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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Empiricism</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">9,486 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Most cited papers in <b>Empiricism</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism">Top Papers</a></li><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Empiricism">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_59501827" data-work_id="59501827" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/59501827/Defining_empirically_supported_therapies">Defining empirically supported therapies</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/59501827" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e8109b72898adafb031dc04e66c1a430" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":73392464,"asset_id":59501827,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/73392464/download_file?st=MTczMjUzNTU0MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35557375" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DianneChambless">Dianne Chambless</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35557375" type="text/json">{"id":35557375,"first_name":"Dianne","last_name":"Chambless","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DianneChambless","display_name":"Dianne Chambless","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DianneChambless?f_ri=913","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_59501827 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="59501827"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 59501827, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_59501827", }); 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In addition to showing how recent metaphysics has drifted away from connection with all other serious scholarly inquiry as a result of not heeding this restriction, they demonstrate how to build a metaphysics compatible with current fundamental physics ('ontic structural realism'), which, when combined with their metaphysics of the special sciences ('rainforest realism'), can be used to unify physics with the other sciences without reducing these sciences to physics itself. Taking science metaphysically seriously, Ladyman and Ross argue, means that metaphysicians must abandon the picture of the world as composed of self-subsistent individual objects, and the paradigm of causation as the collision of such objects. <br /> <br />Everything Must Go also assesses the role of information theory and complex systems theory in attempts to explain the relationship between the special sciences and physics, treading a middle road between the grand synthesis of thermodynamics and information, and eliminativism about information. The consequences of the author's metaphysical theory for central issues in the philosophy of science are explored, including the implications for the realism vs. empiricism debate, the role of causation in scientific explanations, the nature of causation and laws, the status of abstract and virtual objects, and the objective reality of natural kinds.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/168161" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b80415187499561f77a5df99fc82a0b4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41836191,"asset_id":168161,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41836191/download_file?st=MTczMjUzNTU0MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2014" href="https://ukzn.academia.edu/DavidSpurrett">David Spurrett</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2014" type="text/json">{"id":2014,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Spurrett","domain_name":"ukzn","page_name":"DavidSpurrett","display_name":"David Spurrett","profile_url":"https://ukzn.academia.edu/DavidSpurrett?f_ri=913","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2014/959/1066/s65_david.spurrett.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-168161">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-168161"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://ukzn.academia.edu/JohnCollier">John Collier</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman">James Ladyman</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-168161'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-168161').html(); 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In addition to showing how recent metaphysics has drifted away from connection with all other serious scholarly inquiry as a result of not heeding this restriction, they demonstrate how to build a metaphysics compatible with current fundamental physics ('ontic structural realism'), which, when combined with their metaphysics of the special sciences ('rainforest realism'), can be used to unify physics with the other sciences without reducing these sciences to physics itself. Taking science metaphysically seriously, Ladyman and Ross argue, means that metaphysicians must abandon the picture of the world as composed of self-subsistent individual objects, and the paradigm of causation as the collision of such objects.\r\n\r\nEverything Must Go also assesses the role of information theory and complex systems theory in attempts to explain the relationship between the special sciences and physics, treading a middle road between the grand synthesis of thermodynamics and information, and eliminativism about information. The consequences of the author's metaphysical theory for central issues in the philosophy of science are explored, including the implications for the realism vs. empiricism debate, the role of causation in scientific explanations, the nature of causation and laws, the status of abstract and virtual objects, and the objective reality of natural kinds. 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itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="107684115" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MYRNAKAMAE">MYRNA KAMAE</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="107684115" type="text/json">{"id":107684115,"first_name":"MYRNA","last_name":"KAMAE","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MYRNAKAMAE","display_name":"MYRNA KAMAE","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MYRNAKAMAE?f_ri=913","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_54856134 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="54856134"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 54856134, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_54856134", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_54856134 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden 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work: {"id":54856134,"title":"Our own liberation: Reflections on Hawaiian epistemology","created_at":"2021-10-02T08:14:30.953-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/54856134/Our_own_liberation_Reflections_on_Hawaiian_epistemology?f_ri=913","dom_id":"work_54856134","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":71015032,"asset_id":54856134,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":107684115,"first_name":"MYRNA","last_name":"KAMAE","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MYRNAKAMAE","display_name":"MYRNA 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itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4830890/Referring_to_the_Qualitative_Dimension_of_Consciousness_Iconicity_Instead_of_Indexicality">Referring to the Qualitative Dimension of Consciousness: Iconicity Instead of Indexicality</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper suggests that reference to phenomenal qualities is best understood as involving iconicity, that is, a passage from sign-vehicle to object that exploits a similarity between the two. This contrasts with a version of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_4830890" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper suggests that reference to phenomenal qualities is best understood as involving iconicity, that is, a passage from sign-vehicle to object that exploits a similarity between the two. This contrasts with a version of the ‘phenomenal concept strategy’ that takes indexicality to be central. However, since it is doubtful that phenomenal qualities are capable of causally interacting with anything, indexical reference seems inappropriate. While a theorist like David Papineau is independently coming to something akin to iconicity, I think some of the awkwardness that plagues his account would be remedied by transitioning to a more inclusive philosophy of signs.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4830890" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8aee3cafd54329106f3a9cc4f4735293" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61305621,"asset_id":4830890,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61305621/download_file?st=MTczMjUzNTU0MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="90594" href="https://kwantlen.academia.edu/MarcChampagne">Marc Champagne</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="90594" type="text/json">{"id":90594,"first_name":"Marc","last_name":"Champagne","domain_name":"kwantlen","page_name":"MarcChampagne","display_name":"Marc Champagne","profile_url":"https://kwantlen.academia.edu/MarcChampagne?f_ri=913","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/90594/25175/116736640/s65_marc.champagne.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4830890 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4830890"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4830890, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4830890", }); 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This contrasts with a version of the ‘phenomenal concept strategy’ that takes indexicality to be central. However, since it is doubtful that phenomenal qualities are capable of causally interacting with anything, indexical reference seems inappropriate. While a theorist like David Papineau is independently coming to something akin to iconicity, I think some of the awkwardness that plagues his account would be remedied by transitioning to a more inclusive philosophy of signs.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61305621,"asset_id":4830890,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":90594,"first_name":"Marc","last_name":"Champagne","domain_name":"kwantlen","page_name":"MarcChampagne","display_name":"Marc 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class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6042002/From_Empirics_to_Empiricists">From Empirics to Empiricists</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Although the notion of empiricism looms large in many histories of early modern philosophy, its origins are not well understood. This paper aims to shed light on them. It examines the notions of empirical philosopher, physician, and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6042002" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Although the notion of empiricism looms large in many histories of early modern philosophy, its origins are not well understood. This paper aims to shed light on them. It examines the notions of empirical philosopher, physician, and politician that are employed in a range of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century texts, alongside related notions (e.g. "experimental philosophy") and methodological stances. It concludes that the notion of empiricism used in many histories of early modern thought does not have pre-Kantian origins. It first appeared and became widely used in late eighteenth-century Germany, in the course of the early debates on Kant's Critical philosophy.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6042002" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5d105718924b883229824a290d500db5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40860723,"asset_id":6042002,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40860723/download_file?st=MTczMjUzNTU0Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="189423" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AlbertoVanzo">Alberto Vanzo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="189423" type="text/json">{"id":189423,"first_name":"Alberto","last_name":"Vanzo","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AlbertoVanzo","display_name":"Alberto Vanzo","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AlbertoVanzo?f_ri=913","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6042002 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6042002"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6042002, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6042002", }); 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This paper aims to shed light on them. It examines the notions of empirical philosopher, physician, and politician that are employed in a range of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century texts, alongside related notions (e.g. \"experimental philosophy\") and methodological stances. It concludes that the notion of empiricism used in many histories of early modern thought does not have pre-Kantian origins. It first appeared and became widely used in late eighteenth-century Germany, in the course of the early debates on Kant's Critical philosophy.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40860723,"asset_id":6042002,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":189423,"first_name":"Alberto","last_name":"Vanzo","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AlbertoVanzo","display_name":"Alberto Vanzo","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AlbertoVanzo?f_ri=913","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":135,"name":"Intellectual History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_History?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":10476,"name":"Francis Bacon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Francis_Bacon?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":38772,"name":"Early Modern 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="913" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism">Empiricism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="913" type="text/json">{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="35888" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive">Cognitive</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="35888" type="text/json">{"id":35888,"name":"Cognitive","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=63696868]'), work: {"id":63696868,"title":"Collaborative Empiricism in Cognitive Therapy: A Definition and Theory for the Relationship Construct","created_at":"2021-12-09T22:02:56.009-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/63696868/Collaborative_Empiricism_in_Cognitive_Therapy_A_Definition_and_Theory_for_the_Relationship_Construct?f_ri=913","dom_id":"work_63696868","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":76041148,"asset_id":63696868,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":156768186,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Tee","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JohnTee21","display_name":"John Tee","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JohnTee21?f_ri=913","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive 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ontology</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">My topic is the materialist appropriation of empiricism – as conveyed in the ‘minimal credo’ nihil est in intellectu quod non fuerit in sensu (which is not just a phrase repeated from Hobbes and Locke to Diderot, but significantly, is... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2327873" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">My topic is the materialist appropriation of empiricism – as conveyed in the ‘minimal credo’ nihil est in intellectu quod non fuerit in sensu (which is not just a phrase repeated from Hobbes and Locke to Diderot, but significantly, is also a medical phrase used by Harvey, Mandeville and others). That is, canonical empiricists like Locke go out of their way to state that their project to investigate and articulate the ‘logic of ideas’ is not a scientific project: “I shall not at present meddle with the Physical consideration of the Mind” (Locke 1975, I.i.2), which Kant gets exactly wrong in his reading of Locke, in the Preface to the A edition of the first Critique. Indeed, I have suggested elsewhere, contrary to a prevalent reading of Locke, that the Essay is not the extension to the study of the mind of natural-philosophical methods; that he is actually not the “underlabourer” of Newton and Boyle he claims politely to be in the Epistle to the Reader (Wolfe and Salter 2009, Wolfe 2010). Rather, Locke says quite directly, “Our Business here is not to know all things, but those which concern our Conduct” (Locke 1975, I.i.6). There is more to say here about what this implies for our understanding of empiricism (see Norton 1981 and Gaukroger 2005), but instead I shall focus on a different aspect of this episode: how a non-naturalistic claim which belongs to what we now call epistemology (a claim about the senses as the source of knowledge) becomes an ontology – materialism. That is, how an empiricist claim could shift from being about the sources of knowledge to being about the nature of reality (and/or the mind, in which case it needs, as Hartley saw and Diderot stated more overtly, an account of the relation between mental processes and the brain). (David Armstrong, for one, denied that there could be an identification between empiricism and materialism on this point [Armstrong 1968, 1978]: eighteenth-century history of science seems to prove him wrong.) Put differently, I want to examine the shift from Locke’s logic of ideas to an eighteenth-century focus on what kind of ‘world’ the senses give us (Condillac), to an assertion that there is only one substance in the universe (Diderot, giving a materialist cast to Spinozism), and that we need an account of the material substrate of mental life. This is neither a ‘scientific empiricism’ nor a linear developmental process from philosophical empiricism to natural science, but something else again: the unpredictable emergence of an ontology on empiricist grounds.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2327873" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f4710d7264c5ac987b900e70443ac6a5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37977824,"asset_id":2327873,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37977824/download_file?st=MTczMjUzNTU0Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33984" href="https://univ-tlse2.academia.edu/CharlesWolfe">Charles Wolfe</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33984" type="text/json">{"id":33984,"first_name":"Charles","last_name":"Wolfe","domain_name":"univ-tlse2","page_name":"CharlesWolfe","display_name":"Charles Wolfe","profile_url":"https://univ-tlse2.academia.edu/CharlesWolfe?f_ri=913","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33984/11108/116699544/s65_charles.wolfe.