h1><div class="css-nqifju e1f1sunr6"><p>The innovative rocket engine could revolutionize spaceflight as we know it.</p></div><div class="css-17gykqp e1f1sunr5"><address class="css-wv4d7 e1v8cotw2"><span data-theme-key="by-line-name" class="css-12h93g4 e1v8cotw1">By <a data-theme-key="popover-trigger" title="Matt Crisara" alt href="/author/228667/matt-crisara/" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="dialog" class="er6ohko0 e1puv02z1 css-1b6aj23 e1c1bym14">Matt Crisara</a></span><time class="css-16scd9x e1f1sunr4">Published: Jun 30, 2023 6:44 PM EDT</time></address></div><div class="no-print css-wkpw2c e1f1sunr11"><div data-journey-blur="true" class="content-header-actions css-18jz25a e1f1sunr10"><button data-theme-key="button-primary" data-vars-ga-name="recipe-save-button" data-vars-ga-recipe-button-state="recipe_save" class="contentSaveButton css-tghghn e12nq69g1"><img data-dynamic-svg="true" src="/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/saved.ad81f1a.svg?primary=%2523ffffff" loading="lazy" data-testid="dynamic-svg-base" height="24" width="24" alt="bookmarks" class="css-1exgad7 eah8dyz1"/>Save Article</button></div></div></div></div></section></header><div data-journey-hide="true" class="longform-container content-container article-container css-km6odw et2g3wt2"><div class="content-lead css-1f8o566 et2g3wt5"><div data-journey-blur="true" class="content-lead-image css-sm2oir e17huqc62"><div class="css-96439d e17huqc61"><picture class="css-1oxikel e1i0vlu30"><source srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/ec98-44440-4-orig-649f4c1a7de61.jpeg?crop=1.00xw:0.836xh;0,0.102xh&resize=1200:*" media="(min-width: 73.75rem)"/><source srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/ec98-44440-4-orig-649f4c1a7de61.jpeg?crop=1.00xw:0.836xh;0,0.102xh&resize=1024:*" media="(min-width: 64rem)"/><source srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/ec98-44440-4-orig-649f4c1a7de61.jpeg?crop=0.801xw:1.00xh;0.102xw,0&resize=980:*" media="(min-width: 48rem)"/><source srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/ec98-44440-4-orig-649f4c1a7de61.jpeg?crop=0.801xw:1.00xh;0.102xw,0&resize=640:*" media="(max-width: 48rem)"/><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/ec98-44440-4-orig-649f4c1a7de61.jpeg?crop=0.801xw:1.00xh;0.102xw,0&resize=640:*" alt="the nasa sr 71a successfully completed its first cold flow flight as part of the nasarocketdynelockheed martin linear aerospike sr 71 experiment lasre at nasa's dryden flight research center, edwards, california on march 4, 1998during a cold flow flight, gaseous helium and liquid nitrogen are cycled through the linear aerospike engine to check the engine's plumbing system for leaks and to check the engine operating characterisitics cold flow tests must be accomplished successfully before firing the rocket engine experiment in flightthe sr 71 took off at 1016 am pst the aircraft flew for one hour and fifty seven minutes, reaching a maximum speed of mach 158 before landing at edwards at 1213 pm pst"i think all in all we had a good mission today," dryden lasre project manager dave lux saidflight crew member bob meyer agreed, saying the crew "thought it was a really good flight" dryden research pilot ed schneider piloted the sr 71 during the missionlockheed martin lasre project manager carl meade added, "we are extremely pleased with today's results this will help pave the way for the first in flight engine data collection flight of the lasre"" title="why the aerospike engine is the future of rockets" width="3039" height="2430" decoding="async" fetchPriority="high" sizes="100vw"/></picture></div><section data-lazy-id="P0-8"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption-lead-image" class="css-285vyd e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-3v2r6c e1geg53v2">NASA/Carla Thomas</span></figcaption></section></div></div><div data-journey-body="longform-article" class="article-body-content article-body longform-body css-4oaay7 et2g3wt6"><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="0" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Rockets have gone mostly unchanged since their introduction in the 20th century. From <a href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/moon-mars/a4248/oral-history-apollo-11/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/moon-mars/a4248/oral-history-apollo-11/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Apollo 11" class="body-link css-1kk1geb emevuu60">Apollo 11</a> in 1969 to the <a href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/a16173055/space-falcon-heavy-first-flight/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/a16173055/space-falcon-heavy-first-flight/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="SpaceX Falcon Heavy" class="body-link css-1kk1geb emevuu60">SpaceX Falcon Heavy</a> missions, which began in 2018, both were propelled by rockets with bell-shaped nozzles. So this design is not only tried and true, but stout enough to sling spacecraft outside of Earth’s orbit. But what if there was a better way? </p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="1" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Those behind the <a href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/a43756195/aerospike-engine/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/a43756195/aerospike-engine/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="aerospike rocket" class="body-link css-1kk1geb emevuu60"><u>aerospike rocket</u></a> engine certainly believe so. This relatively innovative concept promises to capitalize on the shortcomings of the early bell-shaped nozzle rockets, which were inefficient, expensive, and heavy. Engineers have been toying with the aerospike engine concept since the 1950s, but interest picked back up in the early 2000s with NASA’s <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/background/facts/aerospike.html#:~:text=The%20linear%20aerospike%20features%20a,the%20name%20%22linear%20aerospike.