CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Postmodernism - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"b673e072-6a73-4651-b265-d8edc4f142f4","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Postmodernism","wgTitle":"Postmodernism","wgCurRevisionId":1273749311,"wgRevisionId":1273749311,"wgArticleId":23603,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing French-language text","CS1 maint: url-status","CS1: unfit URL","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from October 2021","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2025", "Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback via Module:Annotated link","CS1 maint: location","CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024","Commons category link from Wikidata","Postmodernism","1880s neologisms","Criticism of rationalism","Metanarratives","Modernism","Science fiction themes","Philosophical schools and traditions","Theories of aesthetics","Art movements","Cultural trends"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Postmodernism","wgRelevantArticleId":23603,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"}, "wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q47783","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/London_-_Vauxhall_Bridge_Road_-_South_Bank_-_Jubilee_Walkway_-_View_East_on_SIS_%28MI6_-_Secret_Intelligence_Services%29_Building_1989-94_by_Terry_Farrell.jpg/1200px-London_-_Vauxhall_Bridge_Road_-_South_Bank_-_Jubilee_Walkway_-_View_East_on_SIS_%28MI6_-_Secret_Intelligence_Services%29_Building_1989-94_by_Terry_Farrell.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1801"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/London_-_Vauxhall_Bridge_Road_-_South_Bank_-_Jubilee_Walkway_-_View_East_on_SIS_%28MI6_-_Secret_Intelligence_Services%29_Building_1989-94_by_Terry_Farrell.jpg/800px-London_-_Vauxhall_Bridge_Road_-_South_Bank_-_Jubilee_Walkway_-_View_East_on_SIS_%28MI6_-_Secret_Intelligence_Services%29_Building_1989-94_by_Terry_Farrell.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/London_-_Vauxhall_Bridge_Road_-_South_Bank_-_Jubilee_Walkway_-_View_East_on_SIS_%28MI6_-_Secret_Intelligence_Services%29_Building_1989-94_by_Terry_Farrell.jpg/640px-London_-_Vauxhall_Bridge_Road_-_South_Bank_-_Jubilee_Walkway_-_View_East_on_SIS_%28MI6_-_Secret_Intelligence_Services%29_Building_1989-94_by_Terry_Farrell.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="960"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Postmodernism - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernism"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernism"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Postmodernism rootpage-Postmodernism skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Postmodernism" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Postmodernism" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Postmodernism" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Postmodernism" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Definitions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Historical overview </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_overview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Historical overview subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_appearances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_appearances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early appearances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_appearances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theoretical_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theoretical_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Theoretical development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theoretical_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_literary_and_architectural_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literary_and_architectural_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 In literary and architectural theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literary_and_architectural_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_influence_of_poststructuralism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_influence_of_poststructuralism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 The influence of poststructuralism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_influence_of_poststructuralism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Generalization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_"Science_Wars"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"Science_Wars""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 The "Science Wars" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"Science_Wars"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 In the arts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_the_arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In the arts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_the_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_and_theater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_and_theater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Performance and theater </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_and_theater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Sculpture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 In philosophy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In philosophy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poststructuralist_precursors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poststructuralist_precursors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Poststructuralist precursors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poststructuralist_precursors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jacques_Derrida_and_deconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jacques_Derrida_and_deconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Jacques Derrida and deconstruction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jacques_Derrida_and_deconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Michel_Foucault_on_power_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Michel_Foucault_on_power_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Michel Foucault on power relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Michel_Foucault_on_power_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jean_Baudrillard_on_hyperreality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jean_Baudrillard_on_hyperreality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Jean Baudrillard on hyperreality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jean_Baudrillard_on_hyperreality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_crisis_of_legitimacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_crisis_of_legitimacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 A crisis of legitimacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_crisis_of_legitimacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Postmodern_Condition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Postmodern_Condition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 The Postmodern Condition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Postmodern_Condition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_philosophical_criticism_of_Jürgen_Habermas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_philosophical_criticism_of_Jürgen_Habermas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 The philosophical criticism of Jürgen Habermas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_philosophical_criticism_of_Jürgen_Habermas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frederic_Jameson's_Marxist_rejoinder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frederic_Jameson's_Marxist_rejoinder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Frederic Jameson's Marxist rejoinder </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frederic_Jameson's_Marxist_rejoinder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Richard_Rorty's_neopragmatism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Richard_Rorty's_neopragmatism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Richard Rorty's neopragmatism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Richard_Rorty's_neopragmatism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_fields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_fields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 In other fields </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_other_fields-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In other fields subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_other_fields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anthropology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthropology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Anthropology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthropology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feminism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feminism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Feminism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feminism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Psychology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Urban planning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Theology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 In popular culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In popular culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Fashion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graphic_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphic_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Graphic design </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphic_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Marketing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ongoing_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ongoing_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Ongoing influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ongoing_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Postmodernism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" > 84 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernisme" title="Postmodernisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Postmodernisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmoderne" title="Postmoderne – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Postmoderne" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A9" title="حركة ما بعد الحداثة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حركة ما بعد الحداثة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernizm" title="Postmodernizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Postmodernizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="پوست‌مودرنیزم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پوست‌مودرنیزم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="উত্তর আধুনিকতাবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উত্তর আধুনিকতাবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8D%CD%98-hi%C4%81n-t%C4%81i_Ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB" title="Hō͘-hiān-tāi Chú-gī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hō͘-hiān-tāi Chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Постмадэрнізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Постмадэрнізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Постмадэрнізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Постмадэрнізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Постмодернизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Постмодернизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernizam" title="Postmodernizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Postmodernizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernitat" title="Postmodernitat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Postmodernitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmoderna" title="Postmoderna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Postmoderna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94l-foderniaeth" title="Ôl-foderniaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ôl-foderniaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernisme" title="Postmodernisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Postmodernisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مورعصرانية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مورعصرانية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmoderne" title="Postmoderne – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Postmoderne" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Postmodernism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Μεταμοντερνισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεταμοντερνισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posmodernismo" title="Posmodernismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Posmodernismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernismo" title="Postmodernismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Postmodernismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernismo" title="Postmodernismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Postmodernismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="پسامدرنیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پسامدرنیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernisme" title="Postmodernisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Postmodernisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iar-nua-aoiseachas" title="Iar-nua-aoiseachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iar-nua-aoiseachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posmodernismo" title="Posmodernismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Posmodernismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="後現代主義 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="後現代主義" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%AA%A8%EB%8D%94%EB%8B%88%EC%A6%98" title="포스트모더니즘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포스트모더니즘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Postmodernism" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Պոստմոդեռնիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պոստմոդեռնիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="उत्तर आधुनिकतावाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उत्तर आधुनिकतावाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmoderna" title="Postmoderna – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Postmoderna" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pos-modernismo" title="Pos-modernismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pos-modernismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascamodernisme" title="Pascamodernisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pascamodernisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernismo" title="Postmodernismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Postmodernismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Постмодернизм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Постмодернизм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3stm%C3%B3dernismi" title="Póstmódernismi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Póstmódernismi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernismo" title="Postmodernismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Postmodernismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="פוסטמודרניזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוסטמודרניזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="პოსტმოდერნიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოსტმოდერნიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Постмодернизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Постмодернизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2smod%C3%A8rnism" title="Pòsmodèrnism – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Pòsmodèrnism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern%C3%AEzm" title="Postmodernîzm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Postmodernîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernismus" title="Postmodernismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Postmodernismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernisms" title="Postmodernisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Postmodernisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernizmas" title="Postmodernizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Postmodernizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posmodernisme" title="Posmodernisme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Posmodernisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posztmodern" title="Posztmodern – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Posztmodern" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Постмодернизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Постмодернизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A4" title="ഉത്തരാധുനികത – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉത്തരാധുനികത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%87" title="مابعد الحداثه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مابعد الحداثه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascamodenisme" title="Pascamodenisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pascamodenisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernisme" title="Postmodernisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Postmodernisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernisme" title="Postmodernisme – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Postmodernisme" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="उत्तर आधुनिकतावाद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उत्तर आधुनिकतावाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%A2%E3%83%80%E3%83%B3" title="ポストモダン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポストモダン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernisme" title="Postmodernisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Postmodernisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernisme" title="Postmodernisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Postmodernisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernizm" title="Postmodernizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Postmodernizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਉੱਤਰਆਧੁਨਿਕਤਾਵਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉੱਤਰਆਧੁਨਿਕਤਾਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8D_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87" title="وروستۍ نوواله – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وروستۍ نوواله" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puosmadanizim" title="Puosmadanizim – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Puosmadanizim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernizm_(filozofia)" title="Postmodernizm (filozofia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Postmodernizm (filozofia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3s-modernismo" title="Pós-modernismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pós-modernismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Postmodernism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Постмодернизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Постмодернизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernizmi" title="Postmodernizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Postmodernizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Postmodernism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmoderna" title="Postmoderna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Postmoderna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B4%E2%80%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8E%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="پاش‌ نوێگەری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پاش‌ نوێگەری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Постмодернизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Постмодернизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernizam" title="Postmodernizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Postmodernizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernismi" title="Postmodernismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Postmodernismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Postmodernism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பின்நவீனத்துவம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பின்நவீனத்துவம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Постмодернизм – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Постмодернизм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="แนวคิดหลังยุคนวนิยม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แนวคิดหลังยุคนวนิยม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernizm" title="Postmodernizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Postmodernizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Постмодернізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Постмодернізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D9%86%D9%83%D9%89_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89%DB%8B%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89%D9%82" title="كىيىنكى زامانىۋىلىق – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كىيىنكى زامانىۋىلىق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_h%E1%BA%ADu_hi%E1%BB%87n_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i" title="Chủ nghĩa hậu hiện đại – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa hậu hiện đại" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3" title="后现代 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="后现代" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="後現代主義 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="後現代主義" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="后现代主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="后现代主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q47783#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Postmodernism" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Postmodernism" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Postmodernism" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&oldid=1273749311" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Postmodernism&id=1273749311&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPostmodernism">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPostmodernism">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Postmodernism&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Postmodernism" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Postmodernism" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q47783" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Artistic, cultural, and theoretical movement</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the artistic, cultural, and theoretical movement. For the condition or state of being, see <a href="/wiki/Postmodernity" title="Postmodernity">Postmodernity</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Postmodernism (disambiguation)">Postmodernism (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_-_Vauxhall_Bridge_Road_-_South_Bank_-_Jubilee_Walkway_-_View_East_on_SIS_(MI6_-_Secret_Intelligence_Services)_Building_1989-94_by_Terry_Farrell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Terry Farrell "SIS Building" (1994)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/London_-_Vauxhall_Bridge_Road_-_South_Bank_-_Jubilee_Walkway_-_View_East_on_SIS_%28MI6_-_Secret_Intelligence_Services%29_Building_1989-94_by_Terry_Farrell.jpg/240px-London_-_Vauxhall_Bridge_Road_-_South_Bank_-_Jubilee_Walkway_-_View_East_on_SIS_%28MI6_-_Secret_Intelligence_Services%29_Building_1989-94_by_Terry_Farrell.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/London_-_Vauxhall_Bridge_Road_-_South_Bank_-_Jubilee_Walkway_-_View_East_on_SIS_%28MI6_-_Secret_Intelligence_Services%29_Building_1989-94_by_Terry_Farrell.jpg/360px-London_-_Vauxhall_Bridge_Road_-_South_Bank_-_Jubilee_Walkway_-_View_East_on_SIS_%28MI6_-_Secret_Intelligence_Services%29_Building_1989-94_by_Terry_Farrell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/London_-_Vauxhall_Bridge_Road_-_South_Bank_-_Jubilee_Walkway_-_View_East_on_SIS_%28MI6_-_Secret_Intelligence_Services%29_Building_1989-94_by_Terry_Farrell.jpg/480px-London_-_Vauxhall_Bridge_Road_-_South_Bank_-_Jubilee_Walkway_-_View_East_on_SIS_%28MI6_-_Secret_Intelligence_Services%29_Building_1989-94_by_Terry_Farrell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3942" data-file-height="5915" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SIS_Building" title="SIS Building">SIS Building</a> (1994) by <a href="/wiki/Terry_Farrell_(architect)" title="Terry Farrell (architect)">Terry Farrell</a>: Detail view of the British intelligence service (<a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a>) headquarters in London, a "hulking, postmodern fortress" influenced by 1930s industrial modernist design and Mayan and Aztec temples.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></figcaption></figure> Postmodernism is a term used to refer to a variety of <a href="/wiki/Artistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Artistic">artistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philosophical" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical">philosophical</a> movements that claim to mark a break from <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a>. They have in common the conviction that it is no longer possible to rely upon previous ways of depicting the world. Still, there is disagreement among experts about its more precise meaning even within narrow contexts. The term began to acquire its current range of meanings in literary criticism and architectural theory during the 1950s–1960s. In opposition to modernism's alleged self-seriousness, postmodernism is characterized by its playful use of <a href="/wiki/Eclecticism" title="Eclecticism">eclectic</a> styles and performative <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a>, among other features. Critics claim it supplants <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">moral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetic</a> ideals with mere style and spectacle. In the 1990s, "postmodernism" came to denote a general – and, in general, celebratory – response to <a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">cultural pluralism</a>. Proponents align themselves with <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">postcolonialism</a>. Building upon <a href="/wiki/Poststructural" class="mw-redirect" title="Poststructural">poststructural</a> theory, postmodern thought defined itself by the rejection of any single, foundational historical narrative. This called into question the legitimacy of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> account of progress and rationality. Critics allege that its premises lead to a <a href="/wiki/Nihilistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihilistic">nihilistic</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">relativism</a>. In this sense, it has become a term of abuse in <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions">edit</a>]</div> "Postmodernism" is "a highly contested term",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2018-3">[3]</a> referring to "a particularly unstable concept",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens199511-4">[4]</a> that "names many different kinds of cultural objects and phenomena in many different ways".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor2013567-5">[5]</a> It may be described simply as a general mood or <a href="/wiki/Zeitgeist" title="Zeitgeist">Zeitgeist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer2011217-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Although postmodernisms are generally united in their effort to transcend the perceived limits of modernism, "modernism" also means different things to different critics in various arts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens19954–5-15">[14]</a> Further, there are outliers on even this basic stance; for instance, literary critic <a href="/wiki/William_Spanos" class="mw-redirect" title="William Spanos">William Spanos</a> conceives postmodernism not in period terms but in terms of a certain kind of literary imagination so that pre-modern texts such as <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>' <a href="/wiki/Orestes" title="Orestes">Orestes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cervantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervantes">Cervantes</a>' <a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a> count as postmodern.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens199546-16">[15]</a> According to scholar <a href="/wiki/Louis_Menand" title="Louis Menand">Louis Menand</a>, "Postmodernism is the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Army_knife" title="Swiss Army knife">Swiss Army knife</a> of critical concepts. It's definitionally overloaded, and it can do almost any job you need done."<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> From an opposing perspective, media theorist <a href="/wiki/Dick_Hebdige" title="Dick Hebdige">Dick Hebdige</a> criticized the vagueness of the term, enumerating a long list of otherwise unrelated concepts that people have designated as postmodernism, from "the décor of a room" or "a 'scratch' video", to fear of nuclear armageddon and the "implosion of meaning", and stated that anything that could signify all of those things was "a buzzword".<a href="#cite_note-Hebdige-18">[17]</a> All this notwithstanding, scholar Hans Bertens offers the following: <blockquote>If there is a common denominator to all these postmodernisms, it is that of a crisis in representation: a deeply felt loss of faith in our ability to represent the real, in the widest sense. No matter whether they are aesthestic [sic], epistemological, moral, or political in nature, the representations that we used to rely on can no longer be taken for granted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens199510-19">[18]</a> </blockquote> In practical terms, postmodernisms share an attitude<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> of skepticism towards grand explanations and established ways of doing things. In art, literature, and architecture, this attitude blurs boundaries between styles and genres, and encourages freely mixing elements, challenging traditional distinctions like <a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">high art</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> In science, it emphasizes multiple ways of seeing things, and how our cultural and personal backgrounds shape how we see the world, making it impossible to be completely <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity_and_objectivity_(philosophy)" title="Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)">objective</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> In philosophy, education, history, politics, and many other fields, it encourages critical re-examination of established institutions and social norms, embracing diversity, and breaking down disciplinary boundaries.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Though these ideas weren't strictly new, postmodernism amplified them, using an often playful, at times deeply critical, attitude of pervasive skepticism to turn them into defining features.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_overview">Historical overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical overview">edit</a>]</div> Two broad cultural movements, modernism and postmodernism, emerged in response to profound changes in the Western world. The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technological_change" title="Technological change">technological advances</a>, two <a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">world wars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> deeply disrupted the social order. Modernism emerged in the late 1800s, seeking to redefine fundamental truths and values through a radical rethinking of traditional ideas and forms across many fields. Postmodernism emerged in the mid-20th century with a skeptical perspective that questioned the notion of universal truths and reshaped modernist approaches by embracing the complexity and contradictions of modern life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBestKellner19912-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> The term "postmodernism" first appeared in print in 1870,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelschSandbothe199776-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHassan198712ff-32">[31]</a> but it only began to enter circulation with its current range of meanings in the 1950s—60s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooker2003202-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2018-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens19954-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_appearances">Early appearances</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early appearances">edit</a>]</div> The term "postmodern" was first used in 1870 by the artist John Watkins Chapman, who described "a Postmodern style of painting" as a departure from French <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelschSandbothe199776-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHassan198712ff.-35">[34]</a> Similarly, the first citation given by the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> is dated to 1916, describing <a href="/wiki/Gus_Mager" title="Gus Mager">Gus Mager</a> as "one of the few 'post' modern painters whose style is convincing".<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal</a> priest and cultural commentator J. M. Thompson, in a 1914 article, uses the term to describe changes in attitudes and beliefs in the critique of religion, writing, "the raison d'être of Post-Modernism is to escape from the double-mindedness of <a href="/wiki/Modernism_(Roman_Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernism (Roman Catholicism)">modernism</a> by being thorough in its criticism by extending it to religion as well as theology, to <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> feeling as well as to Catholic tradition".