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2327873 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2327873"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2327873, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2327873", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2327873]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2327873").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2327873").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2327873"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="911" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/17th_Century_and_Early_Modern_Philosophy">17th Century & Early Modern Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="911" type="text/json">{"id":911,"name":"17th Century \u0026 Early Modern Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/17th_Century_and_Early_Modern_Philosophy?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="913" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism">Empiricism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="913" type="text/json">{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9539" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materialism">Materialism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9539" type="text/json">{"id":9539,"name":"Materialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materialism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9690" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_History_of_Enlightenment">Intellectual History of Enlightenment</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9690" type="text/json">{"id":9690,"name":"Intellectual History of Enlightenment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_History_of_Enlightenment?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2327873]'), work: {"id":2327873,"title":"From Locke to Materialism: Empiricism, the brain and the stirrings of ontology","created_at":"2012-12-25T11:03:28.009-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2327873/From_Locke_to_Materialism_Empiricism_the_brain_and_the_stirrings_of_ontology?f_ri=913","dom_id":"work_2327873","summary":"My topic is the materialist appropriation of empiricism – as conveyed in the ‘minimal credo’ nihil est in intellectu quod non fuerit in sensu (which is not just a phrase repeated from Hobbes and Locke to Diderot, but significantly, is also a medical phrase used by Harvey, Mandeville and others). That is, canonical empiricists like Locke go out of their way to state that their project to investigate and articulate the ‘logic of ideas’ is not a scientific project: “I shall not at present meddle with the Physical consideration of the Mind” (Locke 1975, I.i.2), which Kant gets exactly wrong in his reading of Locke, in the Preface to the A edition of the first Critique. Indeed, I have suggested elsewhere, contrary to a prevalent reading of Locke, that the Essay is not the extension to the study of the mind of natural-philosophical methods; that he is actually not the “underlabourer” of Newton and Boyle he claims politely to be in the Epistle to the Reader (Wolfe and Salter 2009, Wolfe 2010). Rather, Locke says quite directly, “Our Business here is not to know all things, but those which concern our Conduct” (Locke 1975, I.i.6). There is more to say here about what this implies for our understanding of empiricism (see Norton 1981 and Gaukroger 2005), but instead I shall focus on a different aspect of this episode: how a non-naturalistic claim which belongs to what we now call epistemology (a claim about the senses as the source of knowledge) becomes an ontology – materialism. That is, how an empiricist claim could shift from being about the sources of knowledge to being about the nature of reality (and/or the mind, in which case it needs, as Hartley saw and Diderot stated more overtly, an account of the relation between mental processes and the brain). (David Armstrong, for one, denied that there could be an identification between empiricism and materialism on this point [Armstrong 1968, 1978]: eighteenth-century history of science seems to prove him wrong.) Put differently, I want to examine the shift from Locke’s logic of ideas to an eighteenth-century focus on what kind of ‘world’ the senses give us (Condillac), to an assertion that there is only one substance in the universe (Diderot, giving a materialist cast to Spinozism), and that we need an account of the material substrate of mental life. This is neither a ‘scientific empiricism’ nor a linear developmental process from philosophical empiricism to natural science, but something else again: the unpredictable emergence of an ontology on empiricist grounds.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37977824,"asset_id":2327873,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33984,"first_name":"Charles","last_name":"Wolfe","domain_name":"univ-tlse2","page_name":"CharlesWolfe","display_name":"Charles Wolfe","profile_url":"https://univ-tlse2.academia.edu/CharlesWolfe?f_ri=913","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33984/11108/116699544/s65_charles.wolfe.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":911,"name":"17th Century \u0026 Early Modern 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href="https://www.academia.edu/67509087/The_nativist_empiricist_controversy_in_the_context_of_recent_research_on_spatial_and_quantitative_development">The nativist-empiricist controversy in the context of recent research on spatial and quantitative development</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/67509087" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cc471e335276a66d6f6eea44eaf1c5cd" rel="nofollow" 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}); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_59042941").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="59042941"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="498" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="498" type="text/json">{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="803" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy">Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="803" type="text/json">{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="913" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism">Empiricism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="913" type="text/json">{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4559" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reproduction">Reproduction</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4559" type="text/json">{"id":4559,"name":"Reproduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reproduction?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=59042941]'), work: {"id":59042941,"title":"Time, quantum mechanics, and 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Mechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantum_Mechanics?f_ri=913"},{"id":29487,"name":"Space","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Space?f_ri=913"},{"id":33069,"name":"Probability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Probability?f_ri=913"},{"id":48936,"name":"TIME","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/TIME?f_ri=913"},{"id":49000,"name":"Observation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Observation?f_ri=913"},{"id":129087,"name":"Randomness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Randomness?f_ri=913"},{"id":144857,"name":"Event","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Event?f_ri=913"},{"id":244458,"name":"Decoherence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decoherence?f_ri=913"},{"id":345840,"name":"Criteria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criteria?f_ri=913"},{"id":480840,"name":"Relativity Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Relativity_Theory?f_ri=913"},{"id":596525,"name":"Superposition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Superposition?f_ri=913"},{"id":613835,"name":"Synthese","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synthese?f_ri=913"},{"id":621517,"name":"Time","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time-2?f_ri=913"},{"id":988387,"name":"Hilbert Space","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hilbert_Space?f_ri=913"},{"id":1523776,"name":"Probability statistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Probability_statistics?f_ri=913"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_48899546 coauthored" data-work_id="48899546" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48899546/Becoming_War_Towards_a_Martial_Empiricism">Becoming War: Towards a Martial Empiricism</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Under the banner of martial empiricism, we advance a distinctive set of theoretical and methodological commitments for the study of war. Previous efforts to wrestle with this most recalcitrant of phenomena have sought to ground research... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_48899546" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Under the banner of martial empiricism, we advance a distinctive set of theoretical and methodological commitments for the study of war. Previous efforts to wrestle with this most recalcitrant of phenomena have sought to ground research upon primary definitions or foundational ontologies of war. By contrast, we propose to embrace war’s incessant becoming, making its creativity, mutability and polyvalence central to our enquiry. Leaving behind the interminable quest for its essence, we embrace war as mystery. We draw on a tradition of radical empiricism to devise a conceptual and contextual mode of enquiry that can follow the processes and operations of war wherever they lead us. Moving beyond the instrumental appropriations of strategic thought and the normative strictures typical of critical approaches, martial empiricism calls for an unbounded investigation into the emergent and generative character of war. Framing the accompanying special issue, we outline three domains around which to orient future research: mobilization, design and encounter. Martial empiricism is no idle exercise in philosophical speculation. It holds the promise of a research agenda apposite to the task of fully contending with the momentous possibilities and dangers of war in our time.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/48899546" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="eeab9ec9526c0fd03b5cbeda90631853" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67305679,"asset_id":48899546,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67305679/download_file?st=MTczMjUzNTU0Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="295928" href="https://fhs.academia.edu/AntoineBousquet">Antoine Bousquet</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="295928" type="text/json">{"id":295928,"first_name":"Antoine","last_name":"Bousquet","domain_name":"fhs","page_name":"AntoineBousquet","display_name":"Antoine Bousquet","profile_url":"https://fhs.academia.edu/AntoineBousquet?f_ri=913","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/295928/59925/58529739/s65_antoine.bousquet.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-48899546">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-48899546"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uottawa.academia.edu/NishaShah">Nisha Shah</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-48899546'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-48899546').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_48899546 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="48899546"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 48899546, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_48899546", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_48899546 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 48899546; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_48899546"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_48899546 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="48899546"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 48899546; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48899546]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_48899546").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_48899546").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="48899546"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="913" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism">Empiricism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="913" type="text/json">{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2391" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Theory">War Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2391" type="text/json">{"id":2391,"name":"War Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Theory?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3872" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Studies">War Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3872" type="text/json">{"id":3872,"name":"War Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Studies?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5523" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_Studies">Security Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5523" type="text/json">{"id":5523,"name":"Security Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_Studies?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=48899546]'), work: {"id":48899546,"title":"Becoming War: Towards a Martial Empiricism","created_at":"2021-05-12T08:35:01.990-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/48899546/Becoming_War_Towards_a_Martial_Empiricism?f_ri=913","dom_id":"work_48899546","summary":"Under the banner of martial empiricism, we advance a distinctive set of theoretical and methodological commitments for the study of war. Previous efforts to wrestle with this most recalcitrant of phenomena have sought to ground research upon primary definitions or foundational ontologies of war. By contrast, we propose to embrace war’s incessant becoming, making its creativity, mutability and polyvalence central to our enquiry. Leaving behind the interminable quest for its essence, we embrace war as mystery. We draw on a tradition of radical empiricism to devise a conceptual and contextual mode of enquiry that can follow the processes and operations of war wherever they lead us. Moving beyond the instrumental appropriations of strategic thought and the normative strictures typical of critical approaches, martial empiricism calls for an unbounded investigation into the emergent and generative character of war. Framing the accompanying special issue, we outline three domains around which to orient future research: mobilization, design and encounter. Martial empiricism is no idle exercise in philosophical speculation. It holds the promise of a research agenda apposite to the task of fully contending with the momentous possibilities and dangers of war in our time.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67305679,"asset_id":48899546,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":295928,"first_name":"Antoine","last_name":"Bousquet","domain_name":"fhs","page_name":"AntoineBousquet","display_name":"Antoine Bousquet","profile_url":"https://fhs.academia.edu/AntoineBousquet?f_ri=913","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/295928/59925/58529739/s65_antoine.bousquet.jpg"},{"id":15792940,"first_name":"Nisha","last_name":"Shah","domain_name":"uottawa","page_name":"NishaShah","display_name":"Nisha Shah","profile_url":"https://uottawa.academia.edu/NishaShah?f_ri=913","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15792940/55600295/43781323/s65_nisha.shah.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":2391,"name":"War Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Theory?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":3872,"name":"War Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Studies?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":5523,"name":"Security Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_Studies?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":5535,"name":"Critical Security Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Security_Studies?f_ri=913"},{"id":6569,"name":"William James","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/William_James?f_ri=913"},{"id":8302,"name":"Gilles Deleuze","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gilles_Deleuze?f_ri=913"},{"id":25720,"name":"Warfare and Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Warfare_and_Technology?f_ri=913"},{"id":39946,"name":"Military","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military?f_ri=913"},{"id":42194,"name":"Warfare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Warfare?f_ri=913"},{"id":44426,"name":"Military Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Studies?f_ri=913"},{"id":60193,"name":"Experience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experience?f_ri=913"},{"id":65321,"name":"Radical empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Radical_empiricism?f_ri=913"},{"id":127242,"name":"Becoming","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Becoming?f_ri=913"},{"id":129894,"name":"Philosophy of War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_War?f_ri=913"},{"id":218315,"name":"Mobilization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mobilization?f_ri=913"},{"id":358581,"name":"Critical War Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_War_Studies?f_ri=913"},{"id":642869,"name":"Critical Military Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Military_Studies?f_ri=913"},{"id":1744493,"name":"Science and Technology Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science_and_Technology_Studies?f_ri=913"},{"id":3390526,"name":"Martial Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Martial_Empiricism?f_ri=913"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44735571" data-work_id="44735571" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44735571/Epigenesis_by_experience_Romantic_empiricism_and_non_Kantian_biology">Epigenesis by experience: Romantic empiricism and non-Kantian biology</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Reconstructions of Romantic-era life science in general, and epigenesis in particular, frequently take the Kantian logic of autotelic ''self-organization'' as their primary reference point. I argue in this essay that the Kantian... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44735571" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Reconstructions of Romantic-era life science in general, and epigenesis in particular, frequently take the Kantian logic of autotelic ''self-organization'' as their primary reference point. I argue in this essay that the Kantian conceptual rubric hinders our historical and theoretical understanding of epigenesis, Romantic and otherwise. Neither a neutral gloss on epigenesis, nor separable from the episte-mological deflation of biological knowledge that has received intensive scrutiny in the history and philosophy of science, Kant's heuristics of autonomous ''self-or-ganization'' in the third Critique amount to the strategic capture of epigenesis from nature, for thought, in thought's critical transcendence of nature. This essay looks to Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and his English contemporary Erasmus Darwin to begin to reconstruct the rigorously materialist, naturalist, and empiricist theories of epigen-esis (still) marginalized by Kantian argumentation. As theorists of environmental and social collaboration in the ontogeny of viable forms, Lamarck and Darwin illuminate features of our own epigenetic turn obscured by the rhetoric of ''self-organization,'' allowing us to glimpse an alternative Romantic genealogy of the biological present.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44735571" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0872b9481ecc52560063c0895680966c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65220577,"asset_id":44735571,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65220577/download_file?st=MTczMjUzNTU0Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="139718562" href="https://ucberkeley.academia.edu/AmandaJoGoldstein">Amanda Jo Goldstein</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="139718562" type="text/json">{"id":139718562,"first_name":"Amanda Jo","last_name":"Goldstein","domain_name":"ucberkeley","page_name":"AmandaJoGoldstein","display_name":"Amanda Jo Goldstein","profile_url":"https://ucberkeley.academia.edu/AmandaJoGoldstein?f_ri=913","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44735571 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44735571"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44735571, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44735571", }); 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I argue in this essay that the Kantian conceptual rubric hinders our historical and theoretical understanding of epigenesis, Romantic and otherwise. Neither a neutral gloss on epigenesis, nor separable from the episte-mological deflation of biological knowledge that has received intensive scrutiny in the history and philosophy of science, Kant's heuristics of autonomous ''self-or-ganization'' in the third Critique amount to the strategic capture of epigenesis from nature, for thought, in thought's critical transcendence of nature. This essay looks to Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and his English contemporary Erasmus Darwin to begin to reconstruct the rigorously materialist, naturalist, and empiricist theories of epigen-esis (still) marginalized by Kantian argumentation. 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class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48207907/Towards_a_Methodology_for_a_Corpus_Based_Approach_to_Translation_Evaluation">Towards a Methodology for a Corpus-Based Approach to Translation Evaluation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Translation evaluation is undoubtedly one of the most difficult tasks facing a translator trainer. It is unlikely that there will ever be a ready-made formula that will transform this task into a simple one; however, this article suggests... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_48207907" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Translation evaluation is undoubtedly one of the most difficult tasks facing a translator trainer. It is unlikely that there will ever be a ready-made formula that will transform this task into a simple one; however, this article suggests that the task can be made somewhat easier by using a specially designed Evaluation Corpus that can act as a benchmark against which translator trainers can compare student translations.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/48207907" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="98af67f35855606ef9f292203250b997" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66940540,"asset_id":48207907,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66940540/download_file?st=MTczMjUzNTU0Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="79479386" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LynneBowker">Lynne Bowker</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="79479386" type="text/json">{"id":79479386,"first_name":"Lynne","last_name":"Bowker","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LynneBowker","display_name":"Lynne Bowker","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LynneBowker?f_ri=913","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_48207907 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="48207907"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 48207907, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_48207907", }); 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type="text/json">{"id":815,"name":"Epistemology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="913" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism">Empiricism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="913" type="text/json">{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1207" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Linguistics">Historical Linguistics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1207" type="text/json">{"id":1207,"name":"Historical Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Linguistics?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6138791]'), work: {"id":6138791,"title":"Introduction: conceptions of 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href="https://www.academia.edu/66739149/enigma_ve_paradigma_aras%C4%B1nda_nedensellik_bat%C4%B1_ve_biz">enigma ve paradigma arasında nedensellik, batı ve biz</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">causality between enigma and paradigm, west and us The The sustainability of social life is based on social values. The manifestation of these values also takes place within the society. On the other hand, the realization of individuals... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_66739149" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">causality between enigma and paradigm, west and us<br /><br />The The sustainability of social life is based on social values. The manifestation of these values also takes place within the society. On the other hand, the realization of individuals is possible in society because a non-social human being is not a "human" in the philosophical sense. With human-oriented conditions that manifest themselves in the network of social relations, the criteria (moral values) related to the purpose of creation crystallize and become known so that the construction of a social paradigm becomes possible. However, the society in which individuals live is also surrounded by an external world (material world). For this reason, the social paradigm also indirectly relies on a perception of the outside world. Thus, no matter what period of history, people's endeavor for an ideal society is accompanied by an interpretation of the external world, and with this "cumulative" knowledge, a "reducing" simulation of being is derived (cosmology). In fact, causality, which is the subject of physics, becomesthe subject of philosophy in this mediation. As it can be understood, a significant problem here is the correlation between the fixed values (unconditional imperatives) that form the core of the social paradigm and the variable external world knowledge that is culturally effective in the manifestation of these values. Consequently, while determining the rules in the social order, one should act on the basis of values, not as if they have absolute knowledge of the material world. Whether we believe that the universe consists of "seven heavens" and is geocentric or heliocentric; Existential values such as justice, equality, and freedom are essential regardless of time and space. However, as historical facts show, those who have problems with this value system, which is accompanied by an interpretation of the external world, have raised objections through ever-developing knowledge of nature instead of universal values. For this reason, the geocentric perception of the universe, which forms the basis of the political paradigm in the class-based society of medieval Europe, was strongly desired to be maintained by the ruling classes. Ultimately, although this model of the universe collapsed, moral pursuits of human life continued to be sabotaged for the same political reasons, and disinformation began. Thus, scientific studies and the search for the truth (philosophy) were accompanied by endless polemics disguised as "philosophy." In fact, this situation reveals two opposing attitudes that repeat themselves in history, either in the East or the West: paradigmatic attitude (paradigmism) and enigmatic attitude (enigmatism). As a reflection of these two attitudes, the dominant discourse, which categorically accuses even the interest in understanding Western modernization in the Islamic world as heresy, did not occasionally hesitate to refer to some Western references by confirming with a vulgar pragmatism. For instance, Newtonian physics has been ignored. On the other hand, an attempt has been made to jump directly from Aristotelian physics to quantum physics by assuming an overlapping in classical texts. However, facing the new knowledge of nature has more actual consequences than polemics. To face these results and to show the legitimacy of Islamic values in the modern era, which are in conformity with the creation of human beings, the developments in the current knowledge of the universe (modern cosmology) cannot be ignored. This endeavor can be possible only when the philosophical and historical foundations of the subject are examined throughout the Western experience.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/66739149" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3a18fcf52c1b46bb0c90a5a0d4ce5c8c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":77814719,"asset_id":66739149,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/77814719/download_file?st=MTczMjUzNTU0Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1249326" href="https://alparslan.academia.edu/ertu%C4%9Frulcesur">ertuğrul cesur</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1249326" type="text/json">{"id":1249326,"first_name":"ertuğrul","last_name":"cesur","domain_name":"alparslan","page_name":"ertuğrulcesur","display_name":"ertuğrul cesur","profile_url":"https://alparslan.academia.edu/ertu%C4%9Frulcesur?f_ri=913","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1249326/28006134/26252976/s65_ertu_rul.cesur.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_66739149 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="66739149"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 66739149, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_66739149", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=66739149]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_66739149").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_66739149").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="66739149"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="913" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism">Empiricism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="913" type="text/json">{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7199" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/George_Orwell">George Orwell</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7199" type="text/json">{"id":7199,"name":"George Orwell","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/George_Orwell?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7942" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hegel">Hegel</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7942" type="text/json">{"id":7942,"name":"Hegel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hegel?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14457" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emmanuel_Kant">Emmanuel Kant</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="14457" type="text/json">{"id":14457,"name":"Emmanuel Kant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emmanuel_Kant?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=66739149]'), work: {"id":66739149,"title":"enigma ve paradigma arasında nedensellik, batı ve biz","created_at":"2021-12-31T13:08:14.214-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/66739149/enigma_ve_paradigma_aras%C4%B1nda_nedensellik_bat%C4%B1_ve_biz?f_ri=913","dom_id":"work_66739149","summary":"causality between enigma and paradigm, west and us\n\nThe The sustainability of social life is based on social values. The manifestation of these values also takes place within the society. On the other hand, the realization of individuals is possible in society because a non-social human being is not a \"human\" in the philosophical sense. With human-oriented conditions that manifest themselves in the network of social relations, the criteria (moral values) related to the purpose of creation crystallize and become known so that the construction of a social paradigm becomes possible. However, the society in which individuals live is also surrounded by an external world (material world). For this reason, the social paradigm also indirectly relies on a perception of the outside world. Thus, no matter what period of history, people's endeavor for an ideal society is accompanied by an interpretation of the external world, and with this \"cumulative\" knowledge, a \"reducing\" simulation of being is derived (cosmology). In fact, causality, which is the subject of physics, becomesthe subject of philosophy in this mediation. As it can be understood, a significant problem here is the correlation between the fixed values (unconditional imperatives) that form the core of the social paradigm and the variable external world knowledge that is culturally effective in the manifestation of these values. Consequently, while determining the rules in the social order, one should act on the basis of values, not as if they have absolute knowledge of the material world. Whether we believe that the universe consists of \"seven heavens\" and is geocentric or heliocentric; Existential values such as justice, equality, and freedom are essential regardless of time and space. However, as historical facts show, those who have problems with this value system, which is accompanied by an interpretation of the external world, have raised objections through ever-developing knowledge of nature instead of universal values. For this reason, the geocentric perception of the universe, which forms the basis of the political paradigm in the class-based society of medieval Europe, was strongly desired to be maintained by the ruling classes. Ultimately, although this model of the universe collapsed, moral pursuits of human life continued to be sabotaged for the same political reasons, and disinformation began. Thus, scientific studies and the search for the truth (philosophy) were accompanied by endless polemics disguised as \"philosophy.\" In fact, this situation reveals two opposing attitudes that repeat themselves in history, either in the East or the West: paradigmatic attitude (paradigmism) and enigmatic attitude (enigmatism). As a reflection of these two attitudes, the dominant discourse, which categorically accuses even the interest in understanding Western modernization in the Islamic world as heresy, did not occasionally hesitate to refer to some Western references by confirming with a vulgar pragmatism. For instance, Newtonian physics has been ignored. On the other hand, an attempt has been made to jump directly from Aristotelian physics to quantum physics by assuming an overlapping in classical texts. However, facing the new knowledge of nature has more actual consequences than polemics. To face these results and to show the legitimacy of Islamic values in the modern era, which are in conformity with the creation of human beings, the developments in the current knowledge of the universe (modern cosmology) cannot be ignored. This endeavor can be possible only when the philosophical and historical foundations of the subject are examined throughout the Western experience.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":77814719,"asset_id":66739149,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1249326,"first_name":"ertuğrul","last_name":"cesur","domain_name":"alparslan","page_name":"ertuğrulcesur","display_name":"ertuğrul cesur","profile_url":"https://alparslan.academia.edu/ertu%C4%9Frulcesur?f_ri=913","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1249326/28006134/26252976/s65_ertu_rul.cesur.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":7199,"name":"George Orwell","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/George_Orwell?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":7942,"name":"Hegel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hegel?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":14457,"name":"Emmanuel Kant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emmanuel_Kant?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":18187,"name":"Rationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rationalism?f_ri=913"},{"id":18681,"name":"Adam Smith","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adam_Smith?f_ri=913"},{"id":19942,"name":"David Hume","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/David_Hume?f_ri=913"},{"id":20177,"name":"Karl Popper","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Karl_Popper?f_ri=913"},{"id":24089,"name":"Causality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Causality?f_ri=913"},{"id":31353,"name":"Descartes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Descartes?f_ri=913"},{"id":45495,"name":"Albert Einstein","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Albert_Einstein?f_ri=913"},{"id":49853,"name":"Ghazali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghazali?f_ri=913"},{"id":101935,"name":"Isaac Newton","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Isaac_Newton?f_ri=913"},{"id":427051,"name":"New Paradigms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Paradigms?f_ri=913"},{"id":479515,"name":"Enigma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enigma?f_ri=913"},{"id":686075,"name":"Ahlak Felsefesi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ahlak_Felsefesi?f_ri=913"},{"id":823900,"name":"Paradigma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paradigma?f_ri=913"},{"id":974092,"name":"Tarihselcilik","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tarihselcilik?f_ri=913"},{"id":1762559,"name":"Nedensellik Analizi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nedensellik_Analizi?f_ri=913"},{"id":3016903,"name":"Celal Şengör","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Celal_%C5%9Eeng%C3%B6r?f_ri=913"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_66509758" data-work_id="66509758" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/66509758/Ampirizm_%C4%B0ngiliz_Ekonomi_Politik_ve_Hukuki_D%C3%BCzeninin_Kurucu_Epistemolojisinin_Felsefi_K%C3%B6kenleri_ve_Geli%C5%9Fimi_Empiricism_The_Philosophical_Origins_and_Development_of_the_Constituent_Epistemology_of_the_English_Political_Economy_and_Legal_Order_">Ampirizm: İngiliz Ekonomi Politik ve Hukuki Düzeninin Kurucu Epistemolojisinin Felsefi Kökenleri ve Gelişimi (Empiricism: The Philosophical Origins and Development of the Constituent Epistemology of the English Political Economy and Legal Order)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">ÖZ İngiltere’de ampirizm, feodalizmden kapitalizme geçiş sürecinde doğa bilimleri ve felsefede yeni bir epistemolojik anlayış ve yöntem olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Ampiristlere göre insanın sahip olduğu bütün bilgi duyumsal algılamadan... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_66509758" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">ÖZ<br />İngiltere’de ampirizm, feodalizmden kapitalizme geçiş sürecinde doğa bilimleri ve felsefede yeni bir epistemolojik anlayış ve yöntem olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Ampiristlere göre insanın sahip olduğu bütün bilgi duyumsal algılamadan kaynaklanmaktadır. Gözlem ve deneyime dayanmayan doğuştan hiçbir bilgi yoktur. Onlar bilginin edinilmesinde algılayan ve deneyimleyen özneyi merkezileştirerek felsefeyi dünyevileştirme eğilimindedirler. Kapitalizmin gelişimine koşut olarak bu dünyevileşme, burjuvazinin ekonomi politik ve hukuk ideolojisinin temellerini biçimlendirmiştir. Üretim kapasitesinin ve verimliliğin artırılması için yeni tekniklerin kullanılması zorunluluğu bilimsel araştırmaları teşvik etmiştir. Ampirizm bu aşamada deney ve gözleme verdiği önem ile bilimsel bir metodoloji olarak ön plana çıkmıştır. Aynı dönemde İngiltere’de ampirizm, felsefinin de bir konusu haline gelmiştir. Epistemolojik bir hüviyet kazanan felsefi ampirizm bilginin kaynağı, nasıl edinildiği, sınırları ve insanın bilme kapasitesi gibi sorunlarla ilgilenmiştir. <br />Bu çalışmada ampirizmin ortaya çıkışı ve gelişimi öncelikle doğa bilimlerinin bir yöntemi olarak benimsenmesi ekseninde ele alınacaktır. Ardından ampirist felsefe Bacon, Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley ve Hume gibi en önemli temsilcilerinin epistemolojik görüşleri çerçevesinde değerlendirilecektir. 16. yüzyıldan 18. yüzyıla uzanan süreçte, ampirist filozofların epistemolojik yaklaşımlarındaki değişimler İngiliz ekonomi politik ve hukuki düzenindeki dönüşümler göz önüne alınarak ayrıntılı bir biçimde incelenecektir. <br />Anahtar Sözcükler: ampirizm, ampirist epistemoloji, ampirist metodoloji, ampirist filozoflar, ampirizm ve kapitalizm ilişkisi <br /><br />ABSTRACT<br />Empiricism in England has appeared as a new epistemological thought and method in natural sciences and philosophy in the transition period from feudalism to capitalism. According to empiricists, all the knowledge that human being have arisen from sensory perception. There is no innate knowledge that is not based on observation and experience. They have tended to secularize philosophy by centralizing the perceiving and experiencing subject in the acquisition of knowledge. Concurrent to the development of capitalism, this secularization has formed the foundation of the bourgeoisie’s ideology of political economy and law. The necessity of using new techniques in order to increase production capacity and efficiency has encouraged scientific researches. Empiricism has risen to prominence at this stage as a scientific methodology with its emphasis on experiment and observation. During the same period in England, empiricism has also become a topic of philosophy. Philosophical empiricism, that gained an epistemological character dealt with the problems like the source of knowledge, how it is obtained, its limits and the capacity of human knowing.<br />In this study the emergence and progress of empiricism will be discussed primarily in the axis of its adoption as a method of natural sciences. Subsequently, empiricist philosophy will be assessed within the framework of the epistemological opinions of its foremost representatives such as Bacon, Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley and Hume. In the period from the 16th to the 18th centuries, the alterations in the epistemological paradigms of empiricist philosophers will be carefully scrutinized with the transformations in the English political economy and legal order. <br />Keywords: empiricism, empiricist epistemology, empiricist methodology, empiricist philosophers, relationship between empiricism and capitalism</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/66509758" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="10f562638e0e94804dd8ac329d3b66ce" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":77675608,"asset_id":66509758,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/77675608/download_file?st=MTczMjUzNTU0Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7459069" href="https://hacettepe.academia.edu/SefikTaylanAkman">Şefik Taylan Akman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7459069" type="text/json">{"id":7459069,"first_name":"Şefik Taylan","last_name":"Akman","domain_name":"hacettepe","page_name":"SefikTaylanAkman","display_name":"Şefik Taylan Akman","profile_url":"https://hacettepe.academia.edu/SefikTaylanAkman?f_ri=913","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7459069/2724973/102996455/s65__efik_taylan.akman.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_66509758 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="66509758"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 66509758, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_66509758", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=66509758]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_66509758").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_66509758").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="66509758"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="815" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology">Epistemology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="815" type="text/json">{"id":815,"name":"Epistemology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="913" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism">Empiricism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="913" type="text/json">{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2065" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology">Research Methodology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2065" type="text/json">{"id":2065,"name":"Research Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10476" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Francis_Bacon">Francis Bacon</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="10476" type="text/json">{"id":10476,"name":"Francis Bacon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Francis_Bacon?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=66509758]'), work: {"id":66509758,"title":"Ampirizm: İngiliz Ekonomi Politik ve Hukuki Düzeninin Kurucu Epistemolojisinin Felsefi Kökenleri ve Gelişimi (Empiricism: The Philosophical Origins and Development of the Constituent Epistemology of the English Political Economy and Legal Order)","created_at":"2021-12-30T00:54:18.429-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/66509758/Ampirizm_%C4%B0ngiliz_Ekonomi_Politik_ve_Hukuki_D%C3%BCzeninin_Kurucu_Epistemolojisinin_Felsefi_K%C3%B6kenleri_ve_Geli%C5%9Fimi_Empiricism_The_Philosophical_Origins_and_Development_of_the_Constituent_Epistemology_of_the_English_Political_Economy_and_Legal_Order_?f_ri=913","dom_id":"work_66509758","summary":"ÖZ\nİngiltere’de ampirizm, feodalizmden kapitalizme geçiş sürecinde doğa bilimleri ve felsefede yeni bir epistemolojik anlayış ve yöntem olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Ampiristlere göre insanın sahip olduğu bütün bilgi duyumsal algılamadan kaynaklanmaktadır. Gözlem ve deneyime dayanmayan doğuştan hiçbir bilgi yoktur. Onlar bilginin edinilmesinde algılayan ve deneyimleyen özneyi merkezileştirerek felsefeyi dünyevileştirme eğilimindedirler. Kapitalizmin gelişimine koşut olarak bu dünyevileşme, burjuvazinin ekonomi politik ve hukuk ideolojisinin temellerini biçimlendirmiştir. Üretim kapasitesinin ve verimliliğin artırılması için yeni tekniklerin kullanılması zorunluluğu bilimsel araştırmaları teşvik etmiştir. Ampirizm bu aşamada deney ve gözleme verdiği önem ile bilimsel bir metodoloji olarak ön plana çıkmıştır. Aynı dönemde İngiltere’de ampirizm, felsefinin de bir konusu haline gelmiştir. Epistemolojik bir hüviyet kazanan felsefi ampirizm bilginin kaynağı, nasıl edinildiği, sınırları ve insanın bilme kapasitesi gibi sorunlarla ilgilenmiştir. \nBu çalışmada ampirizmin ortaya çıkışı ve gelişimi öncelikle doğa bilimlerinin bir yöntemi olarak benimsenmesi ekseninde ele alınacaktır. Ardından ampirist felsefe Bacon, Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley ve Hume gibi en önemli temsilcilerinin epistemolojik görüşleri çerçevesinde değerlendirilecektir. 16. yüzyıldan 18. yüzyıla uzanan süreçte, ampirist filozofların epistemolojik yaklaşımlarındaki değişimler İngiliz ekonomi politik ve hukuki düzenindeki dönüşümler göz önüne alınarak ayrıntılı bir biçimde incelenecektir. \nAnahtar Sözcükler: ampirizm, ampirist epistemoloji, ampirist metodoloji, ampirist filozoflar, ampirizm ve kapitalizm ilişkisi \n\nABSTRACT\nEmpiricism in England has appeared as a new epistemological thought and method in natural sciences and philosophy in the transition period from feudalism to capitalism. According to empiricists, all the knowledge that human being have arisen from sensory perception. There is no innate knowledge that is not based on observation and experience. They have tended to secularize philosophy by centralizing the perceiving and experiencing subject in the acquisition of knowledge. Concurrent to the development of capitalism, this secularization has formed the foundation of the bourgeoisie’s ideology of political economy and law. The necessity of using new techniques in order to increase production capacity and efficiency has encouraged scientific researches. Empiricism has risen to prominence at this stage as a scientific methodology with its emphasis on experiment and observation. During the same period in England, empiricism has also become a topic of philosophy. Philosophical empiricism, that gained an epistemological character dealt with the problems like the source of knowledge, how it is obtained, its limits and the capacity of human knowing.\nIn this study the emergence and progress of empiricism will be discussed primarily in the axis of its adoption as a method of natural sciences. Subsequently, empiricist philosophy will be assessed within the framework of the epistemological opinions of its foremost representatives such as Bacon, Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley and Hume. In the period from the 16th to the 18th centuries, the alterations in the epistemological paradigms of empiricist philosophers will be carefully scrutinized with the transformations in the English political economy and legal order. \nKeywords: empiricism, empiricist epistemology, empiricist methodology, empiricist philosophers, relationship between empiricism and capitalism\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":77675608,"asset_id":66509758,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7459069,"first_name":"Şefik Taylan","last_name":"Akman","domain_name":"hacettepe","page_name":"SefikTaylanAkman","display_name":"Şefik Taylan Akman","profile_url":"https://hacettepe.academia.edu/SefikTaylanAkman?f_ri=913","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7459069/2724973/102996455/s65__efik_taylan.akman.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":815,"name":"Epistemology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":2065,"name":"Research Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":10476,"name":"Francis Bacon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Francis_Bacon?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":10492,"name":"Thomas Hobbes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thomas_Hobbes?f_ri=913"},{"id":17730,"name":"George Berkeley","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/George_Berkeley?f_ri=913"},{"id":18130,"name":"John Locke","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/John_Locke?f_ri=913"},{"id":19942,"name":"David Hume","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/David_Hume?f_ri=913"},{"id":1945591,"name":"British Empiricists","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Empiricists?f_ri=913"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1454642 coauthored" data-work_id="1454642" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1454642/Virtue_progress_and_practice">Virtue, progress and practice</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue 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class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="711385" href="https://dal.academia.edu/KirstinBorgerson">Kirstin Borgerson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="711385" type="text/json">{"id":711385,"first_name":"Kirstin","last_name":"Borgerson","domain_name":"dal","page_name":"KirstinBorgerson","display_name":"Kirstin Borgerson","profile_url":"https://dal.academia.edu/KirstinBorgerson?f_ri=913","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/711385/495554/623663/s65_kirstin.borgerson.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-1454642">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-1454642"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uwl.academia.edu/MichaelLoughlin">Michael Loughlin</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://michiganstate.academia.edu/RobynBluhm">Robyn Bluhm</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-1454642'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-1454642').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1454642 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1454642"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1454642, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1454642", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1454642 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy">Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="803" type="text/json">{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="814" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics">Ethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="814" type="text/json">{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="815" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology">Epistemology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="815" type="text/json">{"id":815,"name":"Epistemology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1454642]'), work: {"id":1454642,"title":"Virtue, progress and practice","created_at":"2012-03-02T01:43:26.191-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1454642/Virtue_progress_and_practice?f_ri=913","dom_id":"work_1454642","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43465143,"asset_id":1454642,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":711385,"first_name":"Kirstin","last_name":"Borgerson","domain_name":"dal","page_name":"KirstinBorgerson","display_name":"Kirstin Borgerson","profile_url":"https://dal.academia.edu/KirstinBorgerson?f_ri=913","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/711385/495554/623663/s65_kirstin.borgerson.jpg"},{"id":603676,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Loughlin","domain_name":"uwl","page_name":"MichaelLoughlin","display_name":"Michael Loughlin","profile_url":"https://uwl.academia.edu/MichaelLoughlin?f_ri=913","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":3457518,"first_name":"Robyn","last_name":"Bluhm","domain_name":"michiganstate","page_name":"RobynBluhm","display_name":"Robyn Bluhm","profile_url":"https://michiganstate.academia.edu/RobynBluhm?f_ri=913","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":254,"name":"Emotion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emotion?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":815,"name":"Epistemology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913"},{"id":2066,"name":"Research Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Design?f_ri=913"},{"id":2923,"name":"Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Methodology?f_ri=913"},{"id":3376,"name":"Values","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Values?f_ri=913"},{"id":3645,"name":"Evidence Based Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evidence_Based_Medicine?f_ri=913"},{"id":4440,"name":"Philosophy of Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Medicine?f_ri=913"},{"id":8910,"name":"Evaluation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evaluation?f_ri=913"},{"id":14197,"name":"Autonomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autonomy?f_ri=913"},{"id":15092,"name":"Evidence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evidence?f_ri=913"},{"id":16635,"name":"Health Services 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Evaluation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Practice_Education_Clinical_Evaluation?f_ri=913"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2360948" data-work_id="2360948" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2360948/Nietzsches_Positivism">Nietzsche's Positivism</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Nietzsche’s favourable comments about science and the senses have recently been taken as evidence of naturalism. Others focus on his falsification thesis: our beliefs are falsifying interpretations of reality. Clark argues that Nietzsche... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2360948" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Nietzsche’s favourable comments about science and the senses have recently been taken as evidence of naturalism. Others focus on his falsification thesis: our beliefs are falsifying interpretations of reality. Clark argues that Nietzsche eventually rejects this thesis. This article utilizes the multiple ways of being science friendly in Nietzsche’s context by focussing on Mach’s neutral monism. Mach’s positivism is a natural development of neo-Kantian positions Nietzsche was reacting to. Section 15 of Beyond Good and Evil is crucial to Clark’s interpretation. The presented interpretation makes better sense of this passage and shows that Nietzsche can accept both falsification and empiricism.