%22" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/background/facts/aerospike.html#:~:text=The%20linear%20aerospike%20features%20a,the%20name%20%22linear%20aerospike.%22" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Project X-33" class="body-link css-1kk1geb emevuu60"><u>Project X-33</u></a>. In fact, just this year the German military recently <a href="https://militaryleak.com/2023/05/01/polaris-awarded-bundeswehr-contract-for-linear-aerospike-rocket-engine-design/#:~:text=POLARIS%20is%20pleased%20to%20announce,element%20in%20a%20spaceplane%20demonstrator." target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://militaryleak.com/2023/05/01/polaris-awarded-bundeswehr-contract-for-linear-aerospike-rocket-engine-design/#:~:text=POLARIS%20is%20pleased%20to%20announce,element%20in%20a%20spaceplane%20demonstrator." data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="awarded a contract to Polaris" class="body-link css-1kk1geb emevuu60"><u>awarded a contract to Polaris</u></a>, a small startup testing out a new linear aerospike rocket engine.<br/></p><h2 data-node-id="2" class="body-h2 css-v09poa emevuu60"><strong>A Quick Primer on Rocketry</strong> </h2><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="3" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Before we get started, let’s talk about <a href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/a21984/nasa-tests-rocket-parts/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/a21984/nasa-tests-rocket-parts/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="how conventional rockets function" class="body-link css-1kk1geb emevuu60">how conventional rockets function</a>—and how the aerospike can bring us to the next level. If it wasn’t already apparent, all rockets need to use a nozzle of some type to accelerate hot exhaust to produce thrust. The <em>nozzle </em>itself is nothing more than a specially shaped tube, which hot gasses can flow through.</p><section data-embed="watch-next" data-lazy-id="P0-9" data-node-id="4" class="embed"></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="5" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">All rocketry functions through Newton’s third law of motion:</p><section data-embed="pullquote" data-lazy-id="P0-10" data-node-id="6" class="embed"><blockquote data-theme-key="pullquote" class="css-1yx5myx e1pe3zr91"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><blockquote class="css-1i6271r e1pe3zr90">For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction</blockquote><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></blockquote></section> <section data-embed="editorial-link" data-lazy-id="P0-11" data-node-id="8" class="embed"><aside class="css-1fm2v8u e94w1mj9"><h6 class="css-19w51ep e94w1mj7"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">Related Story</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-xbo8g8 eagam8p1"></span></h6><ul class="css-c4s2gi e94w1mj8"><li class="css-2t9pp3 e94w1mj6"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/space/rockets/a43756195/aerospike-engine/" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="After 70 Years, Will Aerospike Engines Fly?" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Editorial Links" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/a43756195/aerospike-engine/" class="css-1bn7a5e e1c1bym14"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/screenshot-2023-05-01-09-48-39-645006db68fad.png?crop=1.00xw:0.640xh;0,0.144xh&resize=300:*" alt="rocket" title="After 70 Years, Will Aerospike Engines Fly?" width="120" height="100%" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="css-1l0uuk1 e94w1mj4"/><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">After 70 Years, Will Aerospike Engines Fly?</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></a></li></ul></aside></section><hr data-node-id="9" class="css-18pb4rg emevuu60"/><h2 data-node-id="10" class="body-h2 css-v09poa emevuu60">Why Are Rocket Nozzles Bell-Shaped?</h2><section data-embed="body-image" data-lazy-id="P0-12" data-node-id="11" class="embed"><div size="medium" data-embed="body-image" class="align-center size-medium embed css-6i9ia4 e1fodxfw4"><div class="css-uwraif e1fodxfw3"><img alt="space shuttle discovery" title="why aerospike could be the future of rockets" loading="lazy" width="1876" height="1602" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/space-shuttle-discovery-royalty-free-image-1688157212.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.783xh;0,0.197xh&resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/space-shuttle-discovery-royalty-free-image-1688157212.