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1914733-37">[36]</a> In 1926, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Iddings_Bell" title="Bernard Iddings Bell">Bernard Iddings Bell</a>, president of <a href="/wiki/Bard_College" title="Bard College">St. Stephen's College</a> and also an Episcopal priest, published Postmodernism and Other Essays, which marks the first use of the term to describe an historical period following modernity.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadsen1995-39">[38]</a> The essay criticizes lingering socio-cultural norms, attitudes, and practices of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>. It is also critical of a purported cultural shift away from traditional Christian beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1926-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirzer2015-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussello2007-42">[41]</a> The term "postmodernity" was first used in an academic historical context as a general concept for a movement by <a href="/wiki/Arnold_J._Toynbee" title="Arnold J. Toynbee">Arnold J. Toynbee</a> in a 1939 essay, which states that "Our own Post-Modern Age has been inaugurated by the general war of 1914–1918".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToynbee196143-43">[42]</a> In 1942, the literary critic and author H. R. Hays describes postmodernism as a new literary form.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> Also in the arts, the term was first used in 1949 to describe a dissatisfaction with the <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modernist architectural movement</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International Style</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor2013567-5">[5]</a> Although these early uses anticipate some of the concerns of the debate in the second part of the 20th century, there is little direct continuity in the discussion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens199519-45">[44]</a> Just when the new discussion begins, however, is also a matter of dispute. Various authors place its beginnings in the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooker2003203-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theoretical_development">Theoretical development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Theoretical development">edit</a>]</div> In the mid-1970s, the American sociologist <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Daniel Bell</a> provided a general account of the postmodern as an effectively <a href="/wiki/Nihilistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihilistic">nihilistic</a> response to modernism's alleged assault on the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a> and its rejection of what he upheld as traditional values.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens199530-47">[46]</a> The ideals of modernity, per his diagnosis, were degraded to the level of consumer choice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor20045-48">[47]</a> This research project, however, was not taken up in a significant way by others until the mid-1980s when the work of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Fredric Jameson</a>, building upon art and literary criticism, reintroduced the term to sociology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens1995201-49">[48]</a> Discussion about the postmodern in the second part of the 20th century was most articulate in areas with a large body of critical discourse around the <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernist movement</a>. Even here, however, there continued to be disagreement about such basic issues as whether postmodernism is a break with modernism, a renewal and intensification of modernism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor2013567-5">[5]</a> or even, both at once, a rejection and a radicalization of its historical predecessor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens19954–5-15">[14]</a> While discussions in the 1970s were dominated by literary criticism, these were supplanted by architectural theory in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor200412-50">[49]</a> Some of these conversations made use of French poststructuralist thought, but only after these innovations and critical discourse in the arts did postmodernism emerge as a philosophical term in its own right.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAylesworth2015Introduction_&_§2-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2018-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_literary_and_architectural_theory">In literary and architectural theory</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In literary and architectural theory">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Creeley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Creeley.jpg/220px-Creeley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Creeley.jpg/330px-Creeley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Creeley.jpg/440px-Creeley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>The poet Robert Creeley in 1972</figcaption></figure> According to Hans Bertens and <a href="/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Perry Anderson</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Mountain_poets" title="Black Mountain poets">Black Mountain poets</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Olson" title="Charles Olson">Charles Olson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Creeley" title="Robert Creeley">Robert Creeley</a> first introduced the term "postmodern" in its current sense during the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2018-3">[3]</a> Their stance against modernist poetry – and Olson's <a href="/wiki/Heideggerian" class="mw-redirect" title="Heideggerian">Heideggerian</a> orientation – were influential in the identification of postmodernism as a polemical position opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalist</a> values championed by the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> project.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens199519-45">[44]</a> During the 1960s, this affirmative use gave way to a pejorative use by the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a>, who used it to describe a waning commitment among youth to the political ideals <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2018-3">[3]</a> The literary critic <a href="/wiki/Irving_Howe" title="Irving Howe">Irving Howe</a>, for instance, denounced postmodern literature for being content to merely reflect, rather than actively attempt to refashion, what he saw as the "increasingly shapeless" character of contemporary society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens199521-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2018-3">[3]</a> In the 1970s, this changed again, largely under the influence of the literary critic <a href="/wiki/Ihab_Hassan" title="Ihab Hassan">Ihab Hassan</a>'s large-scale survey of works that he said could no longer be called modern. Taking the Black Mountain poets an exemplary instance of the new postmodern type, Hassan celebrates its <a href="/wiki/Nietzschean" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzschean">Nietzschean</a> playfulness and cheerfully anarchic spirit, which he sets off against the high seriousness of modernism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2018-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens199524-54">[53]</a> (Yet, from another perspective, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>'s attack on Western philosophy and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>'s critique of metaphysics posed deep theoretical problems not necessarily a cause for aesthetic celebration. Their further influence on the conversation about postmodernism, however, would be largely mediated by French <a href="/wiki/Poststructuralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Poststructuralism">poststructuralism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBestKellner199122–23-55">[54]</a>) If literature were at the center of the discussion in the 1970s, architecture was at the center in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor200412-50">[49]</a> The architectural theorist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Jencks" title="Charles Jencks">Charles Jencks</a>, in particular, connected the artistic <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> to social change in a way that captured attention outside of academia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2018-3">[3]</a> Jenckes, much influenced by the American architect <a href="/wiki/Robert_Venturi" title="Robert Venturi">Robert Venturi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens199555-56">[55]</a> celebrated a plurality of forms and encourages participation and active engagement with the local context of the built environment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens199559–60-57">[56]</a> He presented this as in opposition to the "authoritarian style" of International Modernism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor2013567-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_influence_of_poststructuralism">The influence of poststructuralism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The influence of poststructuralism">edit</a>]</div> In the 1970s, postmodern criticism increasingly came to incorporate poststructuralist theory, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">deconstructive</a> approach to texts most strongly associated with <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>, who attempted to demonstrate that the whole <a href="/wiki/Foundationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundationalist">foundationalist</a> approach to language and knowledge was untenable and misguided.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBestKellner199121-58">[57]</a> It is during this period that postmodernism came to be particularly equated with a kind of anti-representational self-reflexivity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens199570-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[b]</a> In the 1980s, some critics began to take an interest in the work of <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>. This introduced a political concern about social power-relations into discussions about postmodernism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens19957,_79-63">[61]</a> This was also the beginning of the affiliation of postmodernism with <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens19958,_70-64">[62]</a> The art critic <a href="/wiki/Craig_Owens_(critic)" title="Craig Owens (critic)">Craig Owens</a>, in particular, not only made the connection to feminism explicit, but went so far as to claim feminism for postmodernism wholesale,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens199592-65">[63]</a> a broad claim resisted by even many sympathetic feminists such as <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Nancy Fraser</a> and Linda Nicholson.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens1995190–96-66">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Generalization">Generalization</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Generalization">edit</a>]</div> Although postmodern criticism and thought drew on philosophical ideas from early on, "postmodernism" was only introduced to the expressly philosophical lexicon by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Jean-François Lyotard</a> in his 1979<a href="#cite_note-67">[c]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Postmodern_Condition:_A_Report_on_Knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge">The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge</a>. This work served as a catalyst for many of the subsequent intellectual debates around the term.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAylesworth2015Introduction_&_§2-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2018-3">[3]</a> By the 1990s, postmodernism had become increasingly identified with critical and philosophical discourse directly about postmodernity or the postmodern idiom itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor20044-68">[65]</a> No longer centered on any particular art or even the arts in general, it instead turned to address the more general problems posed to society in general by a new proliferation of cultures and forms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor200412-50">[49]</a> It is during this period that it also came to be associated with <a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">postcolonialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">identity politics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor20045-48">[47]</a> Around this time, postmodernism also began to be conceived in popular culture as a general "philosophical disposition" associated with a loose sort of <a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">relativism</a>. In this sense, the term also started to appear as a "casual term of abuse" in non-academic contexts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor20045-48">[47]</a> Others identified it as an aesthetic "lifestyle" of eclecticism and playful self-irony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooker2003203-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_"Science_Wars"">The "Science Wars"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The "Science Wars"">edit</a>]</div> The basis for what became known later as the <a href="/wiki/Science_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Wars">Science Wars</a> was the 1962 publication of <a href="/wiki/The_Structure_of_Scientific_Revolutions" title="The Structure of Scientific Revolutions">The Structure of Scientific Revolutions</a> by the physicist and historian of science <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman2021208-69">[66]</a> Kuhn presented the direction of scientific inquiry — the kind of questions that can be asked, and what counts as a correct answer — as governed by a "paradigm" defining what counts as "normal science" during any given period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman2021201-70">[67]</a> While not based on postmodern ideas or <a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a>, Kuhn's intervention set the agenda for much of The Postmodern Condition and has subsequently been presented as the beginning of "postmodern epistemology" in the philosophy of science.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJameson1984vii-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant201195–96-72">[69]</a> In Kuhn's 1962 framework, the assumptions introduced by new paradigms make them "mutually incommensurable" with previous ones, although they may provide improved explanations of the material world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman2021203–06-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[d]</a> A more radical version of incommensurablity, introduced by the philosopher of science <a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Paul Feyerabend</a>, made stronger claims that connected the largely Anglo-American debate about science to the development of poststructuralism in France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman2021218-76">[72]</a> To some, the stakes were more than epistemological.<a href="#cite_note-79">[e]</a> The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Israel_Scheffler" title="Israel Scheffler">Israel Scheffler</a>, for instance, argued that the ever-expanding body of scientific knowledge embodies a sort of "moral principle" protecting society from its authoritarian and tribal tendencies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman2021209–10-80">[75]</a> In this way, with the addition of the poststructuralist influence, the debate about science expanded into a debate about Western culture in general.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman2021243-81">[76]</a> The French political philosophers <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Renaut" class="extiw" title="fr:Alain Renaut">Alain Renaut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luc_Ferry" title="Luc Ferry">Luc Ferry</a> began a series of responses to this interpretation of postmodernism, and these inspired the physicist <a href="/wiki/Alan_Sokal" title="Alan Sokal">Alan Sokal</a> to submit a deliberately nonsensical paper to a postmodernist journal, where it was accepted and published in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman2021244–47-82">[77]</a> Although the so-called <a href="/wiki/Sokal_hoax" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokal hoax">Sokal hoax</a> proved nothing about postmodernism or science, it added to the public perception of a high-stakes intellectual "war" that had already been introduced to the general public by popular books published in the late '80s and '90s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman2021244–45-83">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[f]</a> By the late '90s, however, the debate had largely subsided, in part due to the recognition that it had been staged between <a href="/wiki/Strawman" class="mw-redirect" title="Strawman">strawman</a> versions of postmodernism and science alike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossmann202155-78">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_arts">In the arts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In the arts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">Postmodern art</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warhol-Campbell_Soup-1-screenprint-1968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/95/Warhol-Campbell_Soup-1-screenprint-1968.jpg/140px-Warhol-Campbell_Soup-1-screenprint-1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/95/Warhol-Campbell_Soup-1-screenprint-1968.jpg/210px-Warhol-Campbell_Soup-1-screenprint-1968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/95/Warhol-Campbell_Soup-1-screenprint-1968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>Andy Warhol's Campbell's Soup I (1968)</figcaption></figure> Postmodernism encompasses a wide range of artistic movements and styles. In visual arts, <a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">pop art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">conceptual art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">feminist art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_art" title="Video art">video art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minimalism" title="Minimalism">minimalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neo-expressionism" title="Neo-expressionism">neo-expressionism</a> are among the approaches recognized as postmodern.<a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a> The label extends to diverse musical genres and artists: <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madonna" title="Madonna">Madonna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> all meet postmodern definitions. Literature, film, architecture, theater, fashion, dance, and many other creative disciplines saw postmodern expression. As an example, <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a>'s pop art across multiple mediums challenged traditional distinctions between high and low culture, and blurred the lines between fine art and commercial design. His work, exemplified by the iconic <a href="/wiki/Campbell%27s_Soup_Cans" title="Campbell's Soup Cans">Campbell's Soup Cans</a> series during the 1960s, brought the postmodernist sensibility to mainstream attention.<a href="#cite_note-:14-86">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-87">[81]</a> Criticism of postmodernist movements in the arts include objections to departure from beauty, the reliance on language for the art to have meaning, a lack of coherence or comprehensibility, deviation from clear structure, and consistent use of dark and negative themes.<a href="#cite_note-paglia-88">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portland_Building_1982.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Michael Graves "Portland Building" (1982)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Portland_Building_1982.jpg/220px-Portland_Building_1982.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Portland_Building_1982.jpg/330px-Portland_Building_1982.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Portland_Building_1982.jpg/440px-Portland_Building_1982.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1030" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Portland_Building" title="Portland Building">Portland Building</a> (1982) by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Graves" title="Michael Graves">Michael Graves</a>, considered the first built example of postmodern architecture in a tall building<a href="#cite_note-trib-nov20112-90">[84]</a> and "a seminal Postmodern work"<a href="#cite_note-D-GravesDies2-91">[85]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Espicopal_Acad_int.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Espicopal_Acad_int.JPG/220px-Espicopal_Acad_int.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Espicopal_Acad_int.JPG/330px-Espicopal_Acad_int.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Espicopal_Acad_int.JPG/440px-Espicopal_Acad_int.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4271" data-file-height="3203" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the Chapel at the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Academy" title="Episcopal Academy">Episcopal Academy</a> near <a href="/wiki/Newtown_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Newtown Square">Newtown Square</a>, PA by alumnus of the Academy architect <a href="/wiki/Robert_Venturi" title="Robert Venturi">Robert Venturi</a> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodern architecture</a></div> Scholarship regarding postmodernism and architecture is closely linked with the writings of critic-turned-architect <a href="/wiki/Charles_Jencks" title="Charles Jencks">Charles Jencks</a>, beginning with lectures in the early 1970s and his essay "The Rise of Post-Modern Architecture" from 1975.<a href="#cite_note-92">[86]</a> His magnum opus, however, is the book The Language of Post-Modern Architecture, first published in 1977, and since running to seven editions<a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a> (in which he famously wrote: "Modern architecture died in St. Louis, Missouri, on 15 July 1972 at 3:32 p.m. (or thereabouts) when the infamous <a href="/wiki/Pruitt%E2%80%93Igoe" title="Pruitt–Igoe">Pruitt–Igoe</a> scheme, or rather several of its slab blocks, were given the final coup de grâce by dynamite."<a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a>). Jencks makes the point that postmodernism (like modernism) varies for each field of art, and that for architecture it is not just a reaction to modernism but what he terms double coding: "Double Coding: the combination of Modern techniques with something else (usually traditional building) in order for architecture to communicate with the public and a concerned minority, usually other architects."<a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a> In their book, "Revisiting Postmodernism", <a href="/wiki/Terry_Farrell_(architect)" title="Terry Farrell (architect)">Terry Farrell</a> and Adam Furman argue that postmodernism brought a more joyous and sensual experience to the culture, particularly in architecture.<a href="#cite_note-96">[90]</a> For instance, in response to the modernist slogan of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe</a> that "less is more", the postmodernist Robert Venturi rejoined that "less is a bore".<a href="#cite_note-97">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance">Dance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_dance" title="Postmodern dance">Postmodern dance</a></div> The term "postmodern dance" is most strongly associated with the <a href="/wiki/Judson_Dance_Theater" title="Judson Dance Theater">Judson Dance Theater</a>, located in New York's <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a> during the 1960s and 1970s. Perhaps its most important principle is taken from the composer <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a>'s efforts to break down the distinction between art and life,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanes2008-98">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-99">[93]</a> developed in particular by the American dancer and choreographer <a href="/wiki/Merce_Cunningham" title="Merce Cunningham">Merce Cunningham</a>, Cage's partner.<a href="#cite_note-:0-99">[93]</a> The Judson dancers "[stripped] dance of its theatrical conventions such as virtuoso technique, fanciful costumes, complex storylines, and the traditional stage [and] drew on everyday movements (sitting, walking, kneeling, and other gestures) to create their pieces, often performing them in ordinary spaces."<a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anna_Halprin" title="Anna Halprin">Anna Halprin</a>'s San Francisco Dancers' Workshop, established in the 1950s to explore beyond the technical constraints of modern dance, pioneered ideas later developed at Judson;<a href="#cite_note-101">[95]</a> Halprin, <a href="/wiki/Simone_Forti" title="Simone Forti">Simone Forti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Rainer" title="Yvonne Rainer">Yvonne Rainer</a> are considered "giants of the field".<a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a> The Judson collective included trained dancers, visual artists, filmmakers, writers, and composers, exchanging approaches, and critiquing traditional dance,<a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a> with a focus "more on the intellectual process of creating dance than the end result".<a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a> The end of the 1970s saw a distancing from this analytical postmodern dance, and a return to the expression of meaning.<a href="#cite_note-:22-105">[99]</a> In the 1980s and 1990s, dance began to incorporate other typically postmodern features such as the mixing of genres, challenging high–low cultural distinctions, and incorporating a political dimension.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanes2008-98">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Film">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodern film">Postmodern film</a></div> Postmodern film aims to subvert the mainstream <a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">conventions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Narrative_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative structure">narrative structure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Characterization" title="Characterization">characterization</a>, and to test the audience's <a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_disbelief" title="Suspension of disbelief">suspension of disbelief</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Susan12-106">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Laurent13-107">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Linda22-108">[102]</a> Typically, such films also break down the cultural divide between <a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">high</a> and <a href="/wiki/Low_culture" title="Low culture">low</a> <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> and often upend typical portrayals of <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_humans)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of humans)">race</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">class</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a> with the goal of creating something that does not abide by traditional narrative expression.<a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a> Certain key characteristics are used to separate the postmodern from modernist cinema and traditional narrative film.<a href="#cite_note-:2-110">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-archive.org-111">[105]</a> One is an extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Homage_(arts)" title="Homage (arts)">homage</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pastiche" title="Pastiche">pastiche</a>, imitating the style or character of other artistic works. A second is <a href="/wiki/Meta-reference" title="Meta-reference">meta-reference</a> or self-reference, highlighting the relation of the image to other images in media and not to any kind of external reality.<a href="#cite_note-:2-110">[104]</a> Viewers are reminded that the film itself is only a film, perhaps through the use of <a href="/wiki/Intertextuality" title="Intertextuality">intertextuality</a>, in which the film's characters reference other works of fiction. A third characteristic is stories that <a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_narrative" title="Nonlinear narrative">unfold out of chronological order</a>, deconstructing or fragmenting time to emphasize the constructed nature of film. Another common element is a bridging of the gap between <a href="/wiki/Highbrow" title="Highbrow">highbrow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Low_culture" title="Low culture">lowbrow</a>,.<a href="#cite_note-Laurent13-107">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Linda22-108">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-110">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Contradictions" class="mw-redirect" title="Contradictions">Contradictions</a> of all sorts are crucial to postmodernism.<a href="#cite_note-Laurent13-107">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mary1-112">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ridley_Scott" title="Ridley Scott">Ridley Scott</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner" title="Blade Runner">Blade Runner</a> (1982) has been widely studied as a prime example of postmodernism. The setting is a future <a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">dystopia</a> where "replicants", enhanced <a href="/wiki/Android_(robot)" title="Android (robot)">android</a> workers nearly indistinguishable from humans, are hunted down when they escape from their jobs. The film blurs boundaries between genres and cultures, and fuses disparate styles and periods: futuristic visuals "mingle with drab 1940s clothes and offices, punk rock hairstyles, pop Egyptian styles and oriental culture."<a href="#cite_note-:2-110">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Laurent13-107">[101]</a> The blending of <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science-fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Science-fiction">science-fiction</a> into <a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">tech noir</a> illustrates the deconstruction of both cinema and genre.<a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a> The film can also be seen as an example of major studios using the "mystique and cachet of the term 'postmodern' as a sales pitch", resulting in <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> movies that "demonstrate all the postmodern characteristics".<a href="#cite_note-:2-110">[104]</a> From another perspective, "critical responses to Blade Runner fall on either side of a modern/postmodern line" – critical analysis from "modernist" and "postmodernist" approaches produce entirely different interpretations.<a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_literature" title="Postmodern literature">Postmodern literature</a></div> In 1971, the American literary theorist <a href="/wiki/Ihab_Hassan" title="Ihab Hassan">Ihab Hassan</a> made "postmodernism" popular in literary studies with his influential book, The Dismemberment of Orpheus: Toward a Postmodern Literature. According to scholar David Herwitz, American writers such as <a href="/wiki/John_Barth" title="John Barth">John Barth</a> (who had controversially declared that the novel was "exhausted" as a genre), <a href="/wiki/Donald_Barthelme" title="Donald Barthelme">Donald Barthelme</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon">Thomas Pynchon</a> responded in various ways to the stylistic innovations of <a href="/wiki/Finnegans_Wake" title="Finnegans Wake">Finnegans Wake</a> and the late work of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a>. Postmodern literature often calls attention to issues regarding its own complicated connection to reality. The postmodern novel plays with language, twisted plots, multiple narrators, and unresolved endings, unsettling the conventional idea of the novel as faithfully reflecting the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwitz2008History_of_Postmodernism-115">[109]</a> In Postmodernist Fiction (1987), <a href="/wiki/Brian_McHale" title="Brian McHale">Brian McHale</a> details the shift from modernism to postmodernism, arguing that postmodern works developed out of modernism, moving from concern with what is there ("<a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontological</a> dominant") to concern with how we can know it's there ("<a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemological</a> dominant").<a href="#cite_note-116">[110]</a> McHale's "What Was Postmodernism?" (2007)<a href="#cite_note-117">[111]</a> follows <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Federman" title="Raymond Federman">Raymond Federman</a>'s lead in now using the past tense when discussing postmodernism. Others argue that postmodernism in literature utilizes compositional and semantic practices such as inclusivity, intentional indiscrimination, nonselection, and "logical impossibility."<a href="#cite_note-118">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madonna_Adi_9_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Madonna_Adi_9_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Madonna_Adi_9_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Madonna_Adi_9_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Madonna_Adi_9_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Madonna_Adi_9_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Madonna_Adi_9_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>American singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Madonna" title="Madonna">Madonna</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_music" title="Postmodern music">Postmodern music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodern classical music">Postmodern classical music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Art_pop" title="Art pop">Art pop</a></div> Postmodern influence extends across all areas of music; its accessibility to a general audience requires an understanding of references, irony, and pastiche that varies widely between artists and their works.