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2360948" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="82833d4f278076fb8627842ebaefa77c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30398425,"asset_id":2360948,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30398425/download_file?st=MTczMjUzNTU0Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="401777" href="https://stanford.academia.edu/NadeemHussain">Nadeem J . Z . Hussain</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="401777" type="text/json">{"id":401777,"first_name":"Nadeem","last_name":"Hussain","domain_name":"stanford","page_name":"NadeemHussain","display_name":"Nadeem J . Z . Hussain","profile_url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/NadeemHussain?f_ri=913","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/401777/996685/1246729/s65_nadeem.hussain.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2360948 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2360948"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2360948, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2360948", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2360948 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2360948; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2360948"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2360948 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2360948"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2360948; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2360948]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2360948").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2360948").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2360948"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">24</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="913" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism">Empiricism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="913" type="text/json">{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8303" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Friedrich_Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8303" type="text/json">{"id":8303,"name":"Friedrich Nietzsche","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Friedrich_Nietzsche?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13803" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13803" type="text/json">{"id":13803,"name":"Nietzsche","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nietzsche?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18182" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Naturalism">Naturalism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="18182" type="text/json">{"id":18182,"name":"Naturalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Naturalism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2360948]'), work: {"id":2360948,"title":"Nietzsche's Positivism","created_at":"2013-01-04T07:10:24.138-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2360948/Nietzsches_Positivism?f_ri=913","dom_id":"work_2360948","summary":"Nietzsche’s favourable comments about science and the senses have recently been taken as evidence of naturalism. Others focus on his falsification thesis: our beliefs are falsifying interpretations of reality. Clark argues that Nietzsche eventually rejects this thesis. This article utilizes the multiple ways of being science friendly in Nietzsche’s context by focussing on Mach’s neutral monism. Mach’s positivism is a natural development of neo-Kantian positions Nietzsche was reacting to. Section 15 of Beyond Good and Evil is crucial to Clark’s interpretation. The presented interpretation makes better sense of this passage and shows that Nietzsche can accept both falsification and empiricism.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30398425,"asset_id":2360948,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":401777,"first_name":"Nadeem","last_name":"Hussain","domain_name":"stanford","page_name":"NadeemHussain","display_name":"Nadeem J . Z . Hussain","profile_url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/NadeemHussain?f_ri=913","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/401777/996685/1246729/s65_nadeem.hussain.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":8303,"name":"Friedrich Nietzsche","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Friedrich_Nietzsche?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":13803,"name":"Nietzsche","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nietzsche?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":18182,"name":"Naturalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Naturalism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":20731,"name":"Logical Positivism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logical_Positivism?f_ri=913"},{"id":20751,"name":"Rise and Fall of Logical Positivism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rise_and_Fall_of_Logical_Positivism?f_ri=913"},{"id":23347,"name":"Logical Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logical_Empiricism?f_ri=913"},{"id":23411,"name":"Ernst Mach","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ernst_Mach?f_ri=913"},{"id":31054,"name":"Kant \u0026 neo-Kantianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kant_and_neo-Kantianism?f_ri=913"},{"id":31062,"name":"Neo-Kantianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neo-Kantianism?f_ri=913"},{"id":38232,"name":"Empiricism (Philosophy)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism_Philosophy_?f_ri=913"},{"id":39041,"name":"Naturalism (Philosophy)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Naturalism_Philosophy_?f_ri=913"},{"id":44675,"name":"Fiction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fiction?f_ri=913"},{"id":50588,"name":"Metaphors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphors?f_ri=913"},{"id":70847,"name":"Positivism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Positivism?f_ri=913"},{"id":84202,"name":"Illusion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Illusion?f_ri=913"},{"id":143154,"name":"Late 19th Century Positivism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Late_19th_Century_Positivism?f_ri=913"},{"id":160737,"name":"Instrumentalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Instrumentalism?f_ri=913"},{"id":199667,"name":"Fictionalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fictionalism?f_ri=913"},{"id":283386,"name":"Hans Vaihinger","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hans_Vaihinger?f_ri=913"},{"id":284110,"name":"Vaihinger","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vaihinger?f_ri=913"},{"id":429681,"name":"Fictionalism, Philosophy of Mathematics, Ontology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fictionalism_Philosophy_of_Mathematics_Ontology?f_ri=913"},{"id":672038,"name":"Maudemarie Clark","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maudemarie_Clark?f_ri=913"},{"id":1029956,"name":"Thruth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thruth?f_ri=913"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_45133129" data-work_id="45133129" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45133129/Dynamical_Phenomena_and_Their_Models_Truth_and_Empirical_Correctness">Dynamical Phenomena and Their Models: Truth and Empirical Correctness</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">[This is the published paper, also available at <<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-020-09700-1" rel="nofollow">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-020-09700-1</a>> and <<a href="https://rdcu.be/b8FJI>" rel="nofollow">https://rdcu.be/b8FJI></a>] In the epistemological tradition, there are two main interpretations of the semantic relation that an empirical... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_45133129" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">[This is the published paper, also available at <<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-020-09700-1" rel="nofollow">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-020-09700-1</a>> and <<a href="https://rdcu.be/b8FJI>" rel="nofollow">https://rdcu.be/b8FJI></a>]<br />In the epistemological tradition, there are two main interpretations of the semantic relation that an empirical theory may bear to the real world. According to realism, the theory-world relationship should be conceived as truth; according to instrumentalism, instead, it should be limited to empirical adequacy. Then, depending on how empirical theories are conceived, either syntactically as a class of sentences, or semantically as a class of models, the concepts of truth and empirical adequacy assume different and specific forms. In this paper, we review two main conceptions of truth (one sentence-based and one model-based) and two of empirical adequacy (one sentence-based and one model-based), we point out their respective difficulties, and we give a first formulation of a new general view of the theory-world relationship, which we call Methodological Constructive Realism (MCR). We then show how the content of MCR can be further specified and expressed in a definite and precise form. The bulk of the paper shows in detail how it is possible to accomplish this goal for the special case of deterministic dynamical phenomena and their correlated deterministic models. This special version of MCR is formulated as an axiomatic extension of set theory, whose specific axioms constitute a formal ontology that provides an adequate framework for analyzing the two semantic relations of truth and empirical correctness, as well as their connections.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/45133129" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="14be77763bed071ae9439f16ec63465f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65703977,"asset_id":45133129,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65703977/download_file?st=MTczMjUzNTU0Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3271130" href="https://unica.academia.edu/MarcoGiunti">Marco Giunti</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3271130" type="text/json">{"id":3271130,"first_name":"Marco","last_name":"Giunti","domain_name":"unica","page_name":"MarcoGiunti","display_name":"Marco Giunti","profile_url":"https://unica.academia.edu/MarcoGiunti?f_ri=913","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3271130/1083318/14729361/s65_marco.giunti.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_45133129 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="45133129"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 45133129, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_45133129", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45133129]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_45133129").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_45133129").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="45133129"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="913" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism">Empiricism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="913" type="text/json">{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3861" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Scientific_Realism">Structural Scientific Realism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3861" type="text/json">{"id":3861,"name":"Structural Scientific Realism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Scientific_Realism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7085" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Truth">Truth</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7085" type="text/json">{"id":7085,"name":"Truth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Truth?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15088" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scientific_Realism">Scientific Realism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="15088" type="text/json">{"id":15088,"name":"Scientific Realism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scientific_Realism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=45133129]'), work: {"id":45133129,"title":"Dynamical Phenomena and Their Models: Truth and Empirical Correctness","created_at":"2021-02-16T07:09:50.785-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/45133129/Dynamical_Phenomena_and_Their_Models_Truth_and_Empirical_Correctness?f_ri=913","dom_id":"work_45133129","summary":"[This is the published paper, also available at \u003chttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-020-09700-1\u003e and \u003chttps://rdcu.be/b8FJI\u003e]\nIn the epistemological tradition, there are two main interpretations of the semantic relation that an empirical theory may bear to the real world. According to realism, the theory-world relationship should be conceived as truth; according to instrumentalism, instead, it should be limited to empirical adequacy. Then, depending on how empirical theories are conceived, either syntactically as a class of sentences, or semantically as a class of models, the concepts of truth and empirical adequacy assume different and specific forms. In this paper, we review two main conceptions of truth (one sentence-based and one model-based) and two of empirical adequacy (one sentence-based and one model-based), we point out their respective difficulties, and we give a first formulation of a new general view of the theory-world relationship, which we call Methodological Constructive Realism (MCR). We then show how the content of MCR can be further specified and expressed in a definite and precise form. The bulk of the paper shows in detail how it is possible to accomplish this goal for the special case of deterministic dynamical phenomena and their correlated deterministic models. This special version of MCR is formulated as an axiomatic extension of set theory, whose specific axioms constitute a formal ontology that provides an adequate framework for analyzing the two semantic relations of truth and empirical correctness, as well as their connections.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65703977,"asset_id":45133129,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3271130,"first_name":"Marco","last_name":"Giunti","domain_name":"unica","page_name":"MarcoGiunti","display_name":"Marco Giunti","profile_url":"https://unica.academia.edu/MarcoGiunti?f_ri=913","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3271130/1083318/14729361/s65_marco.giunti.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":3861,"name":"Structural Scientific Realism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Scientific_Realism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":7085,"name":"Truth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Truth?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":15088,"name":"Scientific Realism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scientific_Realism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":19773,"name":"Structuralism (Philosophy)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structuralism_Philosophy_?f_ri=913"},{"id":20514,"name":"Theories Of Truth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theories_Of_Truth?f_ri=913"},{"id":20731,"name":"Logical Positivism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logical_Positivism?f_ri=913"},{"id":23347,"name":"Logical Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logical_Empiricism?f_ri=913"},{"id":29876,"name":"Theories of truth (Philosophy)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theories_of_truth_Philosophy_?f_ri=913"},{"id":31065,"name":"Structural realism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_realism?f_ri=913"},{"id":31066,"name":"Constructive empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constructive_empiricism?f_ri=913"},{"id":42642,"name":"Structuralism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structuralism?f_ri=913"},{"id":160737,"name":"Instrumentalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Instrumentalism?f_ri=913"},{"id":194000,"name":"Empirical Adequacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empirical_Adequacy?f_ri=913"},{"id":341948,"name":"Mathematical Realism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Realism?f_ri=913"},{"id":1268334,"name":"Semantic View of Theories","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semantic_View_of_Theories?f_ri=913"},{"id":1836733,"name":"Syntactic View of Theories","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syntactic_View_of_Theories?f_ri=913"},{"id":2562357,"name":"Constructive Realism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constructive_Realism?f_ri=913"},{"id":3899228,"name":"Methodological Constructive Realism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Methodological_Constructive_Realism?f_ri=913"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_20235304" data-work_id="20235304" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20235304/What_Leads_Children_to_Adopt_New_Strategies_A_Microgenetic_Cross_Sectional_Study_of_Class_Inclusion">What Leads Children to Adopt New Strategies? 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href="https://www.academia.edu/7091728/Linking_the_subcultures_of_physics_Virtual_empiricism_and_the_bonding_role_of_trust">Linking the subcultures of physics: Virtual empiricism and the bonding role of trust</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article draws on empirical material concerning the communication and use of knowledge in experimental physics and their relations to the culture of theoretical physics. The role that trust plays in these interactions is used to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7091728" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article draws on empirical material concerning the communication and use of knowledge in experimental physics and their relations to the culture of theoretical physics. The role that trust plays in these interactions is used to create a model of social distance between interacting theoretical and experimental cultures. This article thus seeks to reintroduce trust as a fundamental element in answering the problem of disunity in the sociology of knowledge.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7091728" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ba99a2f54bf80b70e710c716236b2e5e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33736646,"asset_id":7091728,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33736646/download_file?st=MTczMjUzNTU0Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1206945" href="https://wur.academia.edu/LuisReyesGalindo">Luis Reyes-Galindo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1206945" type="text/json">{"id":1206945,"first_name":"Luis","last_name":"Reyes-Galindo","domain_name":"wur","page_name":"LuisReyesGalindo","display_name":"Luis Reyes-Galindo","profile_url":"https://wur.academia.edu/LuisReyesGalindo?f_ri=913","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1206945/434246/106677670/s65_luis.reyes-galindo.