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.783xh;0,0.197xh&resize=768:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/space-shuttle-discovery-royalty-free-image-1688157212.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.783xh;0,0.197xh&resize=980:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/space-shuttle-discovery-royalty-free-image-1688157212.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.783xh;0,0.197xh&resize=980:*" class="css-0 e193vzwj0"/><div class="css-swqnqv e1fodxfw2"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-qwlzud e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-3v2r6c e1geg53v2">Bjarte Rettedal</span><span class="css-1wf5ep4 e1geg53v0">//</span><span class="css-3v2r6c e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption><div data-element="caption" class="css-ad4qa6 e1fodxfw1">NASA’s Space Shuttle Discovery.</div></div></div></div></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="12" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Pictured above are conventional bell-shaped rocket nozzles—also known as a convergent-divergent nozzles—on the space shuttle <em><a href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/a36304153/nasa-space-shuttle/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/a36304153/nasa-space-shuttle/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Discovery" class="body-link css-1kk1geb emevuu60">Discovery</a></em>. Inherent in its name, the nozzle <em>converges </em>down to a pinch point and proceeds to <em>diverge </em>and expand towards the exit. The size of the convergent point (also known as the throat of the nozzle) can be altered to tune the amount of thrust the rocket produces; this process is critically important, as this design produces varying levels of performance at different altitudes. </p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="13" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">This means that the size of the nozzle’s throat needs to be chosen to produce optimal performance during the burn cycle as the <a href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/a39970172/the-pentagons-nuclear-thermal-rocket-is-getting-serious/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/a39970172/the-pentagons-nuclear-thermal-rocket-is-getting-serious/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="spacecraft" class="body-link css-1kk1geb emevuu60">spacecraft</a> climbs. “Basically, you pick the best operating altitude…and then you realize when you get to high altitude, your efficiency is going to decrease as you’re not gaining all the momentum you could,” says Stephen Whitmore, a mechanical and aerospace engineering professor at Utah State University. It’s a notable disadvantage of the bell-nozzle design that forces engineers to make a calculated compromise with the size of the nozzle’s throat section.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="14" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">The bell nozzle is actually more efficient in space compared to being near the <a href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/g32107914/earth-strange-facts/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/g32107914/earth-strange-facts/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Earth’s surface" class="body-link css-1kk1geb emevuu60">Earth’s surface</a>. This is because the air pressure within our atmosphere <a href="https://www.uu.edu/dept/physics/scienceguys/2002Sept.cfm#:~:text=This%20reduces%20the%20thrust.,faster%2C%20thus%20increasing%20the%20thrust." target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.uu.edu/dept/physics/scienceguys/2002Sept.cfm#:~:text=This%20reduces%20the%20thrust.,faster%2C%20thus%20increasing%20the%20thrust." data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="inhibits the thrust" class="body-link css-1kk1geb emevuu60"><u>inhibits the thrust</u></a> generated by any given rocket—meaning they produce more thrust in space than on Earth. </p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="15" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60"><em>Learn more in this video:<br/></em></p><section data-embed="youtube" data-lazy-id="P0-13" data-node-id="16" class="embed"><div data-embed="youtube"><section data-lazy-parent="P0-13" class="embed"><div data-embed="youtube" class="embed align-center css-10klw3m ekrjau21"><div class="css-nnemls ekrjau20"><img data-dynamic-svg="true" src="/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/social/youtube.ce3e1ae.svg?primary=currentColor&id=link-out-embed" loading="lazy" data-testid="dynamic-svg-base" height="auto" width="auto" alt="youtube" class="css-1msakm2 ekrjau22"/><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" data-theme-key="base-link" href="<a href="https://www.youtube.com/embed/BXpcariAlVU%5B/youtube%5D">https://www.youtube.com/embed/BXpcariAlVU" aria-label="View full post on Youtube" class="css-0 e1c1bym14">View full post on Youtube</a></div></div></section></div></section> <hr data-node-id="18" class="css-18pb4rg emevuu60"/><h2 data-node-id="19" class="body-h2 css-v09poa emevuu60">How Aerospike Engines Work</h2><section