CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Nature - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a0e8014e-5297-41a0-8e9c-7f06f8587277","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Nature","wgTitle":"Nature","wgCurRevisionId":1257616135,"wgRevisionId":1257616135,"wgArticleId":21830,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from February 2019","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Use mdy dates from September 2018","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024", "All accuracy disputes","Articles with disputed statements from November 2024","Pages using Sister project links with default search","Nature","Environmental science","Environmental social science concepts","Main topic articles"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Nature","wgRelevantArticleId":21830,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000, "wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7860","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript": "ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Startrails_above_Gunung_Bromo_-_Indonesia.jpg/1200px-Startrails_above_Gunung_Bromo_-_Indonesia.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="983"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Startrails_above_Gunung_Bromo_-_Indonesia.jpg/800px-Startrails_above_Gunung_Bromo_-_Indonesia.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="656"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Startrails_above_Gunung_Bromo_-_Indonesia.jpg/640px-Startrails_above_Gunung_Bromo_-_Indonesia.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="524"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Nature - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Nature rootpage-Nature skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Nature" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Nature" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Nature" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Nature" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Earth</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Earth-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Earth subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Earth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geological_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geological_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Geological evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geological_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_perspective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_perspective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Historical perspective</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_perspective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmosphere,_climate,_and_weather" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmosphere,_climate,_and_weather"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Atmosphere, climate, and weather</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmosphere,_climate,_and_weather-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_on_Earth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_on_Earth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Water on Earth</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Water_on_Earth-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Water on Earth subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Water_on_Earth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oceans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Oceans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Lakes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ponds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ponds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Ponds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ponds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Rivers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Streams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Streams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Streams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Streams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecosystems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecosystems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ecosystems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecosystems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecosystems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecosystems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wilderness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wilderness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Wilderness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wilderness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microbes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microbes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Microbes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microbes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plants_and_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plants_and_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Plants and animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plants_and_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_interrelationship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_interrelationship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Human interrelationship</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_interrelationship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Human interrelationship subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Human_interrelationship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Human_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Human impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aesthetics_and_beauty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aesthetics_and_beauty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Aesthetics and beauty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aesthetics_and_beauty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matter_and_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matter_and_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Matter and energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matter_and_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beyond_Earth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beyond_Earth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Beyond Earth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beyond_Earth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nature</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 164 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-164" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">164 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuur" title="Natuur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Natuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natur" title="Natur – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Natur" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="طبيعة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طبيعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturaleza" title="Naturaleza – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Naturaleza" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բնութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Բնութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natur%C3%A2" title="Naturâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Naturâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natura" title="Natura – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Natura" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="প্ৰকৃতি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="প্ৰকৃতি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natura" title="Natura – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Natura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekoha" title="Tekoha – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tekoha" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="ТӀабигӀат – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ТӀабигӀат" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99bi%C9%99t" title="Təbiət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təbiət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="طبیعت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="طبیعت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="প্রকৃতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রকৃতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%AB-ji%C3%A2n" title="Chū-jiân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chū-jiân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%99%D0%B1%D0%B8%D2%93%D3%99%D1%82" title="Тәбиғәт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тәбиғәт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Прырода – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прырода" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Прырода – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Прырода" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="प्रकृति – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="प्रकृति" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Природа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Природа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natua" title="Natua – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Natua" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priroda" title="Priroda – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Priroda" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natur" title="Natur – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Natur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Байгаали – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Байгаали" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natura" title="Natura – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Natura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D1%82%C3%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D0%BA" title="Çутçанталăк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çутçанталăк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADroda" title="Příroda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Příroda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudondo" title="Mudondo – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mudondo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natur" title="Natur – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Natur" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natur" title="Natur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Natur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luondu" title="Luondu – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Luondu" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natur" title="Natur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Natur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loodus" title="Loodus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Loodus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%8D%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Φύση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φύση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Пертьпелькс – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Пертьпелькс" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturaleza" title="Naturaleza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Naturaleza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturo" title="Naturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Naturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natura" title="Natura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Natura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="طبیعت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طبیعت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakrati" title="Prakrati – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Prakrati" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAlra" title="Dúlra – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dúlra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natureza" title="Natureza – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Natureza" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ӏалам – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ӏалам" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4" title="કુદરત – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કુદરત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%E1%BB%8Dwam%E1%BB%8D" title="Jọwamọ – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Jọwamọ" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%97%B0" title="자연 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자연" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բնություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բնություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="प्रकृति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रकृति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priroda" title="Priroda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Priroda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturo" title="Naturo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Naturo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katutubo" title="Katutubo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Katutubo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alam" title="Alam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natura" title="Natura – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Natura" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B7" title="Æрдз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æрдз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHlobo" title="IHlobo – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IHlobo" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imvelo" title="Imvelo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Imvelo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1tt%C3%BAra" title="Náttúra – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Náttúra" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natura" title="Natura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Natura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%91%D7%A2" title="טבע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טבע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alam" title="Alam – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alam" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97" title="ನಿಸರ್ಗ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಿಸರ್ಗ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Табигъат – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Табигъат" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ბუნება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბუნება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Табиғат – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Табиғат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natur" title="Natur – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Natur" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uasilia" title="Uasilia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uasilia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanati" title="Lanati – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lanati" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanatir" title="Lanatir – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lanatir" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xweza" title="Xweza – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xweza" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Жаратылыш – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жаратылыш" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natura" title="Natura – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Natura" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%82" title="ТӀабиаьт – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="ТӀабиаьт" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B3%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ທຳມະຊາດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ທຳມະຊາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natura" title="Natura – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Natura" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daba" title="Daba – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Daba" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natur" title="Natur – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Natur" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82" title="ТӀебиат – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="ТӀебиат" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamta" title="Gamta – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gamta" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natua" title="Natua – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Natua" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eby%27obutonde" title="Eby'obutonde – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Eby'obutonde" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natura" title="Natura – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Natura" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term%C3%A9szet" title="Természet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Természet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Природа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Природа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavaboary" title="Zavaboary – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zavaboary" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="പ്രകൃതി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രകൃതി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="निसर्ग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="निसर्ग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90" title="ორთა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ორთა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alam_semula_jadi" title="Alam semula jadi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alam semula jadi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natureza" title="Natureza – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Natureza" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Байгаль – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Байгаль" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9D" title="သဘာဝ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သဘာဝ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoliztli" title="Yoliztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Yoliztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ituvaki" title="Ituvaki – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Ituvaki" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuur_(werkelijkheid)" title="Natuur (werkelijkheid) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Natuur (werkelijkheid)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="प्रकृति – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रकृति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="प्रकृति – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्रकृति" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" title="自然 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自然" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ӏалам – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏалам" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuur" title="Natuur – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Natuur" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natur" title="Natur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Natur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natur" title="Natur – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Natur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natura" title="Natura – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Natura" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D3%B1%D1%80%D1%82%D3%B1%D1%81" title="Пӱртӱс – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Пӱртӱс" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uummama" title="Uummama – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Uummama" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabiat" title="Tabiat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tabiat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4" title="ਕੁਦਰਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੁਦਰਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natur" title="Natur – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Natur" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%B1" title="نیچر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیچر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalesa" title="Naturalesa – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Naturalesa" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="طبيعت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="طبيعت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niecha" title="Niecha – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Niecha" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7" title="ធម្មជាតិ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ធម្មជាតិ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natura" title="Natura – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Natura" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuur" title="Natuur – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Natuur" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natura" title="Natura – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Natura" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natureza" title="Natureza – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Natureza" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1biyat" title="Tábiyat – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Tábiyat" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natur%C4%83" title="Natură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Natură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natira" title="Natira – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Natira" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallqa_pacha" title="Sallqa pacha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sallqa pacha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Природа – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Природа" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Природа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Природа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D2%95%D0%B0" title="Айылҕа – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Айылҕа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natyra" title="Natyra – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Natyra" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natura_(cumplessu_naturali)" title="Natura (cumplessu naturali) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Natura (cumplessu naturali)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%ADroda" title="Príroda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Príroda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narava" title="Narava – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Narava" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabiiciga" title="Dabiiciga – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dabiiciga" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="سروشت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سروشت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Природа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Природа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priroda" title="Priroda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Priroda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alam" title="Alam – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Alam" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luonto" title="Luonto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luonto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natur" title="Natur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Natur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalikasan" title="Kalikasan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kalikasan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="இயற்கை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இயற்கை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama" title="Agama – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Agama" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama" title="Agama – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Agama" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Табигать – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Табигать" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF" title="ప్రకృతి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రకృతి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="ธรรมชาติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ธรรมชาติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Табиат – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Табиат" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fa" title="Doğa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebigat" title="Tebigat – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Tebigat" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Природа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Природа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="فطرت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فطرت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbwnnamh" title="Mbwnnamh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Mbwnnamh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londuz" title="Londuz – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Londuz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_nhi%C3%AAn" title="Tự nhiên – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tự nhiên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat" title="Nat – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nat" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nateure" title="Nateure – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Nateure" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalibongan" title="Kalibongan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kalibongan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" title="自然 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="自然" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntumbuluko" title="Ntumbuluko – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Ntumbuluko" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8" title="נאטור – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="נאטור" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80d%C3%A1nid%C3%A1" title="Àdánidá – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àdánidá" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" title="自然 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="自然" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomta" title="Gomta – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Gomta" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" title="自然 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="自然" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alam" title="Alam – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Alam" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99bij%C9%99t" title="Təbijət – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Təbijət" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7860#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Nature" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nature"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nature"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Nature" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Nature" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature&oldid=1257616135" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Nature&id=1257616135&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNature"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNature"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Nature&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nature" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Nature" hreflang="en"><span>Wikibooks</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Nature" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7860" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Material world and its phenomena</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Natural" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Natural_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Natural (disambiguation)">Natural (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nature_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nature (disambiguation)">Nature (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Startrails_above_Gunung_Bromo_-_Indonesia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Startrails_above_Gunung_Bromo_-_Indonesia.jpg/290px-Startrails_above_Gunung_Bromo_-_Indonesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Startrails_above_Gunung_Bromo_-_Indonesia.jpg/435px-Startrails_above_Gunung_Bromo_-_Indonesia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Startrails_above_Gunung_Bromo_-_Indonesia.jpg/580px-Startrails_above_Gunung_Bromo_-_Indonesia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5179" data-file-height="4244" /></a><figcaption>A timelapse composite panorama of different natural phenomena and environments around <a href="/wiki/Mount_Bromo" title="Mount Bromo">Mount Bromo</a>, Indonesia.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Nature</b> is an inherent character or constitution,<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_2024_d901_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster_2024_d901-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly of the <a href="/wiki/Ecosphere_(planetary)" title="Ecosphere (planetary)">ecosphere</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> as a whole. In this general sense nature refers to the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_law" title="Scientific law">laws</a>, elements and <a href="/wiki/Phenomenon" title="Phenomenon">phenomena</a> of the physical world, including <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a>. Although humans are part of nature, human activity or humans as a whole are often described as at times at odds, or outright <a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">separate and even superior</a> to nature.<sup id="cite_ref-What_does_nature_mean_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_does_nature_mean-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the advent of modern <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a> in the last several centuries, nature became the passive <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">reality</a>, organized and moved by divine laws.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, nature increasingly became seen as the part of reality deprived from intentional intervention: it was hence considered as sacred by some traditions (<a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a>, American <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">transcendentalism</a>) or a mere decorum for <a href="/wiki/Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">divine providence</a> or human history (<a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx">Marx</a>). However, a <a href="/wiki/Vitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitalist">vitalist</a> vision of nature, closer to the pre-Socratic one, got reborn at the same time, especially after <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-What_does_nature_mean_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_does_nature_mean-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the various uses of the word today, "nature" often refers to <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a>. Nature can refer to the general realm of <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">living beings</a>, and in some cases to the processes associated with inanimate objects—the way that particular types of things exist and change of their own accord, such as the weather and geology of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. It is often taken to mean the "<a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">natural environment</a>" or <a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">wilderness</a>—wild animals, rocks, forest, and in general those things that have not been substantially altered by human intervention, or which persist despite human intervention. For example, manufactured objects and human interaction generally are not considered part of nature, unless qualified as, for example, "human nature" or "the whole of nature". This more traditional concept of natural things that can still be found today implies a distinction between the natural and the artificial, with the artificial being understood as that which has been brought into being by a human <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> or a human <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a>. Depending on the particular context, the term "natural" might also be distinguished from the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unnatural" class="extiw" title="wikt:unnatural">unnatural</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-What_does_nature_mean_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_does_nature_mean-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The word <i>nature</i> is borrowed from the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <i>nature</i> and is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <i>natura</i>, or "essential qualities, innate disposition", and in ancient times, literally meant "<a href="/wiki/Birth" title="Birth">birth</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-etymonline-nature_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline-nature-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ancient philosophy, <i>natura</i> is mostly used as the Latin translation of the Greek word <i><a href="/wiki/Physis" title="Physis">physis</a></i> (φύσις), which originally related to the intrinsic characteristics of plants, animals, and other features of the world to develop of their own accord.