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<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <title>Timor-Leste - RationalWiki</title> <script>document.documentElement.className="client-js";RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":!1,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"Z-JbkCrQjsjfOq1UivqboQAAABQ","wgCSPNonce":!1,"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":!1,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Timor-Leste","wgTitle":"Timor-Leste","wgCurRevisionId":2692465,"wgRevisionId":2692465,"wgArticleId":211374,"wgIsArticle":!0,"wgIsRedirect":!1,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Asian countries","Crimes against humanity","Imperialism","Southeast Asia"],"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Timor-Leste","wgRelevantArticleId":211374,"wgIsProbablyEditable":!0,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":!0,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[], "wgMediaViewerOnClick":!0,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":!0};RLSTATE={"site.styles":"ready","noscript":"ready","user.styles":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.embedVideo.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles.legacy":"ready","mediawiki.toc.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.embedVideo","site","mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.legacy.js","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","mmv.head","mmv.bootstrap.autostart"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.implement("user.options@1hzgi",function($,jQuery,require,module){/*@nomin*/mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); });});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.embedVideo.styles%7Cmediawiki.toc.styles%7Cskins.vector.styles.legacy&only=styles&skin=vector"/> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector"/> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.35.6"/> <meta name="description" content="The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, sometimes known in English as East Timor,&#91;note 1&#93;&#91;note 2&#93; is a small country in the southeast of the Indonesian archipelago, occupying about half of the island of Timor. 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It is an impoverished country, ranked 147 out of 187 on the Human Development Index.&#91;1&#93; Despite its small size and poverty, it contains massive oil fields, giving it much-unwanted attention from much larger countries. 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clear:right; border: 2px solid silver; margin: 0 0 .5em .5em; width: 200px;"> <div style="background-color: #e7ece6; font-size: 15px; text-align: center; padding: .3em;"><b>Timor-Leste</b> <b></b></div> <center><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_East_Timor.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of East Timor.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/195px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="195" height="98" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/293px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/390px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></center> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>Demographics</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by population" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by population">Population</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>1,317,780 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by GDP (nominal)" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP (million)</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>2,018 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">GDP p/cap.</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>1,560.51 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by life expectancy" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>69.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by Human Development Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by Human Development Index">Development Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>0.606 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>Government</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Democracy Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Democracy Index">Democracy Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>7.06 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Corruption Perceptions Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>40 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>More</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Education Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Education Index">Education Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>0.494 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" class="extiw" title="wp:Importance of religion by country" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Importance of religion by country">Religiosity</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>NA </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p><b>The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste</b>, sometimes known in English as <b>East Timor</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[note 1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[note 2]</a></sup> is a small country in the southeast of the Indonesian archipelago, occupying about half of the island of Timor. It is an impoverished country, ranked 147 out of 187 on the Human Development Index.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[1]</a></sup> Despite its small size and poverty, it contains massive <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> fields, giving it much-unwanted attention from much larger countries. This has resulted in it being subjugated throughout much of its history, and still to an extent today. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Pre-colonialism"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Pre-colonialism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Portuguese_colonization"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Portuguese colonization</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Meet_the_new_boss.2C_worse_than_the_old_boss"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Meet the new boss, worse than the old boss</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Post-independence"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Post-independence</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#In_a_nutshell"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">In a nutshell</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timor-Leste&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Pre-colonialism">Pre-colonialism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timor-Leste&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-colonialism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The human settlement of Timor-Leste goes a long way back, with archeological remains at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerimalai" class="extiw" title="wp:Jerimalai" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Jerimalai">Jerimalai</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> dating back 42,000 years, with some remains being possibly even older. There were several migrations to Timor, which included <a href="/wiki/Oceania#Melanesia" title="Oceania">Melanesians</a> and Austronesians. Eventually, Timor became a part of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malay</a> trading networks. Timor was mentioned in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Fan_Zhi" class="extiw" title="wp:Zhu Fan Zhi" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Zhu Fan Zhi">Zhu Fan Zhi</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> a Chinese text written in the 13<sup>th</sup> century; this is the first known mention of the island in writing. At the time, it was primarily known for its sandalwood and exported beeswax, certain spices, and <a href="/wiki/Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave">slaves</a> in exchange for metals, rice, and textiles. There were some small kingdoms on the island, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehali" class="extiw" title="wp:Wehali" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Wehali">Wehali</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> being the most significant. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Portuguese_colonization">Portuguese colonization</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timor-Leste&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Portuguese colonization">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> 'discovered' Timor sometime between 1512 and 1515 when traders landed on the island. <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a> first arrived in 1556, and during the next century, Portuguese efforts to control the island would expand. In 1642, Portugal invaded the island to expand Portuguese influence and lessen the power of local kings. In 1702, It officially became a Portuguese colony known as "Portuguese Timor", but their control was shaky due to attacks from the locals, Dominican friars, and the competing <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>. This would come to a head in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Penfui" class="extiw" title="wp:Battle of Penfui" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Battle of Penfui">Battle of Penfui</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> in 1749, where the Dutch decisively defeated the Portuguese-aligned <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topasses" class="extiw" title="wp:Topasses" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Topasses">Topasses</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> despite being outnumbered, leading to the island's split. Twenty years later, the capital city of Dili was founded to increase Portuguese colonial presence in the area. </p><p>The Portuguese mainly used their colony to grow sandalwood and later <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> and also to exile prisoners. They put no real investment into the infrastructure, health facilities, or <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, leaving the native populations mostly abandoned. In the early 20<sup>th</sup> century, a bad economy at home led Portugal to try to exploit even more wealth from its colonies. When Portugal tried to effectively enslave the population (this happened in their African colonies, too), this led to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timorese_rebellion_of_1911%E2%80%9312" class="extiw" title="wp:East Timorese rebellion of 1911–12" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: East Timorese rebellion of 1911–12">East Timorese rebellion of 1911–12</span></a>.<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> The rebellion was ultimately crushed, costing 3,424 Timorese their lives and wounding over 12,000 more, but it was an important event in forming their national identity. The Hague drew the somewhat peculiar border<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[note 3]</a></sup> between the Dutch and Portuguese colonies in 1914; these borders are still used today. </p><p>Portugal was neutral during <a href="/wiki/WWII" class="mw-redirect" title="WWII">WWII</a>, but Timor-Leste couldn't escape the bloodshed. It was first invaded not by <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, interestingly enough, but by <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and the Dutch, who predicted a Japanese attack on the island. They were right, and this led to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Timor" class="extiw" title="wp:Battle of Timor" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Battle of Timor">Battle of Timor</span></a>.<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> It was a brutal <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla war">guerrilla fight</a>, and after a year, the Allies were forced to withdraw. This was particularly brutal to the civilian population; the Japanese burned down villages, cut food supply lines, and forced many of the women into sexual slavery. Somewhere between 40,000-70,000 Timorese died during the occupation. After the war, it was given back to Portugal, which continued to neglect the colony. </p><p>During the 1974 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" class="extiw" title="wp:Carnation Revolution" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> Portugal had effectively abandoned the colony. Political parties in Timor-Leste were legalized, and three main political parties formed: the pro-Portugal UDT, the pro-<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> Apodeti, and the pro-independence ASDT (later renamed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fretilin" class="extiw" title="wp:Fretilin" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Fretilin">Fretilin</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>). Fretilin became the most popular, which worried Indonesia so much that they tried to influence the elections in Apodeti's favor (Operation Komodo).