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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_priori_and_a_posteriori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>A priori and a posteriori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_priori_and_a_posteriori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potentiality_and_actuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potentiality_and_actuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Potentiality and actuality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potentiality_and_actuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Belief</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belief_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belief_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Belief studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belief_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Western philosophy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Western_philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Western philosophy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Western_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Realism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Realism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Realism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Realism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-realism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-realism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Anti-realism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-realism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Being" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Being"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Being</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Being-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanations_for_the_existence_of_something_rather_than_nothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanations_for_the_existence_of_something_rather_than_nothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Explanations for the existence of something rather than nothing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanations_for_the_existence_of_something_rather_than_nothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Perception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abstract_objects_and_mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abstract_objects_and_mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Abstract objects and mathematics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abstract_objects_and_mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time_and_space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_and_space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Time and space</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_and_space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_worlds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_worlds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Possible worlds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_worlds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories_of_everything_(TOE)_and_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories_of_everything_(TOE)_and_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Theories of everything (TOE) and philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theories_of_everything_(TOE)_and_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phenomenology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phenomenology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Phenomenology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phenomenology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skeptical_hypotheses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skeptical_hypotheses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Skeptical hypotheses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skeptical_hypotheses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-western_ancient_philosophy_and_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-western_ancient_philosophy_and_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Non-western ancient philosophy and religion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-western_ancient_philosophy_and_religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Non-western ancient philosophy and religion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Non-western_ancient_philosophy_and_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jain_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jain_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Jain philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jain_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Physical sciences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_sciences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physical sciences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scientific_realism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_realism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Scientific realism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_realism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Realism_and_locality_in_physics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Realism_and_locality_in_physics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Realism and locality in physics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Realism_and_locality_in_physics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_of_"observation"_in_quantum_mechanics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_"observation"_in_quantum_mechanics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Role of "observation" in quantum mechanics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_"observation"_in_quantum_mechanics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiverse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiverse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Multiverse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiverse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthropic_principle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthropic_principle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Anthropic principle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthropic_principle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_and_collective_reality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_and_collective_reality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Personal and collective reality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_and_collective_reality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_theories_of_everything" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_theories_of_everything"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Scientific theories of everything</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_theories_of_everything-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Filter_bubbles_and_echo_chambers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filter_bubbles_and_echo_chambers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Filter bubbles and echo chambers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filter_bubbles_and_echo_chambers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virtual_reality_and_cyberspace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virtual_reality_and_cyberspace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Virtual reality and cyberspace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virtual_reality_and_cyberspace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"RL"_in_internet_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"RL"_in_internet_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>"RL" in internet culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"RL"_in_internet_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Reality</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 118 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-118" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">118 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werklikheid" title="Werklikheid – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Werklikheid" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realit%C3%A4t" title="Realität – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Realität" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%8D%E1%8A%91" title="ውኑ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ውኑ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="वास्तविकता – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="वास्तविकता" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9" title="واقع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="واقع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realidat" title="Realidat – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Realidat" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realid%C3%A1" title="Realidá – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Realidá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4" title="असलियत – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="असलियत" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1etegua" title="Añetegua – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Añetegua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ger%C3%A7%C9%99klik" title="Gerçəklik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Gerçəklik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="বাস্তবতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাস্তবতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C4%81n-si%CC%8Dt" title="Hiān-si̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hiān-si̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1" title="Ысынбарлыҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ысынбарлыҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Рэальнасць – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэальнасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Рэальнасьць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рэальнасьць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Реалност – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Реалност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realitet" title="Realitet – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Realitet" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stvarnost" title="Stvarnost – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Stvarnost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Бодото байдал – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бодото байдал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realitat" title="Realitat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Realitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skute%C4%8Dnost" title="Skutečnost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Skutečnost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzima" title="Uzima – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Uzima" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realiti" title="Realiti – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Realiti" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virkelighed" title="Virkelighed – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Virkelighed" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9" title="واقع – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="واقع" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realit%C3%A4t" title="Realität – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Realität" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaalsus" title="Reaalsus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Reaalsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Πραγματικότητα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πραγματικότητα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realidad" title="Realidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Realidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realo" title="Realo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Realo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errealitate" title="Errealitate – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errealitate" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="واقعیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واقعیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asliyat" title="Asliyat – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Asliyat" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9alit%C3%A9" title="Réalité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réalité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realidade" title="Realidade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Realidade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A4%EC%9E%AC" title="실재 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="실재" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Իրականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իրականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="वास्तविकता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वास्तविकता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stvarnost" title="Stvarnost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stvarnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinapudno" title="Kinapudno – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kinapudno" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyataan" title="Kenyataan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kenyataan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realitate" title="Realitate – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Realitate" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingempela" title="Ingempela – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ingempela" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raunveruleiki" title="Raunveruleiki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Raunveruleiki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realt%C3%A0" title="Realtà – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Realtà" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA" title="מציאות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מציאות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toovenum_(r%C3%A9alit%C3%A9)" title="Toovenum (réalité) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Toovenum (réalité)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="რეალობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რეალობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Шындық (философия) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шындық (философия)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwirvos" title="Gwirvos – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gwirvos" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhalisia" title="Uhalisia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uhalisia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyalite" title="Reyalite – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Reyalite" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berah%C3%AE" title="Berahî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Berahî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Реалдуулук – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Реалдуулук" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realitas" title="Realitas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Realitas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAsten%C4%ABba" title="Īstenība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Īstenība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikrov%C4%97" title="Tikrovė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tikrovė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realt%C3%A6" title="Realtæ – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Realtæ" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realiteit" title="Realiteit – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Realiteit" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realia" title="Realia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Realia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realt%C3%A0" title="Realtà – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Realtà" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%B3s%C3%A1g" title="Valóság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Valóság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="वास्तविकता – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="वास्तविकता" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Стварност – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стварност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="യാഥാർത്ഥ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യാഥാർത്ഥ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="वास्तववाद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वास्तववाद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="რეალობა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რეალობა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realiti" title="Realiti – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Realiti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werkelijkheid" title="Werkelijkheid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Werkelijkheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="वास्तविकता – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="वास्तविकता" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E5%AE%9F" title="現実 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="現実" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Долушдерг – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Долушдерг" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realiteet" title="Realiteet – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Realiteet" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virkelighet" title="Virkelighet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Virkelighet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8yndom" title="Røyndom – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Røyndom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realitat" title="Realitat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Realitat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reallik" title="Reallik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Reallik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A5" title="ਯਥਾਰਥ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯਥਾਰਥ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="اصلیت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اصلیت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realt%C3%A0" title="Realtà – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Realtà" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrklikheid" title="Würklikheid – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Würklikheid" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzeczywisto%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Rzeczywistość – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rzeczywistość" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realidade" title="Realidade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Realidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ker%C3%A7eklik" title="Kerçeklik – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Kerçeklik" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realitate" title="Realitate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Realitate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullull_kay" title="Sullull kay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sullull kay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Реаліта – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Реаліта" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Реальность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Реальность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%87%D1%8B" title="Баар чахчы – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Баар чахчы" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality" title="Reality – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Reality" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realiteti" title="Realiteti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Realiteti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rialit%C3%A0" title="Rialità – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Rialità" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality" title="Reality – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Reality" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%AA" title="حقيقت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="حقيقت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skuto%C4%8Dnos%C5%A5_(realita)" title="Skutočnosť (realita) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Skutočnosť (realita)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realnost" title="Realnost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Realnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B9" title="واقیع – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="واقیع" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Стварност – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стварност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stvarnost" title="Stvarnost – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stvarnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todellisuus" title="Todellisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Todellisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verklighet" title="Verklighet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Verklighet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="உண்மைநிலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உண்மைநிலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Чынбарлык – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чынбарлык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="ความเป็นจริง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความเป็นจริง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D2%9B%D0%B5%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Воқеият – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Воқеият" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ger%C3%A7eklik" title="Gerçeklik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gerçeklik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Реальність – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Реальність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%AA" title="حقیقت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حقیقت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%B1c_t%E1%BA%BF" title="Thực tế – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thực tế" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lejen%C3%B6f" title="Lejenöf – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lejenöf" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realidad" title="Realidad – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Realidad" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E" title="现实 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="现实" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%98" title="רעאליטעט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רעאליטעט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92dodo" title="Òdodo – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Òdodo" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%9B%B8" title="真相 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="真相" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikruob%C4%97" title="Tikruobė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Tikruobė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6" title="現實 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="現實" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyataan" title="Kanyataan – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Kanyataan" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9510#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="View the content page [c]" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sum or aggregate of all that is real or existent</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Realty" class="mw-redirect" title="Realty">Realty</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Reality_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Reality (disambiguation)">Reality (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Reality</b> is the sum or aggregate of all that is real or existent within the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>, as opposed to that which is only <a href="/wiki/Object_of_the_mind" title="Object of the mind">imaginary</a>, nonexistent or nonactual. The term is also used to refer to the ontological status of things, indicating their <a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">existence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physical</a> terms, reality is the totality of a system, known and unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philosophical questions about the nature of reality or existence or being are considered under the <a href="/wiki/Rubric" title="Rubric">rubric</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a>, which is a major branch of <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a> in the Western philosophical tradition. Ontological questions also feature in diverse branches of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">philosophy of science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">of religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Philosophy of mathematics">of mathematics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_logic" title="Philosophical logic">philosophical logic</a>. These include questions about whether only physical objects are real (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">physicalism</a>), whether reality is fundamentally immaterial (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">idealism</a>), whether hypothetical unobservable entities posited by scientific theories exist, whether a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">god or gods</a> exist, whether numbers and other <a href="/wiki/Abstract_objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract objects">abstract objects</a> exist, and whether <a href="/wiki/Possible_world" title="Possible world">possible worlds</a> exist. <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a> is concerned with what can be <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">known</a> or inferred as <a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">likely</a> and how, whereby in the modern world emphasis is put on <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">empirical evidence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> as sources and methods to determine or investigate reality. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_views">World views</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_views_and_theories">World views and theories</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/World_view" class="mw-redirect" title="World view">World view</a></div> <p>A common colloquial usage would have <i>reality</i> mean "perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes toward reality", as in "My reality is not your reality." This is often used just as a <a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">colloquialism</a> indicating that the parties to a conversation agree, or should agree, not to quibble over deeply different conceptions of what is real. For example, in a religious discussion between friends, one might say (attempting humor), "You might disagree, but in my reality, everyone goes to heaven." </p><p>Reality can be defined in a way that links it to worldviews or parts of them (conceptual frameworks): Reality is the totality of all things, structures (actual and conceptual), events (past and present) and phenomena, whether observable or not. It is what a world view (whether it be based on individual or shared human experience) ultimately attempts to describe or map. </p> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><div class="excerpt"> A <a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">worldview</a> (also world-view) or <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Weltanschauung</span></span> is the fundamental <a href="/wiki/Cognitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive">cognitive</a> orientation of an individual or society encompassing the whole of the individual's or society's <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(cognitive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspective (cognitive)">point of view</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Worldview_Ken_Funk_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Worldview_Ken_Funk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A worldview can include <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a>; fundamental, existential, and <a href="/wiki/Normative" class="mw-redirect" title="Normative">normative</a> postulates; or themes, values, emotions, and ethics.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <p>Certain ideas from physics, philosophy, sociology, <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a>, and other fields shape various theories of reality. One such theory is that there simply and literally <i>is</i> no reality beyond the perceptions or beliefs we each have about reality.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Such attitudes are summarized in popular statements, such as "Perception is reality" or "Life is how you perceive reality" or "reality is what you can get away with" (<a href="/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson" title="Robert Anton Wilson">Robert Anton Wilson</a>), and they indicate <a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">anti-realism</a> – that is, the view that there is no objective reality, whether acknowledged explicitly or not. </p><p>Many of the concepts of science and philosophy are often defined <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culturally</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">socially</a>. This idea was elaborated by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a> in his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Structure_of_Scientific_Revolutions" title="The Structure of Scientific Revolutions">The Structure of Scientific Revolutions</a></i> (1962). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Construction_of_Reality" title="The Social Construction of Reality">The Social Construction of Reality</a></i>, a book about the <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledge" title="Sociology of knowledge">sociology of knowledge</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Peter L. Berger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Luckmann" title="Thomas Luckmann">Thomas Luckmann</a>, was published in 1966. It explained how knowledge is acquired and used for the comprehension of reality. Out of all the realities, the reality of everyday life is the most important one since our consciousness requires us to be completely aware and attentive to the experience of everyday life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_concepts">Related concepts</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fact" title="Fact">Fact</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_priori_and_a_posteriori">A priori and a posteriori</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">A priori and a posteriori</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_priori_and_a_posteriori&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">A priori</i></span> ('from the earlier') and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">a posteriori</i></span> ('from the later') are <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> phrases used in <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> to distinguish types of <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justification_(epistemology)" title="Justification (epistemology)">justification</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Argument" title="Argument">argument</a> by their reliance on experience. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">A priori</i></span> knowledge is independent from any <a href="/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">experience</a>. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tautology_(logic)" title="Tautology (logic)">tautologies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deductive_reasoning" title="Deductive reasoning">deduction</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pure_reason" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure reason">pure reason</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">A posteriori</i></span> knowledge depends on <a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">empirical evidence</a>. Examples include most fields of <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> and aspects of <a href="/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence" title="Anecdotal evidence">personal knowledge</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potentiality_and_actuality">Potentiality and actuality</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Potentiality_and_actuality" title="Potentiality and actuality">Potentiality and actuality</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potentiality_and_actuality&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potentiality_and_actuality" title="Potentiality and actuality">potentiality and actuality</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a pair of closely connected principles which <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> used to analyze <a href="/wiki/Motion_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion (physics)">motion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Four_causes" title="Four causes">causality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics" title="Aristotelian ethics">ethics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_physics" title="Aristotelian physics">Physics</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle)" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle)">Metaphysics</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/De_Anima" class="mw-redirect" title="De Anima">De Anima</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Potentiality_and_actuality_Sachs2005_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potentiality_and_actuality_Sachs2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> The concept of potentiality, in this context, generally refers to any "possibility" that a thing can be said to have. Aristotle did not consider all possibilities the same, and emphasized the importance of those that become real of their own accord when conditions are right and nothing stops them.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Actuality, in contrast to potentiality, is the motion, change or activity that represents an exercise or fulfillment of a possibility, when a possibility becomes real in the fullest sense.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both these concepts therefore reflect Aristotle's belief that events in nature are not all natural in a true sense. As he saw it, many things happen accidentally, and therefore not according to the natural purposes of things.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belief">Belief</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">Belief</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belief&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">belief</a> is a subjective <a href="/wiki/Attitude_(psychology)" title="Attitude (psychology)">attitude</a> that a <a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">proposition</a> is <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">true</a> or a <a href="/wiki/State_of_affairs_(philosophy)" title="State of affairs (philosophy)">state of affairs</a> is the case. A subjective attitude is a <a href="/wiki/Mental_state" title="Mental state">mental state</a> of having some <a href="/wiki/Life_stance" title="Life stance">stance</a>, take, or <a href="/wiki/Opinion" title="Opinion">opinion</a> about something.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>, philosophers use the term "belief" to refer to attitudes about the world which can be either <a href="/wiki/Truth_value" title="Truth value">true or false</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Belief_SEP_Belief_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belief_SEP_Belief-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To believe something is to take it to be true; for instance, to believe that snow is white is comparable to accepting the truth of the <a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">proposition</a> "snow is white". However, holding a belief does not require active <a href="/wiki/Introspection" title="Introspection">introspection</a>. For example, few individuals carefully consider whether or not the sun will rise tomorrow, simply assuming that it will. Moreover, beliefs need not be <i>occurrent</i> (e.g. a person actively thinking "snow is white"), but can instead be <i>dispositional</i> (e.g. a person who if asked about the color of snow would assert "snow is white").<sup id="cite_ref-Belief_SEP_Belief_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belief_SEP_Belief-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are various ways that contemporary <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosophers</a> have tried to describe beliefs, including as representations of ways that the world could be (<a href="/wiki/Jerry_Fodor" title="Jerry Fodor">Jerry Fodor</a>), as dispositions to act as if certain things are true (<a href="/wiki/Roderick_Chisholm" title="Roderick Chisholm">Roderick Chisholm</a>), as interpretive schemes for making sense of someone's actions (<a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Donald Davidson</a>), or as mental states that fill a particular function (<a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Belief_SEP_Belief_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belief_SEP_Belief-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have also attempted to offer significant revisions to our notion of belief, including <a href="/wiki/Eliminativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eliminativism">eliminativists</a> about belief who argue that there is no phenomenon in the natural world which corresponds to our <a href="/wiki/Folk_psychology" title="Folk psychology">folk psychological</a> concept of belief (<a href="/wiki/Paul_Churchland" title="Paul Churchland">Paul Churchland</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Formal_epistemology" title="Formal epistemology">formal epistemologists</a> who aim to replace our bivalent notion of belief ("either we have a belief or we don't have a belief") with the more permissive, probabilistic notion of credence ("there is an entire spectrum of degrees of belief, not a simple dichotomy between belief and non-belief").<sup id="cite_ref-Belief_SEP_Belief_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belief_SEP_Belief-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Belief_SEP_Formal_Belief_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belief_SEP_Formal_Belief-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Beliefs are the subject of various important philosophical debates. Notable examples include: "What is the rational way to revise one's beliefs when presented with various sorts of evidence?", "Is the content of our beliefs entirely determined by our mental states, or do the relevant <a href="/wiki/Fact" title="Fact">facts</a> have any bearing on our beliefs (e.g. if I believe that I'm holding a glass of water, is the non-mental fact that water is H<sub>2</sub>O part of the content of that belief)?", "How fine-grained or coarse-grained are our beliefs?", and "Must it be possible for a belief to be expressible in language, or are there non-linguistic beliefs?"<sup id="cite_ref-Belief_SEP_Belief_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belief_SEP_Belief-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belief_studies">Belief studies</h4></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Belief#Belief_studies" title="Belief">Belief § Belief studies</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belief&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Socio-demographic_correlates_of_witchcraft_beliefs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Socio-demographic_correlates_of_witchcraft_beliefs.png/220px-Socio-demographic_correlates_of_witchcraft_beliefs.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Socio-demographic_correlates_of_witchcraft_beliefs.png/330px-Socio-demographic_correlates_of_witchcraft_beliefs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Socio-demographic_correlates_of_witchcraft_beliefs.png/440px-Socio-demographic_correlates_of_witchcraft_beliefs.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1691" /></a><figcaption>Socio-demographic correlates of witchcraft beliefs<sup id="cite_ref-10.1371/journal.pone.0276872_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1371/journal.pone.0276872-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> There is research investigating specific beliefs, types of beliefs and patterns of beliefs. For example, a study estimated contemporary prevalence and associations with belief in <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a> around the world, which (in its data) varied between 9% and 90% between <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nations</a> and is still a widespread element in <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#World_views_and_theories">worldviews</a> globally. It also shows associations such as with lower "innovative activity", higher levels of anxiety, lower <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a>, and higher <a href="/wiki/Religiosity" title="Religiosity">religiosity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10.1371/journal.pone.0276872_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1371/journal.pone.0276872-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other research is investigating beliefs in misinformation and their resistance to correction, including with respect to <a href="/wiki/Misinformation#Countermeasures" title="Misinformation">misinformation countermeasures</a>. It describes cognitive, social and affective processes that leave people vulnerable to the formation of false beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study introduced the concept of <i>false social reality</i> which refers to widespread perceptions of public opinion that are shown to be false, such as <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_on_climate_change" title="Public opinion on climate change">underestimated</a> general <a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">public support</a> in the U.S. for <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a> <a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">policies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies also suggested some uses of <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelic">psychedelics</a> can shift beliefs in some humans in certain ways, such as increasing attribution of consciousness to various entities (including plants and inanimate objects) and towards <a href="/wiki/Panpsychism" title="Panpsychism">panpsychism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">fatalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Western_philosophy">Western philosophy</h2></div> <p>Philosophy addresses two different aspects of the topic of reality: the nature of reality itself, and the relationship between the <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a> (as well as <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> and culture) and reality. </p><p>On the one hand, <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a> is the study of being, and the central topic of the field is couched, variously, in terms of being, existence, "what is", and reality. The task in ontology is to describe the most general <a href="/wiki/Category_of_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Category of being">categories of reality</a> and how they are interrelated. If a philosopher wanted to proffer a positive definition of the concept "reality", it would be done under this heading. As explained above, some philosophers draw a distinction between reality and existence. In fact, many analytic philosophers today tend to avoid the term "real" and "reality" in discussing ontological issues. But for those who would treat "is real" the same way they treat "exists", one of the leading questions of <a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic philosophy</a> has been whether existence (or reality) is a property of objects. It has been widely held by analytic philosophers that it is <i>not</i> a property at all, though this view has lost some ground in recent decades. </p><p>On the other hand, particularly in discussions of <a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">objectivity</a> that have feet in both <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a> and epistemology, philosophical discussions of "reality" often concern the ways in which reality is, or is not, in some way <i>dependent upon</i> (or, to use fashionable <a href="/wiki/Jargon" title="Jargon">jargon</a>, "constructed" out of) mental and cultural factors such as perceptions, beliefs, and other mental states, as well as cultural artifacts, such as religions and <a href="/wiki/Political_movement" title="Political movement">political movements</a>, on up to the vague notion of a common cultural <a href="/wiki/World_view" class="mw-redirect" title="World view">world view</a>, or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Weltanschauung" class="mw-redirect" title="Weltanschauung">Weltanschauung</a></i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Realism">Realism</h3></div> <p>The view that there is a reality independent of any beliefs, perceptions, etc., is called <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">realism</a>. More specifically, philosophers are given to speaking about "realism <i>about</i>" this and that, such as realism about universals or realism about the external world. Generally, where one can identify any class of object, the existence or essential characteristics of which is said not to depend on perceptions, beliefs, language, or any other human artifact, one can speak of "realism <i>about</i>" that object. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Correspondence_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Correspondence theory">correspondence theory</a> of knowledge about what exists claims that "true" knowledge of reality represents accurate correspondence of statements about and images of reality with the actual reality that the statements or images are attempting to represent. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a> can <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">verify</a> that a statement is true based on the observable evidence that a thing exists. Many humans can point to the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> and say that this <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain range</a> exists, and continues to exist even if no one is observing it or making statements about it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</h3></div> <p>One can also speak of <i>anti</i>-realism about the same objects. <i>Anti-realism</i> is the latest in a long series of terms for views opposed to realism. Perhaps the first was <a href="/wiki/Idealism_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Idealism (philosophy)">idealism</a>, so called because reality was said to be in the mind, or a product of our <i>ideas</i>. <a href="/wiki/Berkeleyan_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkeleyan idealism">Berkeleyan idealism</a> is the view, propounded by the Irish <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricist</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a>, that the objects of perception are actually ideas in the mind. In this view, one might be tempted to say that reality is a "mental construct"; this is not quite accurate, however, since, in Berkeley's view, perceptual ideas are created and coordinated by God. By the 20th century, views similar to Berkeley's were called <a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">phenomenalism</a>. Phenomenalism differs from Berkeleyan idealism primarily in that Berkeley believed that minds, or souls, are not merely ideas nor made up of ideas, whereas varieties of phenomenalism, such as that advocated by <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a>, tended to go farther to say that the mind itself is merely a collection of perceptions, memories, etc., and that there is no mind or soul over and above such <a href="/wiki/Mental_event" title="Mental event">mental events</a>. Finally, anti-realism became a fashionable term for <i>any</i> view which held that the existence of some object depends upon the mind or cultural artifacts. The view that the so-called external world is really merely a social, or cultural, artifact, called <a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">social constructionism</a>, is one variety of anti-realism. <a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativism" title="Cultural relativism">Cultural relativism</a> is the view that <a href="/wiki/Social_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues">social issues</a> such as morality are not absolute, but at least partially <a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">cultural artifact</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Being">Being</h3></div> <p>The nature of <a href="/wiki/Being" class="mw-redirect" title="Being">being</a> is a perennial topic in metaphysics. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a> taught that reality was a single unchanging Being, whereas <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a> wrote that all things flow. The 20th-century philosopher <a href="/wiki/Heidegger" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidegger">Heidegger</a> thought previous philosophers have lost sight of the question of Being (qua Being) in favour of the questions of beings (existing things), so he believed that a return to the Parmenidean approach was needed. An <a href="/wiki/Ontological_catalogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontological catalogue">ontological catalogue</a> is an attempt to list the fundamental constituents of reality. The question of whether or not <a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">existence</a> is a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/predicate" class="extiw" title="wikt:predicate">predicate</a> has been discussed since the Early Modern period, not least in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontological argument for the existence of God">ontological argument for the existence of God</a>. Existence, <i>that</i> something is, has been contrasted with <i><a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a></i>, the question of <i>what</i> something is. Since existence without essence seems blank, it associated with <a href="/wiki/Nothingness" class="mw-redirect" title="Nothingness">nothingness</a> by philosophers such as Hegel. <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a> represents an extremely negative view of being, the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">absolute</a> a positive one. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Explanations_for_the_existence_of_something_rather_than_nothing">Explanations for the existence of something rather than nothing</h4></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Why_is_there_anything_at_all%3F" title="Why is there anything at all?">Why is there anything at all?</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Why_is_there_anything_at_all%3F&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> "<a href="/wiki/Why_is_there_anything_at_all%3F" title="Why is there anything at all?">Why is there anything at all?</a>" or "Why is there something rather than nothing?" is a question about the reason for basic <a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">existence</a> which has been raised or commented on by a range of <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosophers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicists</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who called it "the fundamental question of <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perception">Perception</h3></div> <p>The question of <a href="/wiki/Direct_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct realism">direct or "naïve" realism</a>, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Indirect_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirect realism">indirect or "representational" realism</a>, arises in the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" title="Philosophy of perception">philosophy of perception</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">of mind</a> out of the debate over the nature of <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">conscious</a> <a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">experience</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-lehar_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lehar-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ce_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ce-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemological</a> question of whether the world we see around us is the real world itself or merely an internal perceptual copy of that world generated by <a href="/wiki/Neural" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural">neural</a> processes in our brain. <a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_realism" title="Naïve realism">Naïve realism</a> is known as <i>direct</i> realism when developed to counter <i>indirect</i> or representative realism, also known as <a href="/wiki/Epistemological_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistemological dualism">epistemological dualism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the philosophical position that our conscious experience is not of the real world itself but of an internal representation, a miniature <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual-reality</a> replica of the world. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Leary" title="Timothy Leary">Timothy Leary</a> coined the influential term <a href="/wiki/Reality_tunnel" title="Reality tunnel">Reality Tunnel</a>, by which he means a kind of <a href="/wiki/Representative_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Representative realism">representative realism</a>. The theory states that, with a subconscious set of mental filters formed from their beliefs and experiences, every individual interprets the same world differently, hence "Truth is in the eye of the beholder". His ideas influenced the work of his friend <a href="/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson" title="Robert Anton Wilson">Robert Anton Wilson</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abstract_objects_and_mathematics">Abstract objects and mathematics</h3></div> <p>The status of <a href="/wiki/Abstraction_(mathematics)" title="Abstraction (mathematics)">abstract</a> entities, particularly numbers, is a topic of discussion in mathematics. </p><p>In the philosophy of mathematics, the best known form of realism about numbers is <a href="/wiki/Platonic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic realism">Platonic realism</a>, which grants them abstract, immaterial existence. Other forms of realism identify mathematics with the concrete physical universe. </p><p>Anti-realist stances include <a href="/wiki/Formalism_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formalism (mathematics)">formalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_fictionalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical fictionalism">fictionalism</a>. </p><p>Some approaches are selectively realistic about some mathematical objects but not others. <a href="/wiki/Finitism" title="Finitism">Finitism</a> rejects <a href="/wiki/Infinity" title="Infinity">infinite</a> quantities. <a href="/wiki/Ultra-finitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-finitism">Ultra-finitism</a> accepts finite quantities up to a certain amount. <a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructivism (mathematics)">Constructivism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intuitionism" title="Intuitionism">intuitionism</a> are realistic about objects that can be explicitly constructed, but reject the use of the <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_the_excluded_middle" class="mw-redirect" title="Principle of the excluded middle">principle of the excluded middle</a> to prove existence by <a href="/wiki/Reductio_ad_absurdum" title="Reductio ad absurdum">reductio ad absurdum</a>. </p><p>The traditional debate has focused on whether an abstract (immaterial, intelligible) realm of numbers has existed <i>in addition to</i> the physical (sensible, concrete) world. A recent development is the <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_universe_hypothesis" title="Mathematical universe hypothesis">mathematical universe hypothesis</a>, the theory that <i>only</i> a mathematical world exists, with the finite, physical world being an illusion within it. </p><p>An extreme form of realism about mathematics is the <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_multiverse_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical multiverse hypothesis">mathematical multiverse hypothesis</a> advanced by <a href="/wiki/Max_Tegmark" title="Max Tegmark">Max Tegmark</a>. Tegmark's sole postulate is: <i>All structures that exist mathematically also exist physically</i>. That is, in the sense that "in those [worlds] complex enough to contain self-aware substructures [they] will subjectively perceive themselves as existing in a physically 'real' world".<sup id="cite_ref-Tegmark2008_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tegmark2008-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hypothesis suggests that worlds corresponding to different sets of initial conditions, physical constants, or altogether different equations should be considered real. The theory can be considered a form of <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a> in that it posits the existence of mathematical entities, but can also be considered a <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Philosophy of mathematics">mathematical monism</a> in that it denies that anything exists except mathematical objects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Properties">Properties</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_universals" title="Problem of universals">Problem of universals</a></div> <p>The problem of universals is an ancient problem in metaphysics about whether <a href="/wiki/Universal_(metaphysics)" title="Universal (metaphysics)">universals</a> exist. Universals are general or abstract qualities, characteristics, <a href="/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">properties</a>, kinds or <a href="/wiki/Relation_(philosophy)" title="Relation (philosophy)">relations</a>, such as being male/female, solid/liquid/gas or a certain colour,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that can be predicated of individuals or particulars or that individuals or particulars can be regarded as sharing or participating in. For example, Scott, Pat, and Chris have in common the universal quality of <i>being human</i> or <i>humanity</i>. </p><p>The realist school claims that universals are real – they exist and are distinct from the particulars that instantiate them. There are various forms of realism. Two major forms are <a href="/wiki/Platonic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic realism">Platonic realism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristotelian realism">Aristotelian realism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Platonic realism</i> is the view that universals are real entities and they exist independent of particulars. <i>Aristotelian realism</i>, on the other hand, is the view that universals are real entities, but their existence is dependent on the particulars that exemplify them. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">conceptualism</a> are the main forms of anti-realism about universals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_and_space">Time and space</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of space and time</a></div> <p>A traditional realist position in ontology is that time and space have existence apart from the human mind. <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealists</a> deny or doubt the existence of objects independent of the mind. Some <a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">anti-realists</a> whose ontological position is that objects outside the mind do exist, nevertheless doubt the independent existence of time and space. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a>, in the <i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason" title="Critique of Pure Reason">Critique of Pure Reason</a></i>, described time as an <i><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">a priori</a></i> notion that, together with other <i>a priori</i> notions such as <a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">space</a>, allows us to comprehend <a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">sense experience</a>. Kant denies that either space or time are <a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">substance</a>, entities in themselves, or learned by experience; he holds rather that both are elements of a systematic framework we use to structure our experience. Spatial <a href="/wiki/Measurement" title="Measurement">measurements</a> are used to <a href="/wiki/Quantity" title="Quantity">quantify</a> how far apart <a href="/wiki/Physical_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical body">objects</a> are, and temporal measurements are used to quantitatively compare the interval between (or duration of) <a href="/wiki/Spacetime#Basic_concepts" title="Spacetime">events</a>. Although space and time are held to be <i>transcendentally ideal</i> in this sense, they are also <i>empirically real</i>, i.e. not mere illusions. </p><p>Idealist writers such as <a href="/wiki/J._M._E._McTaggart" title="J. M. E. McTaggart">J. M. E. McTaggart</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Unreality_of_Time" title="The Unreality of Time">The Unreality of Time</a></i> have argued that time is an illusion. </p><p>As well as differing about the reality of time as a whole, metaphysical theories of time can differ in their ascriptions of reality to the <a href="/wiki/Past" title="Past">past</a>, present and <a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">future</a> separately. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presentism_(philosophy_of_time)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentism (philosophy of time)">Presentism</a> holds that the past and future are unreal, and only an ever-changing present is real.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Block_universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Block universe">block universe</a> theory, also known as Eternalism, holds that past, present and future are all real, but the passage of time is an illusion. It is often said to have a scientific basis in <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">relativity</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Growing_block_universe" title="Growing block universe">growing block universe</a> theory holds that past and present are real, but the future is not.</li></ul> <p>Time, and the related concepts of process and <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> are central to the <a href="/wiki/System-building_metaphysics" class="mw-redirect" title="System-building metaphysics">system-building metaphysics</a> of <a href="/wiki/A._N._Whitehead" class="mw-redirect" title="A. N. Whitehead">A. N. Whitehead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_worlds">Possible worlds</h3></div> <p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Possible_world" title="Possible world">possible world</a>" goes back to <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz's</a> theory of possible worlds, used to analyse necessity, <a href="/wiki/Logical_possibility" title="Logical possibility">possibility</a>, and similar <a href="/wiki/Modal_logic" title="Modal logic">modal notions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Modal_realism" title="Modal realism">Modal realism</a> is the view, notably propounded by <a href="/wiki/David_Kellogg_Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="David Kellogg Lewis">David Kellogg Lewis</a>, that all <a href="/wiki/Possible_worlds" class="mw-redirect" title="Possible worlds">possible worlds</a> are as real as the actual world. In short: the actual world is regarded as merely one among an <a href="/wiki/Infinity" title="Infinity">infinite</a> <a href="/wiki/Set_theory" title="Set theory">set</a> of <a href="/wiki/Logically_possible" class="mw-redirect" title="Logically possible">logically possible</a> worlds, some "nearer" to the actual world and some more remote. Other theorists may use the Possible World framework to express and explore problems without committing to it ontologically. Possible world theory is related to <a href="/wiki/Alethic_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Alethic logic">alethic logic</a>: a proposition is <i>necessary</i> if it is true in all possible worlds, and <i>possible</i> if it is true in at least one. The <a href="/wiki/Many_worlds_interpretation" class="mw-redirect" title="Many worlds interpretation">many worlds interpretation</a> of quantum mechanics is a similar idea in science. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theories_of_everything_(TOE)_and_philosophy"><span id="Theories_of_everything_.28TOE.29_and_philosophy"></span>Theories of everything (TOE) and philosophy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_everything_(philosophy)" title="Theory of everything (philosophy)">Theory of everything (philosophy)</a></div> <p>The philosophical implications of a physical TOE are frequently debated. For example, if philosophical <a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">physicalism</a> is true, a physical TOE will coincide with a philosophical theory of everything. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/System-building_metaphysics" class="mw-redirect" title="System-building metaphysics">"system building"</a> style of metaphysics attempts to answer <i>all</i> the important questions in a coherent way, providing a complete picture of the world. <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> could be said to be early examples of comprehensive systems. In the early modern period (17th and 18th centuries), the system-building <i>scope</i> of philosophy is often linked to the rationalist <i>method</i> of philosophy, that is the technique of deducing the nature of the world by pure <i>a priori</i> reason. Examples from the early modern period include the <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Leibniz</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Monadology" title="Monadology">Monadology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mind-body_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mind-body dualism">Dualism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Absolute_idealism" title="Absolute idealism">Absolute idealism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Whitehead</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">Process philosophy</a> were later systems. </p><p>Other philosophers do not believe its techniques can aim so high. Some scientists think a more mathematical approach than philosophy is needed for a TOE, for instance <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a> wrote in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Brief_History_of_Time" title="A Brief History of Time">A Brief History of Time</a></i> that even if we had a TOE, it would necessarily be a set of equations. He wrote, "What is it that breathes fire into the equations and makes a universe for them to describe?"<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phenomenology">Phenomenology</h3></div> <p>On a much broader and more subjective level,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (August 2011)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup> private experiences, curiosity, inquiry, and the selectivity involved in personal interpretation of events shapes reality as seen by one and only one person<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hence is called <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenological</a>. While this form of reality might be common to others as well, it could at times also be so unique to oneself as to never be experienced or agreed upon by anyone else. Much of the kind of experience deemed <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> occurs on this level of reality.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phenomenology is a <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical method">philosophical method</a> developed in the early years of the twentieth century by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a> (1859–1938) and a circle of followers at the universities of <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> in Germany. Subsequently, phenomenological themes were taken up by philosophers in France, the United States, and elsewhere, often in contexts far removed from Husserl's work. </p><p>The word <i>phenomenology</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i>phainómenon</i>, meaning "that which appears", and <i>lógos</i>, meaning "study". In Husserl's conception, phenomenology is primarily concerned with making the structures of consciousness, and the <a href="/wiki/Phenomena" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomena">phenomena</a> which appear in acts of consciousness, objects of systematic reflection and analysis. Such reflection was to take place from a highly modified "<a href="/wiki/First-person_narrative" title="First-person narrative">first person</a>" viewpoint, studying phenomena not as they appear to "my" consciousness, but to any consciousness whatsoever. Husserl believed that phenomenology could thus provide a firm basis for all human <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Scientific_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific knowledge">scientific knowledge</a>, and could establish philosophy as a "rigorous science".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Husserl's conception of phenomenology has been criticised and developed by his student and assistant <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> (1889–1976), by <a href="/wiki/Existentialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Existentialists">existentialists</a> like <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a> (1908–1961) and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> (1905–1980), and by other philosophers, such as <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ricoeur" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Ricoeur">Paul Ricoeur</a> (1913–2005), <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Emmanuel Levinas</a> (1906–1995), and <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Dietrich von Hildebrand</a> (1889–1977).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skeptical_hypotheses">Skeptical hypotheses</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Braininvat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Braininvat.jpg/290px-Braininvat.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Braininvat.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Brain_in_a_vat" title="Brain in a vat">brain in a vat</a> that believes it is walking</figcaption></figure> <p>Skeptical hypotheses in philosophy suggest that reality could be very different from what we think it is; or at least that we cannot prove it is not. Examples include: </p> <ul><li>The "<a href="/wiki/Brain_in_a_vat" title="Brain in a vat">Brain in a vat</a>" hypothesis is cast in scientific terms. It supposes that one might be a disembodied brain kept alive in a vat, and fed false sensory signals. This hypothesis is related to the Matrix hypothesis below.</li> <li>The "<a href="/wiki/Dream_argument" title="Dream argument">Dream argument</a>" of Descartes and <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuangzi</a> supposes reality to be indistinguishable from a dream.</li> <li>Descartes' <a href="/wiki/Evil_demon" title="Evil demon">Evil demon</a> is a being "as clever and deceitful as he is powerful, who has directed his entire effort to misleading me."</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Five_minute_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Five minute hypothesis">five minute hypothesis</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Omphalos_hypothesis" title="Omphalos hypothesis">omphalos hypothesis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Last_Thursdayism" title="Last Thursdayism">Last Thursdayism</a>) suggests that the world was created recently together with records and traces indicating a greater age.</li> <li>Diminished reality refers to artificially diminished reality, not due to limitations of sensory systems but via artificial <a href="/wiki/Filter_(signal_processing)" title="Filter (signal processing)">filters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_(franchise)" title="The Matrix (franchise)">The Matrix</a> hypothesis or <a href="/wiki/Simulated_reality_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Simulated reality hypothesis">Simulated reality hypothesis</a> suggest that we might be inside a <a href="/wiki/Computer_simulation" title="Computer simulation">computer simulation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a>. Related hypotheses may also involve simulations with signals that allow the inhabitant species in virtual or simulated reality to perceive the external reality.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-western_ancient_philosophy_and_religion">Non-western ancient philosophy and religion</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jain_philosophy">Jain philosophy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tattva_(Jainism)" title="Tattva (Jainism)">Tattva (Jainism)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain philosophy</a> postulates that seven <b>tattva</b> (truths or fundamental principles) constitute reality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain19926_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain19926-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These seven <i>tattva</i> are:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain19927_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain19927-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva">Jīva</a></i> – The <a href="/wiki/Soul_(Jainism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul (Jainism)">soul</a> which is characterized by consciousness.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ajiva" title="Ajiva">Ajīva</a></i> – The non-soul.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asrava" title="Asrava">Asrava</a></i> – Influx of <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">karma</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bandha_(Jainism)" title="Bandha (Jainism)">Bandha</a></i> – The bondage of karma.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samvara" title="Samvara">Samvara</a></i> – Obstruction of the inflow of karmic matter into the soul.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nirjara" title="Nirjara">Nirjara</a></i> – Shedding of karmas.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)">Moksha</a></i> – Liberation or Salvation, i.e. the complete annihilation of all karmic matter (bound with any particular soul).</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_sciences">Physical sciences</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_realism">Scientific realism</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a> is, at the most general level, the view that the world (the universe) described by science (perhaps ideal science) is the real world, as it is, independent of what we might take it to be. Within <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">philosophy of science</a>, it is often framed as an answer to the question "how is the success of science to be explained?" The debate over what the success of science involves centers primarily on the status of entities that are <a href="/wiki/Unobservable" title="Unobservable">not directly observable</a> discussed by <a href="/wiki/Scientific_theory" title="Scientific theory">scientific theories</a>. Generally, those who are scientific realists state that one can make reliable claims about these entities (viz., that they have the same <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontological</a> status) as directly observable entities, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Instrumentalism" title="Instrumentalism">instrumentalism</a>. The most used and studied scientific theories today state more or less the truth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Realism_and_locality_in_physics">Realism and locality in physics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_locality" title="Principle of locality">Principle of locality</a></div> <p><i>Realism</i> in the sense used by physicists does not equate to <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">realism</a> in metaphysics.