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Kenya's poor are five times more likely to be shot dead by the police who are meant to protect them than by criminals.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Boniface Mwangi, Kenyan social justice activist, 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox" style="float: right; clear:right; border: 2px solid silver; margin: 0 0 .5em .5em; width: 200px;"> <div style="background-color: #e7ece6; font-size: 15px; text-align: center; padding: .3em;"><b>Kenya</b> <b></b></div> <center><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kenya.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Kenya.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/250px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="195" height="130" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/330px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/500px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></center> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>Demographics</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by population" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by population">Population</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>47,564,296 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by GDP (nominal)" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP (million)</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>98,607 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">GDP p/cap.</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>1,997 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by life expectancy" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>63.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by Human Development Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by Human Development Index">Development Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>0.579 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>Government</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Democracy Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Democracy Index">Democracy Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>5.18 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Corruption Perceptions Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>2.1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>More</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Education Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Education Index">Education Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>0.69 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" class="extiw" title="wp:Importance of religion by country" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Importance of religion by country">Religiosity</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>94 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>The <b>Republic of Kenya</b> is a state in eastern <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. It has a presidential executive and a bicameral legislature, and its capital and largest city is Nairobi. The country's population is predominantly <a href="/wiki/Protestant" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> Christian, although <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> are practiced by a significant minority.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> </p><p>Its location makes it one of the most productive agricultural regions in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> This historically put a giant target over the entire region for <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> colonialism. Trading posts established by <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and Oman traded in <a href="/wiki/Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave">slaves</a>, and the Kenyan region became a major hub in the Indian Ocean slave trade. Kenya later became an area of interest for the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, which established a protectorate over it during the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a>. British colonization disrupted Kenya's tribal agriculture system, causing the displacement of entire populations. Dissatisfaction among the native Kenyans finally resulted in the Mau Mau Uprising in 1950, which lasted until the British finally agreed to grant Kenya independence in 1963. </p><p>Kenya is a relatively stable country in Africa today, and it's almost an okay democracy. Almost. The country's primary challenges mainly stem from the fact that it neighbors <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, meaning that <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> tends to spill over the border. In terms of politics, Kenya has its notorious ban on <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a>, which is still a major human rights issue. Kenya's civilian authorities also seem perpetually unable to curb excessive violence and criminal activity from the country's security forces, meaning that Kenya routinely sees <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_executions" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial executions">extrajudicial executions</a>, arbitrary detentions, and <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kenyastate_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kenyastate-4">[4]</a></sup> </p><p>The US State Department maintains a Level 2 Travel Advisory against Kenya, warning potential travelers that many parts of the country pose a high risk of crimes such as kidnapping and mugging, and terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> </p><p><s><a href="/wiki/Obama_citizenship_denial" title="Obama citizenship denial">Kenya is most famous for being the birthplace</a> of former US president <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>.</s> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Historical_overview"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Historical overview</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Swahili_trade_era"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Swahili trade era</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Destruction_by_Portugal"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Destruction by Portugal</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#British_rule"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">British rule</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Modern-day"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Modern-day</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Human_rights"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Human rights</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#LGBT_rights"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">LGBT rights</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Child_labor_and_prostitution"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Child labor and prostitution</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Notable_Kenyans"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Notable Kenyans</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Gallery"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Gallery</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Historical_overview">Historical overview</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenya&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical overview">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Another_Dhow.