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7091728 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7091728"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7091728, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7091728", }); 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The role that trust plays in these interactions is used to create a model of social distance between interacting theoretical and experimental cultures. 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=58503682]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_58503682").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_58503682").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="58503682"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="226" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Psychology">Clinical Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="226" type="text/json">{"id":226,"name":"Clinical Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Psychology?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="913" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism">Empiricism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="913" type="text/json">{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2240" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2240" type="text/json">{"id":2240,"name":"Psychotherapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychotherapy?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=58503682]'), work: {"id":58503682,"title":"Empirically supported psychological therapies","created_at":"2021-10-16T16:31:44.304-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/58503682/Empirically_supported_psychological_therapies?f_ri=913","dom_id":"work_58503682","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":72882568,"asset_id":58503682,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33194325,"first_name":"Philip","last_name":"Kendall","domain_name":"temple","page_name":"PhilipKendall","display_name":"Philip Kendall","profile_url":"https://temple.academia.edu/PhilipKendall?f_ri=913","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":226,"name":"Clinical Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Psychology?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":2240,"name":"Psychotherapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychotherapy?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":64568,"name":"Humans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humans?f_ri=913"},{"id":171144,"name":"Mental Disorders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Disorders?f_ri=913"},{"id":408793,"name":"Empirical Evaluation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empirical_Evaluation?f_ri=913"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43379367" data-work_id="43379367" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43379367/Knowledge_is_Believing_Something_Because_Its_True">Knowledge is Believing Something Because It's True</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Modalists think that knowledge requires forming your belief in a "modally stable" way: using a method that wouldn't easily go wrong (i.e. safety), or using a method that wouldn't have given you this belief had it been false (i.e.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43379367" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Modalists think that knowledge requires forming your belief in a "modally stable" way: using a method that wouldn't easily go wrong (i.e. safety), or using a method that wouldn't have given you this belief had it been false (i.e. sensitivity). Recent Modalist projects from Justin Clarke-Doane and Dan Baras defend a principle they call "Modal Security," roughly: if evidence undermines your belief, then it must give you a reason to doubt the safety or sensitivity of your belief. Another recent Modalist project from Carlotta Pavese and Bob Beddor defends "Modal Virtue Epistemology": knowledge is a belief that is maximally modally robust across "normal" worlds. We'll offer new objections to these recent Modalist projects. We will then argue for a rival view, Explanationism: knowing something is believing it because it's true. We will show how Explanationism offers a better account of undermining defeaters than Modalism, and a better account of knowledge.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43379367" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4a408b8385a620065d70a163d5a77710" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63672910,"asset_id":43379367,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63672910/download_file?st=MTczMjUzNTU0Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="65221" href="https://pepperdine.academia.edu/TomasBogardus">Tomas Bogardus</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="65221" type="text/json">{"id":65221,"first_name":"Tomas","last_name":"Bogardus","domain_name":"pepperdine","page_name":"TomasBogardus","display_name":"Tomas Bogardus","profile_url":"https://pepperdine.academia.edu/TomasBogardus?f_ri=913","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/65221/18339/20045883/s65_tomas.bogardus.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43379367 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43379367"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43379367, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43379367", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_43379367 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43379367; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_43379367"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_43379367 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43379367"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43379367; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43379367]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43379367").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43379367").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43379367"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="803" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy">Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="803" type="text/json">{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="815" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology">Epistemology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="815" type="text/json">{"id":815,"name":"Epistemology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="913" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism">Empiricism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="913" type="text/json">{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13833" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Epistemology">Social Epistemology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="13833" type="text/json">{"id":13833,"name":"Social Epistemology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Epistemology?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43379367]'), work: {"id":43379367,"title":"Knowledge is Believing Something Because It's True","created_at":"2020-06-18T16:38:11.754-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43379367/Knowledge_is_Believing_Something_Because_Its_True?f_ri=913","dom_id":"work_43379367","summary":"Modalists think that knowledge requires forming your belief in a \"modally stable\" way: using a method that wouldn't easily go wrong (i.e. safety), or using a method that wouldn't have given you this belief had it been false (i.e. sensitivity). Recent Modalist projects from Justin Clarke-Doane and Dan Baras defend a principle they call \"Modal Security,\" roughly: if evidence undermines your belief, then it must give you a reason to doubt the safety or sensitivity of your belief. Another recent Modalist project from Carlotta Pavese and Bob Beddor defends \"Modal Virtue Epistemology\": knowledge is a belief that is maximally modally robust across \"normal\" worlds. We'll offer new objections to these recent Modalist projects. We will then argue for a rival view, Explanationism: knowing something is believing it because it's true. We will show how Explanationism offers a better account of undermining defeaters than Modalism, and a better account of knowledge.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63672910,"asset_id":43379367,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":65221,"first_name":"Tomas","last_name":"Bogardus","domain_name":"pepperdine","page_name":"TomasBogardus","display_name":"Tomas Bogardus","profile_url":"https://pepperdine.academia.edu/TomasBogardus?f_ri=913","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/65221/18339/20045883/s65_tomas.bogardus.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":815,"name":"Epistemology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":13833,"name":"Social Epistemology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Epistemology?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":29711,"name":"Skepticism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Skepticism?f_ri=913"},{"id":33199,"name":"Foundationalism \u0026 Antifoundationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foundationalism_and_Antifoundationalism?f_ri=913"},{"id":44096,"name":"Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Knowledge?f_ri=913"},{"id":1015222,"name":"The Analysis of Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Analysis_of_Knowledge?f_ri=913"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_21648533" data-work_id="21648533" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21648533/The_absolute_existence_of_phlogiston_the_losing_partys_point_of_view">The 'absolute existence' of phlogiston: the losing party's point of view</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Long after its alleged demise, phlogiston was still presented, discussed and defended by leading chemists. Even some of the leading proponents of the new chemistry admitted its 'absolute existence'. We demonstrate that what was defended... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_21648533" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Long after its alleged demise, phlogiston was still presented, discussed and defended by leading chemists. Even some of the leading proponents of the new chemistry admitted its 'absolute existence'. We demonstrate that what was defended under the title 'phlogiston' was no longer a particular hypothesis about combustion and respiration. Rather, it was a set of ontological and epistemological assumptions and the empirical practices associated with them. Lavoisier's gravimetric reduction, in the eyes of the phlogistians, annihilated the autonomy of chemistry together with its peculiar concepts of chemical substance and quality, chemical process and chemical afnity. The defence of phlogiston was the defence of a distinctly chemical conception of matter and its appearances, a conception which reected the chemist's acquaintance with details and particularities of substances, properties and processes and his skills of adducing causal relations from the interplay between their complexity and uniformity.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/21648533" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3ba7eee879b6f9e64486816ce03dd235" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42274094,"asset_id":21648533,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42274094/download_file?st=MTczMjUzNTU0Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6022378" href="https://sydney.academia.edu/OferGal">Ofer Gal</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6022378" type="text/json">{"id":6022378,"first_name":"Ofer","last_name":"Gal","domain_name":"sydney","page_name":"OferGal","display_name":"Ofer Gal","profile_url":"https://sydney.academia.edu/OferGal?f_ri=913","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6022378/11495576/95227255/s65_ofer.gal.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_21648533 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="21648533"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 21648533, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_21648533", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_21648533 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21648533; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_21648533"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_21648533 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21648533"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21648533; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21648533]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_21648533").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_21648533").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="21648533"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="852" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_and_Philosophy_of_Chemistry">History and Philosophy of Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="852" type="text/json">{"id":852,"name":"History and Philosophy of Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_and_Philosophy_of_Chemistry?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="913" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism">Empiricism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="913" type="text/json">{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1727" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_History">Early Modern History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1727" type="text/json">{"id":1727,"name":"Early Modern History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_History?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3723" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science">History of Science</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3723" type="text/json">{"id":3723,"name":"History of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=21648533]'), work: {"id":21648533,"title":"The 'absolute existence' of phlogiston: the losing party's point of view","created_at":"2016-02-07T01:54:08.385-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/21648533/The_absolute_existence_of_phlogiston_the_losing_partys_point_of_view?f_ri=913","dom_id":"work_21648533","summary":"Long after its alleged demise, phlogiston was still presented, discussed and defended by leading chemists. Even some of the leading proponents of the new chemistry admitted its 'absolute existence'. We demonstrate that what was defended under the title 'phlogiston' was no longer a particular hypothesis about combustion and respiration. Rather, it was a set of ontological and epistemological assumptions and the empirical practices associated with them. Lavoisier's gravimetric reduction, in the eyes of the phlogistians, annihilated the autonomy of chemistry together with its peculiar concepts of chemical substance and quality, chemical process and chemical afnity. The defence of phlogiston was the defence of a distinctly chemical conception of matter and its appearances, a conception which reected the chemist's acquaintance with details and particularities of substances, properties and processes and his skills of adducing causal relations from the interplay between their complexity and uniformity.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42274094,"asset_id":21648533,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6022378,"first_name":"Ofer","last_name":"Gal","domain_name":"sydney","page_name":"OferGal","display_name":"Ofer Gal","profile_url":"https://sydney.academia.edu/OferGal?f_ri=913","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6022378/11495576/95227255/s65_ofer.gal.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":852,"name":"History and Philosophy of Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_and_Philosophy_of_Chemistry?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":1727,"name":"Early Modern History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_History?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":3723,"name":"History of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":21712,"name":"Early Modern Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_Science?f_ri=913"},{"id":63311,"name":"Phlogiston theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phlogiston_theory?f_ri=913"},{"id":192934,"name":"Historical Ontology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Ontology?f_ri=913"},{"id":222173,"name":"Lavoisier","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lavoisier?f_ri=913"},{"id":240470,"name":"History of Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Chemistry?f_ri=913"},{"id":1028878,"name":"Phlogiston","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phlogiston?f_ri=913"},{"id":1129520,"name":"Joseph Priestley","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Joseph_Priestley?f_ri=913"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_73066607" data-work_id="73066607" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73066607/_Cooking_Niter_Prototyping_Nature_Saltpeter_and_Artisanal_Experiment_in_Korea_1592_1635_">"Cooking Niter, Prototyping Nature: Saltpeter and Artisanal Experiment in Korea, 1592–1635"</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">From experimental philosophers in England to workshop managers in Korea, practitioners across the seventeenth-century world developed new ways of investigating nature while studying saltpeter (potassium nitrate), the chief ingredient of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_73066607" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">From experimental philosophers in England to workshop managers in Korea, practitioners across the seventeenth-century world developed new ways of investigating nature while studying saltpeter (potassium nitrate), the chief ingredient of gunpowder. Contrary to global histories that emphasize circulation, however, this early modern convergence had less to do with the fluid movement of knowledge and technology than with the very moments when such movement failed. This essay argues that in Chosŏn Korea (1392-1910) the problem of adopting a Chinese method of manufacture—a "thing that did not work"—proved productive in unexpected ways. In the process of vetting the foreign knowledge, the Korean saltpeterers (artisans and military officers) discovered solutions that suited the local conditions. They also established a mode of experimentalism that used hands-on trials to investigate the natural world, drew on the artisanal techniques of "experiment" (sihŏm) and "prototyping" (kyŏnyang), and operated in two languages-the vernacular, hangŭl script and literary Sinitic.