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of nature as a whole, the physical <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>, is one of several expansions of the original notion;<sup id="cite_ref-What_does_nature_mean_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_does_nature_mean-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it began with certain core applications of the word φύσις by <a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">pre-Socratic</a> philosophers (though this word had a dynamic dimension then, especially for <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a>), and has steadily gained currency ever since. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Earth">Earth</h2></div> <table id="Container" role="presentation" class="nomobile toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:solid;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.3em 0 0.8em 1.4em;overflow:hidden;min-width:29.95em"><tbody><tr><td colspan="3" id="Title" style="padding:1em 1em 0 1em"><div style="background-color:#77bb77;padding:0 0.2em 0 0.2em;font-weight:bold;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe" title="Chronology of the universe"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Nature timeline</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" id="Navbox" style="padding:0;margin:0 1em 0 0;text-align:right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>This box: </span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nature_timeline" title="Template:Nature timeline"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nature_timeline" title="Template talk:Nature timeline"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nature_timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nature timeline"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:50em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:47.15em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−13 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:45.33em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:43.52em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−12 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:41.71em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:39.89em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−11 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:38.08em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:36.27em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−10 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:34.45em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:32.64em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−9 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:30.83em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:29.01em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−8 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:27.20em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:25.39em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−7 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:23.57em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:21.76em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−6 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:19.95em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:18.13em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−5 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:16.32em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:14.51em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−4 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:12.69em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:10.88em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−3 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:9.07em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:7.25em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−2 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:5.44em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:3.63em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−1 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:1.81em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:0.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">0 —</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:13em;height:50em;float:left;border:none;background-color:#e5cc7f"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:49.503em;height:0.497em;left:0.000em;width:13.000em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-0.3em;left:0.6em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.248em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe#Dark_Ages" title="Chronology of the universe"><span style="color:white;">Dark Ages</span></a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#555555;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:46.421em;height:3.083em;left:0.000em;width:13.000em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-0.5em;left:0.5em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.541em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Reionization" title="Reionization"><span style="color:white;">Reionization</span></a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#666666;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:16.465em;height:29.956em;left:0.000em;width:13.000em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-1.7em;left:0.5em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-14.978em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Scale_factor_(cosmology)#Matter-dominated_era" title="Scale factor (cosmology)"><span style="color:#99ffff;">Matter-dominated<br />era</span></a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#7aa3cc;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:15.957em;left:0.130em;width:12.870em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:10em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-7.979em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Accelerating_expansion_of_the_universe" title="Accelerating expansion of the universe"><span style="color:#99ffff;">Accelerated expansion</span></a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#7aa3cc;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:15.957em;left:0.520em;width:12.480em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:7.25em;left:1.1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-7.979em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Water#On_Earth" title="Water"><span style="color:white;">Water on Earth</span></a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3d9ff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:14.506em;left:0.520em;width:12.480em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:6.4em;left:0.75em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-7.253em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Unicellular_organism" title="Unicellular organism">Single-celled life</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#99ffff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:12.693em;left:1.560em;width:11.440em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:3.25em;left:0.2em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-6.347em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_photosynthesis" title="Evolution of photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3ffdb;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:6.709em;left:2.210em;width:10.790em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.355em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">Multicellular<br />life</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#cc9900;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.886em;left:2.860em;width:10.140em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.943em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate"><span style="color:white;">Vertebrates</span></a></div></div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:11.05em;height:50em"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:50.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.5em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_universe" title="Age of the universe">Earliest Universe</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:49.322em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.05em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_population#Population_III_stars" title="Stellar population">Earliest stars</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:48.803em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.1em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/HD1_(galaxy)" class="mw-redirect" title="HD1 (galaxy)">Earliest galaxy</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:47.509em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.3em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span class="nowrap">Earliest <a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">quasar</a> / <a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">black hole</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:41.778em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Omega_Centauri" title="Omega Centauri">Omega Centauri</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:36.266em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_Galaxy" title="Andromeda Galaxy">Andromeda Galaxy</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:31.914em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Milky_Way#Formation" title="Milky Way">Milky Way spirals</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:24.661em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/NGC_188" title="NGC 188">NGC 188 star cluster</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:23.573em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Centauri" title="Alpha Centauri">Alpha Centauri</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:16.566em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Early_Earth" title="Early Earth">Earth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Solar System</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:14.506em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:12.693em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_oxygen" title="Geological history of oxygen">Earliest oxygen</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:8.885em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_oxygen" title="Geological history of oxygen">Atmospheric oxygen</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:7.253em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">Sexual reproduction</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:5.440em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fungi" title="Evolution of fungi">Earliest fungi</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:2.901em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Caveasphaera" title="Caveasphaera">Earliest animals</a> / <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants#Colonization_of_land" title="Evolutionary history of plants">plants</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:1.962em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.907em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Earliest mammals</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.091em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">Earliest apes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto;font-size:100%;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin-top:3.627em"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;text-align:left;top:1.25em;left:-16.4em;width:8.8em"><div style="position:relative;width:auto;z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);vertical-align:middle;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="display:block; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life" title="Timeline of the evolutionary history of life">L<br />i<br />f<br />e</a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:26.8em"><div style="float: left;">(<a href="/wiki/Billion_years" class="mw-redirect" title="Billion years">billion years ago</a>)</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/220px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/330px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/440px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i>, which is a famous view of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, taken in 1972 by the crew of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Earth is the only <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a> known to support <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a>, and its natural features are the subject of many fields of scientific research. Within the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, it is third closest to the Sun; it is the largest <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">terrestrial planet</a> and the fifth largest overall. Its most prominent climatic features are its two large polar regions, two relatively narrow <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> zones, and a wide <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equatorial</a> tropical to <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">Precipitation</a> varies widely with location, from several metres of water per year to less than a millimetre. 71 percent of the Earth's surface is covered by salt-water oceans. The remainder consists of continents and islands, with most of the inhabited land in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>. </p><p>Earth has evolved through geological and biological processes that have left traces of the original conditions. The <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">outer surface</a> is divided into several gradually migrating <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plate">tectonic plates</a>. The interior remains active, with a thick layer of plastic <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> and an iron-filled core that generates a <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a>. This iron core is composed of a solid inner phase, and a fluid outer phase. Convective motion in the core generates electric currents through dynamo action, and these, in turn, generate the geomagnetic field. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmospheric</a> conditions have been significantly altered from the original conditions by the presence of life-forms,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which create an ecological balance that stabilizes the surface conditions. Despite the wide regional variations in climate by <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> and other geographic factors, the long-term average global climate is quite stable during interglacial periods,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and variations of a degree or two of average global temperature have historically had major effects on the ecological balance, and on the actual geography of the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></div> <p>Geology is the science and study of the solid and liquid matter that constitutes the Earth. The field of geology encompasses the study of the composition, <a href="/wiki/Structural_geology" title="Structural geology">structure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_property" title="Physical property">physical properties</a>, dynamics, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Earth">history</a> of <a href="/wiki/Earth_materials" title="Earth materials">Earth materials</a>, and the processes by which they are formed, moved, and changed. The field is a major <a href="/wiki/Academic_discipline" title="Academic discipline">academic discipline</a>, and is also important for <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mineral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_geology" title="Petroleum geology">hydrocarbon</a> extraction, knowledge about and mitigation of <a href="/wiki/Natural_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural hazard">natural hazards</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical engineering</a> fields, and understanding <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">past climates</a> and environments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Geological_evolution">Geological evolution</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png/290px-Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png/435px-Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png/580px-Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>Three types of geological <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Plate tectonic">plate tectonic</a> boundaries</figcaption></figure> <p>The geology of an area evolves through time as rock units are deposited and inserted and deformational processes change their shapes and locations. </p><p>Rock units are first emplaced either by <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">deposition</a> onto the surface or intrude into the <a href="/wiki/Country_rock_(geology)" title="Country rock (geology)">overlying rock</a>. Deposition can occur when <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> settle onto the surface of the Earth and later <a href="/wiki/Lithification" title="Lithification">lithify</a> into <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rock</a>, or when as <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">volcanic material</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> flows, blanket the surface. Igneous <a href="/wiki/Intrusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrusion">intrusions</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Batholith" title="Batholith">batholiths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laccolith" title="Laccolith">laccoliths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">dikes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sill_(geology)" title="Sill (geology)">sills</a>, push upwards into the overlying rock, and crystallize as they intrude. </p><p>After the initial sequence of rocks has been deposited, the rock units can be <a href="/wiki/Deformation_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deformation (mechanics)">deformed</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Metamorphism" title="Metamorphism">metamorphosed</a>. Deformation typically occurs as a result of horizontal shortening, <a href="/wiki/Extension_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extension (geology)">horizontal extension</a>, or side-to-side (<a href="/wiki/Strike-slip" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike-slip">strike-slip</a>) motion. These structural regimes broadly relate to <a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">convergent boundaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">divergent boundaries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transform_boundary" class="mw-redirect" title="Transform boundary">transform boundaries</a>, respectively, between <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">tectonic plates</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_perspective">Historical perspective</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Earth">History of the Earth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pangea_animation_03.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Pangea_animation_03.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption>An animation showing the movement of the continents from the separation of <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a> until the present day</figcaption></figure> <p>Earth is estimated to have formed 4.54 billion years ago from the <a href="/wiki/Solar_nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar nebula">solar nebula</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Moon formed roughly 20 million years later. Initially molten, the outer layer of the Earth cooled, resulting in the solid crust. Outgassing and <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic</a> activity produced the primordial atmosphere. Condensing <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a>, most or all of which came from <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a> delivered by <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">produced the oceans</a> and other water sources.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highly energetic chemistry is believed to have produced a self-replicating molecule around 4 billion years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyperia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hyperia.jpg/220px-Hyperia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hyperia.jpg/330px-Hyperia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hyperia.jpg/440px-Hyperia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1673" data-file-height="1576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">Plankton</a> inhabit oceans, seas and lakes, and have existed in various forms for at least 2 billion years.<sup id="cite_ref-Margulis1995_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margulis1995-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Continents formed, then broke up and reformed as the surface of Earth reshaped over hundreds of millions of years, occasionally combining to make a <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinent</a>. Roughly 750 million years ago, the earliest known supercontinent <a href="/wiki/Rodinia" title="Rodinia">Rodinia</a>, began to break apart. The continents later recombined to form <a href="/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia">Pannotia</a> which broke apart about 540 million years ago, then finally <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a>, which broke apart about 180 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic</a> era, freezing temperatures covered much of the Earth in <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> and ice sheets. This hypothesis has been termed the "<a href="/wiki/Snowball_Earth" title="Snowball Earth">Snowball Earth</a>", and it is of particular interest as it precedes the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a> in which multicellular life forms began to proliferate about 530–540 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the Cambrian explosion there have been five distinctly identifiable <a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">mass extinctions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last mass extinction occurred some 66 million years ago, when a meteorite collision probably triggered the extinction of the <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">non-avian</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> and other large reptiles, but spared small animals such as <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>. Over the past 66 million years, mammalian life diversified.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several million years ago, a species of small African <a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">ape</a> gained the ability to stand upright.<sup id="cite_ref-Margulis1995_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margulis1995-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subsequent advent of human life, and the development of agriculture and further <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a> allowed humans to affect the Earth more rapidly than any previous life form, affecting both the nature and quantity of other organisms as well as global climate. By comparison, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Oxygenation_Event" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Oxygenation Event">Great Oxygenation Event</a>, produced by the proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Siderian" title="Siderian">Siderian</a> period, required about 300 million years to culminate. </p><p>The present era is classified as part of a mass <a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">extinction event</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a> event, the fastest ever to have occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some, such as <a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a> of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, predict that human destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a> could cause the extinction of one-half of all species in the next 100 years.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extent of the current extinction event is still being researched, debated and calculated by biologists.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atmosphere,_climate,_and_weather"><span id="Atmosphere.2C_climate.2C_and_weather"></span>Atmosphere, climate, and weather</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg/220px-Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg/330px-Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg/440px-Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3027" data-file-height="2010" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering" title="Rayleigh scattering">Blue light is scattered more</a> than other wavelengths by the gases in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, giving the Earth a blue <a href="/wiki/Halo_(optical_phenomenon)" title="Halo (optical phenomenon)">halo</a> when seen from space.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Atmosphere of Earth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></div> <p>The Earth's atmosphere is a key factor in sustaining the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Ecosystems">ecosystem</a>. The thin layer of gases that envelops the Earth is held in place by gravity. Air is mostly <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a>, with much smaller amounts of carbon dioxide, argon, etc. The atmospheric pressure declines steadily with altitude. The <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a> plays an important role in depleting the amount of <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> (UV) radiation that reaches the surface. As <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> is readily damaged by UV light, this serves to protect life at the surface. The atmosphere also retains heat during the night, thereby reducing the daily temperature extremes. </p><p>Terrestrial weather occurs almost exclusively in the <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">lower part of the atmosphere</a>, and serves as a convective system for redistributing heat.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Ocean currents</a> are another important factor in determining climate, particularly the major underwater <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">thermohaline circulation</a> which distributes heat energy from the equatorial oceans to the polar regions. These currents help to moderate the differences in temperature between winter and summer in the temperate zones. Also, without the redistributions of heat energy by the ocean currents and atmosphere, the tropics would be much hotter, and the <a href="/wiki/Polar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar region">polar regions</a> much colder. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lightnings_sequence_2_animation-wcag.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/67/Lightnings_sequence_2_animation-wcag.gif/220px-Lightnings_sequence_2_animation-wcag.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/67/Lightnings_sequence_2_animation-wcag.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="239" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">Lightning</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Weather can have both beneficial and harmful effects. Extremes in weather, such as <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">hurricanes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">cyclones</a>, can expend large amounts of energy along their paths, and produce devastation. Surface vegetation has evolved a dependence on the seasonal variation of the weather, and sudden changes lasting only a few years can have a dramatic effect, both on the vegetation and on the animals which depend on its growth for their food. </p><p>Climate is a measure of the long-term trends in the weather. Various factors are known to <a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">influence the climate</a>, including ocean currents, surface <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a>, variations in the solar luminosity, and changes to the Earth's orbit. Based on historical and geological records, the Earth is known to have undergone drastic <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate changes</a> in the past, including <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice ages</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dszpics1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Dszpics1.jpg/220px-Dszpics1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Dszpics1.jpg/330px-Dszpics1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Dszpics1.jpg/440px-Dszpics1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption>A tornado in central <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The climate of a region depends on a number of factors, especially <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>. A latitudinal band of the surface with similar climatic attributes forms a climate region. There are a number of such regions, ranging from the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical climate</a> at the equator to the <a href="/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">polar climate</a> in the northern and southern extremes. Weather is also influenced by the seasons, which result from the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Axis_of_rotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis of rotation">axis</a> being <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">tilted</a> relative to its <a href="/wiki/Orbital_plane_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital plane (astronomy)">orbital plane</a>. Thus, at any given time during the summer or winter, one part of the Earth is more directly exposed to the rays of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">sun</a>. This exposure alternates as the Earth revolves in its orbit. At any given time, regardless of season, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern</a> Hemispheres experience opposite seasons. </p><p>Weather is a <a href="/wiki/Chaos_theory" title="Chaos theory">chaotic system</a> that is readily modified by small changes to the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environment</a>, so accurate <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">weather forecasting</a> is limited to only a few days.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, two things are happening worldwide: (1) temperature is increasing on the average; and (2) regional climates have been undergoing noticeable changes.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water_on_Earth">Water on Earth</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:44_-_Iguazu_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/44_-_Iguazu_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2007.jpg/310px-44_-_Iguazu_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/44_-_Iguazu_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2007.jpg/465px-44_-_Iguazu_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/44_-_Iguazu_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2007.jpg/620px-44_-_Iguazu_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12614" data-file-height="4606" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Iguazu_Falls" title="Iguazu Falls">Iguazu Falls</a> on the border between <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></div> <p>Water is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">chemical substance</a> that is composed of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> (H2O) and is vital for all known forms of life.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In typical usage, "water" refers only to its liquid <a href="/wiki/States_of_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="States of matter">form</a>, but it also has a solid state, <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gaseous</a> state, <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a>. Water covers 71% of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s surface.