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[2]</a></sup> Moreover, it also worried the UDT, which was popular among the region's elites. Ultimately, in 1975, the UDT pulled a <a href="/wiki/Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup">coup</a> on the governor to prevent Fretilin from winning the elections. Fretilin responded by declaring independence. Six countries recognized them: <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, Cape Verde, <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, and São Tomé and Príncipe. All six were incidentally led by <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> governments at the time (four of the countries were also former-Portuguese colonies). </p> <h3><span id="Meet_the_new_boss,_worse_than_the_old_boss"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Meet_the_new_boss.2C_worse_than_the_old_boss">Meet the new boss, worse than the old boss</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timor-Leste&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Meet the new boss, worse than the old boss">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>You'd think declaring independence would end Timor-Leste's colonial troubles, but the country can't get a break. As mentioned, Indonesia was already interfering in Timor-Leste before they declared independence. They responded to their freedom by having the UDT and Apodeti leaders sign a document written by the Indonesian government calling for integration. As this was during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and Timor-Leste was only recognized by communist states, western countries were perfectly willing to look the other way while this was happening, even when the Indonesian army killed five Australian reporters (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balibo_Five" class="extiw" title="wp:Balibo Five" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Balibo Five">Balibo Five</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>) who were reporting on Indonesian incursions on the border. Ultimately, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor" class="extiw" title="wp:Indonesian invasion of East Timor" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Indonesian invasion of East Timor">Indonesian invasion of East Timor</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> backed by numerous countries, including the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and Australia, began in December 1975. With mostly US-supplied equipment (thanks, <a href="/wiki/Kissinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Kissinger">Kissinger</a>!), the Indonesian army quickly took the capital Dili after extensive naval bombardment. Indonesian forces slaughtered Fretilin supporters, Chinese migrants,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[note 4]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Random" class="mw-redirect" title="Random">random</a> citizens, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_East_(journalist)" class="extiw" title="wp:Roger East (journalist)" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Roger East (journalist)">at least one foreign journalist</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> in the streets of the cities. The brutality forced the populations out of the occupied cities and into the mountains. Former colonial troops were well-equipped by Portugal and could force the Indonesian army to a stalemate in the mountains. </p><p>The stalemate forced Indonesia to try even harsher tactics to subdue Fretilin. One technique was "encirclement and annihilation", where airplanes would bomb villages in the mountains, resulting in fires and famines. When the civilians would go down from the mountain to surrender, they would either be shot or thrown into <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical weapons">Chemical weapons</a> were additionally used on the populations. Afterward was the "final cleansing campaign" (isn't that such a lovely name) when Indonesians would use prisoners from the concentration camps as human shields, forcing Fretilin members to either surrender or shoot their own people. When the Timorese president <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolau_Lobato" class="extiw" title="wp:Nicolau Lobato" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Nicolau Lobato">Nicolau Lobato</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> was killed by Indonesian soldiers flying in a helicopter, the entire island was effectively under Indonesian control. But that didn't end the suffering either: for the rest of the occupation, the Timorese were subject to a genocidal campaign of "routine and systematic <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, sexual slavery, extrajudicial executions, massacres, and deliberate starvation", according to the <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[3]</a></sup> In 1983, a new series of massacres known as "Operational Clean-Sweep" started after the president of Timor-Leste tried to get the UN and Portugal involved. The big moment came in 1991, with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_massacre" class="extiw" title="wp:Santa Cruz massacre" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Santa Cruz massacre">Santa Cruz massacre</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> where at least 250 pro-independence peaceful protestors were mercilessly shot by the Indonesians. This straw broke the camel's back and led to the US and Australia, among other countries, finally ending their support for Indonesia's occupation (apparently, all the scary shit Indonesia did previously wasn't enough). </p><p>In 1998, Indonesian 'President' (more like a <a href="/wiki/Dictator" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictator">dictator</a>) <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Suharto" class="extiw" title="wp:Fall of Suharto" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Fall of Suharto">resigned over numerous economic and political crises</span></a>.<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> Australia pressured the new leader into holding an independence referendum in Timor-Leste. In 1999, with over 97% turnout, the Timorese voted overwhelmingly to reject an offer for more autonomy within Indonesia and thus became independent again. The Indonesians took this extremely well. By "well", literal <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorched_Earth_Operation">Scorched Earth</a>: pro-Indonesian paramilitary groups massacred civilians, forced over 200,000 people into West Timor (the part owned by Indonesia), and destroyed the country's irrigation systems, electrical grid, schools, and water supply systems. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_East_Timorese_crisis" class="extiw" title="wp:1999 East Timorese crisis" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: 1999 East Timorese crisis">They really can't take a break</span></a>.<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> Ultimately, a multinational force from the UN had to be sent to get Indonesia to back off. The Indonesian occupation of Timor-Leste ranks alongside the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> killings, the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslav</a> wars, and the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> as one of the worst humanitarian disasters of the second half of the 20<sup>th</sup> century. It is widely considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>. The number of people killed is debated due to poor census-keeping but is generally agreed to be anywhere from 100,000 to 300,000 or possibly higher. In 2002, the country was finally recognized as independent. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Post-independence">Post-independence</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timor-Leste&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-independence">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Even after independence, things are not looking great for Timor-Leste. The country is still relevant for its oil, very little of which it actually gets to use. Shortly after its independence, Australia signed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor_Sea_Treaty" class="extiw" title="wp:Timor Sea Treaty" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Timor Sea Treaty">Timor Sea Treaty</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> giving Australia access to most of its oil fields. Australia was even <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93East_Timor_spying_scandal" class="extiw" title="wp:Australia–East Timor spying scandal" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Australia–East Timor spying scandal">caught spying</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> on Timor-Leste so they would have information that would allow them to have the upper hand in any negotiations over the oil field. While Australia gives Timor-Leste foreign aid, it takes much oil from the country, leaving it perpetually poor.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[4]</a></sup> The domestic situation isn't much better, with a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_East_Timorese_crisis" class="extiw" title="wp:2006 East Timorese crisis" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: 2006 East Timorese crisis">coup attempt</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> in 2006 that led to several other countries intervening. Despite being nominally independent, Timor-Leste's history of going from overlord to overlord seems like it has yet to stop. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_a_nutshell">In a nutshell</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timor-Leste&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In a nutshell">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <center><div class="thumb embedvideo autoResize" style="width: 648px;"><div class="embedvideo autoResize" style=""><div class="embedvideowrap" style="width: 640px;"><iframe title="Play video" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/xqegTsi6SiE?" width="640" height="360" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="true"></iframe></div></div></div></center> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timor-Leste&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> — another island split in two due to colonialism. The western half of the island is another Indonesian human rights disaster.</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timor-Leste&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Leste</i> means "east" in Portuguese, whereas "Timor" is derived from the Malay <i>timur</i>, which also means "east", so the country's name is effectively "east east". To its credit, it is the most democratic country to refer to itself as a "Democratic Republic" (looking at you, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">Democratic People's Republic of Korea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">East Timor is also the official name of the once 27th province of Indonesia i.e. <i>Timor Timur</i> (makes more sense in relation to the previous note) before it gained independence. Might be a little derogatory still calling it East Timor. Yes, looking at you, English Wikipedia. Even Indonesian Wikipedia doesn't call it <i>Timor Timur</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Timor-Leste owns an exclave in Indonesian Timor Barat.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Indonesians had previously slaughtered ethnic Chinese in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" class="extiw" title="wp:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66</span></a>.<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timor-Leste&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101109044043/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/TLS.html">Timor-Leste</a>, UNDP</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://withoneplanet.org.au/downloads/pdfs/Operation-Komodo.pdf">Operation Komodo</a>, With One Planet</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150528141816/http://gsp.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/UN%20verdict%20on%20East%20Timor.pdf">UN verdict on East Timor</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Helen Davidson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/16/australia-accused-of-siphoning-millions-in-timor-leste-oil-revenue">Australia accused of 'siphoning' millions in Timor-Leste oil revenue</a> The Guardian 15 Apr. 2019</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Nations_of_the_world-navigationbox" class="toccolours" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em 3.5%; text-align:center;"> <div style="margin:0.15em; padding:0.1em; background:#ccccff; font-weight:bold;"><span id="Nations_of_the_world-navigationbox"><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nations</a> of the world</span> </div> <div class="hlist" style="font-size: 90%; margin: 0.15em 1.425em;"><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><b>Africa</b></a>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Egypt" 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