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/73066607" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="77d8f0f805af3e763ee7011dc438e605" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81735523,"asset_id":73066607,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81735523/download_file?st=MTczMjUzNTU0Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="390789" href="https://wustl.academia.edu/hhkang">Hyeok Hweon "H. H." Kang</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="390789" type="text/json">{"id":390789,"first_name":"Hyeok Hweon \"H. H.\"","last_name":"Kang","domain_name":"wustl","page_name":"hhkang","display_name":"Hyeok Hweon \"H. H.\" Kang","profile_url":"https://wustl.academia.edu/hhkang?f_ri=913","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/390789/122156/34262145/s65_hyeok_hweon.kang.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_73066607 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="73066607"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 73066607, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_73066607", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_73066607 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 73066607; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_73066607"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_73066607 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="73066607"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 73066607; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=73066607]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_73066607").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_73066607").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="73066607"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="132" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science_and_Technology">History of Science and Technology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="132" type="text/json">{"id":132,"name":"History of Science and Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science_and_Technology?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="913" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism">Empiricism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="913" type="text/json">{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3557" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Technology">History of Technology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3557" type="text/json">{"id":3557,"name":"History of Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Technology?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3723" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science">History of Science</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3723" type="text/json">{"id":3723,"name":"History of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=73066607]'), work: {"id":73066607,"title":"\"Cooking Niter, Prototyping Nature: Saltpeter and Artisanal Experiment in Korea, 1592–1635\"","created_at":"2022-03-04T19:53:18.109-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/73066607/_Cooking_Niter_Prototyping_Nature_Saltpeter_and_Artisanal_Experiment_in_Korea_1592_1635_?f_ri=913","dom_id":"work_73066607","summary":"From experimental philosophers in England to workshop managers in Korea, practitioners across the seventeenth-century world developed new ways of investigating nature while studying saltpeter (potassium nitrate), the chief ingredient of gunpowder. Contrary to global histories that emphasize circulation, however, this early modern convergence had less to do with the fluid movement of knowledge and technology than with the very moments when such movement failed. This essay argues that in Chosŏn Korea (1392-1910) the problem of adopting a Chinese method of manufacture—a \"thing that did not work\"—proved productive in unexpected ways. In the process of vetting the foreign knowledge, the Korean saltpeterers (artisans and military officers) discovered solutions that suited the local conditions. They also established a mode of experimentalism that used hands-on trials to investigate the natural world, drew on the artisanal techniques of \"experiment\" (sihŏm) and \"prototyping\" (kyŏnyang), and operated in two languages-the vernacular, hangŭl script and literary Sinitic.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81735523,"asset_id":73066607,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":390789,"first_name":"Hyeok Hweon \"H. H.\"","last_name":"Kang","domain_name":"wustl","page_name":"hhkang","display_name":"Hyeok Hweon \"H. H.\" Kang","profile_url":"https://wustl.academia.edu/hhkang?f_ri=913","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/390789/122156/34262145/s65_hyeok_hweon.kang.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":132,"name":"History of Science and Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science_and_Technology?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":3557,"name":"History of Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Technology?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":3723,"name":"History of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":11745,"name":"Early Modern Science and Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_Science_and_Philosophy?f_ri=913"},{"id":16905,"name":"Craft Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Craft_Knowledge?f_ri=913"},{"id":21712,"name":"Early Modern Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_Science?f_ri=913"},{"id":104712,"name":"Experimentalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experimentalism?f_ri=913"},{"id":277178,"name":"History of Late Choson Korea","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Late_Choson_Korea?f_ri=913"},{"id":326751,"name":"Saltpetre","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Saltpetre?f_ri=913"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37285589" data-work_id="37285589" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37285589/Realism_empiricism_and_causal_inquiry_in_International_Relations_whats_at_stake_EJIR_forthcoming_">Realism, empiricism, and causal inquiry in International Relations – what's at stake (EJIR, forthcoming)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Discussions of causal inquiry in International Relations are increasingly framed in terms of a contrast between rival philosophical positions, each with a putative methodological corollary — empiricism is associated with a search for... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37285589" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Discussions of causal inquiry in International Relations are increasingly framed in terms of a contrast between rival philosophical positions, each with a putative methodological corollary — empiricism is associated with a search for patterns of covariation, while scientific realism is associated with a search for causal mechanisms. Scientific realism is, on this basis, claimed to open up avenues of causal inquiry that are unavailable to empiricists. This is misleading. Empiricism appears inferior only if its reformulation by contemporary philosophers of science, such as Bas van Fraassen, is ignored. I therefore develop a fuller account than has previously been provided in International Relations of Van Fraassen’s ‘constructive empiricism’ and how it differs from scientific realism. In light of that, I consider what is at stake in calls for the reconstitution of causal inquiry along scientific realist, rather than empiricist, lines. I argue that scientific realists have failed to make a compelling case that what matters is whether researchers are realists. Constructive empiricism and scientific realism differ only on narrow epistemological and metaphysical grounds that carry no clear implications for the conduct of causal inquiry. Yet, insofar as Van Fraassen has reformed empiricism to meet the scientific realist challenge, this has created a striking disjunction between mainstream practices of causal inquiry in International Relations and the vision of scientific practice that scientific realists and contemporary empiricists share, especially regarding the significance of regularities observed in everyday world politics. Although scientific realist calls for a philosophical revolution in International Relations are overstated, this disjunction demands further consideration.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37285589" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="87aa69c27b267cac74e53d649331d83a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57240627,"asset_id":37285589,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57240627/download_file?st=MTczMjUzNTU0Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="207727" href="https://reading.academia.edu/AdamHumphreys">Adam Humphreys</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="207727" type="text/json">{"id":207727,"first_name":"Adam","last_name":"Humphreys","domain_name":"reading","page_name":"AdamHumphreys","display_name":"Adam Humphreys","profile_url":"https://reading.academia.edu/AdamHumphreys?f_ri=913","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/207727/48253/2925205/s65_adam.humphreys.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37285589 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37285589"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37285589, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37285589", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_37285589 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37285589; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_37285589"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_37285589 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37285589"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37285589; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37285589]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37285589").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37285589").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37285589"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="913" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism">Empiricism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="913" type="text/json">{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1166" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations_Theory">International Relations Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1166" type="text/json">{"id":1166,"name":"International Relations Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations_Theory?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2899" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Realism">Critical Realism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2899" type="text/json">{"id":2899,"name":"Critical Realism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Realism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8220" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Causation">Causation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8220" type="text/json">{"id":8220,"name":"Causation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Causation?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37285589]'), work: {"id":37285589,"title":"Realism, empiricism, and causal inquiry in International Relations – what's at stake (EJIR, forthcoming)","created_at":"2018-08-24T06:19:03.361-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37285589/Realism_empiricism_and_causal_inquiry_in_International_Relations_whats_at_stake_EJIR_forthcoming_?f_ri=913","dom_id":"work_37285589","summary":"Discussions of causal inquiry in International Relations are increasingly framed in terms of a contrast between rival philosophical positions, each with a putative methodological corollary — empiricism is associated with a search for patterns of covariation, while scientific realism is associated with a search for causal mechanisms. Scientific realism is, on this basis, claimed to open up avenues of causal inquiry that are unavailable to empiricists. This is misleading. Empiricism appears inferior only if its reformulation by contemporary philosophers of science, such as Bas van Fraassen, is ignored. I therefore develop a fuller account than has previously been provided in International Relations of Van Fraassen’s ‘constructive empiricism’ and how it differs from scientific realism. In light of that, I consider what is at stake in calls for the reconstitution of causal inquiry along scientific realist, rather than empiricist, lines. I argue that scientific realists have failed to make a compelling case that what matters is whether researchers are realists. Constructive empiricism and scientific realism differ only on narrow epistemological and metaphysical grounds that carry no clear implications for the conduct of causal inquiry. Yet, insofar as Van Fraassen has reformed empiricism to meet the scientific realist challenge, this has created a striking disjunction between mainstream practices of causal inquiry in International Relations and the vision of scientific practice that scientific realists and contemporary empiricists share, especially regarding the significance of regularities observed in everyday world politics. Although scientific realist calls for a philosophical revolution in International Relations are overstated, this disjunction demands further consideration.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57240627,"asset_id":37285589,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":207727,"first_name":"Adam","last_name":"Humphreys","domain_name":"reading","page_name":"AdamHumphreys","display_name":"Adam Humphreys","profile_url":"https://reading.academia.edu/AdamHumphreys?f_ri=913","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/207727/48253/2925205/s65_adam.humphreys.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":1166,"name":"International Relations Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations_Theory?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":2899,"name":"Critical Realism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Realism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":8220,"name":"Causation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Causation?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":24089,"name":"Causality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Causality?f_ri=913"},{"id":42586,"name":"IR Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/IR_Theory?f_ri=913"},{"id":94690,"name":"Theory of International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theory_of_International_Relations?f_ri=913"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1397144" data-work_id="1397144" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1397144/Gender_and_critical_realism_A_critique_of_Sayer">Gender and critical realism: A critique of Sayer</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In a recent article in this journal,Andrew Sayer has argued that much feminist research on the gendered nature of organisations, such as bureaucracy and the market, confuses a contingent association of gender and organisational forms with... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1397144" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In a recent article in this journal,Andrew Sayer has argued that much feminist research on the gendered nature of organisations, such as bureaucracy and the market, confuses a contingent association of gender and organisational forms with a stronger claim that they are intrinsically gendered. Sayer accepts that this research has shown that the empirically found, concrete forms of organisations are gendered.However,deeper theoretical reflection, he suggests, reveals that, when considered as ‘abstract realist models’, bureaucracy and the market are, in fact, identity-blind.He makes two claims, one concerned with explanation, the other concerned with the political consequences of social inquiry.The first is that the construction of abstract models, rather than the ‘associational’ thinking concerned with the delineation of empirical regularities, is necessary to the <br />proper understanding of the operation of causal mechanisms and their mode of determination in social life. The second is that this will enable a more progressive and positive politics beyond a fatalism which he attributes to associational thinking.This paper <br />takes issue with both claims arguing that the abstract theory he defends has no positive role in social inquiry and that his political critique is misplaced.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1397144" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1284b2dbb8e421973a7426780df84b0f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":9043472,"asset_id":1397144,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/9043472/download_file?st=MTczMjUzNTU0Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1010739" href="https://nottingham.academia.edu/JohnHolmwood">John Holmwood</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1010739" type="text/json">{"id":1010739,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Holmwood","domain_name":"nottingham","page_name":"JohnHolmwood","display_name":"John Holmwood","profile_url":"https://nottingham.academia.edu/JohnHolmwood?f_ri=913","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1010739/356921/431324/s65_john.holmwood.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1397144 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1397144"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1397144, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1397144", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1397144 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1397144; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1397144"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1397144 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1397144"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1397144; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1397144]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1397144").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1397144").