<a href="#cite_note-:8-119">[113]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madonna" title="Madonna">Madonna</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Talking_Heads" title="Talking Heads">Talking Heads</a> have been singled out by critics and scholars as postmodern icons. The belief that <a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">art music</a> – serious, classical music – holds higher cultural and technical value than <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk</a> and popular traditions, lost influence under postmodern analysis, as musical hybrids and crossovers attracted scholarly attention.<a href="#cite_note-:8-119">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-120">[114]</a> Across musical traditions, postmodernism can be identified through several core characteristics: genre mixing; irony, humor, and self-parody; "surface" exploration with less concern for formal structure than in modernist approaches; and a return to tonality.<a href="#cite_note-:9-120">[114]</a> This represents a loss of authority of the Eurocentric perspective on music and the rise of <a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">world music</a> as influenced by postmodern values. Composers took different routes: some returned to traditional modes over experimentation, others challenged the authority of dominant musical structures, others intermingled disparate sources.<a href="#cite_note-:8-119">[113]</a> The composer <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Kramer" title="Jonathan Kramer">Jonathan Kramer</a> has written that avant-garde musical compositions (which some would consider modernist rather than postmodernist) "defy more than seduce the listener, and they extend by potentially unsettling means the very idea of what music is."<a href="#cite_note-121">[115]</a> In the 1960s, composers such as <a href="/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki">Henryk Górecki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a> reacted to the perceived elitism and dissonant sound of atonal academic modernism by producing music with simple textures and relatively consonant harmonies,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] whilst others, most notably <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a> challenged the modernist account of structure by including the contingent in the structure of his compositions themselves.<a href="#cite_note-122">[116]</a> In 2023, music critic Andy Cush described Talking Heads as "New York art-punks" whose "blend of nervy postmodernism and undeniable groove made them one of the defining rock bands of the late 1970s and '80s."<a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media theorist</a> <a href="/wiki/Dick_Hebdige" title="Dick Hebdige">Dick Hebdige</a>, examining the "<a href="/wiki/Road_to_Nowhere" title="Road to Nowhere">Road to Nowhere</a>" music video in 1989, said the group "draw eclectically on a wide range of visual and aural sources to create a distinctive pastiche or hybrid 'house style' which they have used since their formation in the mid-1970s deliberately to stretch received (industrial) definitions of what rock/pop/video/Art/ performance/audience are", calling them "a properly postmodernist band."<a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a> According to lead vocalist/guitarist/songwriter <a href="/wiki/David_Byrne" title="David Byrne">David Byrne</a>, commenting in 2011, "Anything could be mixed and matched – or <a href="/wiki/Mashup_(culture)" title="Mashup (culture)">mashed up</a>, as is said today – and anything was fair game for inspiration.”<a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a> Avant-garde academics labelled American singer Madonna a "personification of the postmodern" and created a sub-discipline of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">cultural studies</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Madonna_studies" title="Madonna studies">Madonna studies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brown2003-126">[120]</a> Her self-aware constructs of gender and identity, and classic film references in music videos for "<a href="/wiki/Material_Girl#Music_video" title="Material Girl">Material Girl</a>" (1984) and "<a href="/wiki/Express_Yourself_(Madonna_song)#Music_video" title="Express Yourself (Madonna song)">Express Yourself</a>" (1989), made her a favorite of cultural theorists, who saw her as "enacting postmodernist models of subjectivity."<a href="#cite_note-127">[121]</a> Madonna was seen to embody fragmentation, pastiche, retrospection, anti-foundationalism, and de-differentiation; her "subversion of the subversion of the subversion of the <a href="/wiki/Male_gaze" title="Male gaze">male gaze</a>" in the "Material Girl" video was analyzed.<a href="#cite_note-Brown2003-126">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance_and_theater">Performance and theater</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Performance and theater">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_theatre" title="Postmodern theatre">Postmodern theatre</a></div> Postmodern theater emerged as a reaction against modernist theater. Most postmodern productions are centered on highlighting the fallibility of definite truth, instead encouraging the audience to reach their own individual understanding. Essentially, thus, postmodern theater raises questions rather than attempting to supply answers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sculpture">Sculpture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sculpture">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kunst_-_Kr%C3%B6ller_M%C3%BCller_Museum_(49806023072).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kunst_-_Kr%C3%B6ller_M%C3%BCller_Museum_%2849806023072%29.jpg/160px-Kunst_-_Kr%C3%B6ller_M%C3%BCller_Museum_%2849806023072%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kunst_-_Kr%C3%B6ller_M%C3%BCller_Museum_%2849806023072%29.jpg/240px-Kunst_-_Kr%C3%B6ller_M%C3%BCller_Museum_%2849806023072%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kunst_-_Kr%C3%B6ller_M%C3%BCller_Museum_%2849806023072%29.jpg/319px-Kunst_-_Kr%C3%B6ller_M%C3%BCller_Museum_%2849806023072%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>"Trowel" (1976) by Claes Oldenburg.<a href="#cite_note-128">[122]</a></figcaption></figure> Sculptor <a href="/wiki/Claes_Oldenburg" title="Claes Oldenburg">Claes Oldenberg</a>, at the forefront of the <a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">pop art</a> movement, declared in 1961: "I am for an art that is political-erotical-mystical … I am for an art that embroils itself with everyday crap and still comes out on top."<a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a> That year, he opened The Store in a <a href="/wiki/Variety_store" title="Variety store">dime store</a> area of <a href="/wiki/East_Village,_Manhattan" title="East Village, Manhattan">New York's Lower East Side</a>, where he blurred the line between art and commerce by producing and selling brightly painted plaster replicas of hamburgers and cans of soda, dresses, underwear, and other everyday objects: "Museum in b[ourgeois] concept equals store in mine".<a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_philosophy">In philosophy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In philosophy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodern philosophy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_postmodernism" title="Criticism of postmodernism">Criticism of postmodernism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poststructuralist_precursors">Poststructuralist precursors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Poststructuralist precursors">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Poststructuralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Poststructuralism">Poststructuralism</a></div> In the 1970s, a disparate group of French theorists – often grouped together as "poststructuralists" – developed a critique of modern philosophy with roots discernible in <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>'s critique of <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBestKellner199122-132">[126]</a> Although few themselves relied upon the term, they became known to many as postmodern theorists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein199211-133">[127]</a> Poststructuralism is sometimes treated as distinct from or a subcategory of postmodernism and sometimes is treated as having been subsumed by postmodernism.<a href="#cite_note-134">[g]</a> While their ideas exerted a great influence on debates about the postmodern, the French poststucturalists themselves did not intervene or attempt to provide their own definitions of the postmodern.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBestKellner199131-135">[128]</a> Poststructuralists, like <a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">structuralists</a>, start from the assumption that people's identities, values, and economic conditions determine each other as parts of a common whole, rather than having intrinsic properties that can be understood in isolation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBestKellner199118-136">[129]</a> While structuralism explores how meaning is produced by a set of essential relationships in an overarching quasi-linguistic system, poststructuralism accepts this premise, but rejects the assumption that such systems can ever be fixed or centered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooker2003205-137">[130]</a> Instead, poststructuralists stress the various ways that cultural structures are produced in history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBestKellner199120-138">[131]</a> They also emphasize how meaning is generated, rather than discovered, and they replace the traditional concept of "representation" (according to which meaning is determined by the objected signified) to focus instead upon the elastic potentialities of language to generate new meanings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBestKellner199120-138">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[h]</a> Politically, all of them began with Marxist sympathies, became disillusioned, and eventually opposed the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a> and its application of theory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoster19894-140">[132]</a> The chaos following the briefly successful communist revolution of <a href="/wiki/May_%2768" class="mw-redirect" title="May '68">May '68</a> in France was a particular point of rupture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBestKellner199117-141">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jacques_Derrida_and_deconstruction">Jacques Derrida and deconstruction</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Jacques Derrida and deconstruction">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a> is a practice in philosophy, literary criticism, and close reading developed by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>. It is based on the assumption, which it seeks to validate by textual analysis, that any text harbors inherent points of "undecidability" that undermine any stable meaning intended by the author. The process of writing inevitably, he aims to show, reveals suppressed elements, challenging the oppositions that are thought to sustain the text.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds6=§2._Deconstructive_Strategy-142">[134]</a> Nevertheless, Derrida does not wish to do away with such concepts as "origin" or "truth". What he challenges is any claim to finality. Such metaphysical concepts are, as he puts it, "under erasure", and this, he says, makes deconstructive reading a kind of "double play".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooker200366-143">[135]</a> From this perspective, Derrida argues that the practice of metaphysics in the Western tradition depends upon hierarchies and orders of subordination within various dualisms that it does not acknowledge. It prioritizes presence and purity over the contingent and complicated, dismissing them as aberrations irrelevant to philosophical analysis. In essence, according to Derrida, metaphysical thought prioritizes one side of an opposition while ignoring or marginalizing the alternative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds6=§2.a_Metaphysics_of_Presence/Logocentrism-144">[136]</a> He uses the term <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_of_presence" title="Metaphysics of presence">metaphysics of presence</a> to describe the foundationalist approach to knowledge, taking himself to have demonstrated that we do not have unmediated access to reality. This project of deconstructing and challenging the assumptions of modern philosophy was influential for many postmodern thinkers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBestKellner199120-138">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Michel_Foucault_on_power_relations">Michel Foucault on power relations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Michel Foucault on power relations">edit</a>]</div> French philosopher and social theorist <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a> argued that power operates according to the logics of social institutions that have become unmoored from the intentions of any actual individuals. Individuals, according to Foucault, are both products and participants in these dynamics. Among other strategies, he employed a Nietzsche-inspired "<a href="/wiki/Genealogy_(philosophy)" title="Genealogy (philosophy)">genealogical method</a>" to analyze power-relations across their historical permutations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellylead_section-145">[137]</a> Both Foucault's political orientation and the consistency of his positions continue to be debated among critics and defenders alike. Nevertheless, Foucault's political works share two common elements: a historical perspective and a discursive methodology. He analyzed social phenomena in historical contexts and focused on how they have evolved over time. Additionally, he employed the study of written texts, usually academic texts, as the material for his inquiries. In this way, Foucault sought to understand how the historical formation of discourses has shaped contemporary political thinking and institutions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellylead_section-145">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jean_Baudrillard_on_hyperreality">Jean Baudrillard on hyperreality</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Jean Baudrillard on hyperreality">edit</a>]</div> Although trained in sociology, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a> worked across many disciplines. Drawing upon <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan#Three_orders_(plus_one)" title="Jacques Lacan">some of the technical vocabulary</a> of the psychoanalyst <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan</a>, Baudrillard argued that social production had shifted from creating real objects to instead producing signs and symbols. This system of symbolic exchange, detached from the real, constitutes hyperreality. In the words of one commentator, "the hyperreal is a system of simulation that simulates itself."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAylesworth2015§6._Hyperreality-146">[138]</a> Postmodernity, Baudrillard said, is the condition in which the domain of reality has become so heavily mediated by signs as to become inaccessible in itself, leaving us entirely in the domain of the <a href="/wiki/Simulacra" class="mw-redirect" title="Simulacra">simulacra</a>, images that bear no relation to anything outside of themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor2004568–69-147">[139]</a> This hyperreality is presented as the terminal stage of simulation, where signs and images become entirely self-referential.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAylesworth2015§6._Hyperreality-146">[138]</a> Baudrillard's vision of postmodernity has been described as "apocalyptic",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstable200443–47-148">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens1995109-149">[141]</a> and scholars disagree about whether his later works are intended as <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> or truthful theoretical claims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellner2020§6._Concluding_Assessment-150">[142]</a> Another interpretation is that Baudrillard deliberately adopts the role of <a href="/wiki/Agent_provocateur" title="Agent provocateur">agent provocateur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstable200447-151">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_crisis_of_legitimacy">A crisis of legitimacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: A crisis of legitimacy">edit</a>]</div> At the center of the intellectual debate about postmodernism is the question of what, if anything, grounds theory. What establishes that a statement is true or that an action is right? This foundational debate is most prominently on display in Habermas's rejoinder to Lyotard's anti-foundational, postmodern challenge to Habermas's own foundational version of modernism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoster198912–16-152">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Postmodern_Condition">The Postmodern Condition</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: The Postmodern Condition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Francois_Lyotard_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Jean-Francois_Lyotard_cropped.jpg/220px-Jean-Francois_Lyotard_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Jean-Francois_Lyotard_cropped.jpg/330px-Jean-Francois_Lyotard_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Jean-Francois_Lyotard_cropped.jpg/440px-Jean-Francois_Lyotard_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption>Philosopher Jean-Francois Lyotard, photo by <a href="/wiki/Bracha_L._Ettinger" title="Bracha L. Ettinger">Bracha L. Ettinger</a>, 1995</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Jean-François Lyotard</a> is credited with being the first to use the term "postmodern" in a philosophical context. This appeared in his 1979 <a href="/wiki/The_Postmodern_Condition:_A_Report_on_Knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge">The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge</a>. In this influential work, Lyotard provided the following definition: "Simplifying to the extreme, I define postmodern as incredulity towards metanarratives".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyotard1984xxiv-153">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[i]</a> By "metanarratives", Lyotard meant such overarching narrative frameworks as those provided by <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/G._W._F._Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="G. W. F. Hegel">G. W. F. Hegel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> that unite and determine our basic sense of our place and significance in the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwitz2008Theories_of_the_Postmodern-155">[146]</a> It was his early disillusionment with his early Marxism that would later be generalized into the universal claim about metanarratives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGratton2018§1-156">[147]</a> In a society with no unifying narrative, he argued, we are left with heterogeneous, group-specific narratives (or "<a href="/wiki/Language_game_(philosophy)" title="Language game (philosophy)">language games</a>", as adopted from <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2018-3">[3]</a>) with no universal perspective from which to adjudicate among them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAylesworth2015§2_The_Postmodern_Condition-157">[148]</a> According to Lyotard, this introduced a general crisis of legitimacy, a theme he adopts from the philosopher <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a>, whose theory of <a href="/wiki/Communicative_rationality" title="Communicative rationality">communicative rationality</a> Lyotard rejected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens1995111-158">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyotard198465–66-159">[150]</a> While he was particularly concerned in that report with the way that this insight undermined claims of scientific objectivity, Lyotard's argument undermines the entire principle of transcendent legitimization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens1995119–21-160">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyotard1984xxiii–xxv-161">[152]</a> Instead, proponents of a language game must make the case for their legitimacy with reference to such considerations as efficiency or practicality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2018-3">[3]</a> Far from celebrating the apparently relativistic consequences of this argument, however, Lyotard focused much of his subsequent work on how links among games could be established, particularly with respect to ethics and politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGratton2018§§3.2–3.4-162">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_philosophical_criticism_of_Jürgen_Habermas">The philosophical criticism of Jürgen Habermas</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: The philosophical criticism of Jürgen Habermas">edit</a>]</div> The philosopher <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a>, a prominent critic of philosophical postmodernism, argued in his 1985 work <a href="/wiki/The_Philosophical_Discourse_of_Modernity" title="The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity">The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[j]</a> that postmodern thinkers were caught in a performative contradiction, more specifically, that their critiques of modernity rely on concepts and methods that are themselves products of modern reason.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAylesworth2015§9-165">[155]</a> Habermas criticized these thinkers for their rejection of the subject and their embrace of experimental, avant-garde strategies. He asserted that their critiques of modernism ultimately lead to a longing for the very subject they seek to dismantle. Habermas also took issue with postmodernists' leveling of the distinction between philosophy and literature. He argued that such rhetorical strategies undermine the importance of argument and <a href="/wiki/Communicative_rationality" title="Communicative rationality">communicative reason</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAylesworth2015§9-165">[155]</a> Habermas's critique of postmodernism set the stage for much of the subsequent debate by clarifying some of its key underlying issues. According to scholar Gary Aylesworth – against those who would dismiss postmodernist discourse as simple nonsense – the fact that Habermas was "able to read postmodernist texts closely and discursively testifies to their intelligibility". His engagement with their ideas has led some postmodern philosophers, following Lyotard, to similarly engage with Habermas's criticisms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAylesworth2015§9-165">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frederic_Jameson's_Marxist_rejoinder">Frederic Jameson's Marxist rejoinder</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Frederic Jameson's Marxist rejoinder">edit</a>]</div> The appearance of linguistic relativism also inspired an extensive rebuttal by the <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> critic <a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Fredric Jameson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens1995108-166">[156]</a> Building upon the theoretical foundations laid out by the Marxist economist <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mandel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernst Mandel">Ernst Mandel</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2018-3">[3]</a> and observations in the early work of the sociologist <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor20043-167">[157]</a> Jameson developed his own conception of the postmodern as "the cultural logic of <a href="/wiki/Late_capitalism" title="Late capitalism">late capitalism</a>" in the form of an enormous cultural expansion into an economy of spectacle and style, rather than the production of goods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor20043–4-168">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2018-3">[3]</a> According to Jameson, because the postmodernism is result of political and historical circumstances that make up the social world, it is not something that can be simply embraced or condemned. Instead, it must be analyzed and understood so that we may confront the world as it is.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2000120-169">[159]</a> Jameson categorizes a variety of features of the postmodern. One is the elision of the distinction between high culture and mass culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2000121-170">[160]</a> Also, because of our loss of a unified "bourgeois ego", subjectivity is less focused, and we experience what he terms a "waning of the affect", an emotional disengagement from the social world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2000124-171">[161]</a> This loss of significance leads to what he calls "depthlessness", a difficulty in getting beneath the surfaces of cultural objects to find any deeper significance than is offered directly to the subject.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2000126-172">[162]</a> Reduced to a set of styles, history looses its political force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2000128-173">[163]</a> This phenomenon finds expression, for instance, in the shift from "parody", in which styles are mixed in the interest of making a point, to "pastiche", in which styles are mixed together without attention to their original contexts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2000133-174">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Richard_Rorty's_neopragmatism">Richard Rorty's neopragmatism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Richard Rorty's neopragmatism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Richard Rorty</a> was an American philosopher known for his linguistic form of <a href="/wiki/Neopragmatism" title="Neopragmatism">neopragmatism</a>. Initially attracted to <a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic philosophy</a>, Rorty later rejected its representationalism. His major influences, rather than the poststructuralists, include <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Gadamer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Georg Gadamer">Hans Georg Gadamer</a>, <a href="/wiki/G._W._F._Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="G. W. F. Hegel">G. W. F. Hegel</a>, and Martin Heidegger.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrippelead_section-175">[165]</a> Rorty challenged the notion of a mind-independent, language-independent reality. He argued that language is a tool used to adapt to the environment and achieve desired ends. This <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">naturalistic</a> approach led him to abandon the traditional quest for a privileged mental power that allows direct access to things-in-themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrippelead_section-175">[165]</a> Instead, Rorty advocated for a focus on imaginative alternatives to present beliefs rather than the pursuit of independently grounded truths. He believed that creative, <a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">secular humanism</a>, free from authoritarian assertions about truth and goodness, is the key to a better future. Rorty saw his neopragmatism as a continuation of the Enlightenment project, aiming to demystify human life and replace traditional power relations with those based on tolerance and freedom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrippelead_section-175">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_fields">In other fields</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: In other fields">edit</a>]</div> Postmodernism is more fully understood by observing its effects in such diverse fields as law, education, urban planning, religious studies, politics and many others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinn1996xiv-176">[166]</a> Its influence varies widely across disciplines, reflecting the extent to which postmodern theories and ideas have been integrated into actual practices. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthropology">Anthropology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Anthropology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_anthropology" title="Postmodernist anthropology">Postmodernist anthropology</a></div> Postmodern theory in <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> originated in the 1960s, alongside the literary postmodern movement.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Reflexivity_(social_theory)" title="Reflexivity (social theory)">Reflexivity</a> is central to postmodern anthropology, a continuous practice of critical self-awareness that attempts to address the subjectivity inherent in interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-177">[167]</a> Other key practices are an emphasis on including the perspectives of the people being studied;<a href="#cite_note-:5-178">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativism" title="Cultural relativism">cultural relativism</a>, which considers values and beliefs within their cultural context;<a href="#cite_note-Garder1996-179">[169]</a> skepticism towards the notion that science can produce objective and universally valid knowledge;<a href="#cite_note-Spiro1996-180">[170]</a> and rejection of grand narratives or theories that attempt to explain other cultures.<a href="#cite_note-:5-178">[168]</a> Anthropologists working in a postmodern vein seek to dissect, interpret, and write cultural critiques, analyzing of cultural texts and practices, rather than relying on empirical observation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The issue of subjectivity is a concern: as <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographies</a> are influenced by the perspective of the author, the question arises in the study of individual cultures as to whether the author's opinions should be considered scientific.<a href="#cite_note-181">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Geertz" title="Clifford Geertz">Clifford Geertz</a>, considered a founding member of postmodernist anthropology,<a href="#cite_note-182">[172]</a> holds that, "anthropological writings are themselves interpretations, and second and third order ones to boot. (By definition, only a 'native' makes first order ones: it's his culture.)"<a href="#cite_note-183">[173]</a> In the 21st century, some anthropologists use a form of <a href="/wiki/Standpoint_theory" title="Standpoint theory">standpoint theory</a>, which prioritizes the perspectives of the subject over the perspective of the observer in cultural interpretation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feminism">Feminism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Feminism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodern feminism</a></div> Postmodern feminism mixes <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">postmodern theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="French feminism">French feminism</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-184">[174]</a> that rejects a universal female subject.<a href="#cite_note-:1-185">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-186">[176]</a> The goal is to destabilize the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchal</a> norms entrenched in society that have led to gender inequality.<a href="#cite_note-:1-185">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">Essentialism</a>, philosophy, and universal truths are opposed, in favor of embracing the differences that exist amongst women to demonstrate that not all women are the same.<a href="#cite_note-:4-186">[176]</a> Applying universal truths to all women in a society minimizes individual experience; ideas displayed as the norm in society stem from masculine notions of how women should be portrayed.<a href="#cite_note-187">[177]</a> Postmodern feminism seeks to analyze notions that have led to gender inequality, and attempts to promote equality through critiquing <a href="/wiki/Logocentrism" title="Logocentrism">logocentrism</a>, supporting multiple discourses, deconstructing texts, and seeking to promote <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjectivity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-184">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-186">[176]</a> This approach is not readily accepted by all feminists—some believe postmodern thought undermines the attacks that <a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">feminist theory</a> attempts to create, while other feminists are in favor of the union.<a href="#cite_note-:3-184">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Law">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_law" title="Postmodern law">Postmodern law</a></div> In response to the perceived shortcomings of <a href="/wiki/Legal_formalism" title="Legal formalism">legal formalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legal_positivism" title="Legal positivism">positivism</a>, postmodern legal scholars developed several new approaches to address both formal and ethical issues in <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a>. In particular, they emphasize the inequalities introduced to the legal system by such matters as race, gender, and economic status.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouzinas2004197-188">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychology">Psychology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Psychology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_psychology" title="Postmodern psychology">Postmodern psychology</a></div> In 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> reported on "a group of increasingly influential psychologists – postmodern psychologists seems to be the name that is sticking", who had come to the conclusion that "the American conception of an isolated, unified self" does not exist. People are composed of many different selves, constructed for different situations.<a href="#cite_note-189">[179]</a> In this way, postmodernism challenges the <a href="/wiki/Modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist">modernist</a> view of psychology as the science of the individual,<a href="#cite_note-190">[180]</a> in favor of seeing humans as a cultural/communal product, dominated by language rather than by an inner self.