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Another_Dhow.JPG/330px-Another_Dhow.JPG" decoding="async" width="275" height="154" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Another_Dhow.JPG/500px-Another_Dhow.JPG 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Another_Dhow.JPG/960px-Another_Dhow.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3017" data-file-height="1689" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Another_Dhow.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <i>jahazi</i>, or <i>dhow</i>, was the type of sailing ship used by traders along the Swahili coast.</div></div></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Swahili_trade_era">Swahili trade era</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenya&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Swahili trade era">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The northern coast of eastern Africa is known as the Swahili coast, and for much of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and the Early Modern Age, this area was home to a series of highly lucrative trade routes and hubs. During this time, <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> traders from North Africa and Arabia intermingled with the Bantu peoples of eastern Africa. Their attempts at mutual understanding created the syncretic Swahili culture and language.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> </p><p>Funded by lucrative trading opportunities, the Swahili people grew their agricultural settlements into booming trade hubs, forming multiple powerful city-states along the Swahili coast. Three notable city-states in Kenya were Lamu, Malindi, and Mombasa.<sup id="cite_ref-citystates_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citystates-8">[8]</a></sup> Merchants traded in ivory and <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> from the African interior, frankincense and myrrh from Arabia, and goods from as far as <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" title="Imperial China">Imperial China</a>. These trade networks brought large numbers of Muslim merchants to the Swahili coast, and by 1350, most of the region had converted to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-citystates_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citystates-8">[8]</a></sup> In 1417, 1421, and 1431 CE, <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> Admiral Zheng He visited the Swahili coast during his great treasure voyages, and he brought curios like lions, leopards, camels, ostriches, rhinos, zebras, and giraffes to China as well as trade goods like gems, spices, medicines, and fine cotton cloth.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> </p><p>East Africa was also the source of the Indian Ocean <a href="/wiki/Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave">slave</a> trade, as the Swahili city-states fed the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>'s great demand for slave labor.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> Slaves would be captured by other Africans and forced to march long distances to the trade hubs, where they would then be bundled onto cramped ships and sailed to their final destinations. It's impossible to know how many slaves were involved, but it's estimated that about 75% of all the black slaves died before reaching the markets, usually of hunger, illness, or exhaustion.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> Senegalese historian Tidiane N'Diaye estimates that about 17 million Africans were enslaved. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Destruction_by_Portugal">Destruction by Portugal</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenya&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Destruction by Portugal">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_House_(34201573126).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Great_House_%2834201573126%29.jpg/330px-Great_House_%2834201573126%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="206" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Great_House_%2834201573126%29.jpg/500px-Great_House_%2834201573126%29.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Great_House_%2834201573126%29.jpg/960px-Great_House_%2834201573126%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_House_(34201573126).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Ruins of a wealthy merchant's residence in Kilwa.</div></div></div> <p>East Africa's era of prosperity ended when <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> came 'round the tip of Africa and arrived to steal all of their shit. Unlike the Muslims from up north, the Portuguese weren't interested in trading. After all, if you can buy something from someone, you can just shoot that person and take it for free. The Swahili city-states were unable to resist due to their lack of coordination and the fact that they had never been forced to fend off such an invasion before.<sup id="cite_ref-swahili_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swahili-12">[12]</a></sup> </p><p>The Portuguese hit Zanzibar first in 1503, then moved northward to Kilwa and Mombasa in 1505.<sup id="cite_ref-looting_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-looting-13">[13]</a></sup> The Portuguese would arrive off the city's coast with their ships and then bombard the city until its leader surrendered. The city-states were then forced to pay tribute to Portugal. Mombasa in Kenya was the worst hit because its sultan refused to submit. The Portuguese then landed troops in the city to strip it of anything of value and then destroy it. According to contemporary English doctor James Prior,<sup id="cite_ref-looting_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-looting-13">[13]</a></sup> </p> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>the town of Quiloa [Kilwa], [was] once a place of great importance, and the capital of an extensive kingdom, but is now a petty village. The greatness of Quiloa... was irrecoverably gone. The very touch of the Portuguese was death. Like other cities then on this coast, said to be flourishing and populous, it sunk from civilization, wealth and power into insignificance, poverty and barbarism.