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Earth, it is found mostly in oceans and other large bodies of water, with 1.6% of water below ground in <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a> and 0.001% in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">air</a> as <a href="/wiki/Vapor" title="Vapor">vapor</a>, clouds, and <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oceans hold 97% of surface water, <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>, and polar <a href="/wiki/Ice_cap" title="Ice cap">ice caps</a> 2.4%, and other land surface water such as rivers, lakes, and ponds 0.6%. Additionally, a minute amount of the Earth's water is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceans">Oceans</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ocean_from_Leblon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ocean_from_Leblon.jpg/220px-Ocean_from_Leblon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ocean_from_Leblon.jpg/330px-Ocean_from_Leblon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ocean_from_Leblon.jpg/440px-Ocean_from_Leblon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A view of the Atlantic Ocean from <a href="/wiki/Leblon" title="Leblon">Leblon</a>, Rio de Janeiro</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Ocean</a></div> <p>An ocean is a major body of <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">saline water</a>, and a principal component of the hydrosphere. Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface (an area of some 361 million square kilometers) is covered by ocean, a <a href="/wiki/World_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="World Ocean">continuous body of water</a> that is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas. More than half of this area is over 3,000 meters (9,800 feet) deep. Average oceanic <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> is around 35 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_thousand" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per thousand">parts per thousand</a> (ppt) (3.5%), and nearly all seawater has a salinity in the range of 30 to 38 ppt. Though generally recognized as several 'separate' oceans, these waters comprise one global, interconnected body of salt water often referred to as the <a href="/wiki/World_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="World Ocean">World Ocean</a> or global ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNAoO_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNAoO-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This concept of a global ocean as a continuous body of water with relatively free interchange among its parts is of fundamental importance to <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">oceanography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major oceanic divisions are defined in part by the <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continents</a>, various <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelagos</a>, and other criteria: these divisions are (in descending order of size) the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>. Smaller regions of the oceans are called seas, gulfs, <a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">bays</a> and other names. There are also <a href="/wiki/Salt_lake" title="Salt lake">salt lakes</a>, which are smaller bodies of landlocked saltwater that are not interconnected with the World Ocean. Two notable examples of salt lakes are the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Salt_Lake" title="Great Salt Lake">Great Salt Lake</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lakes">Lakes</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_mapourika_NZ.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lake_mapourika_NZ.jpeg/220px-Lake_mapourika_NZ.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lake_mapourika_NZ.jpeg/330px-Lake_mapourika_NZ.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lake_mapourika_NZ.jpeg/440px-Lake_mapourika_NZ.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Mapourika" title="Lake Mapourika">Lake Mapourika</a>, New Zealand</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">Lake</a></div> <p>A lake (from Latin word <i>lacus</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Terrain_feature" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrain feature">terrain feature</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Physical_feature" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical feature">physical feature</a>), a body of liquid on the surface of a world that is localized to the bottom of <a href="/wiki/Depression_(geology)" title="Depression (geology)">basin</a> (another type of landform or terrain feature; that is, it is not global) and moves slowly if it moves at all. On Earth, a body of water is considered a lake when it is inland, not part of the ocean, is larger and deeper than a pond, and is fed by a river.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only world other than Earth known to harbor lakes is <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>, Saturn's largest moon, which has lakes of <a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">ethane</a>, most likely mixed with <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>. It is not known if Titan's lakes are fed by rivers, though Titan's surface is carved by numerous river beds. Natural lakes on Earth are generally found in mountainous areas, <a href="/wiki/Rift_zone" title="Rift zone">rift zones</a>, and areas with ongoing or recent <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciation</a>. Other lakes are found in <a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">endorheic basins</a> or along the courses of mature rivers. In some parts of the world, there are many lakes because of chaotic drainage patterns left over from the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">last ice age</a>. All lakes are temporary over geologic time scales, as they will slowly fill in with sediments or spill out of the basin containing them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ponds">Ponds</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mill_Pond_Sunset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Mill_Pond_Sunset.jpg/220px-Mill_Pond_Sunset.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Mill_Pond_Sunset.jpg/330px-Mill_Pond_Sunset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Mill_Pond_Sunset.jpg/440px-Mill_Pond_Sunset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Westborough Reservoir (Mill Pond) in <a href="/wiki/Westborough,_Massachusetts" title="Westborough, Massachusetts">Westborough, Massachusetts</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a></div> <p>A <b>pond</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">body</a> of <a href="/wiki/Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">standing water</a>, either natural or human-made, that is usually smaller than a lake. A wide variety of human-made bodies of water are classified as ponds, including <a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">water gardens</a> designed for aesthetic ornamentation, <a href="/wiki/Fish_pond" title="Fish pond">fish ponds</a> designed for commercial fish breeding, and <a href="/wiki/Solar_pond" title="Solar pond">solar ponds</a> designed to store thermal energy. Ponds and lakes are distinguished from streams via <a href="/wiki/Current_(stream)" class="mw-redirect" title="Current (stream)">current</a> speed. While currents in streams are easily observed, ponds and lakes possess thermally driven micro-currents and moderate wind driven currents. These features distinguish a pond from many other aquatic terrain features, such as <a href="/wiki/Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">stream pools</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">tide pools</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rivers">Rivers</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg/220px-View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg/330px-View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg/440px-View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1683" data-file-height="1290" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> river in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, Egypt's capital city</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">River</a></div> <p>A river is a natural <a href="/wiki/Watercourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercourse">watercourse</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a>, flowing towards an ocean, a lake, a sea or another river. In a few cases, a river simply flows into the ground or dries up completely before reaching another body of water. Small rivers may also be called by several other names, including stream, creek, brook, rivulet, and rill; there is no general rule that defines what can be called a river. Many names for small rivers are specific to geographic location; one example is <i>Burn</i> in Scotland and North-east England. Sometimes a river is said to be larger than a creek, but this is not always the case, due to vagueness in the language.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A river is part of the <a href="/wiki/Hydrological_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrological cycle">hydrological cycle</a>. Water within a river is generally collected from <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> through <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> recharge, <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">springs</a>, and the release of stored water in natural ice and snowpacks (i.e., from <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Streams">Streams</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawaii_Creek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hawaii_Creek.jpg/220px-Hawaii_Creek.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hawaii_Creek.jpg/330px-Hawaii_Creek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hawaii_Creek.jpg/440px-Hawaii_Creek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A rocky stream in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">Stream</a></div> <p>A stream is a flowing body of water with a <a href="/wiki/Current_(stream)" class="mw-redirect" title="Current (stream)">current</a>, confined within a <a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">bed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stream_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Stream bank">stream banks</a>. In the United States, a stream is classified as a watercourse less than 60 feet (18 metres) wide. Streams are important as conduits in the <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">water cycle</a>, instruments in <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">groundwater recharge</a>, and they serve as corridors for fish and <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a> migration. The biological <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> in the immediate vicinity of a stream is called a <a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">riparian zone</a>. Given the status of the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a>, streams play an important <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_corridor" title="Wildlife corridor">corridor</a> role in connecting <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">fragmented habitats</a> and thus in conserving <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>. The study of streams and waterways in general involves many branches of inter-disciplinary natural science and engineering, including <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">fluvial geomorphology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic ecology">aquatic ecology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">fish biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riparian" class="mw-redirect" title="Riparian">riparian ecology</a>, and others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecosystems">Ecosystems</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_loch_lomond.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/View_of_loch_lomond.JPG/220px-View_of_loch_lomond.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/View_of_loch_lomond.JPG/330px-View_of_loch_lomond.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/View_of_loch_lomond.JPG/440px-View_of_loch_lomond.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Loch_Lomond" title="Loch Lomond">Loch Lomond</a> in Scotland forms a relatively isolated ecosystem. The fish community of this lake has remained unchanged over a very long period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aravalli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Aravalli.jpg/220px-Aravalli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Aravalli.jpg/330px-Aravalli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Aravalli.jpg/440px-Aravalli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2888" data-file-height="1926" /></a><figcaption>Lush green <a href="/wiki/Aravalli_Range" title="Aravalli Range">Aravalli Mountain Range</a> in the Desert country – <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, India.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago_Downtown_Aerial_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Chicago_Downtown_Aerial_View.jpg/220px-Chicago_Downtown_Aerial_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Chicago_Downtown_Aerial_View.jpg/330px-Chicago_Downtown_Aerial_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Chicago_Downtown_Aerial_View.jpg/440px-Chicago_Downtown_Aerial_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>An aerial view of a <a href="/wiki/Human_ecosystem" title="Human ecosystem">human ecosystem</a>. Pictured is the city of Chicago.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></div> <p>Ecosystems are composed of a variety of <a href="/wiki/Biotic_component" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotic component">biotic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abiotic_component" title="Abiotic component">abiotic components</a> that function in an interrelated way.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structure and composition is determined by various environmental factors that are interrelated. Variations of these factors will initiate dynamic modifications to the ecosystem. Some of the more important components are <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, radiation from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">sun</a>, water, and living organisms. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PenasBlancas,_part_of_the_Bosawas_Reserve,_Jinotega_Department,_Nicaragua.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PenasBlancas%2C_part_of_the_Bosawas_Reserve%2C_Jinotega_Department%2C_Nicaragua.jpg/220px-PenasBlancas%2C_part_of_the_Bosawas_Reserve%2C_Jinotega_Department%2C_Nicaragua.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PenasBlancas%2C_part_of_the_Bosawas_Reserve%2C_Jinotega_Department%2C_Nicaragua.jpg/330px-PenasBlancas%2C_part_of_the_Bosawas_Reserve%2C_Jinotega_Department%2C_Nicaragua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PenasBlancas%2C_part_of_the_Bosawas_Reserve%2C_Jinotega_Department%2C_Nicaragua.jpg/440px-PenasBlancas%2C_part_of_the_Bosawas_Reserve%2C_Jinotega_Department%2C_Nicaragua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Peñas Blancas, part of the <a href="/wiki/Bosaw%C3%A1s_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Bosawás Biosphere Reserve">Bosawás Biosphere Reserve</a>. Located northeast of the city of <a href="/wiki/Jinotega" title="Jinotega">Jinotega</a> in Northeastern Nicaragua</figcaption></figure> <p>Central to the ecosystem concept is the idea that <a href="/wiki/Living_organism" class="mw-redirect" title="Living organism">living organisms</a> interact with every other element in their local <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">environment</a>. Eugene Odum, a founder of ecology, stated: "Any unit that includes all of the organisms (ie: the "community") in a given area interacting with the physical environment so that a flow of energy leads to clearly defined trophic structure, biotic diversity, and material cycles (i.e.: exchange of materials between living and nonliving parts) within the system is an ecosystem."<sup id="cite_ref-Odum1971_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odum1971-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the ecosystem, species are connected and dependent upon one another in the <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a>, and exchange energy and <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a> between themselves as well as with their environment.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The human ecosystem concept is based on the human/nature <a href="/wiki/Dichotomy" title="Dichotomy">dichotomy</a> and the idea that all species are ecologically dependent on each other, as well as with the abiotic constituents of their <a href="/wiki/Biotope" title="Biotope">biotope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A smaller unit of size is called a <a href="/wiki/Microecosystem" title="Microecosystem">microecosystem</a>. For example, a microsystem can be a stone and all the life under it. A <i>macroecosystem</i> might involve a whole <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a>, with its <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wilderness">Wilderness</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biogradska_suma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Biogradska_suma.jpg/220px-Biogradska_suma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Biogradska_suma.jpg/330px-Biogradska_suma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Biogradska_suma.jpg/440px-Biogradska_suma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">Old growth</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Beech" class="mw-redirect" title="European Beech">European Beech</a> forest in <a href="/wiki/Biogradska_Gora" title="Biogradska Gora">Biogradska Gora</a> National Park, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></div> <p><b>Wilderness</b> is generally defined as areas that have not been significantly modified by human activity. Wilderness areas can be found in preserves, estates, farms, conservation preserves, ranches, <a href="/wiki/Category:National_forests" title="Category:National forests">national forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national parks</a>, and even in urban areas along rivers, gulches, or otherwise undeveloped areas. Wilderness areas and protected <a href="/wiki/Parks" class="mw-redirect" title="Parks">parks</a> are considered important for the survival of certain <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>, ecological studies, <a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">conservation</a>, and solitude. Some nature writers believe wilderness areas are vital for the human spirit and creativity,<sup id="cite_ref-Man_p155-157_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Man_p155-157-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some ecologists consider wilderness areas to be an integral part of the Earth's self-sustaining natural <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a>). They may also preserve historic <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> traits and that they provide <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> for wild <a href="/wiki/Flora_(plants)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora (plants)">flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna_(animals)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna (animals)">fauna</a> that may be difficult or impossible to recreate in <a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">zoos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arboretum" title="Arboretum">arboretums</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Laboratory" title="Laboratory">laboratories</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2></div> <table id="Container" role="presentation" class="nomobile toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:solid;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.3em 0 0.8em 1.4em;overflow:hidden;min-width:29.95em"><tbody><tr><td colspan="3" id="Title" style="padding:1em 1em 0 1em"><div style="background-color:#77bb77;padding:0 0.2em 0 0.2em;font-weight:bold;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life" title="Timeline of the evolutionary history of life"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Life timeline</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" id="Navbox" style="padding:0;margin:0 1em 0 0;text-align:right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>This box: </span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Life_timeline" title="Template:Life timeline"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Life_timeline" title="Template talk:Life timeline"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Life_timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Life timeline"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:50em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:49.56em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−4500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:48.18em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:46.81em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:45.43em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:44.05em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−4000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:42.68em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:41.30em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:39.92em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:38.55em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−3500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:37.17em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:35.79em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:34.42em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:33.04em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−3000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:31.66em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:30.29em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:28.91em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:27.53em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−2500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:26.16em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:24.78em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:23.40em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:22.03em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−2000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:20.65em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:19.27em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:17.90em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:16.52em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−1500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:15.14em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:13.77em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:12.39em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:11.01em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−1000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:9.64em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:8.26em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:6.88em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:5.51em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:4.13em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:2.75em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:1.38em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:0.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">0 —</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:13em;height:50em;float:left;border:none"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#e5cc7f;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:50.000em;left:0.910em;width:12.090em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-25.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#aebfd1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:44.053em;height:4.537em;left:1.040em;width:11.960em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.269em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">Water</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#aebfd1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:44.053em;left:1.040em;width:0.130em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-22.026em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3d9ff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:38.546em;height:5.507em;left:1.170em;width:11.830em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.753em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Unicellular_organism" title="Unicellular organism">Single-celled life</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3d9ff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:38.546em;left:1.170em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-19.273em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#99ffff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:23.128em;height:15.419em;left:1.430em;width:11.570em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-7.709em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_photosynthesis" title="Evolution of photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#99ffff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:23.128em;left:1.430em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-11.564em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3ffea;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:17.621em;height:5.507em;left:1.690em;width:11.310em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.753em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryotes</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3ffea;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:17.621em;left:1.690em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-8.811em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccffe7;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:5.958em;height:11.663em;left:1.950em;width:11.050em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-5.831em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">Multicellular life</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccffe7;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:5.958em;left:1.950em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.979em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#77dd00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.982em;height:7.379em;left:2.210em;width:1.170em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.689em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.85em;">P<br />l<br />a<br />n<br />t<br />s</span></a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#77dd00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.982em;left:2.210em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.991em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccbbaa;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:2.203em;height:3.756em;left:3.380em;width:9.620em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.878em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropods</a> <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Molluscs</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ffff00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.982em;left:2.470em;width:3.510em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-0.53em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.991em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant#Evolutionary_history" title="Flowering plant">Flowers</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#e6b880;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.721em;height:2.583em;left:3.380em;width:5.070em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.291em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosaurs</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ffcc00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:2.203em;left:8.580em;width:4.420em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.101em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ffcc00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.606em;height:1.597em;left:8.450em;width:4.290em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.15em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.798em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammals</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#e6b880;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.333em;left:5.980em;width:2.600em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-0.225em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.666em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ffbbbb;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:0.606em;left:8.710em;width:4.030em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.1em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.303em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#993c00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:44.053em;height:5.947em;left:0.000em;width:0.910em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:-0.05em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:100%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.974em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.80em;"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean"><span style="color:#ffffff;">H<br />a<br />d<br />e<br />a<br />n</span></a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#936a00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:27.533em;height:16.520em;left:0.000em;width:0.910em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-1.2em;left:-0.05em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:100%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-8.260em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.85em;"><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean"><span style="color:#ffffff;"><br /><br /><br />A<br />r<br />c<br />h<br />e<br />a<br />n</span></a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#f1c309;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:5.958em;height:21.575em;left:0.000em;width:0.910em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:100%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-10.787em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.85em;"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />P<br />r<br />o<br />t<br />e<br />r<br />o<br />z<br />o<br />i<br />c</a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#c1e0c1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:5.958em;left:0.000em;width:0.910em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:2em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:100%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.979em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.85em;"><a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">P<br />h<br />a<br />n<br />e<br />r<br />o<br />z<br />o<br />i<br />c</a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccbbaa;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:8.260em;left:12.714em;width:0.286em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.130em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccbbaa;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:2.203em;left:12.714em;width:0.286em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.101em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:11.05em;height:50em"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:50.