data-embed="body-image" data-lazy-id="P0-14" data-node-id="20" class="embed"><div size="medium" data-embed="body-image" class="align-center size-medium embed css-6i9ia4 e1fodxfw4"><div class="css-uwraif e1fodxfw3"><img alt="a closeup of one of the cesaroni technology, inc constructed aerospike nozzles used in the dryden aerospike rocket test" title="why the aerospike engine is the future of rockets" loading="lazy" width="3000" height="1987" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/ec04-0113-146-orig-649f513e2357b.jpeg?resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/ec04-0113-146-orig-649f513e2357b.jpeg?resize=768:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/ec04-0113-146-orig-649f513e2357b.jpeg?resize=980:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/ec04-0113-146-orig-649f513e2357b.jpeg?resize=980:*" class="css-0 e193vzwj0"/><div class="css-swqnqv e1fodxfw2"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-qwlzud e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-3v2r6c e1geg53v2">NASA/Carla Thomas</span></figcaption><div data-element="caption" class="css-ad4qa6 e1fodxfw1">A closeup of one of the aerospike nozzles used in the Dryden Aerospike Rocket Test.</div></div></div></div></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="21" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">The aerospike engine—specifically the conical aerospike—looks quite similar to a conventional rocket and functions using largely the same principle: exchanging thermal energy for kinetic energy. You’ll see in the cross-section above that the aerospike uses a, well, spike-shaped section that fits inside where the divergent part of a bell nozzle would be. “It replaces this fixed boundary with a free boundary…instead of the bell shape being an external boundary, it’s an internal boundary which you push against,” says Whitmore. </p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="22" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">You may have also seen a <a href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/a43756195/aerospike-engine/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/a43756195/aerospike-engine/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="linear aerospike" class="body-link css-1kk1geb emevuu60">linear aerospike</a> engine, which is essentially a conical aerospike that’s been unrolled and flattened out. This configuration was used for Project X-33, as it was better suited to the flat shape of the spacecraft. “The linear aerospike for the X-33 was driven by basically what the base of the x-33 looked like,” says Whitmore.</p><section data-embed="body-image" data-lazy-id="P0-15" data-node-id="23" class="embed"><div size="medium" data-embed="body-image" class="align-center size-medium embed css-6i9ia4 e1fodxfw4"><div class="css-uwraif e1fodxfw3"><img alt="stennis space center successfully performs 90 second firing of the linear aerospike srx 2200 flight engine set to test electro mechanical activator technology for the sli program" title="why the aerospike engine is the future of rockets" loading="lazy" width="2700" height="2125" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/0103149-orig-649f4f1740915.jpeg?resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/0103149-orig-649f4f1740915.jpeg?resize=768:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/0103149-orig-649f4f1740915.jpeg?resize=980:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/0103149-orig-649f4f1740915.jpeg?resize=980:*" class="css-0 e193vzwj0"/><div class="css-swqnqv e1fodxfw2"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-qwlzud e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-3v2r6c e1geg53v2">NASA</span></figcaption><div data-element="caption" class="css-ad4qa6 e1fodxfw1">A test of the twin Linear Aerospike XRS-2200 engine for the X-33 program is performed at NASA’s Sternis Space Center, Mississippi, on August 6, 2001.</div></div></div></div></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="24" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Plain and simple, it’s essentially a bell nozzle that’s been turned upside down and inside out. This means the aerospike nozzle can not only be packaged smaller than a bell nozzle but can compensate for altitude much more effectively. This produces a considerable reduction in performance drop off while the rocket is catapulted to the outer edges of the earth’s atmosphere. </p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="25" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">So by now, you might be curious why we keep mentioning the importance of dropping weight and increasing performance for <a href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/deep-space/a43991510/robotic-space-exploration/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/deep-space/a43991510/robotic-space-exploration/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="space exploration" class="body-link css-1kk1geb emevuu60">space exploration</a>. While weight reduction is often labeled as a way to go faster, space exploration is all about carrying a heavier payload further. To offer some perspective, Whitmore mentioned that every pound of payload currently costs roughly $10,000 to <a