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter is the claim that the world is mind-independent: that even if the results of a measurement do not pre-exist the act of measurement, that does not require that they are the creation of the observer. Furthermore, a mind-independent property does not have to be the value of some physical variable such as position or <a href="/wiki/Momentum" title="Momentum">momentum</a>. A property can be <i><a href="/wiki/Disposition" title="Disposition">dispositional</a></i> (or potential), i.e. it can be a tendency: in the way that glass objects tend to break, or are disposed to break, even if they do not <i>actually</i> break. Likewise, the mind-independent properties of quantum systems could consist of a tendency to respond to particular measurements with particular values with ascertainable probability. Such an ontology would be metaphysically realistic, without being realistic in the physicist's sense of "local realism" (which would require that a single value be produced with certainty). </p><p>A closely related term is <a href="/wiki/Counterfactual_definiteness" title="Counterfactual definiteness">counterfactual definiteness</a> (CFD), used to refer to the claim that one can meaningfully speak of the definiteness of results of measurements that have not been performed (i.e. the ability to assume the existence of objects, and properties of objects, even when they have not been measured). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Local_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Local realism">Local realism</a> is a significant feature of classical mechanics, of <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a>, and of classical <a href="/wiki/Electrodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrodynamics">electrodynamics</a>; but not <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>. In a work now called the <a href="/wiki/EPR_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="EPR paradox">EPR paradox</a>, Einstein relied on local realism to suggest that <a href="/wiki/Hidden_variables" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Hidden variables">hidden variables</a> were missing in quantum mechanics. However, <a href="/wiki/John_S._Bell" class="mw-redirect" title="John S. Bell">John S. Bell</a> subsequently showed that the predictions of quantum mechanics are inconsistent with hidden variables, a result known as <a href="/wiki/Bell%27s_theorem" title="Bell's theorem">Bell's theorem</a>. The predictions of quantum mechanics have been verified: Bell's inequalities are violated, meaning either local realism <i>or</i> counterfactual definiteness must be incorrect.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 117">: 117 </span></sup> Different <a href="/wiki/Interpretation_of_quantum_mechanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpretation of quantum mechanics">interpretations of quantum mechanics</a> violate different parts of local realism and/or <a href="/wiki/Counterfactual_definiteness" title="Counterfactual definiteness">counterfactual definiteness</a>. </p><p>The transition from "possible" to "actual" is a major topic of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum physics">quantum physics</a>, with related theories including <a href="/wiki/Quantum_darwinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum darwinism">quantum darwinism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Role_of_"observation"_in_quantum_mechanics"><span id="Role_of_.22observation.22_in_quantum_mechanics"></span>Role of "observation" in quantum mechanics</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Quantum_decoherence" title="Quantum decoherence">Quantum decoherence</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mind" title="Quantum mind">quantum mind</a>–body problem refers to the philosophical discussions of the <a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">mind–body problem</a> in the context of quantum mechanics. Since quantum mechanics involves <a href="/wiki/Quantum_superposition" title="Quantum superposition">quantum superpositions</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Measurement_in_quantum_mechanics" title="Measurement in quantum mechanics">are not perceived by observers</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Interpretations of quantum mechanics">interpretations of quantum mechanics</a> place conscious observers in a special position. </p><p>The founders of quantum mechanics debated the role of the observer, and of them, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> believed that quantum mechanics expressed the observers knowledge and when an experiment was completed the additional knowledge should be incorporated in the wave function, an effect that came to be called state reduction or <a href="/wiki/Wave_function_collapse" title="Wave function collapse">collapse</a>. This point of view, which was never fully endorsed by <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a>, was denounced as mystical and anti-scientific by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>. Pauli accepted the term, and described quantum mechanics as <i>lucid mysticism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heisenberg and Bohr always described quantum mechanics in <a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">logical positivist</a> terms. Bohr also took an active interest in the philosophical implications of quantum theories such as his <a href="/wiki/Complementarity_(physics)" title="Complementarity (physics)">complementarity</a>, for example.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed quantum theory offers a complete description of nature, albeit one that is simply ill-suited for everyday experiences – which are better described by classical mechanics and probability. Bohr never specified a demarcation line above which objects cease to be quantum and become classical. He believed that it was not a question of physics, but one of philosophy. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a> reformulated the "<a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s_cat" title="Schrödinger's cat">Schrödinger's cat</a>" <a href="/wiki/Thought_experiment" title="Thought experiment">thought experiment</a> as "<a href="/wiki/Wigner%27s_friend" title="Wigner's friend">Wigner's friend</a>" and proposed that the consciousness of an observer is the demarcation line which precipitates collapse of the wave function, independent of any realist interpretation. Commonly known as "<a href="/wiki/Consciousness_causes_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Consciousness causes collapse">consciousness causes collapse</a>", this controversial <a href="/wiki/Interpretation_of_quantum_mechanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpretation of quantum mechanics">interpretation of quantum mechanics</a> states that <a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">observation</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Conscious" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscious">conscious</a> observer is what makes the wave function collapse. However, this is a minority view among quantum philosophers, considering it a misunderstanding.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are other possible solutions to the "<a href="/wiki/Wigner%27s_friend" title="Wigner's friend">Wigner's friend</a>" thought experiment, which do not require consciousness to be different from other physical processes. Moreover, Wigner shifted to those interpretations in his later years.<sup id="cite_ref-Esfeld_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esfeld-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiverse">Multiverse</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">multiverse</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Hypothetical" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypothetical">hypothetical</a> set of multiple possible <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universes</a> (including the historical universe we consistently experience) that together comprise everything that exists: the entirety of <a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">space</a>, time, <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a>, and energy as well as the <a href="/wiki/Physical_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical law">physical laws</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physical_constant" title="Physical constant">constants</a> that describe them. The term was coined in 1895 by the American philosopher and psychologist <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation" title="Many-worlds interpretation">many-worlds interpretation</a> (MWI), one of the mainstream <a href="/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Interpretations of quantum mechanics">interpretations of quantum mechanics</a>, there are an infinite number of universes and every possible quantum outcome occurs in at least one universe, albeit there is <a href="/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation#Debate_whether_the_other_worlds_are_real" title="Many-worlds interpretation">a debate as to how real the (other) worlds are</a>. </p><p>The structure of the multiverse, the nature of each universe within it and the relationship between the various constituent universes, depend on the specific multiverse hypothesis considered. Multiverses have been hypothesized in <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a>, physics, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, religion, philosophy, <a href="/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology" title="Transpersonal psychology">transpersonal psychology</a> and fiction, particularly in science fiction and fantasy. In these contexts, parallel universes are also called "alternative universes", "quantum universes", "interpenetrating dimensions", "parallel dimensions", "parallel worlds", "alternative realities", "alternative timelines", and "dimensional planes", among others. </p> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><div class="excerpt"> In several theories, there is a series of, in some cases <a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">infinite</a>, self-sustaining cycles – typically a series of <a href="/wiki/Big_Crunch" title="Big Crunch">Big Crunches</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Big_Bounce" title="Big Bounce">Big Bounces</a>). However, the respective universes do not exist at once but are forming or following in a logical order or sequence, with key natural constituents potentially varying between universes (see <a href="#Anthropic_principle">§ Anthropic principle</a>).</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthropic_principle">Anthropic principle</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This paragraph is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Anthropic_principle" title="Anthropic principle">Anthropic principle</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropic_principle&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> The <a href="/wiki/Anthropic_principle" title="Anthropic principle">anthropic principle</a>, also known as the observation selection effect, is the hypothesis that the range of possible observations that could be made about the universe is limited by the fact that observations are only possible in the type of universe that is capable of developing intelligent life. Proponents of the anthropic principle argue that it explains why the universe has the age and the fundamental physical constants necessary to accommodate intelligent life. If either had been significantly different, no one would have been around to make observations. Anthropic reasoning has been used to address the question as to why certain measured physical constants take the values that they do, rather than some other arbitrary values, and to explain a perception that the universe appears to be <a href="/wiki/Fine-tuned_universe" title="Fine-tuned universe">finely tuned for the existence of life</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_and_collective_reality">Personal and collective reality</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Matter_Connections_Obtained_with_MRI_Tractography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/White_Matter_Connections_Obtained_with_MRI_Tractography.png/220px-White_Matter_Connections_Obtained_with_MRI_Tractography.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/White_Matter_Connections_Obtained_with_MRI_Tractography.png/330px-White_Matter_Connections_Obtained_with_MRI_Tractography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/White_Matter_Connections_Obtained_with_MRI_Tractography.png 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nerve_tract" title="Nerve tract">White matter tracts</a> within a human brain, as visualized by <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a> <a href="/wiki/Tractography" title="Tractography">tractography</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Each individual has a different <a href="/wiki/Point_of_view_(philosophy)" title="Point of view (philosophy)">view of reality</a>, with different memories and personal history, knowledge, personality traits and experience.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system, mostly referring to the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">human brain</a>, affects <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a> and behavior and into this complex new <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_integration" title="Knowledge integration">knowledge</a>, memories,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> information, <a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">thoughts</a> and experiences are continuously integrated.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Connectome" title="Connectome">connectome</a> – <a href="/wiki/Neuron#Connectivity" title="Neuron">neural networks/wirings</a> in brains – is thought to be a key factor in <a href="/wiki/Human_variability" title="Human variability">human variability</a> in terms of cognition or the way we perceive the world (as a context) and related features or processes.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sensemaking" title="Sensemaking">Sensemaking</a> is the process by which people give <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">meaning</a> to their experiences and make sense of the world they live in. <a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">Personal identity</a> is relating to questions like how a unique individual is persisting through time. </p><p>Sensemaking and determination of reality also occurs collectively, which is investigated in <a href="/wiki/Social_epistemology" title="Social epistemology">social epistemology</a> and related approaches. From the <a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">collective intelligence</a> perspective, the intelligence of the individual human (and potentially AI entities) is substantially limited and advanced intelligence emerges when multiple entities collaborate over time.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Collective_memory" title="Collective memory">Collective memory</a> is an important component of the social construction of reality<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and communication and communication-related systems, such as media systems, may also be major components (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see <a href="#Technology">#Technology</a></span>). </p><p>Philosophy of perception raises questions based on the evolutionary history of humans' perceptual apparatuses, particularly or especially individuals' <a href="/wiki/Human_senses" class="mw-redirect" title="Human senses">physiological senses</a>, described as "[w]e don't see reality—we only see what was useful to see in the past", partly suggesting that "[o]ur species has been so successful not in spite of our inability to see reality but because of it".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_theories_of_everything">Scientific theories of everything</h3></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_everything" title="Theory of everything">theory of everything</a> (TOE) is a putative <a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">theory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical physics</a> that fully explains and links together all known physical phenomena, and predicts the outcome of <i>any</i> experiment that could be carried out <i>in principle</i>. The theory of everything is also called the <b>final theory</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many candidate theories of everything have been proposed by theoretical physicists during the twentieth century, but none have been confirmed experimentally. The primary problem in producing a TOE is that <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> and quantum mechanics are hard to unify. This is one of the <a href="/wiki/Unsolved_problems_in_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsolved problems in physics">unsolved problems in physics</a>. </p><p>Initially, the term "theory of everything" was used with an ironic connotation to refer to various overgeneralized theories. For example, a great-grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Ijon_Tichy" title="Ijon Tichy">Ijon Tichy</a>, a character from a cycle of <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lem" title="Stanisław Lem">Stanisław Lem</a>'s science fiction stories of the 1960s, was known to work on the "General Theory of Everything". Physicist <a href="/wiki/John_Ellis_(physicist,_born_1946)" title="John Ellis (physicist, born 1946)">John Ellis</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claims to have introduced the term into the technical literature in an article in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature (magazine)">Nature</a></i> in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, the term stuck in popularizations of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum physics">quantum physics</a> to describe a theory that would unify or explain through a single model the theories of all <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_interaction" title="Fundamental interaction">fundamental interactions</a> and of all particles of nature: general relativity for gravitation, and the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">standard model</a> of elementary particle physics – which includes quantum mechanics – for electromagnetism, the two nuclear interactions, and the known elementary particles. </p><p>Current candidates for a theory of everything include <a href="/wiki/String_theory" title="String theory">string theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/M_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="M theory">M theory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Loop_quantum_gravity" title="Loop quantum gravity">loop quantum gravity</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Personal_and_collective_reality">§ Personal and collective reality</a>, and <a href="#Belief_studies">§ Belief studies</a></div> <p>Media – such as <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">news media</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>, websites including <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a><sup id="cite_ref-1999-02377-025_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1999-02377-025-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – shape individuals' and society's perception of reality (including as part of belief and attitude formation)<sup id="cite_ref-1999-02377-025_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1999-02377-025-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are partly used intentionally as means to <a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">learn</a> about reality. Various technologies have changed society's relationship with reality such as the advent of radio and TV technologies. </p><p>Research investigates interrelations and effects, for example aspects in the social construction of reality.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major component of this shaping and representation of perceived reality is <a href="/wiki/Agenda-setting_theory" title="Agenda-setting theory">agenda, selection and prioritization</a> – not only (or primarily) the quality, tone and types of content – which influences, for instance, the public agenda.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disproportional news attention for low-probability incidents – such as high-consequence accidents – can distort audiences' <a href="/wiki/Risk_perception" title="Risk perception">risk perceptions</a> with harmful consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various biases such as <a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">false balance</a>, public attention dependence reactions like <a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">sensationalism</a> and domination by "current events",<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as various interest-driven uses of media such as marketing can also have major impacts on the perception of reality. <a href="/wiki/Time-use_research" title="Time-use research">Time-use studies</a> found that e.g. in 2018 the average U.S. American "spent around eleven hours every day looking at screens".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Filter_bubbles_and_echo_chambers">Filter bubbles and echo chambers</h4></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This paragraph is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Filter_bubble" title="Filter bubble">Filter bubble</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filter_bubble&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> A <a href="/wiki/Filter_bubble" title="Filter bubble">filter bubble</a> or ideological frame is a state of intellectual isolation<sup id="cite_ref-Filter_bubble_twsTechnoP101_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filter_bubble_twsTechnoP101-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that can result from <a href="/wiki/Personalized_search" title="Personalized search">personalized searches</a>, recommendation systems, and <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_curation" title="Algorithmic curation">algorithmic curation</a>. The search results are based on information about the user, such as their location, past click-behavior, and search history.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, users become separated from information that disagrees with their viewpoints, effectively isolating them in their own cultural or ideological bubbles, resulting in a limited and customized view of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The choices made by these algorithms are only sometimes transparent.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prime examples include <a href="/wiki/Google_Personalized_Search" title="Google Personalized Search">Google Personalized Search</a> results and Facebook's personalized news-stream.</div></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><div class="excerpt"> A filter bubble has been described as exacerbating a phenomenon that called <i><a href="/wiki/Splinternet" title="Splinternet">splinternet</a></i> or <i>cyberbalkanization</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which happens when the internet becomes divided into sub-groups of like-minded people who become insulated within their own online community and fail to get exposure to different views. This concern dates back to the early days of the publicly accessible internet, with the term "cyberbalkanization" being coined in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Filter_bubble_twsChicagoTribLATimes_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filter_bubble_twsChicagoTribLATimes-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other terms have been used to describe this phenomenon, including "<a href="/wiki/Ideological_frame" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideological frame">ideological frames</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-Filter_bubble_twsO11_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filter_bubble_twsO11-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "the figurative sphere surrounding you as you search the internet."<sup id="cite_ref-Filter_bubble_twsO15_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filter_bubble_twsO15-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virtual_reality_and_cyberspace">Virtual reality and cyberspace</h3></div> <p>Virtual reality (VR) is a <a href="/wiki/Computer_simulation" title="Computer simulation">computer-simulated</a> environment that can simulate physical presence in places in the real world, as well as in imaginary worlds. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virtuality_continuum_2-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Virtuality_continuum_2-en.svg/350px-Virtuality_continuum_2-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Virtuality_continuum_2-en.svg/525px-Virtuality_continuum_2-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Virtuality_continuum_2-en.svg/700px-Virtuality_continuum_2-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="137" /></a><figcaption>Reality-virtuality continuum</figcaption></figure><p>The <a href="/wiki/Virtuality_continuum" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtuality continuum">virtuality continuum</a> is a continuous scale ranging between the completely virtual, a virtuality, and the completely real: reality. The reality–virtuality continuum therefore encompasses all possible variations and compositions of real and <a href="/wiki/Virtuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtuality">virtual</a> objects. It has been described as a concept in <a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">new media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, but in fact it could be considered a matter of <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>. The concept was first introduced by Paul Milgram.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The area between the two extremes, where both the real and the virtual are mixed, is the so-called <a href="/wiki/Mixed_reality" title="Mixed reality">mixed reality</a>. This in turn is said to consist of both <a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">augmented reality</a>, where the virtual augments the real, and <a href="/wiki/Augmented_virtuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Augmented virtuality">augmented virtuality</a>, where the real augments the virtual. <a href="/wiki/Cyberspace" title="Cyberspace">Cyberspace</a>, the world's computer systems considered as an interconnected whole, can be thought of as a virtual reality; for instance, it is portrayed as such in the <a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">cyberpunk</a> fiction of <a href="/wiki/William_Gibson" title="William Gibson">William Gibson</a> and others. <i><a href="/wiki/Second_Life" title="Second Life">Second Life</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/MMORPG" class="mw-redirect" title="MMORPG">MMORPGs</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/World_of_Warcraft" title="World of Warcraft">World of Warcraft</a></i> are examples of artificial environments or <a href="/wiki/Virtual_world" title="Virtual world">virtual worlds</a> (falling some way short of full virtual reality) in cyberspace. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""RL"_in_internet_culture"><span id=".22RL.22_in_internet_culture"></span>"RL" in internet culture</h3></div> <p>On the Internet, "<a href="/wiki/Real_life" title="Real life">real life</a>" refers to life in the real world. It generally references <a href="/wiki/Conditio_humana" class="mw-redirect" title="Conditio humana">life</a> or <a href="/wiki/Consensus_reality" title="Consensus reality">consensus reality</a>, in contrast to an environment seen as fiction or fantasy, such as virtual reality, lifelike experience, <a href="/wiki/Dream" title="Dream">dreams</a>, novels, or movies. Online, the <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a> "IRL" stands for "in real life", with the meaning "not on the Internet".<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">Sociologists</a> engaged in the study of the Internet have determined that someday, a distinction between online and real-life worlds may seem "quaint", noting that certain types of online activity, such as sexual intrigues, have already made a full transition to complete legitimacy and "reality".<sup id="cite_ref-Slater_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slater-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Abbreviation" title="Abbreviation">abbreviation</a> "RL" stands for "real life". For example, one can speak of "meeting in RL" someone whom one has met in a <a href="/wiki/Online_chat" title="Online chat">chat</a> or on an <a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">Internet forum</a>. It may also be used to express an inability to use the Internet for a time due to "RL problems". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 26em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterfactual_history" title="Counterfactual history">Counterfactual history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derealization" title="Derealization">Derealization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_modal_realism" title="Extended modal realism">Extended modal realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperreality" title="Hyperreality">Hyperreality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_realism" title="Modal realism">Modal realism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160926223327/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/reality">"reality | Definition of reality in English by Oxford Dictionaries"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries | English</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/reality">the original</a> on September 26, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries+%7C+English&rft.atitle=reality+%7C+Definition+of+reality+in+English+by+Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Freality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaridakis2016" class="citation journal cs1">Saridakis, E. (2016). "Information, reality, and modern physics". <i>International Studies in the Philosophy of Science</i>. <b>30</b> (4): 327–341. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02698595.2017.1331980">10.1080/02698595.2017.1331980</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:126411165">126411165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+in+the+Philosophy+of+Science&rft.atitle=Information%2C+reality%2C+and+modern+physics&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=327-341&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02698595.2017.1331980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A126411165%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Saridakis&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Worldview_Ken_Funk-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Worldview_Ken_Funk_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunk2001" class="citation web cs1">Funk, Ken (2001-03-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.engr.oregonstate.edu/~funkk/Personal/worldview.html">"What is a Worldview?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+a+Worldview%3F&rft.date=2001-03-21&rft.aulast=Funk&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.engr.oregonstate.edu%2F~funkk%2FPersonal%2Fworldview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1996" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Gary B. (1996). <i>Toward A Theory of Cultural Linguistics</i>. University of Texas Press. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-76569-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-76569-6"><bdi>978-0-292-76569-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+A+Theory+of+Cultural+Linguistics&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-292-76569-6&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Gary+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some <a href="/wiki/Associationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Associationist">associationist</a> philosophers have contended that mathematics comes from experience and is not a form of any <i>a priori</i> knowledge (<a href="#CITEREFMacleod2016">Macleod 2016</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Galen_Strawson" title="Galen Strawson">Galen Strawson</a> has stated that an <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">a priori</i></span> argument is one in which "you can see that it is <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">true</a> just lying on your couch. You don't have to get up off your couch and go outside and examine the way things are in the physical world. You don't have to do any science." (<a href="#CITEREFSommers2003">Sommers 2003</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>dynamis–energeia</i>, translated into Latin as <i>potentia–actualitas</i> (earlier also <i>possibilitas–efficacia</i>). Giorgio Agamben, <i>Opus Dei: An Archaeology of Duty</i> (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yVYTAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA46">p. 46</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Potentiality_and_actuality_Sachs2005-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Potentiality_and_actuality_Sachs2005_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachs2005">Sachs (2005)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachs1999">Sachs (1999</a>, p. lvii).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDurrant1993">Durrant (1993</a>, p. 206).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrimmer2018" class="citation cs2">Primmer, Justin (2018), "Belief", in Primmer, Justin (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/belief/"><i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a>, Stanford, CA: The Metaphysics Research Lab, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191115080001/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/belief/">archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-19</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Belief&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=The+Metaphysics+Research+Lab&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Primmer&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fbelief%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belief_SEP_Belief-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Belief_SEP_Belief_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Belief_SEP_Belief_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Belief_SEP_Belief_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Belief_SEP_Belief_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Belief_SEP_Belief_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/belief/">"Belief"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191115080001/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/belief/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Belief&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fbelief%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belief_SEP_Formal_Belief-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Belief_SEP_Formal_Belief_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/formal-belief/">"Formal Representations of Belief"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200711105817/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/formal-belief/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Formal+Representations+of+Belief&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fformal-belief%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1371/journal.pone.0276872-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-10.1371/journal.pone.0276872_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-10.1371/journal.pone.0276872_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGershman2022" class="citation journal cs1">Gershman, Boris (23 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9683553">"Witchcraft beliefs around the world: An exploratory analysis"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>17</b> (11): e0276872. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PLoSO..1776872G">2022PLoSO..1776872G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0276872">10.1371/journal.pone.0276872</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9683553">9683553</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36417350">36417350</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Witchcraft+beliefs+around+the+world%3A+An+exploratory+analysis&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e0276872&rft.date=2022-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9683553%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36417350&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0276872&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022PLoSO..1776872G&rft.aulast=Gershman&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9683553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2022-11-witchcraft-beliefs-widespread-highly-variable.html">"Witchcraft beliefs are widespread, highly variable around the world"</a>. <i>Public Library of Science via phys.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs44159-021-00006-y">"The psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correction"</a>. <i>Nature Reviews Psychology</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 13–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs44159-021-00006-y">10.1038/s44159-021-00006-y</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2F889ddb0f-0d44-44f4-a54f-57c260ae4917">1983/889ddb0f-0d44-44f4-a54f-57c260ae4917</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2731-0574">2731-0574</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245916820">245916820</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+psychological+drivers+of+misinformation+belief+and+its+resistance+to+correction&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-29&rft.date=2022-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1983%2F889ddb0f-0d44-44f4-a54f-57c260ae4917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245916820%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2731-0574&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs44159-021-00006-y&rft.aulast=Ecker&rft.aufirst=Ullrich+K.+H.&rft.au=Lewandowsky%2C+Stephan&rft.au=Cook%2C+John&rft.au=Schmid%2C+Philipp&rft.au=Fazio%2C+Lisa+K.&rft.au=Brashier%2C+Nadia&rft.au=Kendeou%2C+Panayiota&rft.au=Vraga%2C+Emily+K.&rft.au=Amazeen%2C+Michelle+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fs44159-021-00006-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClifford" class="citation news cs1">Clifford, Catherine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/08/24/americans-underestimate-how-much-their-peers-care-about-climate-change.html">"Americans don't think other Americans care about climate change as much as they do"</a>. <i>CNBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(23 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9399177">"Americans experience a false social reality by underestimating popular climate policy support by nearly half"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 4779. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatCo..13.4779S">2022NatCo..13.4779S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-022-32412-y">10.1038/s41467-022-32412-y</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9399177">9399177</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35999211">35999211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Americans+experience+a+false+social+reality+by+underestimating+popular+climate+policy+support+by+nearly+half&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4779&rft.date=2022-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9399177%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022NatCo..13.4779S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35999211&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-022-32412-y&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Sparkman&rft.aufirst=Gregg&rft.au=Geiger%2C+Nathan&rft.au=Weber%2C+Elke+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9399177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNayakGriffiths2022" class="citation journal cs1">Nayak, Sandeep M.; Griffiths, Roland R. (28 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8995647">"A Single Belief-Changing Psychedelic Experience Is Associated With Increased Attribution of Consciousness to Living and Non-living Entities"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>. <b>13</b>: 852248. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2022.852248">10.3389/fpsyg.2022.852248</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-1078">1664-1078</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8995647">8995647</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35418909">35418909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=A+Single+Belief-Changing+Psychedelic+Experience+Is+Associated+With+Increased+Attribution+of+Consciousness+to+Living+and+Non-living+Entities&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=852248&rft.date=2022-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8995647%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-1078&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35418909&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2022.852248&rft.aulast=Nayak&rft.aufirst=Sandeep+M.&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+Roland+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8995647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimmermannKettnerLethebyRoseman2021" class="citation journal cs1">Timmermann, Christopher; Kettner, Hannes; Letheby, Chris; Roseman, Leor; Rosas, Fernando E.; <a href="/wiki/Robin_Carhart-Harris" title="Robin Carhart-Harris">Carhart-Harris, Robin L.</a> (23 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8611059">"Psychedelics alter metaphysical beliefs"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 22166. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatSR..1122166T">2021NatSR..1122166T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-021-01209-2">10.1038/s41598-021-01209-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8611059">8611059</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34815421">34815421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Psychedelics+alter+metaphysical+beliefs&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22166&rft.date=2021-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8611059%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatSR..1122166T&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34815421&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-021-01209-2&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Timmermann&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Kettner%2C+Hannes&rft.au=Letheby%2C+Chris&rft.au=Roseman%2C+Leor&rft.au=Rosas%2C+Fernando+E.&rft.au=Carhart-Harris%2C+Robin+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8611059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philosophicalwor00leibuoft">"Principles of Nature and Grace"</a>, 1714, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/philosophicalwor00leibuoft#page/212/mode/2up/search/209">Article 7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/5740/5740-pdf.pdf">"Not how the world is, is the mystical, but that it is"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tractatus_Logico-Philosophicus" title="Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus">Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus</a></i> 6.44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Why are there beings at all, and why not rather nothing? That is the question." What is Metaphysics? (1929), p. 110, Heidegger.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Heidegger, <i><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_Metaphysics_(Heidegger)" class="mw-redirect" title="Introduction to Metaphysics (Heidegger)">Introduction to Metaphysics</a></i>, Yale University Press, New Haven and London (1959), pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hedweb.com/witherall/existence.htm">"The Fundamental Question"</a>. <i>www.hedweb.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hedweb.com&rft.atitle=The+Fundamental+Question&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hedweb.com%2Fwitherall%2Fexistence.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeier2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Geier, Manfred (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JUiFDQAAQBAJ&pg=PP166"><i>Wittgenstein und Heidegger: Die letzten Philosophen</i></a> (in German). Rowohlt Verlag. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3644045118" title="Special:BookSources/978-3644045118"><bdi>978-3644045118</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wittgenstein+und+Heidegger%3A+Die+letzten+Philosophen&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Rowohlt+Verlag&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3644045118&rft.aulast=Geier&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJUiFDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lehar-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lehar_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lehar, Steve. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cns-alumni.bu.edu/~slehar/webstuff/consc1/consc1.html">The Function of Conscious Experience: An Analogical Paradigm of Perception and Behavior</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151021061139/http://cns-alumni.bu.edu/~slehar/webstuff/consc1/consc1.html">Archived</a> 2015-10-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Consciousness and Cognition</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ce-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ce_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lehar, Steve. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sharp.bu.edu/~slehar/epist/naive-philos.html">Naïve Realism in Contemporary Philosophy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120811172229/http://sharp.bu.edu/~slehar/epist/naive-philos.html">Archived</a> 2012-08-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Function of Conscious Experience</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lehar, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sharp.bu.edu/~slehar/Representationalism.html">Representationalism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120905185905/http://sharp.bu.edu/~slehar/Representationalism.html">Archived</a> 2012-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tegmark2008-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tegmark2008_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTegmark2008" class="citation journal cs1">Tegmark, Max (February 2008). "The Mathematical Universe". <i>Foundations of Physics</i>. <b>38</b> (2): 101–150. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0704.0646">0704.0646</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008FoPh...38..101T">2008FoPh...38..101T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10701-007-9186-9">10.1007/s10701-007-9186-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9890455">9890455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Physics&rft.atitle=The+Mathematical+Universe&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=101-150&rft.date=2008-02&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0704.0646&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9890455%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10701-007-9186-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008FoPh...38..101T&rft.aulast=Tegmark&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tegmark (1998), p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loux, Michael J. (2001). "The Problem of Universals" in <i>Metaphysics: Contemporary Readings</i>, Michael J. Loux (ed.), N.Y.: Routledge, pp. 3–13, [4]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/H._H._Price" title="H. H. Price">Price, H. H.</a> (1953). "Universals and Resemblance", Ch. 1 of <i>Thinking and Experience</i>, Hutchinson's University Library, among others, sometimes uses such Latin terms.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">as quoted in [Artigas, <i>The Mind of the Universe</i>, p.123]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Present-time consciousness", Francisco J. Varela, <i>Journal of Consciousness Studies</i> 6 (2-3):111-140 (1999)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For the concept of "levels of reality", compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIoannidisVishneHemmoShenker2022" class="citation book cs1">Ioannidis, Stavros; Vishne, Gal; Hemmo, Meir; <a href="/wiki/Orly_Shenker" title="Orly Shenker">Shenker, Orly</a>, eds. (8 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TD90EAAAQBAJ"><i>Levels of Reality in Science and Philosophy: Re-examining the Multi-level Structure of Reality</i></a>. Jerusalem Studies in Philosophy and History of Science. Cham, Zug: Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030994259" title="Special:BookSources/9783030994259"><bdi>9783030994259</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Levels+of+Reality+in+Science+and+Philosophy%3A+Re-examining+the+Multi-level+Structure+of+Reality&rft.place=Cham%2C+Zug&rft.series=Jerusalem+Studies+in+Philosophy+and+History+of+Science&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2022-06-08&rft.isbn=9783030994259&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTD90EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKockelmans2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kockelmans" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Kockelmans">Kockelmans, Joseph</a> (2001). <i>Edmund Husserl's phenomenology</i> (2 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a> Press. pp. 311–314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55753-050-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-55753-050-5"><bdi>1-55753-050-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edmund+Husserl%27s+phenomenology&rft.pages=311-314&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-55753-050-5&rft.aulast=Kockelmans&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowell2001" class="citation book cs1">Crowell, Steven Galt (2001). <i>Husserl, Heidegger, and the space of meaning: paths toward transcendental phenomenology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a> Press. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8101-1805-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8101-1805-X"><bdi>0-8101-1805-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Husserl%2C+Heidegger%2C+and+the+space+of+meaning%3A+paths+toward+transcendental+phenomenology&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8101-1805-X&rft.aulast=Crowell&rft.aufirst=Steven+Galt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoriIkedaSaito2017" class="citation journal cs1">Mori, Shohei; Ikeda, Sei; Saito, Hideo (28 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs41074-017-0028-1">"A survey of diminished reality: Techniques for visually concealing, eliminating, and seeing through real objects"</a>. <i>IPSJ Transactions on Computer Vision and Applications</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs41074-017-0028-1">10.1186/s41074-017-0028-1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1882-6695">1882-6695</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21053932">21053932</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IPSJ+Transactions+on+Computer+Vision+and+Applications&rft.atitle=A+survey+of+diminished+reality%3A+Techniques+for+visually+concealing%2C+eliminating%2C+and+seeing+through+real+objects&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2017-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21053932%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1882-6695&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs41074-017-0028-1&rft.aulast=Mori&rft.aufirst=Shohei&rft.au=Ikeda%2C+Sei&rft.au=Saito%2C+Hideo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1186%252Fs41074-017-0028-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain19926-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain19926_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJain1992">Jain 1992</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain19927-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain19927_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJain1992">Jain 1992</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorsen2007" class="citation journal cs1">Norsen, Travis (26 February 2007). "Against 'Realism'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Foundations of Physics</i>. <b>37</b> (3): 311–340. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0607057">quant-ph/0607057</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007FoPh...37..311N">2007FoPh...37..311N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10701-007-9104-1">10.1007/s10701-007-9104-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15072850">15072850</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Against+%27Realism%27&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=311-340&rft.date=2007-02-26&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fquant-ph%2F0607057&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15072850%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10701-007-9104-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007FoPh...37..311N&rft.aulast=Norsen&rft.aufirst=Travis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNielsenChuang2000" class="citation book cs1">Nielsen, Michael A.; Chuang, Isaac L. (2000). <i>Quantum Computation and Quantum Information</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 112–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63503-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63503-5"><bdi>978-0-521-63503-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quantum+Computation+and+Quantum+Information&rft.pages=112-113&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63503-5&rft.aulast=Nielsen&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft.au=Chuang%2C+Isaac+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarin2009" class="citation journal cs1">Marin, Juan Miguel (2009). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Mysticism' in quantum mechanics: the forgotten controversy". <i>European Journal of Physics</i>. <b>30</b> (4): 807–822. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EJPh...30..807M">2009EJPh...30..807M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0143-0807%2F30%2F4%2F014">10.1088/0143-0807/30/4/014</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122757714">122757714</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=%27Mysticism%27+in+quantum+mechanics%3A+the+forgotten+controversy&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=807-822&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A122757714%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0143-0807%2F30%2F4%2F014&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009EJPh...30..807M&rft.aulast=Marin&rft.aufirst=Juan+Miguel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0143-0807/30/4/014/ejp9_4_014.pdf?request-id=9350419a-e5ea-42e2-b5f3-7878a09dfe42">link</a>, summarized here <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.physorg.com/news163670588.html%7care/">[1]</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606092933/http://www.physorg.com/news163670588.html%7Care/">Archived</a> 2011-06-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonner2005" class="citation journal cs1">Honner, John (2005). "Niels Bohr and the Mysticism of Nature". <i>Zygon: Journal of Religion & Science</i>. <b>17–3</b>: 243–253.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zygon%3A+Journal+of+Religion+%26+Science&rft.atitle=Niels+Bohr+and+the+Mysticism+of+Nature&rft.volume=17-3&rft.pages=243-253&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Honner&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlosshauerKoerZeilinger2013" class="citation journal cs1">Schlosshauer, M.; Koer, J.; Zeilinger, A. (2013). "A Snapshot of Foundational Attitudes Toward Quantum Mechanics". <i>Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics</i>. <b>44</b> (3): 222–230. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1301.1069">1301.1069</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SHPMP..44..222S">2013SHPMP..44..222S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.shpsb.2013.04.004">10.1016/j.shpsb.2013.04.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55537196">55537196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science+Part+B%3A+Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Modern+Physics&rft.atitle=A+Snapshot+of+Foundational+Attitudes+Toward+Quantum+Mechanics&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=222-230&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1301.1069&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55537196%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.shpsb.2013.04.004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013SHPMP..44..222S&rft.aulast=Schlosshauer&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Koer%2C+J.&rft.au=Zeilinger%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Esfeld-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Esfeld_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Esfeld, (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unil.ch/webdav/site/philo/shared/DocsPerso/EsfeldMichael/1999/SHPMP99.pdf">Essay Review: Wigner's View of Physical Reality</a>, published in Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, 30B, pp. 145–154, Elsevier Science Limited.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James, William, <i>The Will to Believe</i>, 1895; and earlier in 1895, as cited in <a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a>'s new 2003 entry for "multiverse": "1895 W. JAMES in Internat. Jrnl. Ethics 6 10 Visible nature is all plasticity and indifference, a multiverse, as one might call it, and not a universe."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavin-BadenBurden2019" class="citation journal cs1">Savin-Baden, Maggi; Burden, David (1 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs42438-018-0007-6">"Digital Immortality and Virtual Humans"</a>. <i>Postdigital Science and Education</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 87–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs42438-018-0007-6">10.1007/s42438-018-0007-6</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2524-4868">2524-4868</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149797460">149797460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Postdigital+Science+and+Education&rft.atitle=Digital+Immortality+and+Virtual+Humans&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=87-103&rft.date=2019-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149797460%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2524-4868&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs42438-018-0007-6&rft.aulast=Savin-Baden&rft.aufirst=Maggi&rft.au=Burden%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs42438-018-0007-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_KesterenRignaneseGianferraraKrabbendam2020" class="citation journal cs1">van Kesteren, Marlieke T. 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Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003094081">10.4324/9781003094081</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12657%2F50520">20.500.12657/50520</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1003094081" title="Special:BookSources/978-1003094081"><bdi>978-1003094081</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238657838">238657838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+and+the+Representation+of+Reality&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.12657%2F50520&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A238657838%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003094081&rft.isbn=978-1003094081&rft.aulast=McDowell&rft.aufirst=Zachary+J.&rft.au=Vetter%2C+Matthew+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.oapen.org%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12657%2F50520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1999-02377-025-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1999-02377-025_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1999-02377-025_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrenticeGerrig1999" class="citation book cs1">Prentice, D.; Gerrig, R. (1999). "Exploring the boundary between fiction and reality". In S. Chaiken; Y. Trope (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1999-02377-025"><i>Dual-process theories in social psychology</i></a>. The Guilford Press. pp. 529–546.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Exploring+the+boundary+between+fiction+and+reality&rft.btitle=Dual-process+theories+in+social+psychology&rft.pages=529-546&rft.pub=The+Guilford+Press.&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Prentice&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Gerrig%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsycnet.apa.org%2Frecord%2F1999-02377-025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamsonCroteauHoynesSasson1992" class="citation journal cs1">Gamson, William A.; Croteau, David; Hoynes, William; Sasson, Theodore (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2083459">"Media Images and the Social Construction of Reality"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Sociology</i>. <b>18</b>: 373–393. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.so.18.080192.002105">10.1146/annurev.so.18.080192.002105</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-0572">0360-0572</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2083459">2083459</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Media+Images+and+the+Social+Construction+of+Reality&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=373-393&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0360-0572&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2083459%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.so.18.080192.002105&rft.aulast=Gamson&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft.au=Croteau%2C+David&rft.au=Hoynes%2C+William&rft.au=Sasson%2C+Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2083459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCombsShaw1972" class="citation journal cs1">McCombs, Maxwell E.; Shaw, Donald L. (1972). 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"How the news shapes our civic agenda and News Influence on Our Pictures of the World". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203877111-7/news-shapes-civic-agenda-maxwell-mccombs-amy-reynolds"><i>Media Effects</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 17–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203877111-7">10.4324/9780203877111-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0203877111" title="Special:BookSources/978-0203877111"><bdi>978-0203877111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+the+news+shapes+our+civic+agenda+and+News+Influence+on+Our+Pictures+of+the+World&rft.btitle=Media+Effects&rft.pages=17-32&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203877111-7&rft.isbn=978-0203877111&rft.aulast=McCombs&rft.aufirst=Maxwell&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fedit%2F10.4324%2F9780203877111-7%2Fnews-shapes-civic-agenda-maxwell-mccombs-amy-reynolds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_MeerKroonVliegenthart2022" class="citation journal cs1">van der Meer, Toni G. L. A.; Kroon, Anne C.; Vliegenthart, Rens (20 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsf%2Fsoab114">"Do News Media Kill? How a Biased News Reality can Overshadow Real Societal Risks, The Case of Aviation and Road Traffic Accidents"</a>. <i>Social Forces</i>. <b>101</b> (1): 506–530. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsf%2Fsoab114">10.1093/sf/soab114</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Forces&rft.atitle=Do+News+Media+Kill%3F+How+a+Biased+News+Reality+can+Overshadow+Real+Societal+Risks%2C+The+Case+of+Aviation+and+Road+Traffic+Accidents&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=506-530&rft.date=2022-07-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fsf%2Fsoab114&rft.aulast=van+der+Meer&rft.aufirst=Toni+G.+L.+A.&rft.au=Kroon%2C+Anne+C.&rft.au=Vliegenthart%2C+Rens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fsf%252Fsoab114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/may/03/how-the-news-took-over-reality">"How the news took over reality"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 3 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+the+news+took+over+reality&rft.date=2019-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2Fmay%2F03%2Fhow-the-news-took-over-reality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorvett" class="citation news cs1">Gorvett, Zaria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200512-how-the-news-changes-the-way-we-think-and-behave">"How the news changes the way we think and behave"</a>. <i>BBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=How+the+news+changes+the+way+we+think+and+behave&rft.aulast=Gorvett&rft.aufirst=Zaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20200512-how-the-news-changes-the-way-we-think-and-behave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Filter_bubble_twsTechnoP101-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Filter_bubble_twsTechnoP101_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Technopedia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techopedia.com/definition/28556/filter-bubble">Definition – What does Filter Bubble mean?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010210433/https://www.techopedia.com/definition/28556/filter-bubble">Archived</a> 2017-10-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved October 10, 2017, "....A filter bubble is the intellectual isolation, that can occur when websites make use of algorithms to selectively assume the information a user would want to see, and then give information to the user according to this assumption ... A filter bubble, therefore, can cause users to get significantly less contact with contradicting viewpoints, causing the user to become intellectually isolated...."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBozdag2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bozdag, Engin (September 2013). "Bias in algorithmic filtering and personalization". <i>Ethics and Information Technology</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 209–227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10676-013-9321-6">10.1007/s10676-013-9321-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14970635">14970635</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethics+and+Information+Technology&rft.atitle=Bias+in+algorithmic+filtering+and+personalization&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=209-227&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10676-013-9321-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14970635%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bozdag&rft.aufirst=Engin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huffington Post, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.in/ishtiaque-hossain/filter-bubbles-are-shrinking-our-minds/">The Huffington Post "Are Filter-bubbles Shrinking Our Minds?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103235404/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/ishtiaque-hossain/filter-bubbles-are-shrinking-our-minds/">Archived</a> 2016-11-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncrypt2019" class="citation web cs1">Encrypt, Search (2019-02-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://choosetoencrypt.com/search-engines/filter-bubbles-searchencrypt-com-avoids/">"What Are Filter Bubbles & How To Avoid Them"</a>. <i>Search Encrypt Blog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190225003801/https://choosetoencrypt.com/search-engines/filter-bubbles-searchencrypt-com-avoids/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Search+Encrypt+Blog&rft.atitle=What+Are+Filter+Bubbles+%26+How+To+Avoid+Them&rft.date=2019-02-26&rft.aulast=Encrypt&rft.aufirst=Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchoosetoencrypt.com%2Fsearch-engines%2Ffilter-bubbles-searchencrypt-com-avoids%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term <i>cyber-balkanization</i> (sometimes with a hyphen) is a hybrid of <i>cyber</i>, relating to the internet, and <i><a href="/wiki/Balkanization" title="Balkanization">Balkanization</a></i>, referring to that region of Europe that was historically subdivided by languages, religions and cultures; the term was coined in a paper by <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> researchers Van Alstyne and Brynjolfsson.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_AlstyneBrynjolfsson1997" class="citation web cs1">Van Alstyne, Marshall; Brynjolfsson, Erik (March 1997) [Copyright 1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/marshall/www/papers/CyberBalkans.pdf">"Electronic Communities: Global Village or Cyberbalkans?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160405024307/http://web.mit.edu/marshall/www/papers/CyberBalkans.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-04-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electronic+Communities%3A+Global+Village+or+Cyberbalkans%3F&rft.date=1997-03&rft.aulast=Van+Alstyne&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft.au=Brynjolfsson%2C+Erik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fmarshall%2Fwww%2Fpapers%2FCyberBalkans.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_AlstyneBrynjolfsson1996" class="citation journal cs1">Van Alstyne, Marshall; Brynjolfsson, Erik (November 1996). "Could the Internet Balkanize Science?". <i>Science</i>. <b>274</b> (5292): 1479–1480. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Sci...274.1479V">1996Sci...274.1479V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.274.5292.1479">10.1126/science.274.5292.1479</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62546078">62546078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Could+the+Internet+Balkanize+Science%3F&rft.volume=274&rft.issue=5292&rft.pages=1479-1480&rft.date=1996-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A62546078%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.274.5292.1479&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996Sci...274.1479V&rft.aulast=Van+Alstyne&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft.au=Brynjolfsson%2C+Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Filter_bubble_twsChicagoTribLATimes-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Filter_bubble_twsChicagoTribLATimes_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlex_PhamJon_Healey2005" class="citation news cs1">Alex Pham; Jon Healey (September 24, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2005/09/24/systems-hope-to-tell-you-what-youd-like/">"Systems hope to tell you what you'd like: 'Preference engines' guide users through the flood of content"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208105644/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2005-09-24/business/0509240020_1_sociology-at-swarthmore-college-geoff-lester-preference-engines/2">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2015</span>. <q>...if recommenders were perfect, I can have the option of talking to only people who are just like me....Cyber-balkanization, as Brynjolfsson coined the scenario, is not an inevitable effect of recommendation tools.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Systems+hope+to+tell+you+what+you%27d+like%3A+%27Preference+engines%27+guide+users+through+the+flood+of+content&rft.date=2005-09-24&rft.au=Alex+Pham&rft.au=Jon+Healey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2005%2F09%2F24%2Fsystems-hope-to-tell-you-what-youd-like%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Filter_bubble_twsO11-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Filter_bubble_twsO11_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisberg2011" class="citation news cs1">Weisberg, Jacob (June 10, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2296633/">"Bubble Trouble: Is Web personalization turning us into solipsistic twits?"</a>. <i>Slate</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110612023233/http://www.slate.com/id/2296633/">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Bubble+Trouble%3A+Is+Web+personalization+turning+us+into+solipsistic+twits%3F&rft.date=2011-06-10&rft.aulast=Weisberg&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F2296633%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Filter_bubble_twsO15-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Filter_bubble_twsO15_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazar2011" class="citation news cs1">Lazar, Shira (June 1, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/shira-lazar/algorithms-and-the-filter_b_869473.html">"Algorithms and the Filter Bubble Ruining Your Online Experience?"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160413195524/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/shira-lazar/algorithms-and-the-filter_b_869473.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 13, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2011</span>. <q>a filter bubble is the figurative sphere surrounding you as you search the Internet.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Algorithms+and+the+Filter+Bubble+Ruining+Your+Online+Experience%3F&rft.date=2011-06-01&rft.aulast=Lazar&rft.aufirst=Shira&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fshira-lazar%2Falgorithms-and-the-filter_b_869473.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilgramTakemuraUtsumiKishino1994" class="citation conference cs1">Milgram, Paul; Takemura, H.; Utsumi, A.; Kishino, F. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061004044435/https://vered.rose.utoronto.ca/publication/1994/Milgram_Takemura_SPIE1994.pdf">"Augmented Reality: A class of displays on the reality-virtuality continuum"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of Telemanipulator and Telepresence Technologies</i>. Telemanipulator and Telepresence Technologies. pp. 2351–2434. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vered.rose.utoronto.ca/publication/1994/Milgram_Takemura_SPIE1994.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-10-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Augmented+Reality%3A+A+class+of+displays+on+the+reality-virtuality+continuum&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+Telemanipulator+and+Telepresence+Technologies&rft.pages=2351-2434&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Milgram&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Takemura%2C+H.&rft.au=Utsumi%2C+A.&rft.au=Kishino%2C+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvered.rose.utoronto.ca%2Fpublication%2F1994%2FMilgram_Takemura_SPIE1994.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acronymfinder.com/IRL.html">"IRL – Definition by AcronymFinder"</a>. <i>www.acronymfinder.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.acronymfinder.com&rft.atitle=IRL+%E2%80%93+Definition+by+AcronymFinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acronymfinder.com%2FIRL.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slater-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Slater_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlater2002" class="citation book cs1">Slater, Don (2002). "Social Relationships and Identity On-line and Off-line". In <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Livingstone" title="Sonia Livingstone">Livingstone, Sonia</a>; Lievrouw, Leah (eds.). <i>Handbook of New Media: Social Shaping and Consequences of ICTs</i>. Sage Publications Incorporated. pp. 533–543. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7619-6510-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7619-6510-6"><bdi>0-7619-6510-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+Relationships+and+Identity+On-line+and+Off-line&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+New+Media%3A+Social+Shaping+and+Consequences+of+ICTs&rft.pages=533-543&rft.pub=Sage+Publications+Incorporated&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7619-6510-6&rft.aulast=Slater&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergerLuckmann1966" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Peter L.; Luckmann, Thomas (1966). <i>The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge</i>. New York: Anchor Books. pp. 21–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Construction+of+Reality%3A+A+Treatise+in+the+Sociology+of+Knowledge&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Peter+L.