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Earth" title="Age of Earth">Earth formed</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:48.568em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">Earliest water</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:47.907em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor" title="Last universal common ancestor">LUCA</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:44.053em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest fossils</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:42.952em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">LHB meteorites</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:38.546em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_oxygen" title="Geological history of oxygen">Earliest oxygen</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:31.278em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Pongola_glaciation" title="Pongola glaciation">Pongola glaciation</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:25.330em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Great_Oxidation_Event" title="Great Oxidation Event">Atmospheric oxygen</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:24.780em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Huronian_glaciation" title="Huronian glaciation">Huronian glaciation</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:22.026em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction#Origin_of_sexual_reproduction" title="Evolution of sexual reproduction">Sexual reproduction</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:17.621em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Francevillian_biota" title="Francevillian biota">Earliest multicellular life</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:16.520em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fungi" title="Evolution of fungi">Earliest fungi</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:9.361em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.25em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Earliest plants</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:8.260em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.4em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Caveasphaera" title="Caveasphaera">Earliest animals</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:7.489em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian ice age</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:6.993em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran_biota" title="Ediacaran biota">Ediacaran biota</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:5.958em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.15em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:4.956em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.1em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Hirnantian_glaciation" title="Hirnantian glaciation">Hirnantian glaciation</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:4.075em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.1em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">Earliest tetrapods</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:3.304em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Late_Paleozoic_icehouse" title="Late Paleozoic icehouse">Karoo ice age</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.275em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.3em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">Earliest apes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.018em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.4em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary ice age</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:26.8em"><div style="float:left;font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">million years ago</a>)</div><div style="float:right;font-size:95%;">*<i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_glaciation" title="Timeline of glaciation">Ice Ages</a></i></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malards_in_Golden_Gate_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Malards_in_Golden_Gate_Park.jpg/170px-Malards_in_Golden_Gate_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Malards_in_Golden_Gate_Park.jpg/255px-Malards_in_Golden_Gate_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Malards_in_Golden_Gate_Park.jpg/340px-Malards_in_Golden_Gate_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1830" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Female mallard and ducklings – <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a> is essential for continuing life.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></div> <p>Although there is no universal agreement on the definition of life, scientists generally accept that the biological manifestation of life is characterized by <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cell_growth" title="Cell growth">growth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptation</a>, response to <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">stimuli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Life may also be said to be simply the characteristic state of <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a>. </p><p>Present day organisms from <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a> to humans possess a self-replicating informational molecule (genome), either <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> or <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> (as in some viruses), and such an informational molecule is probably intrinsic to life. It is likely that the earliest forms of life were based on a self-replicating informational molecule (<a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a>), perhaps RNA<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a molecule more primitive than RNA or DNA. The specific <a href="/wiki/Deoxyribonucleotide" title="Deoxyribonucleotide">deoxyribonucleotide</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ribonucleotide" title="Ribonucleotide">ribonucleotide</a> sequence in each currently extant individual organism contains sequence information that functions to promotes survival, <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a>, and the capacity to acquire resources necessary for reproduction, and such sequences probably emerged early in the evolution of life. Survival functions present early in the evolution of life likely also included genomic sequences that promote the avoidance of damage to the self-replicating molecule and also the capability to <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">repair such damages</a> that do occur. Repair of some genome damages may have involved using information from another similar molecule by a process of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_recombination" title="Genetic recombination">recombination</a> (a primitive form of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual interaction</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Properties common to terrestrial organisms (plants, animals, <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a>, and bacteria) are that they are cellular, carbon-and-water-based with complex organization, having a metabolism, a capacity to grow, respond to stimuli, and reproduce. An entity with these properties is generally considered life. However, not every definition of life considers all of these properties to be essential. Human-made <a href="/wiki/Artificial_life" title="Artificial life">analogs of life</a> may also be considered to be life. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a> is the part of Earth's outer shell—including land, surface rocks, water, air and the atmosphere—within which life occurs, and which <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biotic</a> processes in turn alter or transform. From the broadest <a href="/wiki/Geophysiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Geophysiology">geophysiological</a> point of view, the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a> (rocks), <a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">hydrosphere</a> (water), and <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> (air). The entire Earth contains over 75 billion tons (150 <i>trillion</i> pounds or about 6.8×10<sup>13</sup> kilograms) of <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a> (life), which lives within various environments within the biosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over nine-tenths of the total biomass on Earth is plant life, on which animal life depends very heavily for its existence.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 2 million species of plant and animal life have been identified to date,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and estimates of the actual number of existing species range from several million to well over 50 million.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of individual species of life is constantly in some degree of flux, with new species appearing and others ceasing to exist on a continual basis.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total number of species is in rapid decline.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amazon_Manaus_forest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Amazon_Manaus_forest.jpg/220px-Amazon_Manaus_forest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Amazon_Manaus_forest.jpg/330px-Amazon_Manaus_forest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Amazon_Manaus_forest.jpg/440px-Amazon_Manaus_forest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>An area of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Rainforest" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a> shared between <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforests</a> of South America contain the largest <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">diversity</a> of species on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of life">origin of life</a> on Earth is not well understood, but it is known to have occurred at least 3.5 billion years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-Origin1_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origin1-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Origin2_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origin2-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RavenJohnson2002_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RavenJohnson2002-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the <a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">hadean</a> or <a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">archean</a> eons on a <a href="/wiki/Early_Earth" title="Early Earth">primordial Earth</a> that had a substantially different environment than is found at present.<sup id="cite_ref-Line_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Line-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These life forms possessed the basic traits of self-replication and inheritable traits. Once life had appeared, the process of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> by <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> resulted in the development of ever-more diverse life forms. </p><p>Species that were unable to adapt to the changing environment and competition from other life forms became extinct. However, the <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> record retains evidence of many of these older species. Current fossil and <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> evidence shows that all existing species can trace a continual ancestry back to the first primitive life forms.<sup id="cite_ref-Line_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Line-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When basic forms of plant life developed the process of <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> the sun's energy could be harvested to create conditions which allowed for more complex life forms.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resultant <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> accumulated in the atmosphere and gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a>. The incorporation of smaller cells within larger ones resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiotic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Endosymbiotic theory">development of yet more complex cells</a> called <a href="/wiki/Eukaryotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotes">eukaryotes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cells within colonies became increasingly specialized, resulting in true multicellular organisms. With the ozone layer absorbing harmful <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet radiation">ultraviolet radiation</a>, life colonized the surface of Earth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microbes">Microbes</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_mite_(Tydeidae)_Lorryia_formosa_2_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Yellow_mite_%28Tydeidae%29_Lorryia_formosa_2_edit.jpg/170px-Yellow_mite_%28Tydeidae%29_Lorryia_formosa_2_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Yellow_mite_%28Tydeidae%29_Lorryia_formosa_2_edit.jpg/255px-Yellow_mite_%28Tydeidae%29_Lorryia_formosa_2_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Yellow_mite_%28Tydeidae%29_Lorryia_formosa_2_edit.jpg/340px-Yellow_mite_%28Tydeidae%29_Lorryia_formosa_2_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>A microscopic mite <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite"><i>Lorryia formosa</i></a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Microbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbe">Microbe</a></div> <p>The first form of life to develop on the Earth were <a href="/wiki/Unicellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicellular">unicellular</a>, and they remained the only form of life until about a billion years ago when multi-cellular organisms began to appear.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microorganisms or microbes are <a href="/wiki/Microscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Microscopic">microscopic</a>, and smaller than the human eye can see.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">Microorganisms</a> can be <a href="/wiki/Single-celled" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-celled">single-celled</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protista</a>, and a minority of <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These life forms are found in almost every location on the Earth where there is liquid water, including in the Earth's interior.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their reproduction is both rapid and profuse. The combination of a high mutation rate and a <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">horizontal gene transfer</a><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ability makes them highly adaptable, and able to survive in new and sometimes very harsh environments, including <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They form an essential part of the planetary ecosystem. However, some microorganisms are <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogenic</a> and can post health risk to other organisms. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Viruses</a> are <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">infectious agents</a>, but they are not autonomous <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_life_forms" title="Outline of life forms">life forms</a>, as it is the case for <a href="/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid">viroids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_(biology)" title="Satellite (biology)">satellites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defective_interfering_particle" title="Defective interfering particle">DPIs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">prions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Solomon_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plants_and_animals">Plants and animals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diversity_of_plants_(Streptophyta)_version_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diversity_of_plants_%28Streptophyta%29_version_2.png/220px-Diversity_of_plants_%28Streptophyta%29_version_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diversity_of_plants_%28Streptophyta%29_version_2.png/330px-Diversity_of_plants_%28Streptophyta%29_version_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diversity_of_plants_%28Streptophyta%29_version_2.png/440px-Diversity_of_plants_%28Streptophyta%29_version_2.png 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1331" /></a><figcaption>A selection of diverse <a href="/wiki/Plant_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant species">plant species</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animal_diversity.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Animal_diversity.png/220px-Animal_diversity.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Animal_diversity.png/330px-Animal_diversity.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Animal_diversity.png 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>A selection of diverse <a href="/wiki/Animal_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal species">animal species</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Originally <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> divided all living things between plants, which generally do not move fast enough for humans to notice, and animals. In <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>' system, these became the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">kingdoms</a> <a href="/wiki/Vegetabilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetabilia">Vegetabilia</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a>. Since then, it has become clear that the Plantae as originally defined included several unrelated groups, and the <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a> and several groups of <a href="/wiki/Alga" class="mw-redirect" title="Alga">algae</a> were removed to new kingdoms. However, these are still often considered plants in many contexts. Bacterial life is sometimes included in flora,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some classifications use the term <i>bacterial flora</i> separately from <i>plant flora</i>. </p><p>Among the many ways of classifying plants are by regional <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">floras</a>, which, depending on the purpose of study, can also include <i>fossil flora</i>, remnants of plant life from a previous era. People in many regions and countries take great pride in their individual arrays of characteristic flora, which can vary widely across the globe due to differences in climate and <a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">terrain</a>. </p><p>Regional floras commonly are divided into categories such as <i>native flora</i> or <i>agricultural and garden flora</i>. Some types of "native flora" actually have been introduced centuries ago by people migrating from one region or continent to another, and become an integral part of the native, or natural flora of the place to which they were introduced. This is an example of how human interaction with nature can blur the boundary of what is considered nature. </p><p>Another category of plant has historically been carved out for <i>weeds</i>. Though the term has fallen into disfavor among <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botanists</a> as a formal way to categorize "useless" plants, the informal use of the word "weeds" to describe those plants that are deemed worthy of elimination is illustrative of the general tendency of people and societies to seek to alter or shape the course of nature. Similarly, animals are often categorized in ways such as <i>domestic</i>, <i>farm animals</i>, <i>wild animals</i>, <i>pests</i>, etc. according to their relationship to human life. </p><p>Animals as a category have several characteristics that generally set them apart from other living things. Animals are <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotic</a> and usually <a href="/wiki/Multicellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicellular">multicellular</a>, which separates them from bacteria, <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a>, and most <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protists</a>. They are <a href="/wiki/Heterotroph" title="Heterotroph">heterotrophic</a>, generally digesting food in an internal chamber, which separates them from plants and <a href="/wiki/Alga" class="mw-redirect" title="Alga">algae</a>. They are also distinguished from plants, algae, and <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a> by lacking <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell walls</a>. </p><p>With a few exceptions—most notably the two <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phyla</a> consisting of <a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">sponges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">placozoans</a>—animals have bodies that are differentiated into <a href="/wiki/Biological_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological tissue">tissues</a>. These include <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>, which are able to contract and control locomotion, and a <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>, which sends and processes signals. There is also typically an internal <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestive</a> chamber. The eukaryotic cells possessed by all animals are surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed of <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> and elastic <a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein" title="Glycoprotein">glycoproteins</a>. This may be calcified to form structures like <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">shells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spicule_(sponge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spicule (sponge)">spicules</a>, a framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganized during development and maturation, and which supports the complex anatomy required for mobility.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Are there unicellular animals? (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_interrelationship">Human interrelationship</h2></div> <table id="Container" role="presentation" class="nomobile toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:solid;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.3em 0 0.8em 1.4em;overflow:hidden;min-width:29.95em"><tbody><tr><td colspan="3" id="Title" style="padding:1em 1em 0 1em"><div style="background-color:#77bb77;padding:0 0.2em 0 0.2em;font-weight:bold;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution" title="Timeline of human evolution"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Hominin timeline</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" id="Navbox" style="padding:0;margin:0 1em 0 0;text-align:right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>This box: </span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_timeline" title="Template:Human timeline"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_timeline" title="Template talk:Human timeline"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human timeline"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:50em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:50.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−10 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:47.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:45.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−9 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:42.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:40.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−8 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:37.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:35.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−7 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:32.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:30.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−6 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:27.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:25.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−5 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:22.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:20.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−4 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:17.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:15.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−3 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:12.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:10.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−2 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:7.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:5.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−1 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:2.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:-0.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">0 —</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:13em;height:50em;float:left;border:none;background-color:#FFE4F1"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#936a00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:26.665em;height:23.335em;left:0.000em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:-0.1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-11.667em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1231500821">@supports(writing-mode:vertical-lr){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-text{letter-spacing:-0.12em;line-height:1em;text-orientation:upright;writing-mode:vertical-lr;width:1em}}</style><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Miocene</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#f1c309;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:12.900em;height:13.765em;left:0.000em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:-0.1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-6.883em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a></span></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#c1e0c1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.058em;height:12.841em;left:0.000em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.75em;left:-0.1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-6.421em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a></span></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:14.000em;height:36.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-6.7em;left:-0.3em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-18.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:120%"><b><a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a></b></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:48.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0.1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Nakalipithecus" title="Nakalipithecus">Nakalipithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:46.500em;height:1.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0.6em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.500em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Samburupithecus" title="Samburupithecus">Samburupithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:44.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0.2em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Ouranopithecus" title="Ouranopithecus">Ouranopithecus</a></span></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Ouranopithecus_turkae" title="Ouranopithecus turkae">Ou. turkae</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Ouranopithecus_macedoniensis" title="Ouranopithecus macedoniensis">Ou. macedoniensis</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:39.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.1em;left:0.4em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Chororapithecus" title="Chororapithecus">Chororapithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:35.000em;height:10.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-1.75em;left:-0.2em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-5.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Oreopithecus" title="Oreopithecus">Oreopithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:39.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.75em;left:-0.4em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Sivapithecus" title="Sivapithecus">Sivapithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:34.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0.3em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:34.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:2em;left:0.3em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Graecopithecus" title="Graecopithecus">Graecopithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:29.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:-1.5em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:29.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:2.5em;left:0.15em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">O. praegens</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">O. tugenensis</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:22.000em;height:6.850em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-3.75em;left:-0.3em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.425em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a></span></b></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:27.700em;height:1.150em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.75em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.575em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">Ar. kadabba</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:21.500em;height:1.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.500em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus">Ar. ramidus</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:6.000em;height:16.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:3em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-8.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></span></b></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_africanus" title="Australopithecus africanus">Au. africanus</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">Au. afarensis</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_anamensis" title="Australopithecus anamensis">Au. anamensis</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#DCEEFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:8.250em;height:5.750em;left:2.600em;width:10.400em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.9em;left:-0.5em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.875em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">H. habilis</a></span></b></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Homo_rudolfensis" title="Homo rudolfensis">H. rudolfensis</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_garhi" title="Australopithecus garhi">Au. garhi</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#FFE4F1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.570em;height:9.430em;left:3.900em;width:9.100em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.5em;left:-1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.715em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">H. erectus</a></span></b></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">H. antecessor</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">H. ergaster</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_sediba" title="Australopithecus sediba">Au. sediba</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#FFE4F1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:6.000em;height:2.500em;left:2.600em;width:10.400em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#7DFFFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.000em;height:2.500em;left:2.600em;width:10.400em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1em;left:-0.2em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">H. heidelbergensis</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#F3F300;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.500em;left:3.900em;width:9.100em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:-0.7em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.750em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomically_modern_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern human">Homo sapiens</a></span></b></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#F3F300;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:0.200em;left:1.300em;width:3.900em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.100em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#7DFFFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.200em;height:1.050em;left:2.600em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.8em;left:2.6em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.525em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a></span></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#F3F300;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.200em;height:0.370em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.185em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#7DFFFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.200em;height:0.370em;left:2.600em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.4em;left:2.8em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.185em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Denisovan" title="Denisovan">Denisovans</a></span></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:6.000em;height:8.500em;left:11.700em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:11.05em;height:50em"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:50.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution#Hominidae" title="Timeline of human evolution">Earlier apes</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:45.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Gorilla%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gorilla–human last common ancestor">Gorilla split</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:42.500em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">Chimpanzee split</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:35.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Human_skeletal_changes_due_to_bipedalism" title="Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism">Earliest bipedal</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:29.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">Earliest sign of <i>Ardipithecus</i></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:22.500em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_anamensis" title="Australopithecus anamensis">Earliest sign of <i>Australopithecus</i></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:17.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age#Beginning_of_the_Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Earliest stone tools</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:14.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.25em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/LD_350-1" title="LD 350-1">Earliest sign of<br /> <i>Homo</i></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:10.600em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.25em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Early_expansions_of_hominins_out_of_Africa" title="Early expansions of hominins out of Africa">Dispersal beyond Africa</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:9.550em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Earliest language</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:8.500em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Earliest fire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cooking#History" title="Cooking">cooking</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:1.