href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/a30981066/spacex-sending-tourists-into-space/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/a30981066/spacex-sending-tourists-into-space/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="launch into space" class="body-link css-1kk1geb emevuu60">launch into space</a>. </p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="26" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60"><em>Learn more in this video:<br/></em></p><section data-embed="youtube" data-lazy-id="P0-16" data-node-id="27" class="embed"><div data-embed="youtube"><section data-lazy-parent="P0-16" class="embed"><div data-embed="youtube" class="embed align-center css-10klw3m ekrjau21"><div class="css-nnemls ekrjau20"><img data-dynamic-svg="true" src="/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/social/youtube.ce3e1ae.svg?primary=currentColor&id=link-out-embed" loading="lazy" data-testid="dynamic-svg-base" height="auto" width="auto" alt="youtube" class="css-1msakm2 ekrjau22"/><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" data-theme-key="base-link" href="https://www.youtube.com/embed/-SGIiO1APig" aria-label="View full post on Youtube" class="css-0 e1c1bym14">View full post on Youtube</a></div></div></section></div></section><section data-embed="editorial-link" data-lazy-id="P0-17" data-node-id="28" class="embed"><aside class="css-1fm2v8u e94w1mj9"><h6 class="css-19w51ep e94w1mj7"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">More Great Rocket Reads 🚀</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-xbo8g8 eagam8p1"></span></h6><ul class="css-c4s2gi e94w1mj8"><li class="css-2t9pp3 e94w1mj6"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/space/moon-mars/a28491/r-7-rocket-sputnik/" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="The Rocket That Started the Space Race" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Editorial Links" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/moon-mars/a28491/r-7-rocket-sputnik/" class="css-1bn7a5e e1c1bym14"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/pop.h-cdn.co/assets/17/40/640x320/landscape-1507063540-screen-shot-2017-10-03-at-44507-pm.png?resize=300:*" alt="Aerospace engineering, Spaceplane, Spacecraft, Space, Outer space, Vehicle, Experimental aircraft, Astronomical object, Airplane, Satellite, " title="Aerospace engineering, Spaceplane, Spacecraft, Space, Outer space, Vehicle, Experimental aircraft, Astronomical object, Airplane, Satellite, " width="120" height="100%" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="css-1l0uuk1 e94w1mj4"/><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">The Rocket That Started the Space Race</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></a></li><li class="css-2t9pp3 e94w1mj6"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/space/rockets/a24245/spacex-rocket-nozzles-musk-tweet/" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="How SpaceX Makes Its Rocket Nozzles" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Editorial Links" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/a24245/spacex-rocket-nozzles-musk-tweet/" class="css-1bn7a5e e1c1bym14"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/pop.h-cdn.co/assets/16/49/1481324092-jeff.gif?crop=1xw:0.5537459283387622xh;center,top&resize=300:*" alt="Product, Red, Carmine, Maroon, Wire, Musical instrument accessory, Armrest, Electrical supply, " title="Product, Red, Carmine, Maroon, Wire, Musical instrument accessory, Armrest, Electrical supply, " width="120" height="100%" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="css-1l0uuk1 e94w1mj4"/><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">How SpaceX Makes Its Rocket Nozzles</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></a></li><li class="css-2t9pp3 e94w1mj6"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/space/rockets/a39970172/the-pentagons-nuclear-thermal-rocket-is-getting-serious/" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Here Comes the Pentagon’s Nuclear Thermal Rocket" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Editorial Links" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/a39970172/the-pentagons-nuclear-thermal-rocket-is-getting-serious/" class="css-1bn7a5e e1c1bym14"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/draco-rocket-concept-1652294197.png?crop=1xw:0.9794303797468354xh;center,top&resize=300:*" alt="the pentagon’s nuclear thermal rocket is getting serious" title="The Pentagon’s Nuclear Thermal Rocket Is Getting Serious" width="120" height="100%" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="css-1l0uuk1 e94w1mj4"/><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">Here Comes the Pentagon’s Nuclear Thermal Rocket</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></a></li></ul></aside></section><hr data-node-id="29" class="css-18pb4rg emevuu60"/><h2 data-node-id="30" class="body-h2 css-v09poa emevuu60">What About Thrust Vectoring? </h2><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="31" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Along with sufficient gains in efficiency, the aerospike engine also promises advantages when it comes to control.