<a href="#cite_note-191">[181]</a> In 2001, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_J._Gergen" title="Kenneth J. Gergen">Kenneth Gergen</a>, a pioneer in postmodern psychological theory, identified "emphasis on the individual mind, an objectively knowable world, and language as carrier of truth" as the cornerstones of traditional modernist psychology. He noted criticism of these assumptions coming from "every quarter of the humanities and the sciences", and the emergence of a psychology in which "colonialist universalism is replaced by a global conversation among equals". He also considered the "strong critical reservation", including the realist argument that a socially constructed world cannot negate a clearly observable objective reality; the claim of incoherence, wherein postmodernism denies truth and objectivity while simultaneously making truth claims; and its moral relativism, which fails to take a principled ethical stand. Ultimately, he concluded that psychology's future is "hanging in the balance".<a href="#cite_note-192">[182]</a> In 2021, psychologist <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smedslund" title="Jan Smedslund">Jan Smedslund</a> discussed how psychology tried for decades to emulate the <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural sciences</a> and address unpredictable individual behavior. He described how the dominant methodology came to rely exclusively on statistical analysis of group-level data and average findings, whereby it "lost contact with the psychological processes going on in individual persons." He advocated for abandoning the natural science approach that had "led into a clearly discernible blind alley."<a href="#cite_note-193">[183]</a> In 2024, American psychology professor Edwin Gantt wrote that psychology remains in a state of continual struggle "to decide whether its true intellectual home is to be found among the humanities, especially philosophy and literature, or among the STEM disciplines." He finds psychology "a key site where the intellectual tug-of-war between modernism and postmodernism plays itself out in academia."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGantt2024-194">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_planning">Urban planning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Urban planning">edit</a>]</div> Modernism sought to design and plan cities that followed the logic of the new model of industrial <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a>; reverting to large-scale solutions, aesthetic standardization, and <a href="/wiki/Prefabrication" title="Prefabrication">prefabricated</a> design solutions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodchild1990119–137-195">[185]</a> This approach was found to have eroded urban living by its failure to recognize differences and aim towards homogeneous landscapes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimonsen199057-196">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jane_Jacobs" title="Jane Jacobs">Jane Jacobs</a>'s 1961 book <a href="/wiki/The_Death_and_Life_of_Great_American_Cities" title="The Death and Life of Great American Cities">The Death and Life of Great American Cities</a>,<a href="#cite_note-197">[187]</a> was a sustained critique of urban planning as it had developed within modernism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrving1993479-198">[188]</a> and played a major role in turning public opinion against modernist planners, notably <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moses" title="Robert Moses">Robert Moses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[189]</a> Postmodern urban planning involves theories that embrace and aim to create diversity, elevating uncertainty, flexibility, and change, and rejecting utopianism while embracing a utopian way of thinking and acting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatukad'Hooghe200720–27-200">[190]</a> The postmodernity of "resistance" seeks to deconstruct modernism, a critique of the origins without necessarily returning to them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrving1993460-201">[191]</a> <a href="#cite_note-202">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theology">Theology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Theology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_theology" title="Postmodern theology">Postmodern theology</a></div> The postmodern theological movement interprets <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a> in light of postmodern theory and various forms of post-<a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heideggerian</a> thought, using approaches such as <a href="/wiki/Poststructuralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Poststructuralism">poststructuralism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">deconstruction</a> to question fixed interpretations, explore the role of <a href="/wiki/Lived_experience" title="Lived experience">lived experience</a>, and uncover hidden textual assumptions and contradictions.<a href="#cite_note-203">[193]</a> The movement emerged in the 1980s and 1990s when a handful of philosophers who took philosopher <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> as a common point of departure began publishing books engaging with Christian theology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanhoozer200322–25-204">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[195]</a> Theologian <a href="/wiki/Kevin_J._Vanhoozer" title="Kevin J. Vanhoozer">Kevin J. Vanhoozer</a> combines and expands on other scholarly classifications to present seven types of postmodern theology: postliberal, postmetaphysical, deconstructive, reconstructive, <a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">feminist</a>, Anglo-American postmodernity, and <a href="/wiki/Radical_orthodoxy" title="Radical orthodoxy">radical orthodoxy</a>. He notes that the typology should be considered "provisional and fallible [yet] not entirely arbitrary", having met two main criteria: each is an approach taken by more than one theologian, and each "believes itself to be responding to, rejecting, or passing through modernity, not inhabiting it."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanhoozer200320-206">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion">Fashion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Fashion">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresses_by_Rei_Kawakubo_-_Sarah_Stierch_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dresses by Rei Kawakubo (1997)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Dresses_by_Rei_Kawakubo_-_Sarah_Stierch_03.jpg/205px-Dresses_by_Rei_Kawakubo_-_Sarah_Stierch_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Dresses_by_Rei_Kawakubo_-_Sarah_Stierch_03.jpg/308px-Dresses_by_Rei_Kawakubo_-_Sarah_Stierch_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Dresses_by_Rei_Kawakubo_-_Sarah_Stierch_03.jpg/410px-Dresses_by_Rei_Kawakubo_-_Sarah_Stierch_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Padded dresses by Rei Kawakubo (1997)</figcaption></figure> One manifestation of postmodernism in fashion explored alternatives to conventional concepts of elegance: <a href="/wiki/Rei_Kawakubo" title="Rei Kawakubo">Rei Kawakubo</a>’s Spring/Summer 1997 collection featured "dresses asymmetrically padded with goose down, creating bumps in unexpected areas of the body". <a href="/wiki/Issey_Miyake" title="Issey Miyake">Issey Miyake</a>'s 1985 <a href="/wiki/Dreadlocks" title="Dreadlocks">dreadlocks</a> hat "offered an immediate, yet impermanent, '<a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multi-culti</a>' fashion experience". <a href="/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood" title="Vivienne Westwood">Vivienne Westwood</a> took "an extremely polyglot approach", from early work with copies of 1950s clothes, to exploration of historic modes and cultural influences. In 1981, her first runway show, "Pirate", merged British history, 18th- and 19th-century dress, and African textile design, with a rap and ethnic music soundtrack.<a href="#cite_note-:6-207">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-208">[198]</a> The postmodern fashion sensibility appeared also through the subcultures of the 1960s and 1970s. <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punks</a> and other countercultural groups constructed their own nonconformist identities through choices in music, drugs, slang, and appearance. As these styles gained mainstream popularity, critics claim they lost their deeper meaning: "the adoption of surface attributes offers the frisson of rebellion without a commitment to a subcultural lifestyle."<a href="#cite_note-:6-207">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graphic_design">Graphic design</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Graphic design">edit</a>]</div> Early mention of postmodernism in <a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">graphic design</a> appeared in the British magazine, Design, during the late 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoynor200318-209">[199]</a> The discussion took a pragmatic if not entirely comfortable view of graphic design as engaging with the economic necessities of a changing world. Graphic design had the role of "active stylization of product surfaces (such as those of packaging and promotion)", engaging without moralizing with consumer desires. Editor Corin Hughes-Stanton concluded, "Post-Modernism' is an attitude that takes the form of a creative response to unfolding developments in the socio-economic sphere; it is a sign of active engagement rather than an academic retreat from its commercial and professional concerns."<a href="#cite_note-210">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marketing">Marketing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Marketing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_marketing" title="Postmodern marketing">Postmodern marketing</a></div> Postmodernism in marketing focuses on customized experiences where broad market generalizations are no longer applied.<a href="#cite_note-sbrown-pg192-211">[201]</a> According to academic Stephen Brown, "Marketers know about consumers, consumers know about marketers, marketers know consumers know about marketers, and consumers know marketers know consumers know about marketers." Brown, writing in 1993, stated that the postmodern approach in many ways rejects attempts to impose order and work in silos. Instead marketers should work collectively with "artistic" attributes of intuition, creativity, spontaneity, speculation, emotion, and involvement.<a href="#cite_note-sbrown-pg192-211">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ongoing_influence">Ongoing influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Ongoing influence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metamodernism" title="Metamodernism">Metamodernism</a></div> Since the late 1990s, there has been a growing sentiment in popular culture and in academia that postmodernism "has gone out of fashion".<a href="#cite_note-212">[202]</a> Others argue that postmodernism is dead in the context of current cultural production.<a href="#cite_note-213">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[205]</a> A 2020 study investigated the reported transition from postmodernism to post-postmodernism, those "changing social conditions that lead the consumer to consume in a particular manner". Song lyrics were selected from Madonna (postmodern), <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> (post-postmodern), and <a href="/wiki/Lady_Gaga" title="Lady Gaga">Lady Gaga</a> as a transitional example. Five postmodern characteristics consistently found in marketing literature were compared to their post-postmodern counterparts: <a href="/wiki/Anti-foundationalism" title="Anti-foundationalism">anti-foundationalism</a> to rewriting; <a href="/wiki/Dedifferentiation" title="Dedifferentiation">dedifferentiation</a> to redifferentiation; <a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(sociology)" title="Fragmentation (sociology)">fragmentation</a> to reengagement; reversal of production and consumption to rebalancing of production and consumption; and <a href="/wiki/Hyperreality" title="Hyperreality">hyperreality</a> to alternative reality. Postmodernism, it finds, "remains vibrant, re-inventive, and calls for its demise may be somewhat overblown." Swift's success "suggests a significant shift from deconstructive to reconstructive positions regarding the self and its surroundings", noting that her "post-postmodern engagement, enthusiasm and sincerity" appeared to be "somewhat superficial, sociopathic, and couched in fabulation."<a href="#cite_note-216">[206]</a> The connection between postmodernism, <a href="/wiki/Posthumanism" title="Posthumanism">posthumanism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">cyborgism</a> has led to a challenge to postmodernism, for which the terms <a href="/wiki/Post-postmodernism" title="Post-postmodernism">Post-postmodernism</a> and postpoststructuralism were first coined in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-217">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[209]</a> A small group of critics has put forth a range of theories that aim to describe culture or society in the alleged aftermath of postmodernism, most notably Raoul Eshelman (performatism), <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Lipovetsky" title="Gilles Lipovetsky">Gilles Lipovetsky</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypermodernity" title="Hypermodernity">hypermodernity</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Bourriaud" title="Nicolas Bourriaud">Nicolas Bourriaud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Altermodern" title="Altermodern">altermodern</a>), and Alan Kirby (digimodernism, formerly called pseudo-modernism). None of these new theories or labels have so far gained very widespread acceptance.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Writing in 2022, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Connor" title="Steven Connor">Steven Connor</a> argues that, despite continuing reports of its death or imminent demise, postmodernism has instead undergone a kind of disappearance into our culture by way of assimilation. He notes there is little that can now be called postmodern style because "the clashing or commingling of styles has become entirely routine at all levels of culture." The energizing antagonism between high and low culture has been "pestled into a tepid porridge." And the general postmodern condition is now "universal, irreversible and metastable, embodied above all in the massive increase in digitally mediated information technologies." According to Connor, postmodernism in the 2020s is a sensibility that has been integrated into everyday life, having been subject to a considerable degree of shifting, perhaps temporarily, from irony, pluralism and ambivalence to urgency, indignation, and reductive absolutism.<a href="#cite_note-220">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#66ccff;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Postmodernism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> Preceded by <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#aaddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Postmodernity" title="Postmodernity">Postmodernity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermodernity" title="Hypermodernity">Hypermodernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperreality" title="Hyperreality">Hyperreality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumanism" title="Posthumanism">Posthumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#aaddff;"> Fields</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_anthropology" title="Postmodernist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-processual_archaeology" title="Post-processual archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_school_(criminology)" title="Postmodernist school (criminology)">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_dance" title="Postmodern dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodern television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_literature" title="Postmodern literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Postmodern_picture_book" title="Postmodern picture book">Picture books</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_music" title="Postmodern music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodernism (international relations)">International relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Marxism" title="Post-Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpositivism" title="Postpositivism">Postpositivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_psychology" title="Postmodern psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism_in_political_science" title="Postmodernism in political science">Political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_theatre" title="Postmodern theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_theology" title="Postmodern theology">Theology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_religion" title="Postmodern religion">Religion</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#aaddff;"> Reactions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_postmodernism" title="Criticism of postmodernism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamodernism" title="Metamodernism">Metamodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-postmodernism" title="Post-postmodernism">Post-postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernism" title="Remodernism">Remodernism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Postmodernism" title="Template:Postmodernism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Postmodernism" title="Template talk:Postmodernism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Postmodernism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Postmodernism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215345927">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .multicol-float{width:auto!important}}.mw-parser-output .multicol-float{clear:none;float:left}.mw-parser-output .multicol-float-clear{clear:both}</style><div class="multicol-float" style="width:35em"> <dl><dt>Theory</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-foundationalism" title="Anti-foundationalism">Anti-foundationalism</a> – Epistemology without sure premises</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmodernism" title="Transmodernism">Transmodernism</a> – Philosophical and cultural movement</li></ul> <dl><dt>Culture and politics</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defamiliarization" title="Defamiliarization">Defamiliarization</a> – Artistic technique of presenting common things in an unfamiliar or strange way</li></ul> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215345927"><div class="multicol-float" style="width:35em"> <dl><dt>Religion</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_religion" title="Postmodern religion">Postmodern religion</a> – Religion influenced by postmodernism</li></ul> <dl><dt>History</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_modernity" title="Second modernity">Second modernity</a> – Industrial society transformed into a more reflexive network society or information society</li></ul> <dl><dt>Opposed by</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altermodern" title="Altermodern">Altermodern</a> – term for art that reacts against standardisation and commercialismPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamodernism" title="Metamodernism">Metamodernism</a> – Movement that emerged from and reacts to postmodernism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernism" title="Remodernism">Remodernism</a> – Present-day modernist philosophical movement</li></ul> </div><div class="multicol-float-clear" style=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> A sampling from other scholars: It is "diffuse, fragmentary, [and] multi-dimensional".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwitz2008Historical_and_Conceptual_Overview-7">[7]</a> Critics have described it as "an exasperating term"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens19953-8">[8]</a> and claim that its indefinability is "a truism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAylesworth2015Introduction-9">[9]</a> Put otherwise, postmodernism is "several things at once".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens19953-8">[8]</a> It has no single definition, and the term does not name any single unified phenomenon, but rather many diverse phenomena: "postmodernisms rather than one postmodernism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooker2003204-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanhoozer20033-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor200417-12">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> The incorporation of deconstruction into postmodernism, while common in the U.S., was resisted in the U.K.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens199515-60">[59]</a> Furthermore, the more general category of poststructuralism itself was a largely American category, foreign to the disparate French thinkers upon whom it was imposed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoster19896-61">[60]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> English translation, 1984. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> By this Kuhn did not mean that scientific revolutions did not progressively reveal truths about objective reality, only that their lack of a shared vocabulary makes one-to-one comparison impossible, and so requires conceptual translation from one paradigm to another.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman2021206–07-74">[71]</a> In spite of Kuhn's own interpretation, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions was widely interpreted by its readers as undermining the basic objectivity and rationality of scientific knowledge itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman2021208-69">[66]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Or financial: In the counter-culture in the 1960s, U.S. military spending on science – which, post-WWII, had been unquestioned – was again made an object of controversy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman2021198–99-77">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossmann202155-78">[74]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Their subtitles speak for themselves: philosopher <a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Allan Bloom</a>'s 1987 <a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind:_How_Higher_Education_Has_Failed_Democracy_and_Impoverished_the_Souls_of_Today%27s_Students" class="mw-redirect" title="The Closing of the American Mind: How Higher Education Has Failed Democracy and Impoverished the Souls of Today's Students">The Closing of the American Mind: How Higher Education Has Failed Democracy and Impoverished the Souls of Today's Students</a> and biologist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gross" title="Paul Gross">Paul Gross</a> and mathematician <a href="/wiki/Norman_Levitt" title="Norman Levitt">Norman Levitt</a>'s 1994 <a href="/wiki/Higher_Superstition:_The_Academic_Left_and_Its_Quarrels_with_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science">Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman2021244–45-83">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossmann202155-78">[74]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> For instance, contrast <a href="#CITEREFPoster1989">Poster 1989</a>, p. 4 with <a href="#CITEREFSim2011b">Sim 2011b</a>, pp. ix–x. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPoster1989">Poster 1989</a>, (p. 4) offers as linguistic examples écriture (Derrida), <a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">discourse</a>/practice (Foucault), code (Baudrillard), and phrases and <a href="/wiki/The_Differend" title="The Differend">le différend</a> (Lyotard). On signification more generally, <a href="#CITEREFBestKellner1991">Best & Kellner 1991</a>, (p. 21) present dissemination (Derrida), desire (Deleuze and Guattari), intensities (Lyotard), semiurgy (Baudrillard), and power (Foucault). </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Le métarécit, sometimes also grand récit, "grand narrative" </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> This volume is an extension of his 1980 speech "Modernity—An Unfinished Project", published the next year as "Modernity versus Postmodernity". Even though Lyotard is not treated directly, Habermas describes the work as an explicit response to Lyotard's challenges to the theory of <a href="/wiki/Communicative_rationality" title="Communicative rationality">communicative rationality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabermas1990xix-163">[154]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJones2018" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Nick (2 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01956051.2018.1423206">"New Digs, Old Digs: Vauxhall Cross, Whitehall, and the London of Craig's Bond"</a>. Journal of Popular Film and Television. 46 (1): 25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01956051.2018.1423206">10.1080/01956051.2018.1423206</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-6051">0195-6051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Popular+Film+and+Television&rft.atitle=New+Digs%2C+Old+Digs%3A+Vauxhall+Cross%2C+Whitehall%2C+and+the+London+of+Craig%27s+Bond&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25&rft.date=2018-01-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01956051.2018.1423206&rft.issn=0195-6051&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F01956051.2018.1423206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker" class="citation web cs1">Baker, Phil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://90years.buildingcentre.co.uk/building/sis-mi6-building/">"SIS/MI6 Building"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Building_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Building Centre">Building Centre</a>. Retrieved 2 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Building+Centre&rft.atitle=SIS%2FMI6+Building&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F90years.buildingcentre.co.uk%2Fbuilding%2Fsis-mi6-building%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2018-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2018_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2018_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2018_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2018_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2018_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2018_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2018_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2018_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2018_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2018_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2018_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2018_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2018_3-12">m</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuchanan2018">Buchanan 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens199511-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertens199511_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertens1995">Bertens 1995</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor2013567-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnor2013567_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnor2013567_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnor2013567_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnor2013567_5-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFConnor2013">Connor 2013</a>, p. 567. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer2011217-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpencer2011217_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpencer2011">Spencer 2011</a>, p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwitz2008Historical_and_Conceptual_Overview-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerwitz2008Historical_and_Conceptual_Overview_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerwitz2008">Herwitz 2008</a>, Historical and Conceptual Overview. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens19953-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertens19953_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertens19953_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertens1995">Bertens 1995</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAylesworth2015Introduction-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAylesworth2015Introduction_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAylesworth2015">Aylesworth 2015</a>, Introduction. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooker2003204-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooker2003204_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrooker2003">Brooker 2003</a>, p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanhoozer20033-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanhoozer20033_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVanhoozer2003">Vanhoozer 2003</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor200417-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnor200417_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConnor2004">Connor 2004</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJin2023" class="citation journal cs1">Jin, Huimin (September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/concern/publications/4m90f310d">"Postmodernism in the 21st Century Pros and Cons"</a>. Journal of East-West Thought. 13 (3): 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+East-West+Thought&rft.atitle=Postmodernism+in+the+21st+Century+Pros+and+Cons&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=19&rft.date=2023-09&rft.aulast=Jin&rft.aufirst=Huimin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.calstate.edu%2Fconcern%2Fpublications%2F4m90f310d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens19954–5-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertens19954–5_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertens19954–5_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertens1995">Bertens 1995</a>, pp. 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens199546-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertens199546_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertens1995">Bertens 1995</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenand2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Menand, Louis (15 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/02/23/saved-from-drowning">"Saved from Drowning"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. Retrieved 5 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Saved+from+Drowning&rft.date=2009-02-15&rft.aulast=Menand&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2009%2F02%2F23%2Fsaved-from-drowning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Hebdige-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Hebdige_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHebdige2006" class="citation book cs1">Hebdige, Dick (2006). "Postmodernism and "the other side"". In Storey, John (ed.). Cultural Theory and Popular Culture: A reader. London: <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Postmodernism+and+%22the+other+side%22&rft.btitle=Cultural+Theory+and+Popular+Culture%3A+A+reader&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Hebdige&rft.aufirst=Dick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens199510-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertens199510_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertens1995">Bertens 1995</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2006" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Stephen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2016131">"Recycling Postmodern Marketing"</a>. The Marketing Review. 6 (3): 214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1362%2F146934706778605322">10.1362/146934706778605322</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2016131">2016131</a> – via <a href="/wiki/SSRN" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN">SSRN</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Marketing+Review&rft.atitle=Recycling+Postmodern+Marketing&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=214&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2016131%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1362%2F146934706778605322&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2016131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJin2023" class="citation journal cs1">Jin, Huimin (September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/concern/publications/4m90f310d">"Postmodernism in the 21st Century Pros and Cons"</a>. Journal of East-West Thought. 13 (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+East-West+Thought&rft.atitle=Postmodernism+in+the+21st+Century+Pros+and+Cons&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2023-09&rft.aulast=Jin&rft.aufirst=Huimin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.calstate.edu%2Fconcern%2Fpublications%2F4m90f310d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartMartinHinrichs2020" class="citation book cs1">Hart, James D.; Martin, Wendy; Hinrichs, Danielle, eds. (2020). "postmodernism". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191872112.001.0001/acref-9780191872112">The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature</a> (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780191872112.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780191872112.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-187211-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-187211-2"><bdi>978-0-19-187211-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=postmodernism&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Companion+to+American+Literature&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780191872112.