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.6em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/Rock_art#East_Asia" title="Rock art">Earliest rock art</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.625em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.1em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/Clothing#Origin_and_history" title="Clothing">Earliest clothes</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.250em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.4em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Modern humans</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto;font-size:100%;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin-top:21.000em"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;text-align:left;top:0.25em;left:-5em;width:8.8em"><div style="position:relative;width:auto;z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);vertical-align:middle;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; font-size:110%"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">H o m i n i d s</a></span></b></span></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto;font-size:100%;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin-top:3.000em"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;text-align:left;top:3.25em;left:-5em;width:8.8em"><div style="position:relative;width:auto;z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);vertical-align:middle;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; font-size:85%;"><b><span style="font-size:85%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">P a r a n t h r o p u s</a></span></span></b></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:26.8em"><div style="float:left;font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">million years ago</a>)</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Na_Pali_Coast_-_Kauai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Na_Pali_Coast_-_Kauai.jpg/220px-Na_Pali_Coast_-_Kauai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Na_Pali_Coast_-_Kauai.jpg/330px-Na_Pali_Coast_-_Kauai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Na_Pali_Coast_-_Kauai.jpg/440px-Na_Pali_Coast_-_Kauai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Despite their natural beauty, the secluded valleys along the <a href="/wiki/Na_Pali_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Na Pali Coast">Na Pali Coast</a> in Hawaii are heavily modified by introduced <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> such as <a href="/wiki/She-oak" class="mw-redirect" title="She-oak">She-oak</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_impact">Human impact</h3></div> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Humans">humans</a> comprise a minuscule proportion of the total living <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a> on Earth, the <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">human effect on nature</a> is disproportionately large. Because of the extent of human influence, the boundaries between what humans regard as nature and "made environments" is not clear cut except at the extremes. Even at the extremes, the amount of natural environment that is free of discernible human influence is diminishing at an increasingly rapid pace. A 2020 study published in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> found that anthropogenic mass (human-made materials) outweighs all living biomass on earth, with <a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">plastic</a> alone exceeding the mass of all land and marine animals combined.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And according to a 2021 study published in <i>Frontiers in Forests and Global Change</i>, only about 3% of the planet's terrestrial surface is ecologically and <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">faunally</a> intact, with a low human footprint and healthy populations of native animal species.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip Cafaro, professor of philosophy at the School of Global Environmental Sustainability at <a href="/wiki/Colorado_State_University" title="Colorado State University">Colorado State University</a>, wrote in 2022 that "the cause of global biodiversity loss is clear: other species are being displaced by a rapidly growing human economy."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> by the human race has allowed the greater <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">exploitation of natural resources</a> and has helped to alleviate some of the risk from <a href="/wiki/Natural_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural hazards">natural hazards</a>. In spite of this progress, however, the fate of human <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a> remains closely linked to changes in the environment. There exists a highly complex <a href="/wiki/Feedback_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Feedback loop">feedback loop</a> between the use of advanced technology and changes to the environment that are only slowly becoming understood.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human-made threats to the Earth's natural environment include <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, and disasters such as oil spills. Humans have contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">extinction</a> of many plants and animals,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with roughly 1 million species threatened with extinction within decades.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">loss of biodiversity</a> and ecosystem functions over the last half century have impacted the extent that nature can contribute to human quality of life,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continued declines could pose a major threat to the existence of human civilization, unless a rapid course correction is made.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The value of natural resources to human society is poorly reflected in <a href="/wiki/Market_failure" title="Market failure">market prices</a> because except for labour costs the natural resources are available free of charge.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="equipment/exploration/licensing/lawsuits are costs. (November 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Nature#Dubious" title="Talk:Nature">discuss</a></i>]</sup> This distorts market pricing of natural resources and at the same time leads to underinvestment in our natural assets. The annual global cost of public subsidies that damage nature is conservatively estimated at $4–6 trillion (million million). Institutional protections of these natural goods, such as the oceans and rainforests, are lacking. Governments have not prevented these economic <a href="/wiki/Externalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Externalities">externalities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Humans employ nature for both leisure and economic activities. The acquisition of natural resources for industrial use remains a sizable component of the world's <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">economic system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some activities, such as hunting and fishing, are used for both sustenance and leisure, often by different people. <a href="/wiki/Agriculture#History" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> was first adopted around the <a href="/wiki/9th_millennium_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="9th millennium BCE">9th millennium BCE</a>. Ranging from food production to energy, nature influences economic wealth. </p><p>Although early humans gathered uncultivated plant materials for food and employed the <a href="/wiki/Medicinal_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicinal plant">medicinal properties of vegetation</a> for healing,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most modern human use of plants is through <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Land_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Land conversion">clearance of large tracts</a> of land for <a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">crop</a> growth has led to a significant reduction in the amount available of <a href="/wiki/Forestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestation">forestation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetlands">wetlands</a>, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_habitat" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of habitat">loss of habitat</a> for many plant and animal species as well as increased <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aesthetics_and_beauty">Aesthetics and beauty</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyclamen_coum_(d.j.b.)_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cyclamen_coum_%28d.j.b.%29_02.jpg/220px-Cyclamen_coum_%28d.j.b.%29_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cyclamen_coum_%28d.j.b.%29_02.jpg/330px-Cyclamen_coum_%28d.j.b.%29_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cyclamen_coum_%28d.j.b.%29_02.jpg/440px-Cyclamen_coum_%28d.j.b.%29_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2524" /></a><figcaption>Aesthetically pleasing flowers</figcaption></figure> <p>Beauty in nature has historically been a prevalent theme in art and books, filling large sections of libraries and bookstores. That nature has been depicted and celebrated by so much art, photography, poetry, and other literature shows the strength with which many people associate nature and beauty. Reasons why this association exists, and what the association consists of, are studied by the branch of philosophy called <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a>. Beyond certain basic characteristics that many philosophers agree about to explain what is seen as beautiful, the opinions are virtually endless.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nature and wildness have been important subjects in various eras of world history. An early tradition of <a href="/wiki/Landscape_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Landscape art">landscape art</a> began in China during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_Dynasty_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang Dynasty art">Tang Dynasty</a> (618–907). The tradition of representing nature <i>as it is</i> became one of the aims of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_painting" title="Chinese painting">Chinese painting</a> and was a significant influence in Asian art. </p><p>Although natural wonders are celebrated in the <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Book of Job</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">wilderness</a> portrayals in art became more prevalent in the 1800s, especially in the works of the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic movement">Romantic movement</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> artists <a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">John Constable</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a> turned their attention to capturing the beauty of the natural world in their paintings. Before that, paintings had been primarily of religious scenes or of human beings. <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a>'s poetry described the wonder of the natural world, which had formerly been viewed as a threatening place. Increasingly the valuing of nature became an aspect of Western culture.<sup id="cite_ref-History_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This artistic movement also coincided with the <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalist movement</a> in the Western world. A common classical idea of beautiful art involves the word <a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">mimesis</a>, the imitation of nature. Also in the realm of ideas about beauty in nature is that the perfect is implied through perfect mathematical <a href="/wiki/Substantial_form" title="Substantial form">forms</a> and more generally by <a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">patterns in nature</a>. As David Rothenburg writes, "The beautiful is the root of science and the goal of art, the highest possibility that humanity can ever hope to see".<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 281">: 281 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Matter_and_energy">Matter and energy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrogen_Density_Plots.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hydrogen_Density_Plots.png/220px-Hydrogen_Density_Plots.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hydrogen_Density_Plots.png/330px-Hydrogen_Density_Plots.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hydrogen_Density_Plots.png/440px-Hydrogen_Density_Plots.png 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The first few <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_atom" title="Hydrogen atom">hydrogen atom</a> <a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">electron orbitals</a> shown as cross-sections with color-coded probability density</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">Matter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural sciences</a> view matter as obeying certain <a href="/wiki/Scientific_law" title="Scientific law">laws of nature</a> which <a href="/wiki/Scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientists">scientists</a> seeks to understand.<sup id="cite_ref-COPL_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COPL-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matter is commonly defined as the substance of which physical objects are composed. It constitutes the <a href="/wiki/Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">observable universe</a>. The visible components of the universe are now believed to compose only 4.9 percent of the total mass. The remainder is believed to consist of 26.8 percent <a href="/wiki/Cold_dark_matter" title="Cold dark matter">cold dark matter</a> and 68.3 percent <a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">dark energy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-planck_overview_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-planck_overview-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact arrangement of these components is still unknown and is under intensive investigation by physicists. </p><p>The behaviour of matter and energy throughout the observable universe appears to follow well-defined <a href="/wiki/Physical_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical law">physical laws</a>. These laws have been employed to produce <a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">cosmological</a> models that successfully explain the structure and the evolution of the universe we can observe. The mathematical expressions of the laws of physics employ a set of twenty <a href="/wiki/Physical_constant" title="Physical constant">physical constants</a><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that appear to be static across the observable universe.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The values of these constants have been carefully measured, but the reason for their specific values remains a mystery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beyond_Earth">Beyond Earth</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Planets2013.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Planets2013.svg/290px-Planets2013.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Planets2013.svg/435px-Planets2013.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Planets2013.svg/580px-Planets2013.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planets</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> <i>(sizes to scale, distances and illumination not to scale)</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NGC_4414_(NASA-med).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/NGC_4414_%28NASA-med%29.jpg/220px-NGC_4414_%28NASA-med%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/NGC_4414_%28NASA-med%29.jpg/330px-NGC_4414_%28NASA-med%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/NGC_4414_%28NASA-med%29.jpg/440px-NGC_4414_%28NASA-med%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1730" data-file-height="1428" /></a><figcaption><b><a href="/wiki/NGC_4414" title="NGC 4414">NGC 4414</a></b> is a spiral galaxy in the constellation <a href="/wiki/Coma_Berenices" title="Coma Berenices">Coma Berenices</a> about 56,000 <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">light-years</a> in diameter and approximately 60 million light-years from <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Outer space, also simply called <i>space</i>, refers to the relatively empty regions of the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a> outside the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmospheres</a> of celestial bodies. <i>Outer</i> space is used to distinguish it from <a href="/wiki/Airspace" title="Airspace">airspace</a> (and terrestrial locations). There is no discrete boundary between <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Earth's atmosphere</a> and space, as the atmosphere gradually attenuates with increasing altitude. Outer space within the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> is called <a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">interplanetary space</a>, which passes over into <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar space</a> at what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Heliopause_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopause (astronomy)">heliopause</a>. </p><p>Outer space is sparsely filled with several dozen types of <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic</a> <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> discovered to date by <a href="/wiki/Rotational_spectroscopy" title="Rotational spectroscopy">microwave spectroscopy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background" title="Cosmic microwave background">blackbody radiation</a> left over from the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> and the origin of the universe, and <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a>, which include <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ionized</a> <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">atomic nuclei</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Subatomic_particle" title="Subatomic particle">subatomic particles</a>. There is also some gas, <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">dust</a>, and small <a href="/wiki/Meteor" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteor">meteors</a>. Additionally, there are signs of human life in outer space today, such as material left over from previous crewed and uncrewed launches which are a potential hazard to spacecraft. Some of this <a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">debris</a> re-enters the atmosphere periodically. </p><p>Although Earth is the only body within the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> known to support life, evidence suggests that in the distant past the planet <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> possessed bodies of liquid water on the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a brief period in Mars' history, it may have also been capable of forming life. At present though, most of the water remaining on Mars is frozen. If life exists at all on Mars, it is most likely to be located underground where liquid water can still exist.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conditions on the other terrestrial planets, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, appear to be too harsh to support life as we know it. But it has been conjectured that <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a>, the fourth-largest moon of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, may possess a sub-surface ocean of liquid water and could potentially host life.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Astronomers have started to discover extrasolar <a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth analogs</a> – planets that lie in the <a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">habitable zone</a> of space surrounding a <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">star</a>, and therefore could possibly host life as we know it.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/48px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/64px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/28px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/42px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/56px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/48px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/64px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/48px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/64px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_1_web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/32px-Leaf_1_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/48px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/64px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Plants" title="Portal:Plants">Plants portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/24px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/36px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/49px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_template.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/28px-Tree_template.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/42px-Tree_template.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/56px-Tree_template.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trees" title="Portal:Trees">Trees portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/18px-Drinking_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/28px-Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/37px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/32px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/48px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/64px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Weather" title="Portal:Weather">Weather portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biophilic_design" title="Biophilic design">Biophilic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_of_nature_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Force of nature (disambiguation)">Force of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_landscape" title="Natural landscape">Natural landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">Natural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">Natural theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Naturalism (disambiguation)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">Nature reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature versus nurture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism" title="Naturism">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(conservation_biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (conservation biology)">Rewilding</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Media:</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Wildlife (magazine)">National Wildlife</a></i>, a publication of the National Wildlife Federation</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natural_World_(TV_series)" title="Natural World (TV series)">Natural World</a></i> (TV series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(essay)" title="Nature (essay)">Nature</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>, a prominent scientific journal</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature (TV series)">Nature</a></i> (TV series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_World_We_Live_In_(Life_magazine)" title="The World We Live In (Life magazine)">The World We Live In (Life magazine)</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Organizations:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nature_Detectives" title="Nature Detectives">Nature Detectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_Conservancy" title="The Nature Conservancy">The Nature Conservancy</a></li></ul> <p><b>Philosophy:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_nature" title="Balance of nature">Balance of nature</a> (biological fallacy), a discredited concept of natural equilibrium in predator–prey dynamics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Nature" title="Mother Nature">Mother Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a>, any of several philosophical stances, typically those descended from <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatism</a> that do not distinguish the supernatural from nature;<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this includes the <i>methodological naturalism</i> of natural science, which makes the <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodological</a> assumption that <a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">observable</a> events in nature are explained only by natural causes, without assuming either the existence or non-existence of the supernatural</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">Nature (philosophy)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Merriam-Webster_2024_d901-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_2024_d901_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nature">"Definition of NATURE"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>. January 2, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240102145752/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nature">Archived</a> from the original on January 2, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Definition+of+NATURE&rft.date=2024-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fnature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-What_does_nature_mean-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-What_does_nature_mean_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-What_does_nature_mean_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-What_does_nature_mean_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-What_does_nature_mean_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDucarmeCouvet2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ducarme, Frédéric; Couvet, Denis (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41599-020-0390-y">"What does 'nature' mean?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Palgrave Communications">Palgrave Communications</a></i>. <b>6</b> (14). <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41599-020-0390-y">10.1057/s41599-020-0390-y</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palgrave+Communications&rft.atitle=What+does+%27nature%27+mean%3F&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=14&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fs41599-020-0390-y&rft.aulast=Ducarme&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft.au=Couvet%2C+Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1057%252Fs41599-020-0390-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isaac Newton's <a href="/wiki/Philosophiae_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica</a> (1687), for example, is translated "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", and reflects the then-current use of the words "<a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a>", akin to "systematic study of nature"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The etymology of the word "physical" shows its use as a synonym for "natural" in about the mid-15th century: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=physical">"physical"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=physical&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dphysical&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etymonline-nature-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-etymonline-nature_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=nature">"nature"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=nature&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dnature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An account of the pre-Socratic use of the concept of φύσις may be found in Naddaf, Gerard (2006) <i>The Greek Concept of Nature</i>, SUNY Press, and in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDucarmeCouvet2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ducarme, Frédéric; Couvet, Denis (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41599-020-0390-y">"What does 'nature' mean?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Palgrave Communications">Palgrave Communications</a></i>. <b>6</b> (14). <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41599-020-0390-y">10.1057/s41599-020-0390-y</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palgrave+Communications&rft.atitle=What+does+%27nature%27+mean%3F&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=14&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fs41599-020-0390-y&rft.aulast=Ducarme&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft.au=Couvet%2C+Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1057%252Fs41599-020-0390-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span>. The word φύσις, while first used in connection with a plant in Homer, occurs early in Greek philosophy, and in several senses. Generally, these senses match rather well the current senses in which the English word <i>nature</i> is used, as confirmed by Guthrie, W.K.C. <i>Presocratic Tradition from Parmenides to Democritus</i> (volume 2 of his <i>History of Greek Philosophy</i>), Cambridge UP, 1965.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The first known use of <i>physis</i> was by <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> in reference to the intrinsic qualities of a plant: ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας πόρε φάρμακον ἀργεϊφόντης ἐκ γαίης ἐρύσας, καί μοι <b>φύσιν</b> αὐτοῦ ἔδειξε. (So saying, Argeiphontes [=Hermes] gave me the herb, drawing it from the ground, and showed me its <b>nature</b>.) <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> 10.302–303 (ed. A.T. Murray). (The word is dealt with thoroughly in Liddell and Scott's <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archimedes.fas.harvard.edu/pollux">Greek Lexicon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110305235638/http://archimedes.fas.harvard.edu/pollux/">Archived</a> March 5, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>.) For later but still very early Greek uses of the term, see earlier note.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/climate.htm">"World Climates"</a>. <i>Blue Planet Biomes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217015636/http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/climate.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 17, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blue+Planet+Biomes&rft.atitle=World+Climates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueplanetbiomes.org%2Fclimate.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/09/050911103921.htm">"Calculations favor reducing atmosphere for early Earth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Daily">Science Daily</a></i>. September 11, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060830150624/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/09/050911103921.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 30, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Daily&rft.atitle=Calculations+favor+reducing+atmosphere+for+early+Earth&rft.date=2005-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2005%2F09%2F050911103921.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/pastcc.html">"Past Climate Change"</a>. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120511021842/http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/pastcc.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Past+Climate+Change&rft.pub=U.S.+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fclimatechange%2Fscience%2Fpastcc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugh_AndersonBernard_Walter1997" class="citation web cs1">Hugh Anderson; Bernard Walter (March 28, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080123130745/http://vathena.arc.nasa.gov/curric/land/global/climchng.html">"History of Climate Change"</a>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vathena.arc.nasa.gov/curric/land/global/climchng.html">the original</a> on January 23, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Climate+Change&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1997-03-28&rft.au=Hugh+Anderson&rft.au=Bernard+Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvathena.arc.nasa.gov%2Fcurric%2Fland%2Fglobal%2Fclimchng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeart2006" class="citation web cs1">Weart, Spencer (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110804232058/http://www.aip.org/history/climate/">"The Discovery of Global Warming"</a>. American Institute of Physics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aip.org/history/climate/">the original</a> on August 4, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+Global+Warming&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Physics&rft.date=2006-06&rft.aulast=Weart&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aip.org%2Fhistory%2Fclimate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalrymple1991" class="citation book cs1">Dalrymple, G. Brent (1991). <i>The Age of the Earth</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1569-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1569-0"><bdi>978-0-8047-1569-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+the+Earth&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-1569-0&rft.aulast=Dalrymple&rft.aufirst=G.