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="32" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Bell-nozzle rockets use mechanical systems called <a href="https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/rocket/gimbaled.html" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/rocket/gimbaled.html" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="gimbals" class="body-link css-1kk1geb emevuu60"><u>gimbals</u></a> to produce differential thrust—used to control the direction of any given spacecraft. This involves a system of hydraulic actuators that adjust the direction the rocket nozzle is pointing. Along with not offering a ton of control, this system adds weight, which takes away efficiency. </p><section data-embed="body-image" data-lazy-id="P0-18" data-node-id="33" class="embed"><div size="medium" data-embed="body-image" class="align-center size-medium embed css-6i9ia4 e1fodxfw4"><div class="css-uwraif e1fodxfw3"><img alt="a rocket engine gimbal test" title="why the aerospike engine is the future of rockets" loading="lazy" width="1828" height="1365" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/755998main-j2x-test-june14-2-full-649f5370ac594.jpeg?resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/755998main-j2x-test-june14-2-full-649f5370ac594.jpeg?resize=768:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/755998main-j2x-test-june14-2-full-649f5370ac594.jpeg?resize=980:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/755998main-j2x-test-june14-2-full-649f5370ac594.jpeg?resize=980:*" class="css-0 e193vzwj0"/><div class="css-swqnqv e1fodxfw2"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-qwlzud e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-3v2r6c e1geg53v2">NASA/SSC</span></figcaption><div data-element="caption" class="css-ad4qa6 e1fodxfw1">A closeup of a J-2X rocket engine during a gimbal test at Stennis Space Center, 2013.</div></div></div></div></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="34" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60"><em></em><br/></p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="35" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">While gimbals are <em>active </em>systems for controlling differential thrust, an aerospike engine use a <em>passive</em> process called pressure injection. </p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="36" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Passive differential thrust means that the rocket’s plume can be manipulated without needing any of the hefty gimbals seen on bell-nozzle rockets. Instead of changing the direction of the nozzle itself, the aerospike can inject pressure through a series of ports and passages within the spike itself to manipulate where the power goes. Along with simplifying the process, subtracting the weight of the gimbals means the rockets can be much more efficient—lighter spacecraft use less fuel to go a given distance. </p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="37" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60"><em>Watch the video below to see a gimbal test in action on a J-2X engine—and turn your volume down!<br/></em></p><section data-embed="youtube" data-lazy-id="P0-19" data-node-id="38" class="embed"><div data-embed="youtube"><section data-lazy-parent="P0-19" class="embed"><div data-embed="youtube" class="embed align-center css-10klw3m ekrjau21"><div class="css-nnemls ekrjau20"><img data-dynamic-svg="true" src="/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/social/youtube.ce3e1ae.svg?primary=currentColor&id=link-out-embed" loading="lazy" data-testid="dynamic-svg-base" height="auto" width="auto" alt="youtube" class="css-1msakm2 ekrjau22"/><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" data-theme-key="base-link" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Az7RX0y1twU" aria-label="View full post on Youtube" class="css-0 e1c1bym14">View full post on Youtube</a></div></div></section></div></section><hr data-node-id="39" class="css-18pb4rg emevuu60"/><h2 data-node-id="40" class="body-h2 css-v09poa emevuu60">How We Got Here</h2><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="41" class="body-text css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Contrary to what you might think, the aerospike has actually been in the design phase for quite a while. The Rocketdyne Propulsion & Power unit of <a href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/flight/a22753/boeing-aviation-history/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.popularmechanics.com/flight/a22753/boeing-aviation-history/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Boeing" class="body-link css-1kk1geb emevuu60">Boeing</a> laid the foundations in the 1960s and 70s for the same aerospike we’re writing about today. </p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="42" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">NASA’s Project X-33 is what really got the ball rolling in the late 90s and early 2000s. Partnering with <a href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/flight/a19671692/nasa-supersonic-x-plane-lockheed-martin/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.popularmechanics.com/flight/a19671692/nasa-supersonic-x-plane-lockheed-martin/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Lockheed Martin" class="body-link css-1kk1geb emevuu60">Lockheed Martin</a> Aeronautics Co., in Palmdale California, they took the original idea and brought it up to date with new technologies and materials. </p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="43" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">It’s no accident that the aerospike engine checks most of the boxes that NASA was looking for in its plans to build a reusable launch vehicle (RLV), which needs a propulsion system that’s lightweight and efficient, but stout enough to sling it into space. It also needs to be affordable enough to operate, with good reliability and short turnaround times between flights.