</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>This Portuguese policy was short-sighted, as regional trade simply shifted to avoid them. Realizing that their new land was thus useless, Portugal abandoned the Swahili coast and moved southwards into Mozambique to look for gold.<sup id="cite_ref-swahili_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swahili-12">[12]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="British_rule">British rule</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenya&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: British rule">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Patrol_Kenya.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Patrol_Kenya.jpg/330px-Patrol_Kenya.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="272" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Patrol_Kenya.jpg/500px-Patrol_Kenya.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Patrol_Kenya.jpg/550px-Patrol_Kenya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="791" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Patrol_Kenya.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>British soldiers on patrol during the Mau-Mau Uprising.</div></div></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a>, the British decided to hippity-hop in Kenya to turn it into a colonial territory. They used the Indian Ocean slave trade as an excuse, claiming that they were invading Kenya to put it to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> And they did, banning slavery in 1874. Facing colonial competition from the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, the British then moved to annex the entire Kenyan region.<sup id="cite_ref-kenya_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kenya-15">[15]</a></sup> </p><p>British administration in Kenya was complicated by local resistance and the fact that the region had been devastated by slave raids and kidnappings.<sup id="cite_ref-kenya_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kenya-15">[15]</a></sup> The British quickly realized that Kenya wouldn't be a profitable colony, so they looked further inland to establish plantations in Uganda. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Kenya became the seat of the British effort to invade and occupy German East Africa (modern-day Tanzania).<sup id="cite_ref-colony_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colony-16">[16]</a></sup> German East Africa proved to be a tough nut to crack due to the efforts of Lt. Col. Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, and the colony didn't fall until the very end of the war. During the process, the British mobilized about 400,000 people from Kenya.<sup id="cite_ref-colony_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colony-16">[16]</a></sup> Kenya again had to mobilize troops in the next world war. </p><p>The colony's most infamous chapter came during the Mau-Mau Uprising. This was a pro-independence guerilla war fought against the British, mainly by members of the Kikuyu ethnic group, Kenya's largest.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> Due to ruthless anti-insurgency tactics by the British, it has become a flashpoint for debates about whether the British empire was conducted in the best interests of the governed.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> Even after dealing with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, the British went so far as to use <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a>. As the <i>Guardian</i> put it in 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> </p> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>[T]here is something peculiarly chilling about the way colonial officials behaved in Kenya, within a decade of the liberation of the [Nazi] concentration camps and the return of thousands of emaciated British prisoners of war from the Pacific. One courageous judge in Nairobi explicitly drew the parallel: Kenya's Belsen, he called one camp.</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Although the British put down the rebellion, they realized that something needed to change in Kenya. They granted Kenyans more authority and began transitioning the country towards independence. Kenya became independent in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern-day">Modern-day</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenya&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern-day">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:187px;"><a href="/wiki/File:UN-Habitat_offices_in_Nairobi.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/UN-Habitat_offices_in_Nairobi.jpg/250px-UN-Habitat_offices_in_Nairobi.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="247" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/UN-Habitat_offices_in_Nairobi.jpg/330px-UN-Habitat_offices_in_Nairobi.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/UN-Habitat_offices_in_Nairobi.jpg/500px-UN-Habitat_offices_in_Nairobi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:UN-Habitat_offices_in_Nairobi.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>UN green offices in Nairobi.</div></div></div> <p>Kenya has long been one of the better-run countries in Africa, but that stability is threatened both by communal violence and spillover from <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>. Many of the Islamist groups in Somalia receive most of their funding from "Little Mogadishu" in Kenya's capital, Nairobi. The Northern areas of Kenya, which border Somalia, have also long had a significant ethnic Somali population.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[notes 1]</a></sup> There used to be an understandable sentiment of wishing to be "reunited" with Somalia. Now, not so much.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[notes 2]</a></sup> </p><p>Since 1996, Kenya has hosted the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> Office in Nairobi, one of only four UN headquarters worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a></sup> The office hosts the global headquarters for two programs: the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) and the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat). One of the complex's more interesting features is its "green" buildings, which use solar panels, rainwater collection, natural lighting, and energy-efficient equipment to almost eliminate their energy footprint.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a></sup> The green buildings were the work of the UNEP. </p><p>Kenya's government is always willing to learn from other countries, which is why their <a href="/wiki/Birther" class="mw-redirect" title="Birther">birth certificates</a> look remarkably like those of South <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a></sup> Kenya's farmers are also globally pioneering the "biodigester" method of turning livestock shit into a shockingly effective organic fertilizer for crops.