+Brent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorbidelli2000" class="citation journal cs1">Morbidelli, A.; et al. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.2000.tb01518.x">"Source Regions and Time Scales for the Delivery of Water to Earth"</a>. <i>Meteoritics & Planetary Science</i>. <b>35</b> (6): 1309–1320. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000M&PS...35.1309M">2000M&PS...35.1309M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.2000.tb01518.x">10.1111/j.1945-5100.2000.tb01518.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meteoritics+%26+Planetary+Science&rft.atitle=Source+Regions+and+Time+Scales+for+the+Delivery+of+Water+to+Earth&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1309-1320&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.2000.tb01518.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000M%26PS...35.1309M&rft.aulast=Morbidelli&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1945-5100.2000.tb01518.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060928231649/http://nai.arc.nasa.gov/news_stories/news_detail.cfm?ID=76">"Earth's Oldest Mineral Grains Suggest an Early Start for Life"</a>. NASA Astrobiology Institute. December 24, 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nai.arc.nasa.gov/news_stories/news_detail.cfm?ID=76">the original</a> on September 28, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Earth%27s+Oldest+Mineral+Grains+Suggest+an+Early+Start+for+Life&rft.date=2001-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnai.arc.nasa.gov%2Fnews_stories%2Fnews_detail.cfm%3FID%3D76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Margulis1995-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Margulis1995_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margulis1995_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargulisDorian_Sagan1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Margulis, Lynn</a>; Dorian Sagan (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780684810874"><i>What is Life?</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81326-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81326-4"><bdi>978-0-684-81326-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Life%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-684-81326-4&rft.aulast=Margulis&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft.au=Dorian+Sagan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780684810874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphyR.D._Nance2004" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy, J.B.; R.D. Nance (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110128224011/http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/page2/how-do-supercontinents-assemble">"How do supercontinents assemble?"</a>. <i>American Scientist</i>. <b>92</b> (4): 324. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1511%2F2004.4.324">10.1511/2004.4.324</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/page2/how-do-supercontinents-assemble">the original</a> on January 28, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Scientist&rft.atitle=How+do+supercontinents+assemble%3F&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=324&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1511%2F2004.4.324&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=J.B.&rft.au=R.D.+Nance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanscientist.org%2Fissues%2Fpage2%2Fhow-do-supercontinents-assemble&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirschvink1992" class="citation book cs1">Kirschvink, J.L. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~jkirschvink/pdfs/firstsnowball.pdf">"Late Proterozoic Low-Latitude Global Glaciation: The Snowball Earth"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In J.W. Schopf; C. Klein (eds.). <i>The Proterozoic Biosphere</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36615-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36615-1"><bdi>978-0-521-36615-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140909194300/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~jkirschvink/pdfs/firstsnowball.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on September 9, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Late+Proterozoic+Low-Latitude+Global+Glaciation%3A+The+Snowball+Earth&rft.btitle=The+Proterozoic+Biosphere&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=51-52&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36615-1&rft.aulast=Kirschvink&rft.aufirst=J.L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gps.caltech.edu%2F~jkirschvink%2Fpdfs%2Ffirstsnowball.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaupJ._John_Sepkoski_Jr.1982" class="citation journal cs1">Raup, David M.; J. John Sepkoski Jr. (March 1982). "Mass extinctions in the marine fossil record". <i>Science</i>. <b>215</b> (4539): 1501–1503. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982Sci...215.1501R">1982Sci...215.1501R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.215.4539.1501">10.1126/science.215.4539.1501</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17788674">17788674</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43002817">43002817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Mass+extinctions+in+the+marine+fossil+record&rft.volume=215&rft.issue=4539&rft.pages=1501-1503&rft.date=1982-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.215.4539.1501&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43002817%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17788674&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982Sci...215.1501R&rft.aulast=Raup&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=J.+John+Sepkoski+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargulisDorian_Sagan1995" class="citation book cs1">Margulis, Lynn; Dorian Sagan (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780684810874/page/145"><i>What is Life?</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780684810874/page/145">145</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81326-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81326-4"><bdi>978-0-684-81326-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Life%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-684-81326-4&rft.aulast=Margulis&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft.au=Dorian+Sagan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780684810874%2Fpage%2F145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond_JAshmolePurves1989" class="citation journal cs1">Diamond J; Ashmole, N. P.; Purves, P. E. (1989). "The present, past and future of human-caused extinctions". <i>Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci</i>. <b>325</b> (1228): 469–476, discussion 476–477. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989RSPTB.325..469D">1989RSPTB.325..469D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.1989.0100">10.1098/rstb.1989.0100</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2574887">2574887</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philos+Trans+R+Soc+Lond+B+Biol+Sci&rft.atitle=The+present%2C+past+and+future+of+human-caused+extinctions&rft.volume=325&rft.issue=1228&rft.pages=469-476%2C+discussion+476-477&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2574887&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.1989.0100&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989RSPTB.325..469D&rft.au=Diamond+J&rft.au=Ashmole%2C+N.+P.&rft.au=Purves%2C+P.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovacek_MCleland_E2001" class="citation journal cs1">Novacek M; Cleland E (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33235">"The current biodiversity extinction event: scenarios for mitigation and recovery"</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i>. <b>98</b> (10): 5466–5470. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PNAS...98.5466N">2001PNAS...98.5466N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.091093698">10.1073/pnas.091093698</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33235">33235</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11344295">11344295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&rft.atitle=The+current+biodiversity+extinction+event%3A+scenarios+for+mitigation+and+recovery&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=5466-5470&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC33235%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11344295&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.091093698&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001PNAS...98.5466N&rft.au=Novacek+M&rft.au=Cleland+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC33235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWickMöhl2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wick, Lucia; Möhl, Adrian (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.rero.ch/record/309852/files/334_2006_Article_51.pdf">"The mid-Holocene extinction of silver fir (Abies alba) in the Southern Alps: a consequence of forest fires? Palaeobotanical records and forest simulations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Vegetation History and Archaeobotany</i>. <b>15</b> (4): 435–444. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006VegHA..15..435W">2006VegHA..15..435W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00334-006-0051-0">10.1007/s00334-006-0051-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52953180">52953180</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181115113137/http://doc.rero.ch/record/309852/files/334_2006_Article_51.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on November 15, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vegetation+History+and+Archaeobotany&rft.atitle=The+mid-Holocene+extinction+of+silver+fir+%28Abies+alba%29+in+the+Southern+Alps%3A+a+consequence+of+forest+fires%3F+Palaeobotanical+records+and+forest+simulations&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=435-444&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52953180%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00334-006-0051-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006VegHA..15..435W&rft.aulast=Wick&rft.aufirst=Lucia&rft.au=M%C3%B6hl%2C+Adrian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rero.ch%2Frecord%2F309852%2Ffiles%2F334_2006_Article_51.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://park.org/Canada/Museum/extinction/holmass.html">The Holocene Extinction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060925041056/http://park.org/Canada/Museum/extinction/holmass.html">Archived</a> September 25, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Park.org. Retrieved on November 3, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://park.org/Canada/Museum/extinction/extincmenu.html">Mass Extinctions Of The Phanerozoic Menu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060925030659/http://park.org/Canada/Museum/extinction/extincmenu.html">Archived</a> September 25, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Park.org. Retrieved on November 3, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://park.org/Canada/Museum/extinction/patterns.html">Patterns of Extinction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060925024739/http://park.org/Canada/Museum/extinction/patterns.html">Archived</a> September 25, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Park.org. Retrieved on November 3, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerSpoolman2007" class="citation book cs1">Miller; Spoolman, Scott (September 28, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AJ4SnHbb-ZcC&pg=PA42"><i>Environmental Science: Problems, Connections and Solutions</i></a>. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-38337-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-38337-6"><bdi>978-0-495-38337-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Science%3A+Problems%2C+Connections+and+Solutions&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2007-09-28&rft.isbn=978-0-495-38337-6&rft.au=Miller&rft.au=Spoolman%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAJ4SnHbb-ZcC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSternDavidson2015" class="citation journal cs1">Stern, Harvey; Davidson, Noel (May 25, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fqj.2559">"Trends in the skill of weather prediction at lead times of 1–14 days"</a>. <i>Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society</i>. <b>141</b> (692): 2726–2736. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015QJRMS.141.2726S">2015QJRMS.141.2726S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fqj.2559">10.1002/qj.2559</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119942734">119942734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+the+Royal+Meteorological+Society&rft.atitle=Trends+in+the+skill+of+weather+prediction+at+lead+times+of+1%E2%80%9314+days&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=692&rft.pages=2726-2736&rft.date=2015-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119942734%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fqj.2559&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015QJRMS.141.2726S&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft.au=Davidson%2C+Noel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fqj.2559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2001/04/010406073554.htm">"Tropical Ocean Warming Drives Recent Northern Hemisphere Climate Change"</a>. <i>Science Daily</i>. April 6, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060421222313/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2001/04/010406073554.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 21, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Daily&rft.atitle=Tropical+Ocean+Warming+Drives+Recent+Northern+Hemisphere+Climate+Change&rft.date=2001-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2001%2F04%2F010406073554.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/background.html">"Water for Life"</a>. Un.org. March 22, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514200432/http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/background.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Water+for+Life&rft.pub=Un.org&rft.date=2005-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fwaterforlifedecade%2Fbackground.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/">"World"</a>. <i>CIA – World Fact Book</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032610/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+%E2%80%93+World+Fact+Book&rft.atitle=World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fworld%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070320034158/http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/mockler.html">Water Vapor in the Climate System</a>, Special Report, American Geophysical Union, December 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080220070111/http://www.unep.org/dewa/assessments/ecosystems/water/vitalwater/">Vital Water</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNEP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNEP">UNEP</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/Ocean#Encyclopedia">Ocean</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110126035624/http://www.answers.com/topic/ocean#Encyclopedia">Archived</a> January 26, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>The Columbia Encyclopedia.</i> 2002. New York: Columbia University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNAoO-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNAoO_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oceansatlas.com/unatlas/about/physicalandchemicalproperties/background/seemore1.html">Distribution of land and water on the planet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080531103749/http://www.oceansatlas.com/unatlas/about/physicalandchemicalproperties/background/seemore1.html">Archived</a> May 31, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oceansatlas.com/">UN Atlas of the Oceans</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080915105349/http://www.oceansatlas.com/">Archived</a> September 15, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpilhaus1942" class="citation journal cs1">Spilhaus, Athelstan F (1942). "Maps of the whole world ocean". <i>Geographical Review</i>. <b>32</b> (3): 431–435. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1942GeoRv..32..431S">1942GeoRv..32..431S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F210385">10.2307/210385</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/210385">210385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Review&rft.atitle=Maps+of+the+whole+world+ocean&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=431-435&rft.date=1942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F210385%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F210385&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1942GeoRv..32..431S&rft.aulast=Spilhaus&rft.aufirst=Athelstan+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritannica_Online" class="citation web cs1">Britannica Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/328083/lake">"Lake (physical feature)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611194244/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/328083/lake">Archived</a> from the original on June 11, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2008</span>. <q>[a Lake is] any relatively large body of slowly moving or standing water that occupies an inland basin of appreciable size. Definitions that precisely distinguish lakes, ponds, swamps, and even rivers and other bodies of nonoceanic water are not well established. It may be said, however, that rivers and streams are relatively fast moving; marshes and swamps contain relatively large quantities of grasses, trees, or shrubs; and ponds are relatively small in comparison to lakes. Geologically defined, lakes are temporary bodies of water.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lake+%28physical+feature%29&rft.au=Britannica+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F328083%2Flake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/lake">"Lake Definition"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160905184816/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/lake">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Lake+Definition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Flake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/river">River {definition}</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100221200545/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/river">Archived</a> February 21, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from Merriam-Webster. Accessed February 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.usgs.gov/domestic/faqs.htm">USGS – U.S. Geological Survey – FAQs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150701155523/http://geonames.usgs.gov/domestic/faqs.htm">Archived</a> July 1, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, No. 17 What is the difference between mountain, hill, and <a href="/wiki/Summit_(topography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Summit (topography)">peak</a>; lake and pond; or river and <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">creek</a>?</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1994" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, C.E. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=3302548">"The fish community of Loch Lomond, Scotland: its history and rapidly changing status"</a>. <i>Hydrobiologia</i>. <b>290</b> (1–3): 91–102. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994HyBio.290...91A">1994HyBio.290...91A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00008956">10.1007/BF00008956</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6894397">6894397</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114115347/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=3302548">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrobiologia&rft.atitle=The+fish+community+of+Loch+Lomond%2C+Scotland%3A+its+history+and+rapidly+changing+status&rft.volume=290&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=91-102&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6894397%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00008956&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994HyBio.290...91A&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=C.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcat.inist.fr%2F%3FaModele%3DafficheN%26cpsidt%3D3302548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPidwirny2006" class="citation web cs1">Pidwirny, Michael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/9j.html">"Introduction to the Biosphere: Introduction to the Ecosystem Concept"</a>. <i>Fundamentals of Physical Geography (2nd Edition)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718040429/http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/9j.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 18, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fundamentals+of+Physical+Geography+%282nd+Edition%29&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+the+Biosphere%3A+Introduction+to+the+Ecosystem+Concept&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Pidwirny&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physicalgeography.net%2Ffundamentals%2F9j.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Odum1971-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Odum1971_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Odum, EP (1971) <i>Fundamentals of ecology</i>, 3rd edition, Saunders New York</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPidwirny2006" class="citation web cs1">Pidwirny, Michael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/9d.html">"Introduction to the Biosphere: Organization of Life"</a>. <i>Fundamentals of Physical Geography (2nd edition)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110813100946/http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/9d.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fundamentals+of+Physical+Geography+%282nd+edition%29&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+the+Biosphere%3A+Organization+of+Life&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Pidwirny&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physicalgeography.net%2Ffundamentals%2F9d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2011" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Firdos Alam (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-s5oRDUuMSIC&pg=PA237"><i>Biotechnology Fundamentals</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-2009-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-2009-4"><bdi>978-1-4398-2009-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biotechnology+Fundamentals&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4398-2009-4&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Firdos+Alam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-s5oRDUuMSIC%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bailey, Robert G. (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091001013622/http://www.fs.fed.us/institute/news_info/Identifying_ecoregion_boundaries.pdf">"Identifying Ecoregion Boundaries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Environmental Management</i>. <b>34</b> (Supplement 1): S14–S26. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004EnMan..34S..14B">2004EnMan..34S..14B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00267-003-0163-6">10.1007/s00267-003-0163-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15883869">15883869</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31998098">31998098</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fs.fed.us/institute/news_info/Identifying_ecoregion_boundaries.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 1, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Management&rft.atitle=Identifying+Ecoregion+Boundaries&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=Supplement+1&rft.pages=S14-S26&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00267-003-0163-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31998098%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15883869&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004EnMan..34S..14B&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Robert+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.fed.us%2Finstitute%2Fnews_info%2FIdentifying_ecoregion_boundaries.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Man_p155-157-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Man_p155-157_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Botkin, Daniel B. (2000) <i>No Man's Garden</i>, Island Press, pp. 155–157, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55963-465-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55963-465-0">1-55963-465-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208220940/http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/xtremelife/what_is_life.php">"Definition of Life"</a>. California Academy of Sciences. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/xtremelife/what_is_life.php">the original</a> on February 8, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+Life&rft.pub=California+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.calacademy.org%2Fexhibits%2Fxtremelife%2Fwhat_is_life.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeveuKimBenner2013" class="citation journal cs1">Neveu M, Kim HJ, Benner SA (April 2013). "The "strong" RNA world hypothesis: fifty years old". <i>Astrobiology</i>. <b>13</b> (4): 391–403. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AsBio..13..391N">2013AsBio..13..391N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fast.2012.0868">10.1089/ast.2012.0868</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23551238">23551238</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrobiology&rft.atitle=The+%22strong%22+RNA+world+hypothesis%3A+fifty+years+old&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=391-403&rft.date=2013-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23551238&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fast.2012.0868&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013AsBio..13..391N&rft.aulast=Neveu&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Kim%2C+HJ&rft.au=Benner%2C+SA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCech2012" class="citation journal cs1">Cech TR (July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3385955">"The RNA worlds in context"</a>. <i>Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol</i>. <b>4</b> (7): a006742. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fcshperspect.a006742">10.1101/cshperspect.a006742</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3385955">3385955</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21441585">21441585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cold+Spring+Harb+Perspect+Biol&rft.atitle=The+RNA+worlds+in+context&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=a006742&rft.date=2012-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3385955%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21441585&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2Fcshperspect.a006742&rft.aulast=Cech&rft.aufirst=TR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3385955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernsteinByerlyHopfMichod1985" class="citation journal cs1">Bernstein H, Byerly HC, Hopf FA, Michod RE (September 1985). "Genetic damage, mutation, and the evolution of sex". <i>Science</i>. <b>229</b> (4719): 1277–81. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985Sci...229.1277B">1985Sci...229.1277B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.3898363">10.1126/science.3898363</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3898363">3898363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Genetic+damage%2C+mutation%2C+and+the+evolution+of+sex&rft.volume=229&rft.issue=4719&rft.pages=1277-81&rft.date=1985-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3898363&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.3898363&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985Sci...229.1277B&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Byerly%2C+HC&rft.au=Hopf%2C+FA&rft.au=Michod%2C+RE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The figure "about one-half of one percent" takes into account the following (See, e.g., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeckie1999" class="citation book cs1">Leckie, Stephen (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101113020336/http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-30610-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html">"How Meat-centred Eating Patterns Affect Food Security and the Environment"</a>. <i>For hunger-proof cities: sustainable urban food systems</i>. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88936-882-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88936-882-8"><bdi>978-0-88936-882-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-30610-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html">the original</a> on November 13, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+Meat-centred+Eating+Patterns+Affect+Food+Security+and+the+Environment&rft.btitle=For+hunger-proof+cities%3A+sustainable+urban+food+systems&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=International+Development+Research+Centre&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-88936-882-8&rft.aulast=Leckie&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idrc.ca%2Fen%2Fev-30610-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span>, which takes global average weight as 60 kg.), the total human biomass is the average weight multiplied by the current human population of approximately 6.5 billion (see, <i>e.g.</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html">"World Population Information"</a>. U.S. Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Information&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fipc%2Fwww%2Fworld.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>): Assuming 60–70 kg to be the average human mass (approximately 130–150 <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">lb</a> on the average), an approximation of total global human mass of between 390 billion (390×10<sup>9</sup>) and 455 billion kg (between 845 billion and 975 billion lb, or about 423 million–488 million <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a>). The total biomass of all kinds on earth is estimated to be in excess of 6.8 x 10<sup>13</sup> kg (75 billion short tons). By these calculations, the portion of total biomass accounted for by humans would be very roughly 0.6%.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengbusch" class="citation web cs1">Sengbusch, Peter V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726071651/http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e54/54c.htm">"The Flow of Energy in Ecosystems – Productivity, Food Chain, and Trophic Level"</a>. <i>Botany online</i>. University of Hamburg Department of Biology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e54/54c.htm">the original</a> on July 26, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Botany+online&rft.atitle=The+Flow+of+Energy+in+Ecosystems+%E2%80%93+Productivity%2C+Food+Chain%2C+and+Trophic+Level&rft.aulast=Sengbusch&rft.aufirst=Peter+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biologie.uni-hamburg.de%2Fb-online%2Fe54%2F54c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPidwirny2006" class="citation web cs1">Pidwirny, Michael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/9h.html">"Introduction to the Biosphere: Species Diversity and Biodiversity"</a>. <i>Fundamentals of Physical Geography (2nd Edition)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718040705/http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/9h.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 18, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fundamentals+of+Physical+Geography+%282nd+Edition%29&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+the+Biosphere%3A+Species+Diversity+and+Biodiversity&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Pidwirny&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physicalgeography.net%2Ffundamentals%2F9h.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060909194319/http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/thomas.wolosz/howmanysp.htm">"How Many Species are There?"</a>. <i>Extinction Web Page Class Notes</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/thomas.wolosz/howmanysp.htm">the original</a> on September 9, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Extinction+Web+Page+Class+Notes&rft.atitle=How+Many+Species+are+There%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.plattsburgh.edu%2Fthomas.wolosz%2Fhowmanysp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Animal." World Book Encyclopedia. 16 vols. Chicago: World Book, 2003. This source gives an estimate of from 2 to 50 million.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/05/030526103731.htm">"Just How Many Species Are There, Anyway?"</a>. <i>Science Daily</i>. May 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070211001529/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/05/030526103731.