&rft.au=Luckmann%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurrant1993" class="citation book cs1">Durrant, Michael (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3RcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA206"><i>Aristotle's De Anima in Focus</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05340-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05340-2"><bdi>978-0-415-05340-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aristotle%27s+De+Anima+in+Focus&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-415-05340-2&rft.aulast=Durrant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3RcOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain1992" class="citation book cs1">Jain, S. A. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uRIaAAAAMAAJ"><i>Reality</i></a>. Jwalamalini Trust. <q>Not in Copyright</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reality&rft.pub=Jwalamalini+Trust&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuRIaAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Reality_JMT">Alt URL</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacleod2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Macleod, Christopher (25 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2020/entries/mill/">"John Stuart Mill"</a>. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Summer 2020 ed.) – via Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+Stuart+Mill&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Summer+2020&rft.date=2016-08-25&rft.aulast=Macleod&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fsum2020%2Fentries%2Fmill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs1999" class="citation book cs1">Sachs, Joe (1999). <i>Aristotle's Metaphysics, a New Translation</i>. Santa Fe, New Mexico: Green Lion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-888009-03-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-888009-03-9"><bdi>1-888009-03-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aristotle%27s+Metaphysics%2C+a+New+Translation&rft.place=Santa+Fe%2C+New+Mexico&rft.pub=Green+Lion+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-888009-03-9&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs2005" class="citation journal cs1">Sachs, Joe (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/aris-mot/">"Aristotle: Motion and its Place in Nature"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Aristotle%3A+Motion+and+its+Place+in+Nature&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Faris-mot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommers2003" class="citation journal cs1">Sommers, Tamler (March 2003). Jarman, Casey (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.believermag.com/issues/200303/?read=interview_strawson">"Galen Strawson (interview)"</a>. <i>Believer Magazine</i>. <b>1</b> (1). San Francisco, California: McSweeney's McMullens<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Believer+Magazine&rft.atitle=Galen+Strawson+%28interview%29&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2003-03&rft.aulast=Sommers&rft.aufirst=Tamler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.believermag.com%2Fissues%2F200303%2F%3Fread%3Dinterview_strawson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Musser" title="George Musser">George Musser</a>, "Virtual Reality: How close can physics bring us to a truly fundamental understanding of the world?", <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>, vol. 321, no. 3 (September 2019), pp. 30–35. <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a> is ... the bedrock of the broader search for <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a>.... Yet [physicists] sometimes seem to be struck by a collective <a href="/wiki/Impostor_syndrome" title="Impostor syndrome">impostor syndrome</a>.... Truth can be elusive even in the best-established theories. <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a> is as well tested a theory as can be, yet its interpretation remains inscrutable. [p. 30.] The deeper physicists dive into reality, the more reality seems to evaporate." [p. 34.]</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Miller, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/realism/">"Realism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Realism&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Frealism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditext.com/broad/reality.html">C.D. Broad on Reality</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phenomenologyonline.com/">Phenomenology Online: Materials discussing and exemplifying phenomenological research</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://consc.net/papers/matrix.html">The Matrix as Metaphysics by David Chalmers</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_particularism" title="Epistemological particularism">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontology" title="Deontology">Deontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">Compatibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_determinism" title="Hard determinism">Hard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incompatibilism" title="Incompatibilism">Incompatibilism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_incompatibilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard incompatibilism">Hard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Mind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminative_materialism" title="Eliminative materialism">Eliminativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergentism" title="Emergentism">Emergentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphenomenalism" title="Epiphenomenalism">Epiphenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">Subjectivism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">Normativity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_particularism" title="Moral particularism">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_nihilism" title="Moral nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_skepticism" title="Moral skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_theory_(philosophy)" title="Action theory (philosophy)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">Process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_era" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By era</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">By era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturalism" title="Agriculturalism">Agriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">Logicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Naturalists" title="School of Naturalists">Chinese naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangism" title="Yangism">Yangism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greco-</a><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_philosophy" title="Ancient Roman philosophy">Roman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Presocratic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (philosophy)">Ionians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleatics" title="Eleatics">Eleatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">Sophists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaics" title="Cyrenaics">Cyrenaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretrian_school" title="Eretrian school">Eretrian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Megarian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Skepticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic Skepticism">Academic Skepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_the_Sextii" title="School of the Sextii">School of the Sextii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sophistic" title="Second Sophistic">Second Sophistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Cārvāka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sy%C4%81dv%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Syādvāda">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvāstivadā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudgalavada" title="Pudgalavada">Pudgalavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika%E2%80%93Prasa%E1%B9%85gika_distinction" title="Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction">Svatantrika and Prasangika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogacara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Persian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">East Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuanxue" title="Xuanxue">Neotaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Confucianism" title="Korean Confucianism">Korean Confucianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Illuminationism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">ʿIlm al-Kalām</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Islamic_philosophies_(800%E2%80%931400)" title="Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)">Judeo-Islamic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Realism" title="Classical Realism">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_neo-Confucianism" title="Edo neo-Confucianism">Edo neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Anti-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_idealism" title="Absolute idealism">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_idealism" title="British idealism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objective_idealism" title="Objective idealism">Objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_idealism" title="Subjective idealism">Subjective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantianism" title="Kantianism">Kantianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaardianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krausism" title="Krausism">Krausism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtonianism" title="Newtonianism">Newtonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzscheanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinozism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinozism">Spinozism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_ethics" title="Applied ethics">Applied ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Marxism" title="Analytical Marxism">Analytical Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_rationalism" title="Critical rationalism">Critical rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_philosophy" title="Experimental philosophy">Experimental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsificationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" title="Internalism and externalism">Internalism and externalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_positivism" title="Legal positivism">Legal positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-ethics">Meta-ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Quinean naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">Normative ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">Ordinary language philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postanalytic_philosophy" title="Postanalytic philosophy">Postanalytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(philosophy)" title="Quietism (philosophy)">Quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawlsian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemics" title="Systemics">Systemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactionalism" title="Transactionalism">Transactionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism#Developments_in_the_20th_century" title="Utilitarianism">Contemporary utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgensteinian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_historicism" title="New historicism">New Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumanism" title="Posthumanism">Posthumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_School" title="Kyoto School">Kyoto School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cosmism" title="Russian cosmism">Russian cosmism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>By region</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy#Philosophic_traditions_by_region" title="Outline of philosophy">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_philosophy" title="Ethiopian philosophy">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africana_philosophy" title="Africana philosophy">Africana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_philosophy" title="Indonesian philosophy">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_philosophy" title="Japanese philosophy">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_philosophy" title="Korean philosophy">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Taiwan" title="Philosophy in Taiwan">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_philosophy" title="Vietnamese 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_philosophy" title="Australian philosophy">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_philosophy" title="British philosophy">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_philosophy" title="Scottish philosophy">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Canada" title="Philosophy in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_philosophy" title="Czech philosophy">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_philosophy" title="Danish philosophy">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_philosophy" title="Dutch philosophy">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy_in_Finland" title="History of philosophy in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">French</a></li> <li><a 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role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metaphysics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metaphysics" title="Template:Metaphysics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metaphysics" title="Template talk:Metaphysics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metaphysics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metaphysics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metaphysics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_object_theory" title="Abstract object theory">Abstract object theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_theory_(philosophy)" title="Action theory (philosophy)">Action theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enactivism" title="Enactivism">Enactivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">Essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">Meaning of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(philosophy)" title="Spiritualism (philosophy)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">Subjectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">Substance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">Theory of forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truthmaker_theory" title="Truthmaker theory">Truthmaker theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_theory" title="Type theory">Type theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category_of_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Category of being">Category of being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_closure" title="Causal closure">Causal closure</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cogito,_ergo_sum" title="Cogito, ergo sum">Cogito, ergo sum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embodied_cognition" title="Embodied cognition">Embodied cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entity" title="Entity">Entity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">Essence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_abstraction" title="Hypostatic abstraction">Hypostatic abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">Idea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">Data</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">Insight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intention" title="Intention">Intention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_modality" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic modality">Linguistic modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_matter" title="Philosophy of matter">Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_(existential)" title="Meaning (existential)">Meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Mental representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion" title="Motion">Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_necessity" title="Metaphysical necessity">Necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Object (philosophy)">Object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern" title="Pattern">Pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_object" title="Physical object">Physical object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle" title="Principle">Principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Relations (philosophy)">Relation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self" title="Self">Self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject (philosophy)">Subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantial_form" title="Substantial form">Substantial form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type%E2%80%93token_distinction" title="Type–token distinction">Type–token distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_(metaphysics)" title="Universal (metaphysics)">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unobservable" title="Unobservable">Unobservable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics)">Value</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_metaphysics_articles" title="Index of metaphysics articles">more ...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_metaphysicians" title="List of metaphysicians">Metaphysicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bolzano" title="Bernard Bolzano">Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Lotze" title="Hermann Lotze">Lotze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Meinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Whitehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Carnap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">Strawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Dummett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Parfit</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_metaphysicians" title="List of metaphysicians">more ...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophist_(dialogue)" title="Sophist (dialogue)">Sophist</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 200 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_rerum_natura" title="De rerum natura">De rerum natura</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 80 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle)" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle)">Metaphysics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 50)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enneads" title="Enneads">Enneads</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 270)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daneshnameh-ye_Alai" class="mw-redirect" title="Daneshnameh-ye Alai">Daneshnameh-ye Alai</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1000)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meditations_on_First_Philosophy" title="Meditations on First Philosophy">Meditations on First Philosophy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1641)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ethics_(Spinoza_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics (Spinoza book)">Ethics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1677)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_Concerning_the_Principles_of_Human_Knowledge" title="A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge">A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1710)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monadology" title="Monadology">Monadology</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1714)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason" title="Critique of Pure Reason">Critique of Pure Reason</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1781)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prolegomena_to_Any_Future_Metaphysics" title="Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics">Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1783)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit" title="The Phenomenology of Spirit">The Phenomenology of Spirit</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1807)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1818)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Concluding_Unscientific_Postscript_to_Philosophical_Fragments" title="Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments">Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1846)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Being_and_Time" title="Being and Time">Being and Time</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1927)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Being_and_Nothingness" title="Being and Nothingness">Being and Nothingness</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Simulacra_and_Simulation" title="Simulacra and Simulation">Simulacra and Simulation</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1981)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Feminist metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Interpretations of quantum mechanics">Interpretations of quantum mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mereology" title="Mereology">Mereology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_(prefix)" title="Meta (prefix)">Meta-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">Philosophy of psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_self" title="Philosophy of self">Philosophy of self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">Teleology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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consciousness</a> / <a href="/wiki/Collective_unconscious" title="Collective unconscious">Collective unconscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_system" title="Conceptual system">Conceptual system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_(linguistics)" title="Context (linguistics)">Context</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_wisdom" title="Conventional wisdom">Conventional wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_movement" title="Cultural movement">Cultural movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">National epics</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_world_folk-epics" title="List of world folk-epics">World folk-epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fact" title="Fact">Facts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Factoid" title="Factoid">factoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_stance" title="Life stance">Life stance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_(social_sciences)" title="Lifestyle (social sciences)">Lifestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meme" title="Meme">Memes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Memeplex" title="Memeplex">Memeplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_model" title="Mental model">Mental model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metanarrative" title="Metanarrative">Metanarrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindset" title="Mindset">Mindset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">Paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_theory" title="Philosophical theory">Philosophical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_view_(philosophy)" title="Point of view (philosophy)">Point of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presupposition" title="Presupposition">Presuppositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primal_world_beliefs" title="Primal world beliefs">Primal world beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_tunnel" title="Reality tunnel">Reality tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema_(psychology)" title="Schema (psychology)">Schemata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_thought" title="School of thought">School of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(psychology)" title="Set (psychology)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_reality" title="Social reality">Social reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_everything" title="Theory of everything">Theory of everything</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umwelt" title="Umwelt">Umwelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Value system">Value system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Aspects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aspects</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Biases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attentional_bias" title="Attentional bias">Attentional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_polarization" class="mw-redirect" title="Attitude polarization">Attitude polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief_bias" title="Belief bias">Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" title="List of cognitive biases">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_narcissism" title="Collective narcissism">Collective narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congruence_bias" title="Congruence bias">Congruence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptomnesia" title="Cryptomnesia">Cryptomnesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_bias" title="Cultural