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-187211-2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780191872112.001.0001%2Facref-9780191872112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeise2004" class="citation cs2">Heise, Ursula K. (2004), Connor, Steven (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-companion-to-postmodernism/science-technology-and-postmodernism/7DB89463B7564CFED387E95223F365A0">"Science, technology, and postmodernism"</a>, The Cambridge Companion to Postmodernism, Cambridge Companions to Literature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 136–167, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fccol0521640520.008">10.1017/ccol0521640520.008</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64052-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64052-7"><bdi>978-0-521-64052-7</bdi></a>, retrieved 13 November 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Postmodernism&rft.atitle=Science%2C+technology%2C+and+postmodernism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E136-%3C%2Fspan%3E167&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fccol0521640520.008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-64052-7&rft.aulast=Heise&rft.aufirst=Ursula+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fabs%2Fcambridge-companion-to-postmodernism%2Fscience-technology-and-postmodernism%2F7DB89463B7564CFED387E95223F365A0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGantt2024">Gantt 2024</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErmarth2016" class="citation cs2">Ermarth, Elizabeth Deeds (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/postmodernism/v-1">"Postmodernism"</a>, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1 ed.), London: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-n044-1">10.4324/9780415249126-n044-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6"><bdi>978-0-415-25069-6</bdi></a>, retrieved 7 October 2024, <q>Although diverse and eclectic, postmodernism can be recognized by two key assumptions: first, the assumption that there is no common denominator – in 'nature' or 'truth' or 'God' or 'time' – that guarantees either the One-ness of the world or the possibility of neutral, objective thought; second, the assumption that all human systems operate like language as self-reflexive rather than referential systems, in other words systems of differential function that are powerful but finite, and that construct and maintain meaning and value.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Postmodernism&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780415249126-n044-1&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25069-6&rft.aulast=Ermarth&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Deeds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rep.routledge.com%2Farticles%2Fthematic%2Fpostmodernism%2Fv-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlages2001" class="citation web cs1">Klages, Mary (6 December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~sflores/KlagesPostmodernism.html">"Postmodernism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Idaho" title="University of Idaho">University of Idaho</a>. Retrieved 15 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Idaho&rft.atitle=Postmodernism&rft.date=2001-12-06&rft.aulast=Klages&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webpages.uidaho.edu%2F~sflores%2FKlagesPostmodernism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath1996" class="citation book cs1">McGrath, Alister E. (1996). A passion for truth: the intellectual coherence of evangelicalism (1. publ ed.). Leicester: Apollos. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85111-447-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85111-447-7"><bdi>978-0-85111-447-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+passion+for+truth%3A+the+intellectual+coherence+of+evangelicalism&rft.place=Leicester&rft.pages=184&rft.edition=1.+publ&rft.pub=Apollos&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-85111-447-7&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Alister+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBestKellner19912-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBestKellner19912_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBestKellner1991">Best & Kellner 1991</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2014" class="citation book cs1">Scott, John, ed. (2014). A Dictionary of Sociology. Oxford Reference (4. ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968358-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968358-1"><bdi>978-0-19-968358-1</bdi></a>. <q>Postmodernity, in whatever guise it appears, thus implies the disintegration of modernist symbolic orders. It denies the existence of all 'universals', including the philosophy of the transcendental self, on the grounds that the discourse and referential categories of modernity (the subject, community, the state, use-value, social class, and so forth) are no longer appropriate to the description of disorganized capitalism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Sociology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+Reference&rft.edition=4.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-968358-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman1991" class="citation journal cs1">Herman, David J. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1772982">"Modernism versus Postmodernism: Towards an Analytic Distinction"</a>. Poetics Today. 12 (1): 55–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1772982">10.2307/1772982</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0333-5372">0333-5372</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1772982">1772982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Poetics+Today&rft.atitle=Modernism+versus+Postmodernism%3A+Towards+an+Analytic+Distinction&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.date=1991&rft.issn=0333-5372&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1772982%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1772982&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1772982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelschSandbothe199776-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelschSandbothe199776_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelschSandbothe199776_31-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWelschSandbothe1997">Welsch & Sandbothe 1997</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHassan198712ff-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHassan198712ff_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHassan1987">Hassan 1987</a>, pp. 12ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooker2003202-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooker2003202_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrooker2003">Brooker 2003</a>, p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens19954-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertens19954_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertens1995">Bertens 1995</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHassan198712ff.-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHassan198712ff._35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHassan1987">Hassan 1987</a>, pp. 12ff.. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/dictionary/postmodern_adj?tab=factsheet">"postmodern (adjective & noun)"</a>. Oxford English Dictionary. 2006. Retrieved 9 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=postmodern+%28adjective+%26+noun%29&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fdictionary%2Fpostmodern_adj%3Ftab%3Dfactsheet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1914733-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1914733_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThompson1914">Thompson 1914</a>, p. 733. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam+Webster%27s+Collegiate+Dictionary&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadsen1995-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadsen1995_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadsen1995">Madsen 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1926-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell1926_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBell1926">Bell 1926</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirzer2015-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirzer2015_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirzer2015">Birzer 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussello2007-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussello2007_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussello2007">Russello 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToynbee196143-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToynbee196143_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFToynbee1961">Toynbee 1961</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/dictionary/postmodernism_n">"postmodernism (n.)"</a>. OED. 2006. Retrieved 8 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OED&rft.atitle=postmodernism+%28n.%29&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fdictionary%2Fpostmodernism_n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens199519-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertens199519_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertens199519_45-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertens1995">Bertens 1995</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooker2003203-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooker2003203_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooker2003203_46-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrooker2003">Brooker 2003</a>, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens199530-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertens199530_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertens1995">Bertens 1995</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor20045-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnor20045_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnor20045_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnor20045_48-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFConnor2004">Connor 2004</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens1995201-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertens1995201_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertens1995">Bertens 1995</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor200412-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnor200412_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnor200412_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnor200412_50-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFConnor2004">Connor 2004</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAylesworth2015Introduction_&_§2-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAylesworth2015Introduction_&_§2_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAylesworth2015Introduction_&_§2_51-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAylesworth2015">Aylesworth 2015</a>, Introduction & §2. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1998" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Perry (1998). The Origins of Postmodernity. Verso. pp. 6–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Postmodernity&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Perry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens199521-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertens199521_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertens1995">Bertens 1995</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens199524-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertens199524_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertens1995">Bertens 1995</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBestKellner199122–23-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBestKellner199122–23_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBestKellner1991">Best & Kellner 1991</a>, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens199555-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertens199555_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertens1995">Bertens 1995</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens199559–60-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertens199559–60_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertens1995">Bertens 1995</a>, pp. 59–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBestKellner199121-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBestKellner199121_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBestKellner1991">Best & Kellner 1991</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens199570-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertens199570_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertens1995">Bertens 1995</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens199515-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertens199515_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertens1995">Bertens 1995</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoster19896-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoster19896_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPoster1989">Poster 1989</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens19957,_79-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertens19957,_79_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertens1995">Bertens 1995</a>, pp. 7, 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens19958,_70-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertens19958,_70_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertens1995">Bertens 1995</a>, pp. 8, 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens199592-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertens199592_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertens1995">Bertens 1995</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens1995190–96-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertens1995190–96_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertens1995">Bertens 1995</a>, pp. 190–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor20044-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnor20044_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConnor2004">Connor 2004</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman2021208-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman2021208_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman2021208_69-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldman2021">Goldman 2021</a>, p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman2021201-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman2021201_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldman2021">Goldman 2021</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJameson1984vii-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJameson1984vii_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJameson1984">Jameson 1984</a>, p. vii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant201195–96-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant201195–96_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrant2011">Grant 2011</a>, pp. 95–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman2021203–06-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman2021203–06_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldman2021">Goldman 2021</a>, pp. 203–06. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman2021206–07-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman2021206–07_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldman2021">Goldman 2021</a>, pp. 206–07. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman2021218-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman2021218_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldman2021">Goldman 2021</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman2021198–99-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman2021198–99_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldman2021">Goldman 2021</a>, pp. 198–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossmann202155-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrossmann202155_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrossmann202155_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrossmann202155_78-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrossmann2021">Grossmann 2021</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman2021209–10-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman2021209–10_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldman2021">Goldman 2021</a>, pp. 209–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman2021243-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman2021243_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldman2021">Goldman 2021</a>, p. 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman2021244–47-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman2021244–47_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldman2021">Goldman 2021</a>, pp. 244–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman2021244–45-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman2021244–45_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman2021244–45_83-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldman2021">Goldman 2021</a>, pp. 244–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/education/teachers/classroom_resources/curricula/contemporary_art/background1.html">"About Contemporary Art"</a>. <a href="/wiki/J_Paul_Getty_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="J Paul Getty Museum">J Paul Getty Museum</a>. Retrieved 23 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=J+Paul+Getty+Museum&rft.atitle=About+Contemporary+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.getty.edu%2Feducation%2Fteachers%2Fclassroom_resources%2Fcurricula%2Fcontemporary_art%2Fbackground1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-86"><a href="#cite_ref-:14_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcocella2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Acocella, Joan (1 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/06/08/untangling-andy-warhol">"Untangling Andy Warhol"</a>. The New Yorker. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X">0028-792X</a>. Retrieved 1 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Untangling+Andy+Warhol&rft.date=2020-06-01&rft.issn=0028-792X&rft.aulast=Acocella&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2020%2F06%2F08%2Funtangling-andy-warhol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-87"><a href="#cite_ref-:13_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalf2018" class="citation news cs1">Metcalf, Stephen (6 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/01/andy-warhol-pop-art-whitney/576412/">"Andy Warhol, Cold and Mute, Is the Perfect Artist for Our Times"</a>. The Atlantic. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2151-9463">2151-9463</a>. Retrieved 1 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Andy+Warhol%2C+Cold+and+Mute%2C+Is+the+Perfect+Artist+for+Our+Times&rft.date=2018-12-06&rft.issn=2151-9463&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2019%2F01%2Fandy-warhol-pop-art-whitney%2F576412%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-paglia-88"><a href="#cite_ref-paglia_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150131083911/http://www.ipod.org.uk/reality/art_bollocks.asp">"Art Bollocks"</a>. Ipod.org.uk. 5 May 1990. Archived from the original on 31 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Art+Bollocks&rft.pub=Ipod.org.uk&rft.date=1990-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipod.org.uk%2Freality%2Fart_bollocks.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Castro2015" class="citation magazine cs1">de Castro, Eliana (12 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faustomag.com/camille-paglia-postmodernism-is-a-plague-upon-the-mind-and-the-heart/">"Camille Paglia: "Postmodernism is a plague upon the mind and the heart""</a>. FAUSTO - Filosofia, Cultura e Literatura Clássica. <q>Postmodernism is a plague upon the mind and the heart.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FAUSTO+-+Filosofia%2C+Cultura+e+Literatura+Cl%C3%A1ssica&rft.atitle=Camille+Paglia%3A+%22Postmodernism+is+a+plague+upon+the+mind+and+the+heart%22&rft.date=2015-12-12&rft.aulast=de+Castro&rft.aufirst=Eliana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffaustomag.com%2Fcamille-paglia-postmodernism-is-a-plague-upon-the-mind-and-the-heart%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-trib-nov20112-90"><a href="#cite_ref-trib-nov20112_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portlandtribune.com/component/content/article?id=15793">"Portland Building gets a place on national history list"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Portland_Tribune" title="Portland Tribune">Portland Tribune</a>. 17 November 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Portland+Tribune&rft.atitle=Portland+Building+gets+a+place+on+national+history+list&rft.date=2011-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportlandtribune.com%2Fcomponent%2Fcontent%2Farticle%3Fid%3D15793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-D-GravesDies2-91"><a href="#cite_ref-D-GravesDies2_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus_Fairs2015" class="citation journal cs1">Marcus Fairs (12 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dezeen.com/2015/03/12/michael-graves-dies-aged-80/">"Michael Graves dies aged 80"</a>. Dezeen. Retrieved 23 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dezeen&rft.atitle=Michael+Graves+dies+aged+80&rft.date=2015-03-12&rft.au=Marcus+Fairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dezeen.com%2F2015%2F03%2F12%2Fmichael-graves-dies-aged-80%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJencks1975" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Jencks" title="Charles Jencks">Jencks, Charles</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fdtUAAAAMAAJ&q=The+rise+of+Post-Modern+architecture">"The Rise of Post Modern Architecture"</a>. Architectural Association Quarterly. 7 (4): 3–14 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Architectural+Association+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Post+Modern+Architecture&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Jencks&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfdtUAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DThe%2Brise%2Bof%2BPost-Modern%2Barchitecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJencks1977" class="citation book cs1">Jencks, Charles (1977). The language of post-modern architecture. New York: Rizzoli. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8478-0167-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8478-0167-5"><bdi>0-8478-0167-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+language+of+post-modern+architecture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Rizzoli&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-8478-0167-5&rft.aulast=Jencks&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeal2022" class="citation web cs1">Beal, Justin (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jencksfoundation.org/explore/text/what-is-was-post-modern-or-never-take-the-marble-for-granite#77c4d4167e90">"What is/was Post-Modern (or Never Take the Marble for Granite)"</a>. Jencks Foundation. Retrieved 6 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jencks+Foundation&rft.atitle=What+is%2Fwas+Post-Modern+%28or+Never+Take+the+Marble+for+Granite%29&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Beal&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jencksfoundation.org%2Fexplore%2Ftext%2Fwhat-is-was-post-modern-or-never-take-the-marble-for-granite%2377c4d4167e90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJencks1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Jencks" title="Charles Jencks">Jencks, Charles</a> (1974). The Language of Post-Modern Architecture. London: Academy Editions.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+of+Post-Modern+Architecture&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Academy+Editions&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Jencks&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrell2017" class="citation book cs1">Farrell, Terry (2017). Revisiting Postmodernism. Newcastle upon Tyne: <a href="/wiki/RIBA_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="RIBA Publishing">RIBA Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85946-632-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85946-632-2"><bdi>978-1-85946-632-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revisiting+Postmodernism&rft.place=Newcastle+upon+Tyne&rft.pub=RIBA+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-85946-632-2&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchudel2018" class="citation web cs1">Schudel, Matt (28 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/robert-venturi-postmodern-architect-less-is-a-bore-a8555936.html">"Remembering Robert Venturi, the US architect who said: 'Less is a bore'"</a>. Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221016075701/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/robert-venturi-postmodern-architect-less-is-a-bore-a8555936.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent&rft.atitle=Remembering+Robert+Venturi%2C+the+US+architect+who+said%3A+%27Less+is+a+bore%27&rft.date=2018-09-28&rft.aulast=Schudel&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Frobert-venturi-postmodern-architect-less-is-a-bore-a8555936.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanes2008-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanes2008_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanes2008_98-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBanes2008">Banes 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuadagnino2019" class="citation web cs1">Guadagnino, Kate (20 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/20/t-magazine/postmodern-dance.html">"The pioneers of postmodern dance, 60 years later"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>. Retrieved 19 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+pioneers+of+postmodern+dance%2C+60+years+later&rft.date=2019-03-20&rft.aulast=Guadagnino&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F03%2F20%2Ft-magazine%2Fpostmodern-dance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCustodio2019" class="citation web cs1">Custodio, Isabel (24 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/magazine/articles/29">"The Voices of Judson Dance Theater"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">MoMA Magazine</a>. Retrieved 19 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MoMA+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Voices+of+Judson+Dance+Theater&rft.date=2019-01-24&rft.aulast=Custodio&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moma.org%2Fmagazine%2Farticles%2F29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalprinKaplan1995" class="citation book cs1">Halprin, Anna; Kaplan, Rachel, eds. (1995). Moving toward life: five decades of transformational dance. Hanover, N.H: Wesleyan University Press. p. 254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6286-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6286-9"><bdi>978-0-8195-6286-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moving+toward+life%3A+five+decades+of+transformational+dance&rft.place=Hanover%2C+N.H&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6286-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2019" class="citation web cs1">Kramer, Michael J. (30 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s-usih.org/2019/06/the-mind-is-a-muscle-postmodern-dance-and-intellectual-history/">"The Mind Is a Muscle: Postmodern Dance and Intellectual History"</a>. Society for U.S. Intellectual History. Retrieved 7 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Society+for+U.S.+Intellectual+History&rft.atitle=The+Mind+Is+a+Muscle%3A+Postmodern+Dance+and+Intellectual+History&rft.date=2019-06-30&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs-usih.org%2F2019%2F06%2Fthe-mind-is-a-muscle-postmodern-dance-and-intellectual-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanes2009" class="citation web cs1">Banes, Sally (9 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/display/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-1002083961">"Judson Dance Theater"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.a2083961">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.a2083961</a>. Retrieved 7 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.atitle=Judson+Dance+Theater&rft.date=2009-11-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.a2083961&rft.aulast=Banes&rft.aufirst=Sally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-1002083961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConyers2011" class="citation web cs1">Conyers, Claude (23 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/display/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-1002092662">"Postmodern dance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.a2092662">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.a2092662</a>. Retrieved 7 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.atitle=Postmodern+dance&rft.date=2011-02-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.a2092662&rft.aulast=Conyers&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-1002092662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-105"><a href="#cite_ref-:22_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanes2011" class="citation book cs1">Banes, Sally (2011). Terpsichore in Sneakers: Post-Modern Dance. Wesleyan University Press. pp. xxiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6160-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6160-2"><bdi>978-0-8195-6160-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terpsichore+in+Sneakers%3A+Post-Modern+Dance&rft.pages=xxiv&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6160-2&rft.aulast=Banes&rft.aufirst=Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Susan12-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Susan12_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins1995" class="citation journal cs1">Hopkins, Susan (Spring 1995). "Generation Pulp". Youth Studies Australia. 14 (3): 14–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Youth+Studies+Australia&rft.atitle=Generation+Pulp&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laurent13-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laurent13_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laurent13_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laurent13_107-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laurent13_107-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKretzschmar2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kretzschmar, Laurent (July 2002). "Is Cinema Renewing Itself?". Film-Philosophy. 6 (15). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Ffilm.2002.0015">10.3366/film.2002.0015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Film-Philosophy&rft.atitle=Is+Cinema+Renewing+Itself%3F&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=15&rft.date=2002-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Ffilm.2002.0015&rft.aulast=Kretzschmar&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linda22-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Linda22_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Linda22_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutcheon1998" class="citation web cs1">Hutcheon, Linda (19 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.utoronto.ca/utel/criticism/hutchinp.html">"Irony, Nostalgia, and the Postmodern"</a>. University of Toronto English Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irony%2C+Nostalgia%2C+and+the+Postmodern&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+English+Library&rft.date=1998-01-19&rft.aulast=Hutcheon&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.utoronto.ca%2Futel%2Fcriticism%2Fhutchinp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Representing+Postmodern+Marginality+in+Three+Documentary+Films.-a0204861632">"Representing Postmodern Marginality in Three Documentary Films. - Free Online Library"</a>. www.thefreelibrary.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thefreelibrary.com&rft.atitle=Representing+Postmodern+Marginality+in+Three+Documentary+Films.+-+Free+Online+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FRepresenting%2BPostmodern%2BMarginality%2Bin%2BThree%2BDocumentary%2BFilms.-a0204861632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_110-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_110-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_110-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods1999" class="citation book cs1">Woods, Tim (1999). Beginning postmodernism (1st ed.). Manchester: <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. pp. 214–218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5211-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5211-8"><bdi>978-0-7190-5211-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beginning+postmodernism&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E214-%3C%2Fspan%3E218&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-5211-8&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-archive.org-111"><a href="#cite_ref-archive.org_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetz2009" class="citation web cs1">Betz, Mark (23 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/betz_beyond-the-subtitle-remapping-european-art-cinema">"Beyond the subtitle : remapping European art cinema"</a>. Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+subtitle+%3A+remapping+European+art+cinema&rft.pub=Minneapolis+%3A+University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2009-03-23&rft.aulast=Betz&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbetz_beyond-the-subtitle-remapping-european-art-cinema&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mary1-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Mary1_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlemany-Galway2002" class="citation book cs1">Alemany-Galway, Mary (2002). A Postmodern Cinema. Kent, England: Scarecrow Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Postmodern+Cinema&rft.place=Kent%2C+England&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Alemany-Galway&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherlock2021" class="citation web cs1">Sherlock, Ben (21 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gamerant.com/80s-movie-invented-tech-noir/">"One Movie Both Invented and Perfected the Tech Noir"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Game_Rant" class="mw-redirect" title="Game Rant">Game Rant</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Game+Rant&rft.atitle=One+Movie+Both+Invented+and+Perfected+the+Tech+Noir&rft.date=2021-02-21&rft.aulast=Sherlock&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgamerant.com%2F80s-movie-invented-tech-noir%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBegley2004" class="citation journal cs1">Begley, Varun (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43797175">""Blade Runner" and the Postmodern: A Reconsideration"</a>. Literature/Film Quarterly. 