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Daily&rft.atitle=Just+How+Many+Species+Are+There%2C+Anyway%3F&rft.date=2003-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2003%2F05%2F030526103731.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWithers1998" class="citation web cs1">Withers, Mark A.; et al. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060923054200/http://biology.usgs.gov/luhna/chap4.html">"Changing Patterns in the Number of Species in North American Floras"</a>. <i>Land Use History of North America</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biology.usgs.gov/luhna/chap4.html">the original</a> on September 23, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Land+Use+History+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Changing+Patterns+in+the+Number+of+Species+in+North+American+Floras&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Withers&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiology.usgs.gov%2Fluhna%2Fchap4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span> Website based on the contents of the book: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSisk,_T.D.1998" class="citation book cs1">Sisk, T.D., ed. (1998). <i>Perspectives on the land use history of North America: a context for understanding our changing environment</i> (Revised September 1999 ed.). U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division. USGS/BRD/BSR-1998-0003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+the+land+use+history+of+North+America%3A+a+context+for+understanding+our+changing+environment&rft.edition=Revised+September+1999&rft.pub=U.S.+Geological+Survey%2C+Biological+Resources+Division&rft.date=1998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2002/04/020425072847.htm">"Tropical Scientists Find Fewer Species Than Expected"</a>. <i>Science Daily</i>. April 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060830182612/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2002/04/020425072847.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 30, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Daily&rft.atitle=Tropical+Scientists+Find+Fewer+Species+Than+Expected&rft.date=2002-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2002%2F04%2F020425072847.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunker2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bunker, Daniel E.; et al. (November 2005). "Species Loss and Aboveground Carbon Storage in a Tropical Forest". <i>Science</i>. <b>310</b> (5750): 1029–1031. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...310.1029B">2005Sci...310.1029B</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.465.7559">10.1.1.465.7559</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1117682">10.1126/science.1117682</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16239439">16239439</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42696030">42696030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Species+Loss+and+Aboveground+Carbon+Storage+in+a+Tropical+Forest&rft.volume=310&rft.issue=5750&rft.pages=1029-1031&rft.date=2005-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42696030%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Sci...310.1029B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.465.7559%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16239439&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1117682&rft.aulast=Bunker&rft.aufirst=Daniel+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilcox2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wilcox, Bruce A. (2006). "Amphibian Decline: More Support for Biocomplexity as a Research Paradigm". <i>EcoHealth</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 1–2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10393-005-0013-5">10.1007/s10393-005-0013-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23011961">23011961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EcoHealth&rft.atitle=Amphibian+Decline%3A+More+Support+for+Biocomplexity+as+a+Research+Paradigm&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-2&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10393-005-0013-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23011961%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wilcox&rft.aufirst=Bruce+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke,_RobinRobert_LambDilys_Roe_Ward2002" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Robin; Robert Lamb; Dilys Roe Ward, eds. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unep.org/geo/assessments/global-assessments/global-environment-outlook-3">"Decline and loss of species"</a>. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/globalenvironmen0000unse_z8s0"><i>Global environment outlook 3: past, present and future perspectives</i></a></span>. London; Sterling, VA: Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-807-2087-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-807-2087-7"><bdi>978-92-807-2087-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Decline+and+loss+of+species&rft.btitle=Global+environment+outlook+3%3A+past%2C+present+and+future+perspectives&rft.place=London%3B+Sterling%2C+VA&rft.pub=Nairobi%2C+Kenya%3A+UNEP&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-92-807-2087-7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unep.org%2Fgeo%2Fassessments%2Fglobal-assessments%2Fglobal-environment-outlook-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110225204348/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/view.php?id=28907">"Why the Amazon Rainforest is So Rich in Species: News"</a>. Earthobservatory.nasa.gov. December 5, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/view.php?id=28907">the original</a> on February 25, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+the+Amazon+Rainforest+is+So+Rich+in+Species%3A+News&rft.pub=Earthobservatory.nasa.gov&rft.date=2005-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2FNewsroom%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D28907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110225204348/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/view.php?id=28907">"Why The Amazon Rainforest Is So Rich in Species"</a>. Sciencedaily.com. December 5, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/view.php?id=28907">the original</a> on February 25, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+The+Amazon+Rainforest+Is+So+Rich+in+Species&rft.pub=Sciencedaily.com&rft.date=2005-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2FNewsroom%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D28907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Origin1-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Origin1_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchopfKudryavtsevCzajaTripathi2007" class="citation journal cs1">Schopf, J. William; Kudryavtsev, Anatoliy B.; Czaja, Andrew D.; Tripathi, Abhishek B. (2007). "Evidence of Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils". <i>Precambrian Research</i>. <b>158</b> (3–4): 141–155. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PreR..158..141S">2007PreR..158..141S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.precamres.2007.04.009">10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Precambrian+Research&rft.atitle=Evidence+of+Archean+life%3A+Stromatolites+and+microfossils&rft.volume=158&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=141-155&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.precamres.2007.04.009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PreR..158..141S&rft.aulast=Schopf&rft.aufirst=J.+William&rft.au=Kudryavtsev%2C+Anatoliy+B.&rft.au=Czaja%2C+Andrew+D.&rft.au=Tripathi%2C+Abhishek+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Origin2-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Origin2_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchopf2006" class="citation journal cs1">Schopf, JW (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1578735">"Fossil evidence of Archaean life"</a>. <i>Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci</i>. <b>361</b> (1470): 869–885. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2006.1834">10.1098/rstb.2006.1834</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1578735">1578735</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16754604">16754604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philos+Trans+R+Soc+Lond+B+Biol+Sci&rft.atitle=Fossil+evidence+of+Archaean+life&rft.volume=361&rft.issue=1470&rft.pages=869-885&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1578735%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16754604&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2006.1834&rft.aulast=Schopf&rft.aufirst=JW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1578735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RavenJohnson2002-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RavenJohnson2002_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaven,_Peter_HamiltonJohnson,_George_Brooks2002" class="citation book cs1">Raven, Peter Hamilton; Johnson, George Brooks (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biologyrave00rave"><i>Biology</i></a></span>. McGraw-Hill Education. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biologyrave00rave/page/68">68</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-112261-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-112261-0"><bdi>978-0-07-112261-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-07-112261-0&rft.au=Raven%2C+Peter+Hamilton&rft.au=Johnson%2C+George+Brooks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiologyrave00rave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Line-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Line_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Line_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLine,_M.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Line, M. (January 1, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2F00221287-148-1-21">"The enigma of the origin of life and its timing"</a>. <i>Microbiology</i>. <b>148</b> (Pt 1): 21–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2F00221287-148-1-21">10.1099/00221287-148-1-21</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11782495">11782495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbiology&rft.atitle=The+enigma+of+the+origin+of+life+and+its+timing&rft.volume=148&rft.issue=Pt+1&rft.pages=21-27&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1099%2F00221287-148-1-21&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11782495&rft.au=Line%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1099%252F00221287-148-1-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2016-03-photosynthesis-ancient-thought.html">"Photosynthesis more ancient than thought, and most living things could do it"</a>. <i>Phys.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190120043127/https://phys.org/news/2016-03-photosynthesis-ancient-thought.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phys.org&rft.atitle=Photosynthesis+more+ancient+than+thought%2C+and+most+living+things+could+do+it&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2016-03-photosynthesis-ancient-thought.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerknerL._C._Marshall1965" class="citation journal cs1">Berkner, L. V.; L. C. Marshall (May 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0469%281965%29022%3C0225%3AOTOARO%3E2.0.CO%3B2">"On the Origin and Rise of Oxygen Concentration in the Earth's Atmosphere"</a>. <i>Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences</i>. <b>22</b> (3): 225–261. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965JAtS...22..225B">1965JAtS...22..225B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0469%281965%29022%3C0225%3AOTOARO%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1175/1520-0469(1965)022<0225:OTOARO>2.0.CO;2</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Atmospheric+Sciences&rft.atitle=On+the+Origin+and+Rise+of+Oxygen+Concentration+in+the+Earth%27s+Atmosphere&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=225-261&rft.date=1965-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F1520-0469%281965%29022%3C0225%3AOTOARO%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1965JAtS...22..225B&rft.aulast=Berkner&rft.aufirst=L.+V.&rft.au=L.+C.+Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1175%252F1520-0469%25281965%2529022%253C0225%253AOTOARO%253E2.0.CO%253B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchopf_J1994" class="citation journal cs1">Schopf J (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC44277">"Disparate rates, differing fates: tempo and mode of evolution changed from the Precambrian to the Phanerozoic"</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i>. <b>91</b> (15): 6735–42. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994PNAS...91.6735S">1994PNAS...91.6735S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.91.15.6735">10.1073/pnas.91.15.6735</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC44277">44277</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8041691">8041691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&rft.atitle=Disparate+rates%2C+differing+fates%3A+tempo+and+mode+of+evolution+changed+from+the+Precambrian+to+the+Phanerozoic&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=6735-42&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC44277%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8041691&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.91.15.6735&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994PNAS...91.6735S&rft.au=Schopf+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC44277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/microorganism">Microorganism</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/unicellular">"Unicellular"</a>. <i>BiologyOnline.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BiologyOnline.com&rft.atitle=Unicellular&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biologyonline.com%2Fdictionary%2Funicellular&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzewzyk_USzewzyk_RStenström_T1994" class="citation journal cs1">Szewzyk U; Szewzyk R; Stenström T (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC43253">"Thermophilic, anaerobic bacteria isolated from a deep borehole in granite in Sweden"</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i>. <b>91</b> (5): 1810–1813. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994PNAS...91.1810S">1994PNAS...91.1810S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.91.5.1810">10.1073/pnas.91.5.1810</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC43253">43253</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11607462">11607462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&rft.atitle=Thermophilic%2C+anaerobic+bacteria+isolated+from+a+deep+borehole+in+granite+in+Sweden&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1810-1813&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC43253%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11607462&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.91.5.1810&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994PNAS...91.1810S&rft.au=Szewzyk+U&rft.au=Szewzyk+R&rft.au=Stenstr%C3%B6m+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC43253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolska_K2003" class="citation journal cs1">Wolska K (2003). "Horizontal DNA transfer between bacteria in the environment". <i>Acta Microbiol Pol</i>. <b>52</b> (3): 233–243. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14743976">14743976</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Microbiol+Pol&rft.atitle=Horizontal+DNA+transfer+between+bacteria+in+the+environment&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=233-243&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14743976&rft.au=Wolska+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorneck_G1981" class="citation journal cs1">Horneck G (1981). "Survival of microorganisms in space: a review". <i>Adv Space Res</i>. <b>1</b> (14): 39–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0273-1177%2881%2990241-6">10.1016/0273-1177(81)90241-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11541716">11541716</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Adv+Space+Res&rft.atitle=Survival+of+microorganisms+in+space%3A+a+review&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=39-48&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0273-1177%2881%2990241-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11541716&rft.au=Horneck+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Solomon-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Solomon_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomonMartinMartinBerg2019" class="citation book cs1">Solomon, Eldra; Martin, Charles; Martin, Diana W.; Berg, Linda R. (2019). <i>Biology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. pp. 408, 420–422. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1305179899" title="Special:BookSources/978-1305179899"><bdi>978-1305179899</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology&rft.pages=408%2C+420-422&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1305179899&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Eldra&rft.au=Martin%2C+Charles&rft.au=Martin%2C+Diana+W.&rft.au=Berg%2C+Linda+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060430072626/http://webster.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=flora">"flora"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary</i>. Merriam-Webster. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webster.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=flora">the original</a> on April 30, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+Online+Dictionary&rft.atitle=flora&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebster.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fdictionary%3Fva%3Dflora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070715060359/http://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/SNT/noframe/zy198.htm">"Glossary"</a>. <i>Status and Trends of the Nation's Biological Resources</i>. Reston, VA: Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. 1998. SuDocs No. I 19.202:ST 1/V.1-2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/SNT/noframe/zy198.htm">the original</a> on July 15, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Glossary&rft.btitle=Status+and+Trends+of+the+Nation%27s+Biological+Resources&rft.place=Reston%2C+VA&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Interior%2C+Geological+Survey&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiology.usgs.gov%2Fs%2Bt%2FSNT%2Fnoframe%2Fzy198.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElhachamBen-Uri2020" class="citation journal cs1">Elhacham, Emily; Ben-Uri, Liad; et al. (2020). "Global human-made mass exceeds all living biomass". <i>Nature</i>. <b>588</b> (7838): 442–444. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Natur.588..442E">2020Natur.588..442E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-020-3010-5">10.1038/s41586-020-3010-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33299177">33299177</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228077506">228077506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Global+human-made+mass+exceeds+all+living+biomass&rft.volume=588&rft.issue=7838&rft.pages=442-444&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-020-3010-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A228077506%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33299177&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Natur.588..442E&rft.aulast=Elhacham&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft.au=Ben-Uri%2C+Liad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrington2021" class="citation news cs1">Carrington, Damian (April 15, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/apr/15/just-3-of-worlds-ecosystems-remain-intact-study-suggests">"Just 3% of world's ecosystems remain intact, study suggests"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124133706/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/apr/15/just-3-of-worlds-ecosystems-remain-intact-study-suggests">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Just+3%25+of+world%27s+ecosystems+remain+intact%2C+study+suggests&rft.date=2021-04-15&rft.aulast=Carrington&rft.aufirst=Damian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2021%2Fapr%2F15%2Fjust-3-of-worlds-ecosystems-remain-intact-study-suggests&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlumptreBaisero2021" class="citation journal cs1">Plumptre, Andrew J.; Baisero, Daniele; et al. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Fffgc.2021.626635">"Where Might We Find Ecologically Intact Communities?"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Forests and Global Change</i>. <b>4</b>: 626635. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021FrFGC...4.6635P">2021FrFGC...4.6635P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Fffgc.2021.626635">10.3389/ffgc.2021.626635</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F242175">10261/242175</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Forests+and+Global+Change&rft.atitle=Where+Might+We+Find+Ecologically+Intact+Communities%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=626635&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F242175&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Fffgc.2021.626635&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021FrFGC...4.6635P&rft.aulast=Plumptre&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft.au=Baisero%2C+Daniele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3389%252Fffgc.2021.626635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCafaro2022" class="citation journal cs1">Cafaro, Philip (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359182950">"Reducing Human Numbers and the Size of our Economies is Necessary to Avoid a Mass Extinction and Share Earth Justly with Other Species"</a>. <i>Philosophia</i>. <b>50</b> (5): 2263–2282. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11406-022-00497-w">10.1007/s11406-022-00497-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247433264">247433264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophia&rft.atitle=Reducing+Human+Numbers+and+the+Size+of+our+Economies+is+Necessary+to+Avoid+a+Mass+Extinction+and+Share+Earth+Justly+with+Other+Species&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=2263-2282&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11406-022-00497-w&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247433264%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cafaro&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F359182950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061208131415/http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/ESD-feedback-loops.html">"Feedback Loops in Global Climate Change Point to a Very Hot 21st Century"</a>. <i>Science Daily</i>. May 22, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/ESD-feedback-loops.html">the original</a> on December 8, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Daily&rft.atitle=Feedback+Loops+in+Global+Climate+Change+Point+to+a+Very+Hot+21st+Century&rft.date=2006-05-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lbl.gov%2FScience-Articles%2FArchive%2FESD-feedback-loops.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolbert2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Kolbert" title="Elizabeth Kolbert">Kolbert, Elizabeth</a> (2014). <a href="/wiki/The_Sixth_Extinction:_An_Unnatural_History" title="The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History"><i>The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History</i></a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company" title="Henry Holt and Company">Henry Holt and Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805092998" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805092998"><bdi>978-0805092998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sixth+Extinction%3A+An+Unnatural+History&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0805092998&rft.aulast=Kolbert&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokstad2019" class="citation journal cs1">Stokstad, Erik (May 5, 2019). "Landmark analysis documents the alarming global decline of nature". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aax9287">10.1126/science.aax9287</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166478506">166478506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Landmark+analysis+documents+the+alarming+global+decline+of+nature&rft.date=2019-05-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aax9287&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A166478506%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stokstad&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraumanGaribaldi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Brauman, Kate A.; Garibaldi, Lucas A. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7768808">"Global trends in nature's contributions to people"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">PNAS</a></i>. <b>117</b> (51): 32799–32805. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PNAS..11732799B">2020PNAS..11732799B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2010473117">10.1073/pnas.2010473117</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7768808">7768808</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33288690">33288690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Global+trends+in+nature%27s+contributions+to+people&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=51&rft.pages=32799-32805&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7768808%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33288690&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2010473117&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PNAS..11732799B&rft.aulast=Brauman&rft.aufirst=Kate+A.&rft.au=Garibaldi%2C+Lucas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7768808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradshawEhrlichBeattieCeballos2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bradshaw, Corey J. A.; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Beattie, Andrew; Ceballos, Gerardo; Crist, Eileen; Diamond, Joan; Dirzo, Rodolfo; Ehrlich, Anne H.; Harte, John; Harte, Mary Ellen; Pyke, Graham; Raven, Peter H.; Ripple, William J.; Saltré, Frédérik; Turnbull, Christine; Wackernagel, Mathis; Blumstein, Daniel T. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffcosc.2020.615419">"Underestimating the Challenges of Avoiding a Ghastly Future"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Conservation Science</i>. <b>1</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffcosc.2020.615419">10.3389/fcosc.2020.615419</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Conservation+Science&rft.atitle=Underestimating+the+Challenges+of+Avoiding+a+Ghastly+Future&rft.volume=1&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffcosc.2020.615419&rft.aulast=Bradshaw&rft.aufirst=Corey+J.+A.&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+Paul+R.&rft.au=Beattie%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Ceballos%2C+Gerardo&rft.au=Crist%2C+Eileen&rft.au=Diamond%2C+Joan&rft.au=Dirzo%2C+Rodolfo&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+Anne+H.&rft.au=Harte%2C+John&rft.au=Harte%2C+Mary+Ellen&rft.au=Pyke%2C+Graham&rft.au=Raven%2C+Peter+H.&rft.au=Ripple%2C+William+J.&rft.au=Saltr%C3%A9%2C+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9rik&rft.au=Turnbull%2C+Christine&rft.au=Wackernagel%2C+Mathis&rft.au=Blumstein%2C+Daniel+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3389%252Ffcosc.2020.615419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UK Government Official Documents, February 2021, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/957629/Dasgupta_Review_-_Headline_Messages.pdf">"The Economics of Biodiversity: The Dasgupta Review Headline Messages"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220520070152/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/957629/Dasgupta_Review_-_Headline_Messages.pdf">Archived</a> May 20, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrington2021" class="citation news cs1">Carrington, Damian (February 2, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/feb/02/economics-of-biodiversity-review-what-are-the-recommendations">"Economics of biodiversity review: what are the recommendations?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220524182314/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/feb/02/economics-of-biodiversity-review-what-are-the-recommendations">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Economics+of+biodiversity+review%3A+what+are+the+recommendations%3F&rft.date=2021-02-02&rft.aulast=Carrington&rft.aufirst=Damian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2021%2Ffeb%2F02%2Feconomics-of-biodiversity-review-what-are-the-recommendations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141223080408/https://knoema.com/zscvyje/natural-resources-contribution-to-gdp">"Natural Resources contribution to GDP"</a>. <i>World Development Indicators (WDI)</i>. November 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knoema.com/zscvyje/natural-resources-contribution-to-gdp">the original</a> on December 23, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Development+Indicators+%28WDI%29&rft.atitle=Natural+Resources+contribution+to+GDP&rft.date=2014-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknoema.com%2Fzscvyje%2Fnatural-resources-contribution-to-gdp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140522215220/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2012.html">"GDP – Composition by Sector"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2012.html">the original</a> on May 22, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=GDP+%E2%80%93+Composition+by+Sector&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2012.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/plants/medicinal/plants.htm">"Plant Conservation Alliance – Medicinal Plant Working Groups Green Medicine"</a>. US National Park Services. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061009003035/http://www.nps.gov/plants/medicinal/plants.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plant+Conservation+Alliance+%E2%80%93+Medicinal+Plant+Working+Groups+Green+Medicine&rft.pub=US+National+Park+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fplants%2Fmedicinal%2Fplants.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOosthoek1999" class="citation web cs1">Oosthoek, Jan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eh-resources.org/philosophy.html">"Environmental History: Between Science & Philosophy"</a>. Environmental History Resources. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626085227/http://www.eh-resources.org/philosophy.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 26, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Environmental+History%3A+Between+Science+%26+Philosophy&rft.pub=Environmental+History+Resources&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Oosthoek&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eh-resources.org%2Fphilosophy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060909220214/http://www.wilderness.org/Library/Documents/Beauty_Quotes.cfm">"On the Beauty of Nature"</a>. The Wilderness Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilderness.org/Library/Documents/Beauty_Quotes.cfm">the original</a> on September 9, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+the+Beauty+of+Nature&rft.pub=The+Wilderness+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilderness.org%2FLibrary%2FDocuments%2FBeauty_Quotes.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-History_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacesfornature.org/greatspaces/conservation.html">History of Conservation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060708005819/http://www.spacesfornature.org/greatspaces/conservation.html">Archived</a> July 8, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BC Spaces for Nature. Accessed: May 20, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothenberg,_David2011" class="citation book cs1">Rothenberg, David (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/survivalofbeauti0000roth"><i>Survival of the Beautiful: Art, Science and Evolution</i></a></span>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-216-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-216-8"><bdi>978-1-60819-216-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Survival+of+the+Beautiful%3A+Art%2C+Science+and+Evolution&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-216-8&rft.au=Rothenberg%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsurvivalofbeauti0000roth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-COPL-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-COPL_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeynman1965" class="citation book cs1">Feynman, Richard (1965). <i>The Character of Physical Law</i>. Modern Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-60127-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-60127-2"><bdi>978-0-679-60127-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Character+of+Physical+Law&rft.pub=Modern+Library&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0-679-60127-2&rft.aulast=Feynman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-planck_overview-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-planck_overview_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdeAghanimArmitage-Caplanet_al._(Planck_Collaboration)2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ade, P. A. R.; <a href="/wiki/Nabila_Aghanim" title="Nabila Aghanim">Aghanim, N.