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="44" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Validation tests began in 1998 not long after the working group was put together. Proceedings took place at NASA’s Stennis Space Center in Mississippi, where the aerospike was first fired up in the spring of 2000. In all, the team conducted 14 hot fire tests—fancy <a href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/solar-system/a43647713/nasa-eels-snake-robot-search-for-life-enceladus-saturn-moon/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/solar-system/a43647713/nasa-eels-snake-robot-search-for-life-enceladus-saturn-moon/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="NASA" class="body-link css-1kk1geb emevuu60">NASA</a> speak for firing up the engine.</p><hr data-node-id="45" class="css-18pb4rg emevuu60"/><h2 data-node-id="46" class="body-h2 css-v09poa emevuu60">The Aerospike Isn’t Perfect—Yet</h2><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="47" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">With all of the promised advantages of the aerospike, you might be wondering why NASA hasn’t already ditched the bell nozzle. Spoiler alert: the aerospike still needs some work before it’s ready to be crammed in the back of a spacecraft with passengers onboard.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="48" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Whitmore noted that the new design creates much <a href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/a43919013/el-nino-and-la-nina/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/a43919013/el-nino-and-la-nina/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="higher temperatures" class="body-link css-1kk1geb emevuu60">higher temperatures</a> in the throat of the nozzle—the existing materials used in bell nozzles would simply just melt. “This increased heating level will require that the operational nozzles will use throat inserts fabricated using more exotic <a href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a44080126/new-material-that-will-change-how-we-build-structures/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a44080126/new-material-that-will-change-how-we-build-structures/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="materials" class="body-link css-1kk1geb emevuu60">materials</a> such as refractory metals, pyrolytic graphite, or Boron Nitride—a material used to insulate nuclear reactor chambers,” says Whitmore. </p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="49" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">While the aerospike does come with a whole host of benefits, Whitmore cautioned that they aren’t the magic <a href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a29613974/us-army-better-bullet/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a29613974/us-army-better-bullet/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="bullet" class="body-link css-1kk1geb emevuu60">bullet</a> that many promised them to be. He reckons that aerospikes likely wouldn’t be replacing bell-nozzle rockets for another 20 years or so. It’s an idea that’s bounced around the aerospace engineering industry for quite some time, but could actually come to fruition given how far material sciences have advanced in such a short period of time.</p><section data-embed="editorial-link" data-lazy-id="P0-20" data-node-id="50" class="embed"><aside class="css-1fm2v8u e94w1mj9"><h6 class="css-19w51ep e94w1mj7"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">The Latest on Outer Space</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-xbo8g8 eagam8p1"></span></h6><ul class="css-c4s2gi e94w1mj8"><li class="css-2t9pp3 e94w1mj6"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/space/deep-space/a44386079/scientists-mapped-our-galaxy-with-ghost-particles/" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Scientists Mapped Our Galaxy With Ghost Particles" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Editorial Links" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/deep-space/a44386079/scientists-mapped-our-galaxy-with-ghost-particles/" class="css-1bn7a5e e1c1bym14"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/milkyway-neutrinos-649d959e20817.jpeg?crop=1xw:0.8889333333333334xh;center,top&resize=300:*" alt="artist's rendering" title="Scientists Mapped Our Galaxy With Ghost Particles" width="120" height="100%" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="css-1l0uuk1 e94w1mj4"/><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">Scientists Mapped Our Galaxy With Ghost Particles</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></a></li><li