bias">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_bubble" title="Filter bubble">Filter bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophily" title="Homophily">Homophily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group favoritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">Magical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observational_error" title="Observational error">Observational error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observer-expectancy_effect" title="Observer-expectancy effect">Observer-expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_exposure_theory" title="Selective exposure theory">Selective exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_perception" title="Selective perception">Selective perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-deception" title="Self-deception">Self-deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">Self-fulfilling prophecy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clever_Hans" title="Clever Hans">Clever Hans effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wishful_thinking" title="Wishful thinking">wishful thinking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_quo_bias" title="Status quo bias">Status quo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotyping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">ethnic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Change and<br />maintenance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">Activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument" title="Argument">Argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populum" title="Argumentum ad populum">Argumentum ad populum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_change" title="Attitude change">Attitude change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">Brainwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charisma" title="Charisma">Charisma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_reporting" title="Circular reporting">Circular reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_dissonance" title="Cultural dissonance">Cultural dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deprogramming" title="Deprogramming">Deprogramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber_(media)" title="Echo chamber (media)">Echo chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_education" title="Values education">values</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">Excommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fearmongering" title="Fearmongering">Fearmongering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">Historical revisionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">negationism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Media regulation">Media regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral entrepreneur">Moral entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasion" title="Persuasion">Persuasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polite_fiction" title="Polite fiction">Polite fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_engineering" title="Political engineering">Political engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Religious conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">forced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_uniformity" title="Religious uniformity">Religious uniformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">Self-censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_control" title="Social control">Social control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(political_science)" title="Social engineering (political science)">Social engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Social progress">Social progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_dissent" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of dissent">Suppression of dissent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woozle_effect" title="Woozle effect">Woozle effect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremony" title="Ceremony">Ceremonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Employment</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfdom</a> / <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">Funerals</a> / <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game" title="Game">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiday" title="Holiday">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">Hygiene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">ritual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">Identity (philosophy)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liminality" title="Liminality">Liminality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath" title="Oath">Oaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(activity)" title="Play (activity)">Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">Rites of passage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_coming-of-age_ceremony" title="Secular coming-of-age ceremony">secular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a> / <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">Social status</a> / <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_boundaries" title="Symbolic boundaries">Symbolic boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">Groupthink</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abilene_paradox" title="Abilene paradox">Abilene paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective" title="Collective">Collectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_behavior" title="Collective behavior">Collective behavior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_animal_behavior" title="Collective animal behavior">animal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_effervescence" title="Collective effervescence">Collective effervescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">Collective intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">Conformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_theory" title="Consensus theory">Consensus theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology">Crowd psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">Cults</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture-bound_syndrome" title="Culture-bound syndrome">Culture-bound syndromes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deindividuation" title="Deindividuation">Deindividuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublethink" title="Doublethink">Doublethink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">Emergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_contagion" title="Emotional contagion">Emotional contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entitativity" title="Entitativity">Entitativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_consensus_effect" title="False consensus effect">False consensus effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folie_%C3%A0_deux" title="Folie à deux">Folie à deux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_action_(sociology)" title="Group action (sociology)">Group action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_cohesiveness" title="Group cohesiveness">Group cohesiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_dynamics" title="Group dynamics">Group dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_emotion" title="Group emotion">Group emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_polarization" title="Group polarization">Group polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupshift" title="Groupshift">Groupshift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herd_behavior" title="Herd behavior">Herd behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysterical_contagion" title="Hysterical contagion">Hysterical contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_cascade" title="Information cascade">Information cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_and_out-group" title="In-group and out-group">In-group and out-group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majoritarianism" title="Majoritarianism">Majoritarianism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mob_rule" title="Mob rule">Mob rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_action_(sociology)" title="Mass action (sociology)">Mass action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">Mass psychogenic illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milieu_control" title="Milieu control">Milieu control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">Moral panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">Peer pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralistic_ignorance" title="Pluralistic ignorance">Pluralistic ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoconsensus" title="Pseudoconsensus">Pseudoconsensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-organization" title="Self-organization">Self-organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_action" title="Social action">Social action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_behavior" title="Social behavior">Social behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotions" title="Social emotions">Social emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_facilitation" title="Social facilitation">Social facilitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_facilitation_in_animals" title="Social facilitation in animals">animal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">Social group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_proof" title="Social proof">Social proof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">Status quo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigmergy" title="Stigmergy">Stigmergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_behaviour" title="Swarm behaviour">Swarm behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_justification" title="System justification">System justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">Viral phenomena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiom" title="Axiom">Axioms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tacit_assumption" title="Tacit assumption">tacit assumptions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_framework" title="Conceptual framework">Conceptual framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_epistemology" title="Outline of epistemology">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence" title="Evidence">Evidence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence" title="Anecdotal evidence">anecdotal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">scientific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanation" title="Explanation">Explanations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">fideism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuition" title="Intuition">Intuition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning-making" title="Meaning-making">Meaning-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-knowledge">Meta-knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">Methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observational_learning" title="Observational learning">Observational learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">Reasoning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">fallacious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony" title="Testimony">Testimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_theory_of_truth" title="Consensus theory of truth">consensus theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criteria_of_truth" title="Criteria of truth">criteria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_disclosure" title="World disclosure">World disclosure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etiology" title="Etiology">Ætiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">mind–body problem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">Cosmogony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_cosmology" title="Religious cosmology">religious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">Creation myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everything" title="Everything">Everything</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nothing" title="Nothing">Nothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nonfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonfiction">Nonfiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">Ideas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idios_kosmos" title="Idios kosmos">Idios kosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">Illusions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matter (philosophy)">Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_mythology" title="Comparative mythology">comparative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National mythoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">Origin myths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_myth" title="Political myth">political</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otherworld" title="Otherworld">Otherworlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axis_mundi" title="Axis mundi">axes mundi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Souls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">Teleology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unobservable" title="Unobservable">Unobservables</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Value</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_taste" title="Aesthetic taste">Aesthetic taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic value">Aesthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alms" title="Alms">Almsgiving</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_conduct" title="Code of conduct">Codes of conduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">Conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">religious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Aesthetic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">Eroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Étiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">Food and drink prohibitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unclean_animal" title="Unclean animal">unclean animals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Culpability" title="Culpability">Culpability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement" title="Judgement">Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">religious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">political freedom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_(philosophy)" title="Maxim (philosophy)">Maxims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">Meaning of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obligation" title="Obligation">Obligations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">Piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxeology" title="Praxeology">Praxeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle" title="Principle">Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">Punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Qualities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime, The</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">Taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unspoken_rule" title="Unspoken rule">Unspoken rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Works of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongdoing" title="Wrongdoing">Wrongdoing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Examples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Examples</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Attitude_(psychology)" title="Attitude (psychology)">Attitudes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misanthropy" title="Misanthropy">Misanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimism" title="Optimism">Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pessimism" title="Pessimism">Pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recluse" title="Recluse">Reclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Economic and<br />political <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">Extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanaticism" title="Fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectualism" title="Intellectualism">Intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_politics" title="Radical politics">Radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientism" title="Sentientism">Sentientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hòa Hảo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">Secularity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Schools of<br /><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturalism" title="Agriculturalism">Agriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Cārvāka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaics" title="Cyrenaics">Cyrenaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleatics" title="Eleatics">Eleatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretrian_school" title="Eretrian school">Eretrian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">Fatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">Hedonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_historicism" title="New historicism">New historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Illuminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">ʿIlm al-Kalām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (philosophy)">Ionian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantianism" title="Kantianism">Kantianism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo-Kantianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">Logicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Megarian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Naturalists" title="School of Naturalists">Naturalism (Chinese)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism (Western)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralist_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluralist school">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Pre-Socratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientism" title="Sentientism">Sentientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">Sophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinozism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinozism">Spinozism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangism" title="Yangism">Yangism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modern_spirituality" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spirituality-related_topics" title="Template:Spirituality-related topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spirituality-related_topics" title="Template talk:Spirituality-related topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spirituality-related_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spirituality-related topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_spirituality" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Modern spirituality</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_spirituality" title="Outline of spirituality">Outline of spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spirituality" title="Category:Spirituality">Category:Spirituality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akashic_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Akashic Records">Akashic Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">Chakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">Cosmogony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">Creation myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekam" title="Ekam">Ekam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenesis_(creative_intelligences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigenesis (creative intelligences)">Epigenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethic_of_reciprocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethic of reciprocity">Ethic of reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_peace" title="Inner peace">Inner peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involution_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Involution (philosophy)">Involution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_jnana" title="Kevala jnana">Kevala jnana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lataif-e-sitta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lataif-e-sitta">Lataif-e-sitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">Meaning of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%27s_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Mind's eye">Mind's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plane_(cosmology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plane (cosmology)">Planes of existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satguru" title="Satguru">Satguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satori" title="Satori">Satori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabd" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabd">Shabd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunyata" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunyata">Shunyata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_evolution" title="Spiritual evolution">Spiritual evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual possession">Spiritual possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">Synchronicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatvas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatvas">Tatvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yana_(Buddhism)" title="Yana (Buddhism)">Yana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yuga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_practice" title="Spiritual practice">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">Ancestor worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony" title="Testimony">Bearing testimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Born again (Christianity)">Being born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">Blessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">Celibacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channelling_(mediumistic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channelling (mediumistic)">Channelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chanting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemplation" title="Contemplation">Contemplation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">Glossolalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconolatry" title="Iconolatry">Iconolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinomichi" title="Kinomichi">Kinomichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyrdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of religion">Ministering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraqaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Muraqaba">Muraqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonresistance" title="Nonresistance">Nonresistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">Qigong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">Religious ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">Religious music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaj_marg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahaj marg">Sahaj marg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Sainthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-realization" title="Self-realization">Self-realization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplication" title="Supplication">Supplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_whirling" title="Sufi whirling">Sufi whirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">Tai chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">Tithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">Veneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassana">Vipassana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabi-sabi" title="Wabi-sabi">Wabi-sabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">Wearing vestments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belief systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darshana" class="mw-redirect" title="Darshana">Darshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutheism,_dystheism,_and_maltheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutheism, dystheism, and maltheism">Eutheism, dystheism, and maltheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(religious_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritualism (religious movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Course_in_Miracles" title="A Course in Miracles">A Course in Miracles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akilattirattu_Ammanai" class="mw-redirect" title="Akilattirattu Ammanai">Akilattirattu Ammanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scripture">Hindu scripture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism#Literature" title="Sufism">Sufi texts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Urantia_Book" title="The Urantia Book">The Urantia Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)">Zhuangzi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtues">Virtues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awareness" title="Awareness">Awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity (virtue)">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honesty" title="Honesty">Honesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope" 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