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a></sup> The UN's climate change experts are watching and encouraging the program, hoping it holds one of the keys to global food sustainability. </p><p>Kenya's also known for their unmatched (okay, <i>maybe</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>) talent in marathons and middle- and long-distance in track. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Human_rights">Human rights</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenya&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Human rights">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:177px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rules_kenya.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Rules_kenya.jpg/250px-Rules_kenya.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="244" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Rules_kenya.jpg/330px-Rules_kenya.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Rules_kenya.jpg/500px-Rules_kenya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="2864" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Rules_kenya.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>At least it says please.</div></div></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="LGBT_rights">LGBT rights</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenya&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: LGBT rights">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights" title="LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></div> <p>Perhaps the most infamous stain on Kenya's human rights record is its longstanding ban on homosexuality. For example, gay men face long prison sentences, and compulsory anal probing is considered acceptable to establish if a man is gay.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a></sup> According to Pew Research Center, in 2013, over 90% of Kenyans said that homosexuality was unacceptable.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a></sup> </p><p>LGBT individuals face extreme harassment from state officials and security forces, are denied medical services, and are sometimes even subjected to "corrective <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a></sup> Refugees from other parts of Africa who are discovered to be LGBT are subjected to extreme violence, often by mobs. In one instance, a gay Somali teenager was doused in petrol and would have been set on fire if not for the intervention of an older woman.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a></sup> </p><p>"Corrective rape" is also a serious issue among the Kenyan public and police. In an almost ritual manner, the community will send men into a lesbian's home to rape her, hoping that it will somehow convert her back to heterosexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a></sup> It doesn't work.<sup>[<i>citation NOT needed</i>]</sup> Many victims end up committing <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Child_labor_and_prostitution">Child labor and prostitution</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenya&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Child labor and prostitution">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>High poverty levels have sadly led to a high rate of child labor and even child prostitution. In 2018, the government greatly increased the number of labor inspectors, inspections conducted, and child labor violations identified, but this still does not seem to be sufficient to stop child labor.<sup id="cite_ref-usdol_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usdol-32">[30]</a></sup> About one-third of Kenyan children aged 8 to 14 are involved in child labor activities.<sup id="cite_ref-usdol_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usdol-32">[30]</a></sup> Kenyan children are victims of human trafficking within and outside the country, and they are exploited to engage in domestic work, agricultural work, fishing, begging, and street vending. Many children are also used as sex slaves in tourism-heavy areas. </p><p>Kenyan law mandates free education and prohibits schools from charging tuition fees. However, the high cost of unofficial school fees, books, and uniforms prevents many children from attending school.<sup id="cite_ref-usdol_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usdol-32">[30]</a></sup> 40% of children who complete primary school do not transition to secondary school, leaving many children at risk of exploitation.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a></sup> Luckily, Kenya has recently started rolling out free secondary education for all of its children. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_Kenyans">Notable Kenyans</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenya&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notable Kenyans">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><s><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack <i><b><u>HUSSEIN</u></b></i> Obama Jr</a></s></li> <li>Lupita Nyong’o, a famous actress who was born in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> but raised in Kenya from age one.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a></sup></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Gallery">Gallery</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenya&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <center><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nairobi_economic_capital_of_africa.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nairobi_economic_capital_of_africa.jpg/250px-Nairobi_economic_capital_of_africa.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="225" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nairobi_economic_capital_of_africa.jpg/500px-Nairobi_economic_capital_of_africa.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Nairobi at dusk. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:43.5px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Roast_chicken,_French_fries_%26_Vegetable_Salad.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Roast_chicken%2C_French_fries_%26_Vegetable_Salad.jpg/250px-Roast_chicken%2C_French_fries_%26_Vegetable_Salad.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="168" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Roast_chicken%2C_French_fries_%26_Vegetable_Salad.jpg/500px-Roast_chicken%2C_French_fries_%26_Vegetable_Salad.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1934" data-file-height="1446" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Roast chicken with vegetables. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:43px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Catholic_Church_in_Mombasa.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Catholic_Church_in_Mombasa.JPG/250px-Catholic_Church_in_Mombasa.JPG" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Catholic_Church_in_Mombasa.JPG/500px-Catholic_Church_in_Mombasa.