class="css-2t9pp3 e94w1mj6"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/space/deep-space/a44371171/scientists-find-gravitational-wave-background/" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Scientists Found the Gravitational Wave Background" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Editorial Links" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/deep-space/a44371171/scientists-find-gravitational-wave-background/" class="css-1bn7a5e e1c1bym14"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/nanograv-pta-gwb-15yr-649c61a824878.jpg?crop=1xw:0.625xh;center,top&resize=300:*" alt="nanograv" title="Scientists Found the Gravitational Wave Background" width="120" height="100%" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="css-1l0uuk1 e94w1mj4"/><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">Scientists Found the Gravitational Wave Background</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></a></li><li class="css-2t9pp3 e94w1mj6"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/space/telescopes/a44227012/esa-inflatable-telescope-to-the-moon/" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="The ESA Wants to Build an Inflatable Telescope" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Editorial Links" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/telescopes/a44227012/esa-inflatable-telescope-to-the-moon/" class="css-1bn7a5e e1c1bym14"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/low-angle-view-of-moon-against-sky-at-night-royalty-free-image-1686950837.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.716xh;0,0.156xh&resize=300:*" alt="low angle view of moon against sky at night" title="Low angle view of moon against sky at night" width="120" height="100%" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="css-1l0uuk1 e94w1mj4"/><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">The ESA Wants to Build an Inflatable Telescope</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></a></li></ul></aside></section><div data-journey-blur="partial" data-ad-exclude="true" class="css-19m4yzp e1jy25xv0"><div class="css-sfzxfp ev8dhu59"><span class="css-3mrz81 ev8dhu51"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/rover/profile_photos/d3d25302-9a23-4690-aae6-513599b3fe3b_1648043037.file?fill=1:1&resize=120:*" alt="Headshot of Matt Crisara" title="Headshot of Matt Crisara" width="100%" height="100%" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="css-o0wq4v ev8dhu53"/></span><div class="css-gorqpr ev8dhu58"><span class="css-0 ev8dhu56"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/author/228667/matt-crisara/" class="e1c1bym13 css-siwijo e1c1bym14"><span>Matt Crisara</span></a></span><div class="css-4cby7b ev8dhu57">Service Editor</div></div><div class="css-1dsojn8 ev8dhu55"><div class="css-1blykqe ev8dhu54"><p>Matt Crisara is a native Austinite who has an unbridled passion for cars and motorsports, both foreign and domestic. 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","type":"text"}],"name":"h2","attribs":{"class":"body-h2"},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"Along with sufficient gains in efficiency, the aerospike engine also promises advantages when it comes to control.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{"data-journey-content":true},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"Bell-nozzle rockets use mechanical systems called ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"gimbals","type":"text"}],"name":"u","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/rocket/gimbaled.html","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/rocket/gimbaled.html","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"gimbals","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" to produce differential thrust—used to control the direction of any given spacecraft. This involves a system of hydraulic actuators that adjust the direction the rocket nozzle is pointing. 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","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{"data-journey-content":true},"type":"tag"},{"children":[],"name":"image","attribs":{"id":"414ef634-e4d9-44bd-a2cc-3a655de19a40","mediaid":"9652f43f-5fbd-415d-85f6-d79d7afd8bfa","align":"center","size":"medium","share":"false","caption":"A closeup of a J-2X rocket engine during a gimbal test at Stennis Space Center, 2013.","expand":"","crop":"original"},"type":"tag","response":{"captionDom":{"children":[{"data":"A closeup of a J-2X rocket engine during a gimbal test at Stennis Space Center, 2013.","type":"text"}],"type":"root"}}},{"children":[{"children":[],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[],"name":"br","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"name":"p","attribs":{"data-journey-content":true},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"While gimbals are ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"active ","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":"systems for controlling differential thrust, an aerospike engine use a ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"passive","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" process called pressure injection. 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