32 (3): 186–192. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0090-4260">0090-4260</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43797175">43797175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Literature%2FFilm+Quarterly&rft.atitle=%22Blade+Runner%22+and+the+Postmodern%3A+A+Reconsideration&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E186-%3C%2Fspan%3E192&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43797175%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0090-4260&rft.aulast=Begley&rft.aufirst=Varun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43797175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwitz2008History_of_Postmodernism-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerwitz2008History_of_Postmodernism_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerwitz2008">Herwitz 2008</a>, History of Postmodernism. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcHale2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_McHale" title="Brian McHale">McHale, B.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ec2HAgAAQBAJ">Postmodernist Fiction</a>. <a href="/wiki/Abingdon-on-Thames" title="Abingdon-on-Thames">Abingdon-on-Thames</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1134949162" title="Special:BookSources/1134949162"><bdi>1134949162</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postmodernist+Fiction&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1134949162&rft.aulast=McHale&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dec2HAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcHale2007" class="citation journal cs1">McHale, Brian (20 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://electronicbookreview.com/essay/what-was-postmodernism/">"What Was Postmodernism?"</a>. Electronic Book Review. Retrieved 4 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Book+Review&rft.atitle=What+Was+Postmodernism%3F&rft.date=2007-12-20&rft.aulast=McHale&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felectronicbookreview.com%2Fessay%2Fwhat-was-postmodernism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinda_Schermer_Raphael" class="citation book cs1">Linda Schermer Raphael. Narrative Skepticism: Moral Agency and Representations of Consciousness in Fiction. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+Skepticism%3A+Moral+Agency+and+Representations+of+Consciousness+in+Fiction&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press&rft.au=Linda+Schermer+Raphael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_119-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasler2001" class="citation web cs1">Pasler, Jann (20 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/display/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000040721">"Postmodernism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40721">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40721</a>. Retrieved 15 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.atitle=Postmodernism&rft.date=2001-01-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40721&rft.aulast=Pasler&rft.aufirst=Jann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000040721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_120-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlper2000" class="citation journal cs1">Alper, Garth (December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03007760008591782">"Making sense out of postmodern music?"</a>. Popular Music and Society. 24 (4): 1–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03007760008591782">10.1080/03007760008591782</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0300-7766">0300-7766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Music+and+Society&rft.atitle=Making+sense+out+of+postmodern+music%3F&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2000-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03007760008591782&rft.issn=0300-7766&rft.aulast=Alper&rft.aufirst=Garth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F03007760008591782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2016" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Jonathan (2016). Postmodern music, postmodern listening. New York: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5013-0602-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5013-0602-0"><bdi>978-1-5013-0602-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postmodern+music%2C+postmodern+listening&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-5013-0602-0&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2002" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Alastair (2002). "Cage and postmodernism". In Nicholls, David (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-john-cage/52F3631719F4EBFBA9133AC011F4618A">The Cambridge Companion to John Cage</a>. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 231–232. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fccol9780521783484">10.1017/ccol9780521783484</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78968-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78968-4"><bdi>978-0-521-78968-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cage+and+postmodernism&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+John+Cage&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+Companions+to+Music&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E231-%3C%2Fspan%3E232&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fccol9780521783484&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78968-4&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fcambridge-companion-to-john-cage%2F52F3631719F4EBFBA9133AC011F4618A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCush2023" class="citation web cs1">Cush, Andy (21 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pitchfork.com/features/interview/talking-heads-reunion-2023-stop-making-sense/">"Talking Heads' Original Lineup on Stop Making Sense, Their Early Days, and the Future"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pitchfork_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitchfork (magazine)">Pitchfork</a>. Retrieved 25 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pitchfork&rft.atitle=Talking+Heads%27+Original+Lineup+on+Stop+Making+Sense%2C+Their+Early+Days%2C+and+the+Future&rft.date=2023-09-21&rft.aulast=Cush&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpitchfork.com%2Ffeatures%2Finterview%2Ftalking-heads-reunion-2023-stop-making-sense%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1989" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell, Tony (October 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3208181">"Performance and the Postmodern in Pop Music"</a>. Theatre Journal. 41 (3): 284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3208181">10.2307/3208181</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3208181">3208181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theatre+Journal&rft.atitle=Performance+and+the+Postmodern+in+Pop+Music&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=284&rft.date=1989-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3208181&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3208181%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3208181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2022" class="citation web cs1">Jensen, Emily (27 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jingdaily.com/posts/virgil-abloh-off-white-louis-vuitton-postmodern-fashion">"How Virgil Abloh Defined Postmodern Fashion"</a>. Jing Daily. Retrieved 25 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jing+Daily&rft.atitle=How+Virgil+Abloh+Defined+Postmodern+Fashion&rft.date=2022-07-27&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjingdaily.com%2Fposts%2Fvirgil-abloh-off-white-louis-vuitton-postmodern-fashion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown2003-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown2003_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown2003_126-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2003" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Stephen (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/11267/volumes/e06/E-06">"On Madonna's Brand Ambition: Presentation Transcript"</a>. Association For Consumer Research. pp. 119–201. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170419105437/https://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/11267/volumes/e06/E-06">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+Madonna%27s+Brand+Ambition%3A+Presentation+Transcript&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E119-%3C%2Fspan%3E201&rft.pub=Association+For+Consumer+Research&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acrwebsite.org%2Fvolumes%2F11267%2Fvolumes%2Fe06%2FE-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClary2013" class="citation web cs1">McClary, Susan (26 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/display/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000046456">"Madonna"</a>. Grove Music Online. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.46456">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.46456</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.atitle=Madonna&rft.date=2013-11-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.46456&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=McClary&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000046456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Graaf2017" class="citation web cs1">de Graaf, Eline (January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://krollermuller.nl/en/how-the-silver-trowel-became-blue">"How the silver trowel became blue"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B6ller-M%C3%BCller_Museum" title="Kröller-Müller Museum">Kröller-Müller Museum</a>. Retrieved 29 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kr%C3%B6ller-M%C3%BCller+Museum&rft.atitle=How+the+silver+trowel+became+blue&rft.date=2017-01&rft.aulast=de+Graaf&rft.aufirst=Eline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkrollermuller.nl%2Fen%2Fhow-the-silver-trowel-became-blue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2003" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Caroline A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/display/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000069002">"Post-modernism"</a>. Grove Art Online. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.t069002">10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t069002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4"><bdi>978-1-884446-05-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grove+Art+Online&rft.atitle=Post-modernism&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.t069002&rft.isbn=978-1-884446-05-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Caroline+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordartonline.com%2Fgroveart%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.001.0001%2Foao-9781884446054-e-7000069002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philamuseum.org/collection/object/312790">"Giant Three-Way Plug (Cube Tap)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art" title="Philadelphia Museum of Art">Philadelphia Museum of Art</a>. Retrieved 14 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philadelphia+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Giant+Three-Way+Plug+%28Cube+Tap%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilamuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fobject%2F312790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnapur2023" class="citation web cs1">Anapur, Eli (3 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.widewalls.ch/magazine/claes-oldenburg-the-store">"Revisiting Claes Oldenburg's The Store - The Slippery Line Between Art and Commodity"</a>. Widewalls. Retrieved 14 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Widewalls&rft.atitle=Revisiting+Claes+Oldenburg%27s+The+Store+-+The+Slippery+Line+Between+Art+and+Commodity&rft.date=2023-10-03&rft.aulast=Anapur&rft.aufirst=Eli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.widewalls.ch%2Fmagazine%2Fclaes-oldenburg-the-store&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBestKellner199122-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBestKellner199122_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBestKellner1991">Best & Kellner 1991</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein199211-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernstein199211_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBernstein1992">Bernstein 1992</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBestKellner199131-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBestKellner199131_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBestKellner1991">Best & Kellner 1991</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBestKellner199118-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBestKellner199118_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBestKellner1991">Best & Kellner 1991</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooker2003205-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooker2003205_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrooker2003">Brooker 2003</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBestKellner199120-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBestKellner199120_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBestKellner199120_138-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBestKellner199120_138-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBestKellner1991">Best & Kellner 1991</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoster19894-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoster19894_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPoster1989">Poster 1989</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBestKellner199117-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBestKellner199117_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBestKellner1991">Best & Kellner 1991</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds6=§2._Deconstructive_Strategy-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds6=§2._Deconstructive_Strategy_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds">Reynolds</a>, 6=§2. Deconstructive Strategy. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooker200366-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooker200366_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrooker2003">Brooker 2003</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds6=§2.a_Metaphysics_of_Presence/Logocentrism-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds6=§2.a_Metaphysics_of_Presence/Logocentrism_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds">Reynolds</a>, 6=§2.a Metaphysics of Presence/Logocentrism. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellylead_section-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellylead_section_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellylead_section_145-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly">Kelly</a>, lead section. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAylesworth2015§6._Hyperreality-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAylesworth2015§6._Hyperreality_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAylesworth2015§6._Hyperreality_146-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAylesworth2015">Aylesworth 2015</a>, §6. Hyperreality. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor2004568–69-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnor2004568–69_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConnor2004">Connor 2004</a>, pp. 568–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstable200443–47-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstable200443–47_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConstable2004">Constable 2004</a>, pp. 43–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens1995109-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertens1995109_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertens1995">Bertens 1995</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellner2020§6._Concluding_Assessment-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellner2020§6._Concluding_Assessment_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKellner2020">Kellner 2020</a>, §6. Concluding Assessment. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstable200447-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstable200447_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConstable2004">Constable 2004</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoster198912–16-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoster198912–16_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPoster1989">Poster 1989</a>, pp. 12–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyotard1984xxiv-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyotard1984xxiv_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyotard1984">Lyotard 1984</a>, p. xxiv. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwitz2008Theories_of_the_Postmodern-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerwitz2008Theories_of_the_Postmodern_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerwitz2008">Herwitz 2008</a>, Theories of the Postmodern. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGratton2018§1-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGratton2018§1_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGratton2018">Gratton 2018</a>, §1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAylesworth2015§2_The_Postmodern_Condition-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAylesworth2015§2_The_Postmodern_Condition_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAylesworth2015">Aylesworth 2015</a>, §2 The Postmodern Condition. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens1995111-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertens1995111_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertens1995">Bertens 1995</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyotard198465–66-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyotard198465–66_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyotard1984">Lyotard 1984</a>, pp. 65–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens1995119–21-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertens1995119–21_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertens1995">Bertens 1995</a>, pp. 119–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyotard1984xxiii–xxv-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyotard1984xxiii–xxv_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyotard1984">Lyotard 1984</a>, pp. xxiii–xxv. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGratton2018§§3.2–3.4-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGratton2018§§3.2–3.4_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGratton2018">Gratton 2018</a>, §§3.2–3.4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabermas1990xix-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHabermas1990xix_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHabermas1990">Habermas 1990</a>, p. xix. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAylesworth2015§9-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAylesworth2015§9_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAylesworth2015§9_165-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAylesworth2015§9_165-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAylesworth2015">Aylesworth 2015</a>, §9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertens1995108-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertens1995108_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertens1995">Bertens 1995</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor20043-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnor20043_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConnor2004">Connor 2004</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor20043–4-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnor20043–4_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConnor2004">Connor 2004</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2000120-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2000120_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2000">Roberts 2000</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2000121-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2000121_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2000">Roberts 2000</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2000124-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2000124_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2000">Roberts 2000</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2000126-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2000126_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2000">Roberts 2000</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2000128-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2000128_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2000">Roberts 2000</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2000133-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2000133_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2000">Roberts 2000</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrippelead_section-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrippelead_section_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrippelead_section_175-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrippelead_section_175-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrippe">Grippe</a>, lead section. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinn1996xiv-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinn1996xiv_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLinn1996">Linn 1996</a>, p. xiv. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnard2021" class="citation book cs1">Barnard, Alan (2021). "Postmodernism and Its Aftermath". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-and-theory-in-anthropology/F3F074621C25D62FDC97876A0C03D615">History and Theory in Anthropology</a> (2 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 174–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108936620">10.1017/9781108936620</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-83795-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-83795-8"><bdi>978-1-108-83795-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Postmodernism+and+Its+Aftermath&rft.btitle=History+and+Theory+in+Anthropology&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E174-%3C%2Fspan%3E189&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108936620&rft.isbn=978-1-108-83795-8&rft.aulast=Barnard&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fhistory-and-theory-in-anthropology%2FF3F074621C25D62FDC97876A0C03D615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_178-1">b</a> Barrett, S. (1996). Anthropology: a Students Guide to Theory and Method. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. (pp. 150-163) </li> <li id="cite_note-Garder1996-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Garder1996_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaty_Garder_and_David_Lewis1996" class="citation book cs1">Katy Garder and David Lewis (1996). Anthropology, Development and the Post-Modernist Challenge. London, UK: Pluto Press. pp. 22–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0745307469" title="Special:BookSources/0745307469"><bdi>0745307469</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropology%2C+Development+and+the+Post-Modernist+Challenge&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0745307469&rft.au=Katy+Garder+and+David+Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spiro1996-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Spiro1996_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpiro1996" class="citation journal cs1">Spiro, Melford E. (October 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unl.edu/rhames/courses/current/readings/spiro-anti-pomo.pdf">"Postmodernist Anthropology, Subjectivity, and Science: A Modernist Critique"</a> (PDF). Comparative Studies in Society and History. 38 (4): 759–780. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0010417500020521">10.1017/s0010417500020521</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18702184">18702184</a>. Retrieved 29 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=Postmodernist+Anthropology%2C+Subjectivity%2C+and+Science%3A+A+Modernist+Critique&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E759-%3C%2Fspan%3E780&rft.date=1996-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0010417500020521&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18702184%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Spiro&rft.aufirst=Melford+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unl.edu%2Frhames%2Fcourses%2Fcurrent%2Freadings%2Fspiro-anti-pomo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHegelund2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hegelund, Allan (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1049732304273933">"Objectivity and Subjectivity in the Ethnographic Method"</a>. Qualitative Health Research. 15 (5): 647–668. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1049732304273933">10.1177/1049732304273933</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1049-7323">1049-7323</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15802541">15802541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Qualitative+Health+Research&rft.atitle=Objectivity+and+Subjectivity+in+the+Ethnographic+Method&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E647-%3C%2Fspan%3E668&rft.date=2005-05&rft.issn=1049-7323&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15802541&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1049732304273933&rft.aulast=Hegelund&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F1049732304273933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Erickson, P. (2017). A History of Anthropological Theory. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. (pp.130) </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretations of Cultures. New York: Basic Books, Inc. (pp.15) </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_184-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_184-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandsNuccio1992" class="citation journal cs1">Sands, Roberta; Nuccio, Kathleen (November 1992). "Postmodern Feminist Theory and Social Work: A Deconstruction". Social Work. 37: 489. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsw%2F40.6.831">10.1093/sw/40.6.831</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1545-6846">1545-6846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Work&rft.atitle=Postmodern+Feminist+Theory+and+Social+Work%3A+A+Deconstruction&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=489&rft.date=1992-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fsw%2F40.6.831&rft.issn=1545-6846&rft.aulast=Sands&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rft.au=Nuccio%2C+Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_185-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbert1991" class="citation journal cs1">Ebert, Teresa L. (December 1991). "The "Difference" of Postmodern Feminism". College English. 53 (8): 886–904. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F377692">10.2307/377692</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-0994">0010-0994</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/377692">377692</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=College+English&rft.atitle=The+%22Difference%22+of+Postmodern+Feminism&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E886-%3C%2Fspan%3E904&rft.date=1991-12&rft.issn=0010-0994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F377692%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F377692&rft.aulast=Ebert&rft.aufirst=Teresa+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_186-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_186-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTong1989" class="citation book cs1">Tong, Rosemarie (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/feministthoughtc00tong">Feminist thought : a comprehensive introduction</a>. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/feministthoughtc00tong/page/217">217</a>–224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429493836" title="Special:BookSources/9780429493836"><bdi>9780429493836</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1041706991">1041706991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feminist+thought+%3A+a+comprehensive+introduction&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pages=217-224&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1041706991&rft.isbn=9780429493836&rft.aulast=Tong&rft.aufirst=Rosemarie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffeministthoughtc00tong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallin2001" class="citation book cs1">Wallin, Dawn C (2001). Postmodern Feminism and Educational Policy Development. McGill Journal of Education. pp. 27–43. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/967130390">967130390</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postmodern+Feminism+and+Educational+Policy+Development&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.pub=McGill+Journal+of+Education&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F967130390&rft.aulast=Wallin&rft.aufirst=Dawn+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouzinas2004197-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouzinas2004197_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDouzinas2004">Douzinas 2004</a>, p. 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephens1992" class="citation web cs1">Stephens, Mitchell (23 August 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-08-23-tm-7343-story.html">"A New Breed of Psychologists Says There's No One Answer to the Question 'Who Am I?'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. Retrieved 3 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=A+New+Breed+of+Psychologists+Says+There%27s+No+One+Answer+to+the+Question+%27Who+Am+I%3F%27&rft.date=1992-08-23&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1992-08-23-tm-7343-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> S. Kvale ed., Psychology and Postmodernism (1992) p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> L. Holtzman/J. R. Moss eds., Postmodern Psychologies, Societal Practice and Political Life (2000) p. 179 </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGergen2001" class="citation journal cs1">Gergen, Kenneth J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0003-066X.56.10.803">"Psychological science in a postmodern context"</a>. American Psychologist. 56 (10): 803–813. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0003-066X.56.10.803">10.1037/0003-066X.56.10.803</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-066X">0003-066X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11675987">11675987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=Psychological+science+in+a+postmodern+context.&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E803-%3C%2Fspan%3E813&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0003-066X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11675987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0003-066X.56.10.803&rft.aulast=Gergen&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.apa.org%2Fgetdoi.cfm%3Fdoi%3D10.1037%2F0003-066X.56.10.803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmedslund2021" class="citation journal cs1">Smedslund, Jan (1 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.newideapsych.2020.100848">"From statistics to trust: Psychology in transition"</a>. New Ideas in Psychology. 61: 100848. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.newideapsych.2020.100848">10.1016/j.newideapsych.2020.100848</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0732-118X">0732-118X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Ideas+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=From+statistics+to+trust%3A+Psychology+in+transition&rft.volume=61&rft.pages=100848&rft.date=2021-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.newideapsych.2020.100848&rft.issn=0732-118X&rft.aulast=Smedslund&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.newideapsych.2020.100848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGantt2024-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGantt2024_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGantt2024">Gantt 2024</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodchild1990119–137-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodchild1990119–137_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodchild1990">Goodchild 1990</a>, pp. 119–137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimonsen199057-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimonsen199057_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimonsen1990">Simonsen 1990</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs1993" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Jane (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deathlifeofgreat0000jaco">The death and life of great American cities</a>. New York: Modern Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-64433-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-64433-4"><bdi>0-679-64433-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+death+and+life+of+great+American+cities&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Modern+Library&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-679-64433-4&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeathlifeofgreat0000jaco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrving1993479-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrving1993479_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIrving1993">Irving 1993</a>, p. 479. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/blueprintamerica/video/the-dig-web-video-the-master-builder-1977/925/">"The Next American System — The Master Builder (1977)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. 3 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Next+American+System+%E2%80%94+The+Master+Builder+%281977%29&rft.date=2010-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Fblueprintamerica%2Fvideo%2Fthe-dig-web-video-the-master-builder-1977%2F925%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatukad'Hooghe200720–27-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatukad'Hooghe200720–27_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHatukad'Hooghe2007">Hatuka & d'Hooghe 2007</a>, pp. 20–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrving1993460-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrving1993460_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIrving1993">Irving 1993</a>, p. 460. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodchild1990">Goodchild 1990</a>, pp. 119–137; <a href="#CITEREFHatukad'Hooghe2007">Hatuka & d'Hooghe 2007</a>, pp. 20–27; <a href="#CITEREFIrving1993">Irving 1993</a>, pp. 474–87; <a href="#CITEREFSimonsen1990">Simonsen 1990</a>, pp. 51–62 </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaschke2017" class="citation book cs1">Raschke, Carl (2017). Postmodern Theology: A Biopic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postmodern+Theology%3A+A+Biopic&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Raschke&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanhoozer200322–25-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanhoozer200322–25_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVanhoozer2003">Vanhoozer 2003</a>, pp. 22–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrockett2011" class="citation book cs1">Crockett, Clayton (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/radicalpolitical00croc">Radical Political Theology</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/radicalpolitical00croc/page/n175">163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+Political+Theology&rft.pages=163&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Crockett&rft.aufirst=Clayton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fradicalpolitical00croc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanhoozer200320-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanhoozer200320_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVanhoozer2003">Vanhoozer 2003</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_207-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeihl2009" class="citation web cs1">Deihl, Nancy (2 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/display/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7002082725">"Post-modernism in fashion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Art_Online" title="Grove Art Online">Grove Art Online</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.t2082725">10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t2082725</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4"><bdi>978-1-884446-05-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grove+Art+Online&rft.atitle=Post-modernism+in+fashion&rft.date=2009-07-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.t2082725&rft.isbn=978-1-884446-05-4&rft.aulast=Deihl&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordartonline.com%2Fgroveart%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.001.0001%2Foao-9781884446054-e-7002082725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-208"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeihl2009" class="citation web cs1">Deihl, Nancy (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/display/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7002081175">"Westwood [née Swire], Vivienne"</a>. Grove Art Online. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.t2081175">10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t2081175</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4"><bdi>978-1-884446-05-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grove+Art+Online&rft.atitle=Westwood+%5Bn%C3%A9e+Swire%5D%2C+Vivienne&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.t2081175&rft.isbn=978-1-884446-05-4&rft.aulast=Deihl&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordartonline.com%2Fgroveart%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.001.0001%2Foao-9781884446054-e-7002081175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoynor200318-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoynor200318_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPoynor2003">Poynor 2003</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoszkowicz2013" class="citation journal cs1">Moszkowicz, J. (1 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/jdh/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jdh/ept003">"Re-Learning Postmodernism in the History of Graphic Design: A (Con)Textual Analysis of Design Journal in the Late 1960s"</a>. Journal of Design History. 26 (4): 381–400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjdh%2Fept003">10.1093/jdh/ept003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0952-4649">0952-4649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Design+History&rft.atitle=Re-Learning+Postmodernism+in+the+History+of+Graphic+Design%3A+A+%28Con%29Textual+Analysis+of+Design+Journal+in+the+Late+1960s&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E381-%3C%2Fspan%3E400&rft.date=2013-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjdh%2Fept003&rft.issn=0952-4649&rft.aulast=Moszkowicz&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fjdh%2Farticle-lookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Fjdh%2Fept003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sbrown-pg192-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sbrown-pg192_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sbrown-pg192_211-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1993" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Steven (1993). "Postmodern Marketing?". European Journal of Marketing. 27 (4). European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 27 Iss: 4: 19–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F03090569310038094">10.1108/03090569310038094</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0309-0566">0309-0566</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Marketing&rft.atitle=Postmodern+Marketing%3F&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F03090569310038094&rft.issn=0309-0566&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotterLopez2001" class="citation book cs1">Potter, Garry; Lopez, Jose, eds. (2001). After Postmodernism: An Introduction to Critical Realism. London: The Athlone Press. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Postmodernism%3A+An+Introduction+to+Critical+Realism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=The+Athlone+Press&rft.date=2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFjellestadEngberg2013" class="citation journal cs1">Fjellestad, Danuta; Engberg, Maria (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130223103043/http://reconstruction.eserver.org/124/Fjellestad-Engberg.shtml">"Toward a Concept of Post-Postmodernism or Lady Gaga's Reconfigurations of Madonna"</a>. Reconstruction: Studies in Contemporary Culture. 12 (4). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reconstruction.eserver.org/124/Fjellestad-Engberg.shtml">the original</a> on 23 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reconstruction%3A+Studies+in+Contemporary+Culture&rft.atitle=Toward+a+Concept+of+Post-Postmodernism+or+Lady+Gaga%27s+Reconfigurations+of+Madonna&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Fjellestad&rft.aufirst=Danuta&rft.au=Engberg%2C+Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freconstruction.eserver.org%2F124%2FFjellestad-Engberg.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> DiVA <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A833886&dswid=-6302">833886</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kirby, Alan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philosophynow.org/issues/58/The_Death_of_Postmodernism_And_Beyond">"The Death of Postmodernism and Beyond"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_Now" title="Philosophy Now">Philosophy Now</a>. 58: 34–37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+Now&rft.atitle=The+Death+of+Postmodernism+and+Beyond&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilosophynow.org%2Fissues%2F58%2FThe_Death_of_Postmodernism_And_Beyond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbons2017" class="citation web cs1">Gibbons, Alison (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/postmodernism-dead-comes-next/">"Postmodernism is dead. What comes next?"</a>. TLS. Retrieved 17 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TLS&rft.atitle=Postmodernism+is+dead.+What+comes+next%3F&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Gibbons&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-tls.co.uk%2Farticles%2Fpostmodernism-dead-comes-next%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanavanMcCamley2020" class="citation journal cs1">Canavan, Brendan; McCamley, Claire (1 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0148296318306167">"The passing of the postmodern in pop? Epochal consumption and marketing from Madonna, through Gaga, to Taylor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Business_Research" title="Journal of Business Research">Journal of Business Research</a>. 107: 222–230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jbusres.2018.12.005">10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.12.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0148-2963">0148-2963</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Research&rft.atitle=The+passing+of+the+postmodern+in+pop%3F+Epochal+consumption+and+marketing+from+Madonna%2C+through+Gaga%2C+to+Taylor&rft.volume=107&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E222-%3C%2Fspan%3E230&rft.date=2020-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jbusres.2018.12.005&rft.issn=0148-2963&rft.aulast=Canavan&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft.au=McCamley%2C+Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0148296318306167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2003" class="citation journal cs1">Mann, Steve (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wearcam.org/decon2/decon_leonardo_leon_36_4_285_0.pdf">"Decon2 (Decon Squared): Deconstructing Decontamination"</a> (PDF). Leonardo. 36 (4): 285–290. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F002409403322258691">10.1162/002409403322258691</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1577323">1577323</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57559253">57559253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leonardo&rft.atitle=Decon%3Csup%3E2%3C%2Fsup%3E+%28Decon+Squared%29%3A+Deconstructing+Decontamination&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E285-%3C%2Fspan%3E290&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57559253%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1577323%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F002409403322258691&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwearcam.org%2Fdecon2%2Fdecon_leonardo_leon_36_4_285_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2006" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, Heidi A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274327317">"Postcyborg Ethics: A New Way to Speak of Technology"</a>. Explorations in Media Ecology. 5 (4): 279–296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1386%2Feme.5.4.279_1">10.1386/eme.5.4.279_1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Explorations+in+Media+Ecology&rft.atitle=Postcyborg+Ethics%3A+A+New+Way+to+Speak+of+Technology&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E279-%3C%2Fspan%3E296&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1386%2Feme.5.4.279_1&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Heidi+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F274327317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMannFungFedermanBaccanico2002" class="citation journal cs1">Mann, Steve; Fung, James; Federman, Mark; Baccanico, Gianluca (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24908%2Fss.v1i3.3346">"PanopDecon: Deconstructing, decontaminating, and decontextualizing panopticism in the postcyborg era"</a>. Surveillance & Society. 1 (3): 375–398. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24908%2Fss.v1i3.3346">10.24908/ss.v1i3.3346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surveillance+%26+Society&rft.atitle=PanopDecon%3A+Deconstructing%2C+decontaminating%2C+and+decontextualizing+panopticism+in+the+postcyborg+era&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E375-%3C%2Fspan%3E398&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.24908%2Fss.v1i3.3346&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Fung%2C+James&rft.au=Federman%2C+Mark&rft.au=Baccanico%2C+Gianluca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.24908%252Fss.v1i3.3346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnor2022" class="citation web cs1">Connor, Steven (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jencksfoundation.org/explore/text/what-is-was-post-modern-irony-urgency-and-so-on">"What is/was Post-Modern: Irony, Urgency (and So On)"</a>. Jencks Foundation. Retrieved 28 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jencks+Foundation&rft.atitle=What+is%2Fwas+Post-Modern%3A+Irony%2C+Urgency+%28and+So+On%29&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Connor&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jencksfoundation.org%2Fexplore%2Ftext%2Fwhat-is-was-post-modern-irony-urgency-and-so-on&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAylesworth2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Aylesworth, Gary (5 February 2015) [1st pub. 2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2015/entries/postmodernism">"Postmodernism"</a>. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. sep-postmodernism (Spring 2015 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 12 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Postmodernism&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.series=sep-postmodernism&rft.edition=Spring+2015&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2015-02-05&rft.aulast=Aylesworth&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2015%2Fentries%2Fpostmodernism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell1926" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Bernard Iddings (1926). Postmodernism and Other Essays. Milwaukie: Morehouse Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postmodernism+and+Other+Essays&rft.place=Milwaukie&rft.pub=Morehouse+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Bernard+Iddings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanes2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Banes, Sally (2008). "Postmodernism". In Kelly, Michael (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195113075.001.0001/acref-9780195113075-e-0415">Postmodern Dance</a>. Encyclopedia of Aesthetics. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511307-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511307-5"><bdi>978-0-19-511307-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Postmodern+Dance&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Aesthetics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511307-5&rft.aulast=Banes&rft.aufirst=Sally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195113075.001.0001%2Facref-9780195113075-e-0415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein1992" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, Richard J. (1992). The New Constellation: Ethical-Political Horizons of Modernity/Postmodernity. MIT Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Constellation%3A+Ethical-Political+Horizons+of+Modernity%2FPostmodernity&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBestKellner1991" class="citation book cs1">Best, Steven; Kellner, Douglas (1991). Postmodern Theory: Critical Interrogations. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postmodern+Theory%3A+Critical+Interrogations&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Best&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Kellner%2C+Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertens1995" class="citation book cs1">Bertens, Johannes Willem (1995). The Idea of the Postmodern: A History. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415060110" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415060110"><bdi>978-0415060110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+the+Postmodern%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0415060110&rft.aulast=Bertens&rft.aufirst=Johannes+Willem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirzer2015" class="citation book cs1">Birzer, Bradley J. (9 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YPzGCgAAQBAJ&dq=bernard+bell+%22anglican+priest%22&pg=PT228">Russell Kirk: American Conservative</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813166209" title="Special:BookSources/9780813166209"><bdi>9780813166209</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russell+Kirk%3A+American+Conservative&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2015-11-09&rft.isbn=9780813166209&rft.aulast=Birzer&rft.aufirst=Bradley+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYPzGCgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dbernard%2Bbell%2B%2522anglican%2Bpriest%2522%26pg%3DPT228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooker2003" class="citation book cs1">Brooker, Peter (2003). A Glossary of Cultural Theory (2nd ed.). Arnold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0340807002" title="Special:BookSources/978-0340807002"><bdi>978-0340807002</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Glossary+of+Cultural+Theory&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Arnold&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0340807002&rft.aulast=Brooker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan2018" class="citation book cs1">Buchanan, Ian (2018). "postmodernism". A Dictionary of Critical Theory. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198794790" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198794790"><bdi>978-0198794790</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=postmodernism&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Critical+Theory&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0198794790&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnor2004" class="citation book cs1">Connor, Steven (2004). "Introduction". In Connor, Steven (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Postmodernism. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521648400" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521648400"><bdi>978-0521648400</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Postmodernism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0521648400&rft.aulast=Connor&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnor2013" class="citation book cs1">Connor, Steven (2013). "postmodernism". In Michael Payne and Jessica Rae Barbera (ed.). A Dictionary of Cultural and Critical Theory. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118438817" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118438817"><bdi>978-1118438817</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=postmodernism&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Cultural+and+Critical+Theory&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1118438817&rft.aulast=Connor&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstable2004" class="citation book cs1">Constable, Catherine (2004). "Postmodernism and Film". In Connor, Steven (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Postmodernism. CUP. pp. 43–61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Postmodernism+and+Film&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Postmodernism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.pub=CUP&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Constable&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDearFlusty1998" class="citation journal cs1">Dear, Michael; Flusty, Steven (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-8306.00084">"Postmodern Urbanism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_Association_of_American_Geographers" class="mw-redirect" title="Annals of the Association of American Geographers">Annals of the Association of American Geographers</a>. 88 (1): 50–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-8306.00084">10.1111/1467-8306.00084</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-5608">0004-5608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Association+of+American+Geographers&rft.atitle=Postmodern+Urbanism&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-8306.00084&rft.issn=0004-5608&rft.aulast=Dear&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Flusty%2C+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2F1467-8306.00084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouzinas2004" class="citation book cs1">Douzinas, Costas (2004). "Law and Justice in Postmodernity". In Connor, Steven (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Postmodernism. CUP. pp. 196–223.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Law+and+Justice+in+Postmodernity&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Postmodernism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E196-%3C%2Fspan%3E223&rft.pub=CUP&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Douzinas&rft.aufirst=Costas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGantt2024" class="citation web cs1">Gantt, Edwin E. (22 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publicsquaremag.org/media-education/education/the-academys-creed-of-skepticism/">"The Academy's Creed of Skepticism"</a>. Public Square Magazine. Retrieved 15 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Public+Square+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Academy%27s+Creed+of+Skepticism&rft.date=2024-03-22&rft.aulast=Gantt&rft.aufirst=Edwin+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublicsquaremag.org%2Fmedia-education%2Feducation%2Fthe-academys-creed-of-skepticism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodchild1990" class="citation journal cs1">Goodchild, Barry (1990). "Planning and the Modern/Postmodern Debate". The Town Planning Review. 61 (2): 119–137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3828%2Ftpr.61.2.q5863289k1353533">10.3828/tpr.61.2.q5863289k1353533</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40112887">40112887</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Town+Planning+Review&rft.atitle=Planning+and+the+Modern%2FPostmodern+Debate&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E119-%3C%2Fspan%3E137&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3828%2Ftpr.61.2.q5863289k1353533&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40112887%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Goodchild&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2011" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Iain Hamilton (2011). "Postmodernism and science and technology". In Sim, Stuart (ed.). The Routledge Companion to Postmodernism (3 ed.). pp. 94–107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Postmodernism+and+science+and+technology&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Postmodernism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.edition=3&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Iain+Hamilton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGratton2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gratton, Peter (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2018/entries/lyotard/">"Jean François Lyotard"</a>. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2018 Edition). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 7 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jean+Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy+%28Winter+2018+Edition%29&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Gratton&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2018%2Fentries%2Flyotard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossmann2021" class="citation book cs1">Grossmann, Matt (2021). How Social Science Got Better: Overcoming Bias with More Evidence, Diversity, and Self-Reflection. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197518977" title="Special:BookSources/978-0197518977"><bdi>978-0197518977</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Social+Science+Got+Better%3A+Overcoming+Bias+with+More+Evidence%2C+Diversity%2C+and+Self-Reflection&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0197518977&rft.aulast=Grossmann&rft.aufirst=Matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2021" class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Steven L. (2021). Science Wars: The Battle over Knowledge and Reality. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-751862-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-751862-5"><bdi>978-0-19-751862-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+Wars%3A+The+Battle+over+Knowledge+and+Reality&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-19-751862-5&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Steven+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrippe" class="citation web cs1">Grippe, Edward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/rorty/">"Richard Rorty (1931—2007)"</a>. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 14 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Richard+Rorty+%281931%E2%80%942007%29&rft.aulast=Grippe&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Frorty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabermas1990" class="citation book cs1">Habermas, Jürgen (1990). The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity: Twelve Lectures. Translated by Frederick Lawrence. MIT Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophical+Discourse+of+Modernity%3A+Twelve+Lectures&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Habermas&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassan1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ihab_Hassan" title="Ihab Hassan">Hassan, Ihab</a> (1987). The Postmodern Turn, Essays in Postmodern Theory and Culture. <a href="/wiki/Ohio_University_Press" title="Ohio University Press">Ohio University Press</a>. p. 12ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Postmodern+Turn%2C+Essays+in+Postmodern+Theory+and+Culture&rft.pages=12ff&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Ihab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatukad'Hooghe2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hatuka, Tali; d'Hooghe, Alexander (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7b3789rv">"After Postmodernism: Readdressing the Role of Utopia in Urban Design and Planning"</a>. Places. 19 (2): 20–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Places&rft.atitle=After+Postmodernism%3A+Readdressing+the+Role+of+Utopia+in+Urban+Design+and+Planning&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Hatuka&rft.aufirst=Tali&rft.au=d%27Hooghe%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F7b3789rv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerwitz2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herwitz, Daniel (2008). "Postmodernism". In Kelly, Michael (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195113075.001.0001/acref-9780195113075-e-0415">Postmodernism: Historical and Conceptual Overview</a>. Encyclopedia of Aesthetics. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511307-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511307-5"><bdi>978-0-19-511307-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Postmodernism%3A+Historical+and+Conceptual+Overview&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Aesthetics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511307-5&rft.aulast=Herwitz&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195113075.001.0001%2Facref-9780195113075-e-0415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodder2018" class="citation book cs1">Hodder, Ian (2018). "Post-processual Archaeology". In Smith, Claire (ed.). Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. New York: Springer Reference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-0426-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-0426-3"><bdi>978-1-4419-0426-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Post-processual+Archaeology&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Global+Archaeology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer+Reference&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-0426-3&rft.aulast=Hodder&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrving1993" class="citation journal cs1">Irving, Allan (1993). "The Modern/Postmodern Divide and Urban Planning". <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Quarterly" title="University of Toronto Quarterly">University of Toronto Quarterly</a>. 62 (4): 474–487. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Futq.62.4.474">10.3138/utq.62.4.474</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144261041">144261041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Toronto+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Modern%2FPostmodern+Divide+and+Urban+Planning&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E474-%3C%2Fspan%3E487&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Futq.62.4.474&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144261041%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Irving&rft.aufirst=Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJameson1984" class="citation book cs1">Jameson, Frederic (1984). "Forward". The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. University of Minnesota Press. pp. vii–xxi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816611737" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816611737"><bdi>978-0816611737</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Forward&rft.btitle=The+Postmodern+Condition%3A+A+Report+on+Knowledge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Evii-%3C%2Fspan%3Exxi&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0816611737&rft.aulast=Jameson&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2010" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Matthew (2010). Archaeological Theory: An Introduction (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405100144" title="Special:BookSources/9781405100144"><bdi>9781405100144</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Theory%3A+An+Introduction&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781405100144&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellner2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kellner, Douglas (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2020/entries/baudrillard/">"Jean Baudrillard"</a>. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2020 Edition). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 14 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jean+Baudrillard&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy+%28Winter+2020+Edition%29&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Kellner&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2020%2Fentries%2Fbaudrillard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly" class="citation web cs1">Kelly, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/fouc-pol/">"Michel Foucault: Political Thought"</a>. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 14 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Michel+Foucault%3A+Political+Thought&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Ffouc-pol%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinn1996" class="citation book cs1">Linn, Ray (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED397451)">A teacher's introduction to postmodernism</a>. NCTE teacher's introduction series. Urbana, Ill. (1111 W. Kenyon Road, Urbana, 61801-1096: National Council of Teachers of English. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8141-5009-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8141-5009-2"><bdi>978-0-8141-5009-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+teacher%27s+introduction+to+postmodernism&rft.place=Urbana%2C+Ill.+%281111+W.+Kenyon+Road%2C+Urbana%2C+61801-1096&rft.series=NCTE+teacher%27s+introduction+series&rft.pub=National+Council+of+Teachers+of+English&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8141-5009-2&rft.aulast=Linn&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feric.ed.gov%2F%3Fid%3DED397451%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyotard1984" class="citation book cs1">Lyotard, Jean-François (1984). The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. U of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816611737" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816611737"><bdi>978-0816611737</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Postmodern+Condition%3A+A+Report+on+Knowledge&rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0816611737&rft.aulast=Lyotard&rft.aufirst=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadsen1995" class="citation book cs1">Madsen, Deborah (1995). Postmodernism: A Bibliography. Amsterdam; Atlanta, Georgia: Rodopi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postmodernism%3A+A+Bibliography&rft.place=Amsterdam%3B+Atlanta%2C+Georgia&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Madsen&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellville2004" class="citation book cs1">Mellville, Stephen (2004). "Postmodernism and Art: Postmodernism Now and Again". In Connor, Steven (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Postmodernism. CUP. pp. 82–97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Postmodernism+and+Art%3A+Postmodernism+Now+and+Again&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Postmodernism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E82-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.pub=CUP&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Mellville&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoster1989" class="citation book cs1">Poster, Mark (1989). Critical Theory and Poststructuralism: In Search of a Context. Cornell University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Theory+and+Poststructuralism%3A+In+Search+of+a+Context&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Poster&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/dictionary/postmodern_adj?tab=factsheet">"postmodern (adjective & noun)"</a>. Oxford English Dictionary. 