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Catholic cathedral in Mombasa. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:52.5px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:MSc_student_at_Kenyatta_University.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/MSc_student_at_Kenyatta_University.jpg/225px-MSc_student_at_Kenyatta_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/MSc_student_at_Kenyatta_University.jpg/338px-MSc_student_at_Kenyatta_University.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/MSc_student_at_Kenyatta_University.jpg/450px-MSc_student_at_Kenyatta_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Agricultural science student at Kenyatta University. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:52.5px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephants_at_Amboseli_national_park_against_Mount_Kilimanjaro.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Elephants_at_Amboseli_national_park_against_Mount_Kilimanjaro.jpg/250px-Elephants_at_Amboseli_national_park_against_Mount_Kilimanjaro.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Elephants_at_Amboseli_national_park_against_Mount_Kilimanjaro.jpg/500px-Elephants_at_Amboseli_national_park_against_Mount_Kilimanjaro.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Elephants at Amboseli National Park. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:52.5px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kenyan_people_in_traditional_dress,_Nairobi,_2023.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kenyan_people_in_traditional_dress%2C_Nairobi%2C_2023.jpg/225px-Kenyan_people_in_traditional_dress%2C_Nairobi%2C_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kenyan_people_in_traditional_dress%2C_Nairobi%2C_2023.jpg/338px-Kenyan_people_in_traditional_dress%2C_Nairobi%2C_2023.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kenyan_people_in_traditional_dress%2C_Nairobi%2C_2023.jpg/450px-Kenyan_people_in_traditional_dress%2C_Nairobi%2C_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6048" data-file-height="4024" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>People of Kenya in traditional garb. </p> </div> </div></li> </ul></center> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenya&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Colonial borders being lines in the sand drawn with little regard for the people living there and all.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Understandably.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenya&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:80%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kenya">Kenya</a>. <i>Wikiquote.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" class="extiw" title="wp:Religion in Kenya" rel="nofollow">Religion in Kenya</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">CIA (2010). <i>The World Factbook</i>. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 336. ISBN 978-1-59797-541-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kenyastate-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-kenyastate_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Kenya-2018.pdf">KENYA 2018 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT</a>. US State Department.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories/kenya-travel-advisory.html">Kenya Travel Advisory</a>. US State Department.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_language" class="extiw" title="wp:Swahili language" rel="nofollow">Swahili language</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Swahili-language">Swahili language</a>. <i>Britannica.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-citystates-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-citystates_8-0">8.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-citystates_8-1">8.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/east-african-city-states/">East African City States</a>. <i>Black Past.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancient.eu/article/1334/the-seven-voyages-of-zheng-he/">The Seven Voyages of Zheng He</a>. <i>Ancient History Encyclopedia.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/9chapter3.shtml">The East African Slave Trade</a>. <i>BBC.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/east-africas-forgotten-slave-trade/a-50126759">East Africa's forgotten slave trade</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-swahili-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-swahili_12-0">12.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-swahili_12-1">12.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancient.eu/Swahili_Coast/">Swahili Coast</a>. <i>Ancient History Encyclopedia.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-looting-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-looting_13-0">13.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-looting_13-1">13.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/5chapter3.shtml">Garden Cities: Rise and Fall</a>. <i>BBC.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Zanzibar" class="extiw" title="wp:History of Zanzibar" rel="nofollow">History of Zanzibar</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kenya-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kenya_15-0">15.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kenya_15-1">15.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/kenya.htm">Kenya</a>. <i>British Empire.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-colony-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-colony_16-0">16.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-colony_16-1">16.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Mugo Gatheru (2005) Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970, McFarland, ISBN 0-7864-2199-1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mau_Mau_Uprising" class="extiw" title="wp:Mau Mau Uprising" rel="nofollow">Mau Mau Uprising</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jun/06/britain-maumau-empire-waiting">Britain has said sorry to the Mau Mau. The rest of the empire is still waiting</a>, Guardian, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/apr/11/mau-mau-empire-british-government-responsibility">Mau Mau abuse case: Time to say sorry</a>. <i>The Guardian.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/12/dec-12-1963-kenya-gains-independence/">Dec. 12, 1963 | Kenya Gains Independence</a>. <i>New York Times.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Nairobi" class="extiw" title="wp:United Nations Office at Nairobi" rel="nofollow">United Nations Office at Nairobi</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sdg.iisd.org/news/unep-showcases-new-green-buildings-in-nairobi/">UNEP Showcases New Green Buildings in Nairobi</a>. <i>SDG Knowledge Hub.