</a>; Armitage-Caplan, C.; et al. (Planck Collaboration) (March 22, 2013). "Planck 2013 results. I. Overview of products and scientific results – Table 9". <i><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomy and Astrophysics">Astronomy and Astrophysics</a></i>. <b>571</b>: A1. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1303.5062">1303.5062</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014A&A...571A...1P">2014A&A...571A...1P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201321529">10.1051/0004-6361/201321529</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218716838">218716838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=Planck+2013+results.+I.+Overview+of+products+and+scientific+results+%E2%80%93+Table+9.&rft.volume=571&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2013-03-22&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1303.5062&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218716838%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201321529&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014A%26A...571A...1P&rft.aulast=Ade&rft.aufirst=P.+A.+R.&rft.au=Aghanim%2C+N.&rft.au=Armitage-Caplan%2C+C.&rft.au=et+al.+%28Planck+Collaboration%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1971" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, Barry N. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070107012004/http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/introduction.html">"Introduction to the constants for nonexperts"</a>. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/introduction.html">the original</a> on January 7, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+constants+for+nonexperts&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Barry+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physics.nist.gov%2Fcuu%2FConstants%2Fintroduction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarshalovich,_D.A.Potekhin,_A.Y.Ivanchik,_A.V.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Varshalovich, D.A.; Potekhin, A.Y. & Ivanchik, A.V. (2000). "Testing cosmological variability of fundamental constants". <i>AIP Conference Proceedings</i>. <b>506</b>: 503. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0004062">physics/0004062</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000AIPC..506..503V">2000AIPC..506..503V</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.43.6877">10.1.1.43.6877</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1302777">10.1063/1.1302777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AIP+Conference+Proceedings&rft.atitle=Testing+cosmological+variability+of+fundamental+constants&rft.volume=506&rft.pages=503&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fphysics%2F0004062&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1302777&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.43.6877%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000AIPC..506..503V&rft.au=Varshalovich%2C+D.A.&rft.au=Potekhin%2C+A.Y.&rft.au=Ivanchik%2C+A.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBibring,_J2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bibring, J; et al. (2006). "Global mineralogical and aqueous mars history derived from OMEGA/Mars Express data". <i>Science</i>. <b>312</b> (5772): 400–404. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Sci...312..400B">2006Sci...312..400B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1122659">10.1126/science.1122659</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16627738">16627738</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13968348">13968348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Global+mineralogical+and+aqueous+mars+history+derived+from+OMEGA%2FMars+Express+data&rft.volume=312&rft.issue=5772&rft.pages=400-404&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1122659&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13968348%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16627738&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Sci...312..400B&rft.au=Bibring%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalik2005" class="citation web cs1">Malik, Tariq (March 8, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930205156/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/7129347/">"Hunt for Mars life should go underground"</a>. Space.com via NBC News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/7129347">the original</a> on September 30, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hunt+for+Mars+life+should+go+underground&rft.pub=Space.com+via+NBC+News&rft.date=2005-03-08&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F7129347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner,_Scott1998" class="citation web cs1">Turner, Scott (March 2, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060929232149/http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/news8.html">"Detailed Images From Europa Point To Slush Below Surface"</a>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/news8.html">the original</a> on September 29, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detailed+Images+From+Europa+Point+To+Slush+Below+Surface&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1998-03-02&rft.au=Turner%2C+Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fgalileo%2Fnews8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Choi, Charles Q. (March 21, 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/11188-alien-earths-planets-sun-stars.html">New Estimate for Alien Earths: 2 Billion in Our Galaxy Alone | Alien Planets, Extraterrestrial Life & Extrasolar Planets | Exoplanets & Kepler Space Telescope</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130703101746/http://www.space.com/11188-alien-earths-planets-sun-stars.html">Archived</a> July 3, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Space.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Papineau, David (2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/naturalism/">"Naturalism"</a>, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401175926/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/naturalism/">Archived</a> April 1, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrozChenChuFajrini2022" class="citation journal cs1">Droz, Layna; et al. (May 31, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41599-022-01186-5">"Exploring the diversity of conceptualizations of nature in East and South-East Asia"</a>. <i>Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41599-022-01186-5">10.1057/s41599-022-01186-5</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2662-9992">2662-9992</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Humanities+and+Social+Sciences+Communications&rft.atitle=Exploring+the+diversity+of+conceptualizations+of+nature+in+East+and+South-East+Asia&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=2022-05-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fs41599-022-01186-5&rft.issn=2662-9992&rft.aulast=Droz&rft.aufirst=Layna&rft.au=Chen%2C+Hsun-Mei&rft.au=Chu%2C+Hung-Tao&rft.au=Fajrini%2C+Rika&rft.au=Imbong%2C+Jerry&rft.au=Jannel%2C+Romaric&rft.au=Komatsubara%2C+Orika&rft.au=Lagasca-Hiloma%2C+Concordia+Marie+A.&rft.au=Meas%2C+Chansatya&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+Duy+Hung&rft.au=Sherpa%2C+Tshering+Ongmu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1057%252Fs41599-022-01186-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDucarmeCouvet2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ducarme, Frédéric; Couvet, Denis (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41599-020-0390-y">"What does 'nature' mean?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Palgrave Communications">Palgrave Communications</a></i>. <b>6</b> (14). <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41599-020-0390-y">10.1057/s41599-020-0390-y</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palgrave+Communications&rft.atitle=What+does+%27nature%27+mean%3F&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=14&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fs41599-020-0390-y&rft.aulast=Ducarme&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft.au=Couvet%2C+Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1057%252Fs41599-020-0390-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmerson1836" class="citation book cs1">Emerson, Ralph W. (1836). <i>Nature</i>. Boston: James Munroe & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=James+Munroe+%26+Co&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Emerson&rft.aufirst=Ralph+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Farber, Paul Lawrence (2000), <i>Finding Order in Nature: The Naturalist Tradition from Linnaeus to E. O. Wilson</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2023" class="citation web cs1">Lynch, Derek (October 17, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/have-we-reached-the-end-of-nature-our-relationship-with-the-environment-is-in-crisis-206278">"Have we reached the end of nature? Our relationship with the environment is in crisis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231022040316/https://theconversation.com/have-we-reached-the-end-of-nature-our-relationship-with-the-environment-is-in-crisis-206278">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Have+we+reached+the+end+of+nature%3F+Our+relationship+with+the+environment+is+in+crisis&rft.date=2023-10-17&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fhave-we-reached-the-end-of-nature-our-relationship-with-the-environment-is-in-crisis-206278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaddaf2006" class="citation book cs1">Naddaf, Gerard (2006). <i>The Greek Concept of Nature</i>. Albany: SUNY Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Concept+of+Nature&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Naddaf&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiccoloTaylorWashingtonKopnina2022" class="citation journal cs1">Piccolo, John J.; Taylor, Bron; Washington, Haydn; Kopnina, Helen; Gray, Joe; Alberro, Heather; Orlikowska, Ewa (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2022.109572">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Nature's contributions to people" and peoples' moral obligations to nature"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biological_Conservation_(journal)" title="Biological Conservation (journal)">Biological Conservation</a></i>. <b>270</b>: 109572. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022BCons.27009572P">2022BCons.27009572P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2022.109572">10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109572</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248769087">248769087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Conservation&rft.atitle=%22Nature%27s+contributions+to+people%22+and+peoples%27+moral+obligations+to+nature&rft.volume=270&rft.pages=109572&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248769087%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2022.109572&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022BCons.27009572P&rft.aulast=Piccolo&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Bron&rft.au=Washington%2C+Haydn&rft.au=Kopnina%2C+Helen&rft.au=Gray%2C+Joe&rft.au=Alberro%2C+Heather&rft.au=Orlikowska%2C+Ewa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.biocon.2022.109572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorster1994" class="citation book cs1">Worster, D. (1994). <i>Nature's Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Economy%3A+A+History+of+Ecological+Ideas&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Worster&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Nature</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nature" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Nature">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nature" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Nature">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nature" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Nature">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Nature" class="extiw" title="q:Nature">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nature" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Nature">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Nature" class="extiw" title="b:Nature">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nature" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Nature">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/">The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (iucnredlist.org)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627000000/http://www.iucnredlist.org/">Archived</a> June 27, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDucarme2021" class="citation web cs1">Ducarme, Frédéric (January 3, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedie-environnement.org/en/life/what-is-nature/">"What is nature?"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of the Environment</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423163751/https://www.encyclopedie-environnement.org/en/life/what-is-nature/">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Environment&rft.atitle=What+is+nature%3F&rft.date=2021-01-03&rft.aulast=Ducarme&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedie-environnement.org%2Fen%2Flife%2Fwhat-is-nature%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Earth" title="Template:Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Earth" title="Template talk:Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Earth" title="Outline of Earth">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Atmosphere</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Atmosphere of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_atmosphere" title="Prebiotic atmosphere">Prebiotic atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">Troposphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">Stratosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesosphere" title="Mesosphere">Mesosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosphere" title="Thermosphere">Thermosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exosphere" title="Exosphere">Exosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Energy balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">Climatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_in_culture" title="Earth in culture">Culture and society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">List of sovereign states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_in_culture" title="Earth in culture">In culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day">Earth Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Earth" title="Flag of Earth">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_symbol" title="Earth symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">World economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth#Etymology" title="Earth">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">World history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">Biogeochemical cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">Evolutionary history of life</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_cartography" title="Computer cartography">Computer cartography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_orbit" title="Earth's orbit">Earth's orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodetic_astronomy" title="Geodetic astronomy">Geodetic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomatics" title="Geomatics">Geomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth" title="Gravity of Earth">Gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Sensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Sensing">Remote Sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopositioning" title="Geopositioning">Geopositioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_globe" title="Virtual globe">Virtual globe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth" title="Internal structure of Earth">Earth structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_fluid_dynamics" title="Geophysical fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Geomagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">Magnetosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_physics" title="Mineral physics">Mineral physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">Seismology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">Signal processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_imaging" title="Geophysical imaging">Tomography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Earth" title="Age of Earth">Age of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremes_on_Earth" title="Extremes on Earth">Extremes on Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_record" title="Geologic record">Geologic record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History of Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">Planetary science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">The Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Evolution of the Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_solar_terrestrial_planets" title="Geology of solar terrestrial planets">Geology of solar terrestrial planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Location_of_Earth" title="Location of Earth">Location in the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Earth" title="Category:Earth">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Elements_of_nature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nature" title="Template:Nature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nature" title="Template talk:Nature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elements_of_nature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Elements of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">nature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">Matter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Particle" title="Particle">particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">geological</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth" title="Internal structure of Earth">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis" title="Gaia hypothesis">Gaia hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Atmosphere <span style="font-size:85%;">(Earth)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Clouds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlight" title="Moonlight">Moonlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">Wind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Natural environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_(physics)" title="Field (physics)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Origin <span style="font-size:85%;">(abiogenesis)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">Evolutionary history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_organisation" title="Biological organisation">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">astrobiology</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">Organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protista</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryotes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Viruses</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nature" title="Category:Nature">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natural_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Natural_science" title="Template:Natural science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Natural_science" title="Template talk:Natural science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Natural_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Natural science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">Natural science</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_natural_science" title="Outline of natural science">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;height:2.5em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Earth_sciences" title="Outline of Earth sciences">Earth science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_life_sciences" title="List of life sciences">Life sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_physical_science" title="Outline of physical science">Physical science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_science" title="Outline of space science">Space science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_sciences" title="Category:Natural sciences">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Natural_sciences" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Natural sciences">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Environmental_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Environmental_science" title="Template:Environmental science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Environmental_science" title="Template talk:Environmental science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Environmental_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">Environmental science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_science" title="Atmospheric science">Atmospheric science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">Biogeochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_chemistry" title="Environmental chemistry">Environmental chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Geosciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_soil_science" title="Environmental soil science">Soil science</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/100px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/150px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/200px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_chemistry" title="Green chemistry">green</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Environmental health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_epidemiology" title="Environmental epidemiology">epidemiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">Environmental studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Environmental humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_statistics" title="Environmental statistics">Environmental statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_toxicology" title="Environmental toxicology">Environmental toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioecology" title="Radioecology">Radioecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_science" title="Sustainability science">Sustainability science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">Energy conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollution control">Pollution control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport encouragement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_remediation" title="Environmental remediation">Remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_ecology" title="Road ecology">Road ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_metabolism" title="Urban metabolism">Urban metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">Water purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_degrees" title="List of environmental degrees">Degrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_journals#Environmental_sciences" title="List of environmental journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_research_institutes" title="List of environmental research institutes">Research institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_environmental_science" title="Glossary of environmental science">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_environment" title="List of years in the environment">Environment by year</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technogaianism" title="Technogaianism">Technogaianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_science" title="Category:Environmental science">Category</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_scientists" title="Category:Environmental scientists">scientists</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Environmental_sciences" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Environmental sciences">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Environment" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Environment">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Branches_of_biology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Branches_of_biology" title="Template:Branches of biology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Branches_of_biology" title="Template talk:Branches of biology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Branches_of_biology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Branches of biology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Branches_of_biology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_biology#Branches" title="Outline of biology">Branches of biology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerobiology" title="Aerobiology">Aerobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrostology" title="Agrostology">Agrostology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriology" title="Bacteriology">Bacteriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeology" title="Biogeology">Biogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomechanics" title="Biomechanics">Biomechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">Biophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosemiotics" title="Biosemiotics">Biosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biostatistics" title="Biostatistics">Biostatistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_microbiology" title="Cellular microbiology">Cellular microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_biology" title="Chemical biology">Chemical biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_biology" title="Cognitive biology">Cognitive biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryobiology" title="Cryobiology">Cryobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytogenetics" title="Cytogenetics">Cytogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">Ecological genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Embryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biology" title="Freshwater biology">Freshwater biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative biology">Generative biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geobiology" title="Geobiology">Geobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Gerontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetology" title="Herpetology">Herpetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">Histology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_biology" title="Human biology">Human biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyology" title="Ichthyology">Ichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipidology" title="Lipidology">Lipidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammalogy" title="Mammalogy">Mammalogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_and_theoretical_biology" title="Mathematical and theoretical biology">Mathematical biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">Mycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neontology" title="Neontology">Neontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_science" title="Nutritional science">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">Osteology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitology" title="Parasitology">Parasitology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photobiology" title="Photobiology">Photobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Pomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primatology" title="Primatology">Primatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteomics" title="Proteomics">Proteomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protistology" title="Protistology">Protistology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_biology" title="Quantum biology">Quantum biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational biology">Relational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_biology" title="Reproductive biology">Reproductive biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_biology" title="Structural biology">Structural biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">Synthetic biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Systems biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teratology" title="Teratology">Teratology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">Toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">Virology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virophysics" title="Virophysics">Virophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenobiology" title="Xenobiology">Xenobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">Zoology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry" title="Timeline of biology and organic chemistry">Timeline of biology and organic chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7860#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7860#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7860#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4041358-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Nature"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85090277">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Nature"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933874z">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Nature"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933874z">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571314">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="příroda"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115994&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810550561805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560766805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10643499">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nature&oldid=1257616135">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nature&oldid=1257616135</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nature" title="Category:Nature">Nature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_science" title="Category:Environmental science">Environmental science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_social_science_concepts" title="Category:Environmental social science concepts">Environmental social science concepts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Main_topic_articles" title="Category:Main topic articles">Main topic articles</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_February_2019" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from February 2019">Articles with dead external links from February 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_links" title="Category:Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links">Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_September_2018" title="Category:Use mdy dates from September 2018">Use mdy dates from September 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from November 2024">Articles with disputed statements from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 November 2024, at 21:27<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nature&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rt2p2","wgBackendResponseTime":243,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.891","walltime":"2.404","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13454,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":563258,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7334,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":52,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":432247,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1791.067 1 -total"," 42.19% 755.646 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.71% 281.375 37 Template:Cite_journal"," 14.35% 257.041 39 Template:Cite_web"," 11.74% 210.276 3 Template:Graphical_timeline"," 5.41% 96.984 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.41% 96.853 18 Template:Cite_book"," 5.36% 95.955 1 Template:Human_timeline"," 5.31% 95.027 1 Template:Sister_project_links"," 5.25% 94.055 1 Template:Nature_timeline"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.080","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":12163504,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","220","19.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","17.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","10.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","6.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","6.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","5.2"],["build_id_list \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Identifiers:1591\u003E","40","3.4"],["tonumber","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpensiveData","40","3.4"],["[others]","240","20.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-q528j","timestamp":"20241122140632","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Nature","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nature","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7860","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7860","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-25T07:32:11Z","dateModified":"2024-11-15T21:27:35Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/06\/Startrails_above_Gunung_Bromo_-_Indonesia.jpg","headline":"natural, physical, or material world and its phenomena"}</script> </body> </html>