2006. Retrieved 9 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=postmodern+%28adjective+%26+noun%29&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fdictionary%2Fpostmodern_adj%3Ftab%3Dfactsheet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoynor2003" class="citation book cs1">Poynor, Rick (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300100341/no-more-rules/">No More Rules: Graphic Design and Postmodernism</a>. New Haven, CT]: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10034-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10034-5"><bdi>0-300-10034-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+More+Rules%3A+Graphic+Design+and+Postmodernism&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT%5D&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-300-10034-5&rft.aulast=Poynor&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyalebooks.yale.edu%2Fbook%2F9780300100341%2Fno-more-rules%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Preston, John (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/feyerabend/">"Paul Feyerabend"</a>. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 25 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul+Feyerabend&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Fall+2020&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Ffall2020%2Fentries%2Ffeyerabend%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreucel2018" class="citation web cs1">Preucel, Robert W. (24 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199766567/obo-9780199766567-0188.xml">"Post-processual Archaeology"</a>. Anthropology. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780199766567-0188">10.1093/obo/9780199766567-0188</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976656-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976656-7"><bdi>978-0-19-976656-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 25 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anthropology&rft.atitle=Post-processual+Archaeology&rft.date=2018-07-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780199766567-0188&rft.isbn=978-0-19-976656-7&rft.aulast=Preucel&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780199766567%2Fobo-9780199766567-0188.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds" class="citation web cs1">Reynolds, Jack. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/jacques-derrida/">"Jacques Derrida (1930—2004)"</a>. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 23 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Jacques+Derrida+%281930%E2%80%942004%29&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fjacques-derrida%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2000" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Adam (2000). Frederic Jameson. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frederic+Jameson&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussello2007" class="citation book cs1">Russello, Gerald J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=98j0s2YVOSkC&q=bernard+bell+%22episcopal+priest%22&pg=PA181">The Postmodern Imagination of Russell Kirk</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri_Press" title="University of Missouri Press">University of Missouri Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826265944" title="Special:BookSources/9780826265944"><bdi>9780826265944</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Postmodern+Imagination+of+Russell+Kirk&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780826265944&rft.aulast=Russello&rft.aufirst=Gerald+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D98j0s2YVOSkC%26q%3Dbernard%2Bbell%2B%2522episcopal%2Bpriest%2522%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSim2011a" class="citation book cs1">Sim, Stuart (2011a). "Postmodernism and Philosophy". In Sim, Stuart (ed.). The Routledge Companion to Postmodernism (3 ed.). pp. 3–14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Postmodernism+and+Philosophy&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Postmodernism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.edition=3&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Sim&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSim2011b" class="citation book cs1">Sim, Stuart (2011b). "Preface to the third edition: the modern, the postmodern and the post-postmodern". In Sim, Stuart (ed.). The Routledge Companion to Postmodernism (3 ed.). pp. vii–xiv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface+to+the+third+edition%3A+the+modern%2C+the+postmodern+and+the+post-postmodern&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Postmodernism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Evii-%3C%2Fspan%3Exiv&rft.edition=3&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Sim&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonsen1990" class="citation journal cs1">Simonsen, Kirsten (1990). "Planning on 'Postmodern' Conditions". <a href="/wiki/Acta_Sociologica" title="Acta Sociologica">Acta Sociologica</a>. 33 (1): 51–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000169939003300104">10.1177/000169939003300104</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4200779">4200779</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144268594">144268594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Sociologica&rft.atitle=Planning+on+%27Postmodern%27+Conditions&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144268594%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4200779%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000169939003300104&rft.aulast=Simonsen&rft.aufirst=Kirsten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2011" class="citation book cs1">Spencer, Lloyd (2011). "Postmodernism, Modernity and the Tradition of Dissent". In Sim, Stuart (ed.). The Routledge Companion to Postmodernism (3 ed.). pp. 215–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Postmodernism%2C+Modernity+and+the+Tradition+of+Dissent&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Postmodernism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.edition=3&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1914" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, J. M. (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hibbertjournal12londuoft/page/733/mode/1up">"Post-Modernism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hibbert_Journal" title="The Hibbert Journal">The Hibbert Journal</a>. XII (4): 733.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hibbert+Journal&rft.atitle=Post-Modernism&rft.volume=XII&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=733&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhibbertjournal12londuoft%2Fpage%2F733%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToynbee1961" class="citation book cs1">Toynbee, Arnold J. (1961) [1939]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QGQ9AQAAIAAJ">A study of History</a>. Vol. 5. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 43 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+study+of+History&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Toynbee&rft.aufirst=Arnold+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQGQ9AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrigger2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Trigger" title="Bruce Trigger">Trigger, Bruce G.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofarchaeo0000trig">A History of Archaeological Thought</a> (Second ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60049-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60049-1"><bdi>978-0-521-60049-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Archaeological+Thought&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-60049-1&rft.aulast=Trigger&rft.aufirst=Bruce+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofarchaeo0000trig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanhoozer2003" class="citation book cs1">Vanhoozer, Kevin J. (2003). "Theology and the Condition of Postmodernity: A Report on Knowledge (of God)". In Vanhoozer, Kevin J. (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Postmodern Theology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 22–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theology+and+the+Condition+of+Postmodernity%3A+A+Report+on+Knowledge+%28of+God%29&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Postmodern+Theology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Vanhoozer&rft.aufirst=Kevin+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelschSandbothe1997" class="citation book cs1">Welsch, Wolfgang; Sandbothe, Mike (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n_Eqx2Gr1vUC&pg=PA76">"Postmodernity as a Philosophical Concept"</a>. International Postmodernism. Comparative History of Literatures in European Languages. Vol. XI. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fchlel.xi.07wel">10.1075/chlel.xi.07wel</a> (inactive 7 December 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3443-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3443-8"><bdi>978-90-272-3443-8</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Postmodernity+as+a+Philosophical+Concept&rft.btitle=International+Postmodernism&rft.series=Comparative+History+of+Literatures+in+European+Languages&rft.pages=76&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fchlel.xi.07wel&rft.isbn=978-90-272-3443-8&rft.aulast=Welsch&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft.au=Sandbothe%2C+Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn_Eqx2Gr1vUC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostmodernism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_December_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024">link</a>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Postmodernism <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=postmodernism">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=postmodernism&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Postmodernism" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/postmodernism" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/postmodernism">postmodernism</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Postmodernism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060513090311/http://www.umass.edu/complit/aclanet/SyllPDF/JanuList.pdf">Discourses of Postmodernism. Multilingual bibliography by Janusz Przychodzen (PDF file)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051029142944/http://www.tasc.ac.uk/depart/media/staff/ls/Modules/Theory/PoMoDis.htm">Modernity, postmodernism and the tradition of dissent, by Lloyd Spencer (1998)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/postmodernism/">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy's entry on postmodernism</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aesthetics300" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aesthetics" title="Template:Aesthetics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aesthetics" title="Template talk:Aesthetics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aesthetics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aesthetics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aesthetics300" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_aesthetics" title="Ancient aesthetics">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_aesthetic" title="African aesthetic">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_aesthetics" title="Medieval aesthetics">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_nature" title="Aesthetics of nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_science" title="Aesthetics of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_aesthetics" title="Theological aesthetics">Theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Aesthetics" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_Realism" title="Aesthetic Realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Alberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bal%C3%A1zs" title="Béla Balázs">Balázs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gottlieb_Baumgarten" title="Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten">Baumgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Bell" title="Clive Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Coomaraswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Danto" title="Arthur Danto">Danto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Hanslick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer">Langer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Lipps" title="Theodor Lipps">Lipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xie" title="Liu Xie">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%27ichir%C5%8D_Tanizaki" title="Jun'ichirō Tanizaki">Tanizaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Winckelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aestheticians" title="List of aestheticians">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art%27s_sake" title="Art for art's sake">Art for art's sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_merit" title="Artistic merit">Artistic merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_beauty_ideal" title="Feminine beauty ideal">Feminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_beauty_ideal" title="Masculine beauty ideal">Masculine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuteness" title="Cuteness">Cuteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction" title="Depiction">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">Eroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment">Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imitating_art" title="Life imitating art">Life imitating art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">Recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Major" title="Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a> (c. 390 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a> (c. 335 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Mind_and_the_Carving_of_Dragons" title="The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons">The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons</a> (c. 100)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sublime" title="On the Sublime">On the Sublime</a> (c. 500)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Philosophical_Enquiry_into_the_Origin_of_Our_Ideas_of_the_Sublime_and_Beautiful" title="A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful">A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful</a> (1757)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Aesthetics" title="Lectures on Aesthetics">Lectures on Aesthetics</a> (1835)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Critic_as_Artist" title="The Critic as Artist">The Critic as Artist</a>" (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Shadows" title="In Praise of Shadows">In Praise of Shadows</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_as_Experience" title="Art as Experience">Art as Experience</a> (1934)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>" (1935)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Avant-Garde_and_Kitsch" title="Avant-Garde and Kitsch">Avant-Garde and Kitsch</a>" (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_Essays_(Orwell)" title="Critical Essays (Orwell)">Critical Essays</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Aesthetic_Dimension" title="The Aesthetic Dimension">The Aesthetic Dimension</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Beauty_Matters" title="Why Beauty Matters">Why Beauty Matters</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_aesthetics" title="Applied aesthetics">Applied aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_criticism" title="Arts criticism">Arts criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">Mathematical beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroesthetics" title="Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">Patterns in nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_film" title="Philosophy of film">Philosophy of film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_art" title="Psychology of art">Psychology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_art" title="Theory of art">Theory of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aesthetics_articles" title="Index of aesthetics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_aesthetics" title="Outline of aesthetics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aesthetics" title="Category:Aesthetics">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sub-fields_of_and_approaches_to_human_geography189" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_geography" title="Template:Human geography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_geography" title="Template talk:Human geography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_geography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human geography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sub-fields_of_and_approaches_to_human_geography189" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sub-fields of and approaches to <a href="/wiki/Human_geography" title="Human geography">human geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sub-fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_geography" title="Behavioral geography">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_geography" title="Cognitive geography">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_geography" title="Critical geography">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_geography" title="Cultural geography">Cultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_geographies" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal geographies">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_geographies" title="Children's geographies">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_geography" title="Agricultural geography">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_geography" title="Cyber geography">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_geography" title="Development geography">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_finance" title="Geography of finance">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_economic_geography" title="Historical economic geography">Histo-economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_geography" title="Labor geography">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomarketing" title="Geomarketing">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_geography" title="Retail geography">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_economic_geography" title="Theoretical economic geography">Theoretical economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_geography" title="Transport geography">Transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_geography" title="Language geography">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geolinguistics" title="Geolinguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_geography" title="Music geography">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_geography" title="Vernacular geography">Vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_geography" title="Moral geography">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogeography" title="Psychogeography">Psychological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_geography" title="Emotional geography">Emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neogeography" title="Neogeography">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_space" title="Sexuality and space">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_geography" title="Religion and geography">Religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_food" title="Geography of food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_geography" title="Health geography">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_geography" title="Historical geography">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography" title="Palaeogeography">Palaeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_geographies" title="Imagined geographies">Imagined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_geography" title="Internet geography">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_geography" title="Political geography">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_geopolitics" title="Critical geopolitics">Critical geopolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_geography" title="Electoral geography">Electoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_geography" title="Strategic geography">Strategic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_geography" title="Military geography">Military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_geography" title="Population geography">Population</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_geography" title="Settlement geography">Settlement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_geography" title="Regional geography">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_geography" title="Urban geography">Urban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_geography" title="Music geography">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_geography" title="Transport geography">Transport</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_geography" title="Social geography">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_geography" title="Tourism geography">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_geography" title="Tropical geography">Tropical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_geography" title="Critical geography">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_theory" title="Culture theory">Culture theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_geography" title="Marxist geography">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-representational_theory" title="Non-representational theory">Non-representational theory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Postmodernism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_geography" title="Time geography">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism_in_geography" title="Universalism in geography">Universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Human_geography" title="Category:Human geography">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47783#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1797" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47783#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1797" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47783#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1073164/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4115604-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85105557">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119951455">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119951455">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00935601">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph124405&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000061631&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007529552405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&oldid=1273749311">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&oldid=1273749311</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Postmodernism" title="Category:Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1880s_neologisms" title="Category:1880s neologisms">1880s neologisms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Criticism_of_rationalism" title="Category:Criticism of rationalism">Criticism of rationalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Metanarratives" title="Category:Metanarratives">Metanarratives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Modernism" title="Category:Modernism">Modernism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_fiction_themes" title="Category:Science fiction themes">Science fiction themes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophical_schools_and_traditions" title="Category:Philosophical schools and traditions">Philosophical schools and traditions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theories_of_aesthetics" title="Category:Theories of aesthetics">Theories of aesthetics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Art_movements" title="Category:Art movements">Art movements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_trends" title="Category:Cultural trends">Cultural trends</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">CS1 maint: url-status</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit URL">CS1: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2021">Use dmy dates from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2025" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2025">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_displaying_wikidata_descriptions_as_a_fallback_via_Module:Annotated_link" title="Category:Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback via Module:Annotated link">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback via Module:Annotated link</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">CS1 maint: location</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_December_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 February 2025, at 21:00 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Postmodernism</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 84 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d859b9dc9-8p2sc","wgBackendResponseTime":186,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.148","walltime":"2.383","ppvisitednodes":{"value":20301,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":389064,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":43558,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":29,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":561933,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2086.093 1 -total"," 29.12% 607.412 2 Template:Reflist"," 20.24% 422.179 150 Template:Sfn"," 13.82% 288.227 59 Template:Cite_book"," 12.40% 258.600 33 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.80% 162.705 10 Template:Efn"," 7.28% 151.922 37 Template:Cite_web"," 5.16% 107.613 2 Template:Lang"," 4.21% 87.843 1 Template:Postmodernism"," 4.09% 85.322 1 Template:Sidebar"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.433","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":27120395,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAcocella2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlemany-Galway2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlper2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnapur2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAylesworth2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaker\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanes2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanes2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanes2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnard2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeal2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBegley2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBell1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernstein1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBertens1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBestKellner1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBetz2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBirzer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrooker2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuchanan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanavanMcCamley2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnor2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnor2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnor2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConstable2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConyers2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrockett2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCush2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCustodio2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDearFlusty1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeihl2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDouzinas2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbert1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErmarth2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarrell2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFjellestadEngberg2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGantt2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGergen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibbons2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodchild1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGratton2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrippe\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrossmann2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuadagnino2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHabermas1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalprinKaplan1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartMartinHinrichs2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHassan1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatukad\u0026#039;Hooghe2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHebdige2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHegelund2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeise2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerwitz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodder2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopkins1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutcheon1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrving1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJameson1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJencks1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJencks1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJencks1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJensen2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJin2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaty_Garder_and_David_Lewis1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKellner2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirby2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlages2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKretzschmar2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinda_Schermer_Raphael\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinn1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyotard1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadsen1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMann2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMannFungFedermanBaccanico2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcus_Fairs2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcClary2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGrath1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcHale2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcHale2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMellville2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenand2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetcalf2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoszkowicz2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPasler2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoster1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotterLopez2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoynor2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreston2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreucel2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaschke2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReynolds\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussello2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandsNuccio1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchudel2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherlock2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSim2011a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSim2011b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimonsen1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmedslund2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpencer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpiro1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephens1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson1914\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTong1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToynbee1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrigger2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanhoozer2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallin2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelschSandbothe1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoods1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Castro2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Graaf2017\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Aesthetics\"] = 1,\n [\"Annotated link\"] = 8,\n [\"As written\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 59,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 33,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 37,\n [\"Col-float-begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-float-break\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-float-end\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 10,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 9,\n [\"Human geography\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 8,\n [\"Main article\"] = 6,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Postmodernism\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 150,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","14.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","220","14.7"],["?","200","13.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","200","13.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","140","9.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","4.0"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","40","2.7"],["select_one \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:429\u003E","40","2.7"],["\u003CModule:Citation/CS1:814\u003E","40","2.7"],["[others]","280","18.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-d859b9dc9-shxtj","timestamp":"20250218091303","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Postmodernism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Postmodernism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q47783","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q47783","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-14T00:50:38Z","dateModified":"2025-02-03T21:00:25Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4c\/London_-_Vauxhall_Bridge_Road_-_South_Bank_-_Jubilee_Walkway_-_View_East_on_SIS_%28MI6_-_Secret_Intelligence_Services%29_Building_1989-94_by_Terry_Farrell.jpg","headline":"philosophical and artistic movement"}</script> </body> </html>