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://washingtonindependent.com/53658/is-this-the-source-of-the-forged-kenyan-birth-certificate">Is This the Source of the Forged ‘Kenyan Birth Certificate?’</a>, <i>The Washington Independent</i>, 3 August 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2019-08-miracle-poo-powering-kenya-modern.html">'Like a miracle': Poo powering Kenya's modern farmers</a>. <i>Phys.org</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2016/06/16/kenyan-judge-says-anal-probes-are-a-legal-way-to-determine-if-someone-is-gay/">Kenyan Judge Says Anal Probes Are a Legal Way to Determine if Someone is Gay</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2013/06/04/the-global-divide-on-homosexuality/">The Global Divide on Homosexuality</a>. <i>Pew Research Center.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khrc.or.ke/mobile-publications/equality-and-anti-discrimination/70-the-outlawed-amongst-us/file.html">The Outlawed Amongst Us</a>. <i>Kenya Human Rights Commission.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/18/gay-african-refugees-violence-kenya-uganda">Gay African refugees face abduction, violence and rape in Uganda and Kenya</a>. <i>The Guardian.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://madikazemi.blogspot.com/2011/09/corrective-rape-issue-in-kenya.html">'Corrective rape' an issue in Kenya</a>. <i>LGBT Asylum News.</i> Blog.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usdol-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-usdol_32-0">30.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-usdol_32-1">30.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-usdol_32-2">30.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/resources/reports/child-labor/kenya">Child Labor and Forced Labor Reports</a>. US Department of Labor.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://borgenproject.org/facts-about-child-labor-in-kenya/">7 Facts About Child Labor in Kenya</a>. <i>Borgen Project.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/nyong-o-lupita-amondi-1982/">Lupita Nyong'o</a>. <i>Black Past.</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Nations_of_the_world-navigationbox" class="toccolours" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em 3.5%; text-align:center;"> <div style="margin:0.15em; padding:0.1em; background:#ccccff; font-weight:bold;"><span id="Nations_of_the_world-navigationbox"><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nations</a> of the world</span> </div> <div class="hlist" style="font-size: 90%; margin: 0.15em 1.425em;"><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><b>Africa</b></a>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> — <a href="/wiki/ESwatini" title="ESwatini">eSwatini</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> — <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kenya</a> — <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> — <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> <p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><b>Asia</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> — <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> — <a href="/wiki/Burma" title="Burma">Burma</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> — <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> — <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> — <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> — <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> — <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> — <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> — <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> — <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> — <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a> — <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> — <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> — <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Timor-Leste" title="Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> — <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><b>Europe</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> — <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Czechia" title="Czechia">Czechia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> — <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> — <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> — <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> — <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> — <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> — <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> — <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> — <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> — <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> — <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> — <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> — <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>) — <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America"><b>North America</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> — <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> — <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> — <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> — <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> — <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> — <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>) <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania"><b>Oceania</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> — <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America"><b>South America</b></a>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> — <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui" title="Rapa Nui">Rapa Nui</a>) — <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> — <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands"><small>Malvinas</small></a>)— <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> — <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> — <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><b>Separatist or disputed</b>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> —<a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Micronation" title="Micronation">Micronation</a> — <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand">Sealand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> — <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> </p> <span style="float:left;"><big><b>Historical</b>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> — <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> — <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> — <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" title="Imperial China">Imperial China</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawai%CA%BBi" title="Kingdom of Hawaiʻi">Kingdom of Hawaiʻi</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" 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