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1397144"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="913" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism">Empiricism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="913" type="text/json">{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2899" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Realism">Critical Realism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2899" type="text/json">{"id":2899,"name":"Critical Realism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Realism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7024" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender">Gender</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7024" type="text/json">{"id":7024,"name":"Gender","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10453" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminism">Feminism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="10453" type="text/json">{"id":10453,"name":"Feminism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1397144]'), work: {"id":1397144,"title":"Gender and critical realism: A critique of Sayer","created_at":"2012-02-15T17:31:53.690-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1397144/Gender_and_critical_realism_A_critique_of_Sayer?f_ri=913","dom_id":"work_1397144","summary":"In a recent article in this journal,Andrew Sayer has argued that much feminist research on the gendered nature of organisations, such as bureaucracy and the market, confuses a contingent association of gender and organisational forms with a stronger claim that they are intrinsically gendered. Sayer accepts that this research has shown that the empirically found, concrete forms of organisations are gendered.However,deeper theoretical reflection, he suggests, reveals that, when considered as ‘abstract realist models’, bureaucracy and the market are, in fact, identity-blind.He makes two claims, one concerned with explanation, the other concerned with the political consequences of social inquiry.The first is that the construction of abstract models, rather than the ‘associational’ thinking concerned with the delineation of empirical regularities, is necessary to the\r\nproper understanding of the operation of causal mechanisms and their mode of determination in social life. The second is that this will enable a more progressive and positive politics beyond a fatalism which he attributes to associational thinking.This paper\r\ntakes issue with both claims arguing that the abstract theory he defends has no positive role in social inquiry and that his political critique is misplaced.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":9043472,"asset_id":1397144,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1010739,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Holmwood","domain_name":"nottingham","page_name":"JohnHolmwood","display_name":"John Holmwood","profile_url":"https://nottingham.academia.edu/JohnHolmwood?f_ri=913","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1010739/356921/431324/s65_john.holmwood.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":2899,"name":"Critical Realism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Realism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":7024,"name":"Gender","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":10453,"name":"Feminism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":51733,"name":"Market","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Market?f_ri=913"},{"id":78388,"name":"Bureaucracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bureaucracy?f_ri=913"},{"id":107319,"name":"Lifeworld","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lifeworld?f_ri=913"},{"id":107320,"name":"System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/System?f_ri=913"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_61719777" data-work_id="61719777" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/61719777/Pediatric_neurocritical_care_in_the_21st_century_from_empiricism_to_evidence">Pediatric neurocritical care in the 21st century: from empiricism to evidence</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Approximately one in five children admitted to a pediatric ICU have a new central nervous system injury or a neurological complication of their critical illness. The spectrum of neurologic insults in children is diverse and clinical... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_61719777" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Approximately one in five children admitted to a pediatric ICU have a new central nervous system injury or a neurological complication of their critical illness. The spectrum of neurologic insults in children is diverse and clinical practice is largely empirical, as few randomized, controlled trials have been reported. This lack of data poses a substantial challenge to the practice of pediatric neurocritical care (PNCC). PNCC has emerged as a novel subspecialty, and its presence is expanding within tertiary care centers. This review highlights the recent advances in the field, with a focus on traumatic brain injury (TBI), cardiac arrest, and stroke as disease models. Variable approaches to the structure of a PNCC service have been reported, comprising multidisciplinary teams from neurology, critical care, neurosurgery, neuroradiology, and anesthesia. Neurologic morbidity is substantial in critically ill children and the increased use of continuous electroencephalography monitoring h...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/61719777" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="48b75b513fddcfbb4df0a6d243a17a6d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":74742051,"asset_id":61719777,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/74742051/download_file?st=MTczMjUzNTU0Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="45180967" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GregoryHansen">Gregory Hansen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="45180967" type="text/json">{"id":45180967,"first_name":"Gregory","last_name":"Hansen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GregoryHansen","display_name":"Gregory Hansen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GregoryHansen?f_ri=913","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_61719777 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="61719777"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 61719777, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_61719777", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_61719777 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 61719777; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_61719777"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_61719777 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="61719777"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 61719777; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=61719777]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_61719777").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_61719777").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="61719777"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="623" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurology">Neurology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="623" type="text/json">{"id":623,"name":"Neurology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurology?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="631" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="631" type="text/json">{"id":631,"name":"Pediatrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pediatrics?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="913" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism">Empiricism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="913" type="text/json">{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22506" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent">Adolescent</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="22506" type="text/json">{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=61719777]'), work: {"id":61719777,"title":"Pediatric neurocritical care in the 21st century: from empiricism to evidence","created_at":"2021-11-15T10:24:09.751-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/61719777/Pediatric_neurocritical_care_in_the_21st_century_from_empiricism_to_evidence?f_ri=913","dom_id":"work_61719777","summary":"Approximately one in five children admitted to a pediatric ICU have a new central nervous system injury or a neurological complication of their critical illness. The spectrum of neurologic insults in children is diverse and clinical practice is largely empirical, as few randomized, controlled trials have been reported. This lack of data poses a substantial challenge to the practice of pediatric neurocritical care (PNCC). PNCC has emerged as a novel subspecialty, and its presence is expanding within tertiary care centers. This review highlights the recent advances in the field, with a focus on traumatic brain injury (TBI), cardiac arrest, and stroke as disease models. Variable approaches to the structure of a PNCC service have been reported, comprising multidisciplinary teams from neurology, critical care, neurosurgery, neuroradiology, and anesthesia. Neurologic morbidity is substantial in critically ill children and the increased use of continuous electroencephalography monitoring h...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":74742051,"asset_id":61719777,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":45180967,"first_name":"Gregory","last_name":"Hansen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GregoryHansen","display_name":"Gregory Hansen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GregoryHansen?f_ri=913","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":623,"name":"Neurology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurology?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":631,"name":"Pediatrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pediatrics?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":32538,"name":"Critical Care","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Care?f_ri=913"},{"id":61234,"name":"Stroke","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stroke?f_ri=913"},{"id":64568,"name":"Humans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humans?f_ri=913"},{"id":64933,"name":"Child","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child?f_ri=913"},{"id":1548059,"name":"Critical Illness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Illness?f_ri=913"},{"id":2489700,"name":"Child preschool","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_preschool?f_ri=913"},{"id":2491318,"name":"Guideline Adherence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Guideline_Adherence?f_ri=913"},{"id":2735826,"name":"Health Care Surveys","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Care_Surveys?f_ri=913"},{"id":3194761,"name":"Quality of health care","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quality_of_health_care?f_ri=913"},{"id":3499881,"name":"Outcome assessment (Health care)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Outcome_assessment_Health_care_?f_ri=913"},{"id":3544613,"name":"Heart arrest","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heart_arrest?f_ri=913"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_25965899" data-work_id="25965899" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25965899/Carnap_Feyerabend_and_the_pragmatic_theory_of_observation">Carnap, Feyerabend and the pragmatic theory of observation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Paul Feyerabend once made a remark to the effect that his pragmatic theory of observation can be traced back to proposals put forward by leading Logical Empiricists during the height of the protocol sentence debate. In this paper I want... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_25965899" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Paul Feyerabend once made a remark to the effect that his pragmatic theory of observation can be traced back to proposals put forward by leading Logical Empiricists during the height of the protocol sentence debate. In this paper I want to vindicate the systematic side of Feyerabend's remark and show that a pragmatic theory of observation can in fact be found in Rudolf Carnap's writings of 1932. I first proceed to dispel a misunderstanding concerning the term "pragmatic" raised by Thomas Oberdan. Following Morris' and Carnap's documented usage, I show that the intended meaning of "pragmatic" refers to a specific semiotic relation between users of a language and their environment describable by empirical means (specifically, the causal relation between the verbal behavior of language users and their environment). I reconstruct such a pragmatic theory in terms of a detector model that interprets observation sentences as bodily dispositions indicating physical events in the surroundings of the detector. I then proceed to show how Feyerabend's later theory of observation picks up central features of Carnap's account and also shares some of the motivations. I conclude by noting how an empirical theory of observation sentences offers a bootstrapping solution to the "basis problem".</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25965899" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="708a2ed199e66b1d9229290338198745" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55541581,"asset_id":25965899,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55541581/download_file?st=MTczMjUzNTU0Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="144050" href="https://konstanz.academia.edu/DanielKuby">Daniel Kuby</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="144050" type="text/json">{"id":144050,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Kuby","domain_name":"konstanz","page_name":"DanielKuby","display_name":"Daniel Kuby","profile_url":"https://konstanz.academia.edu/DanielKuby?f_ri=913","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/144050/38165/58941523/s65_daniel.kuby.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_25965899 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="25965899"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 25965899, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_25965899", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_25965899 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25965899; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_25965899"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_25965899 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="25965899"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25965899; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25965899]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_25965899").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_25965899").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="25965899"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="913" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism">Empiricism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="913" type="text/json">{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2238" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2238" type="text/json">{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14331" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vienna_Circle">Vienna Circle</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14331" type="text/json">{"id":14331,"name":"Vienna Circle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vienna_Circle?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23347" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logical_Empiricism">Logical Empiricism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="23347" type="text/json">{"id":23347,"name":"Logical Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logical_Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=25965899]'), work: {"id":25965899,"title":"Carnap, Feyerabend and the pragmatic theory of observation","created_at":"2016-06-07T11:27:14.282-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/25965899/Carnap_Feyerabend_and_the_pragmatic_theory_of_observation?f_ri=913","dom_id":"work_25965899","summary":"Paul Feyerabend once made a remark to the effect that his pragmatic theory of observation can be traced back to proposals put forward by leading Logical Empiricists during the height of the protocol sentence debate. In this paper I want to vindicate the systematic side of Feyerabend's remark and show that a pragmatic theory of observation can in fact be found in Rudolf Carnap's writings of 1932. I first proceed to dispel a misunderstanding concerning the term \"pragmatic\" raised by Thomas Oberdan. Following Morris' and Carnap's documented usage, I show that the intended meaning of \"pragmatic\" refers to a specific semiotic relation between users of a language and their environment describable by empirical means (specifically, the causal relation between the verbal behavior of language users and their environment). I reconstruct such a pragmatic theory in terms of a detector model that interprets observation sentences as bodily dispositions indicating physical events in the surroundings of the detector. I then proceed to show how Feyerabend's later theory of observation picks up central features of Carnap's account and also shares some of the motivations. I conclude by noting how an empirical theory of observation sentences offers a bootstrapping solution to the \"basis problem\".","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55541581,"asset_id":25965899,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":144050,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Kuby","domain_name":"konstanz","page_name":"DanielKuby","display_name":"Daniel Kuby","profile_url":"https://konstanz.academia.edu/DanielKuby?f_ri=913","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/144050/38165/58941523/s65_daniel.kuby.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":14331,"name":"Vienna Circle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vienna_Circle?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":23347,"name":"Logical Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logical_Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":23480,"name":"Rudolf Carnap","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rudolf_Carnap?f_ri=913"},{"id":23481,"name":"Paul K. Feyerabend","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paul_K._Feyerabend?f_ri=913"},{"id":343203,"name":"Theory-Ladenness of Observation and Fact","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theory-Ladenness_of_Observation_and_Fact?f_ri=913"},{"id":1019480,"name":"Protocol Sentence Debate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protocol_Sentence_Debate?f_ri=913"},{"id":2476307,"name":"Pragmatic theory of observation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatic_theory_of_observation?f_ri=913"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_62911386" data-work_id="62911386" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62911386/Commentaries_Decisional_Capacity_of_Patients_With_Schizophrenia_to_Consent_to_Research_Taking_Stock">Commentaries: Decisional Capacity of Patients With Schizophrenia to Consent to Research: Taking Stock</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/62911386" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="91c942ad062d3874a99591e63b87558b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":75522728,"asset_id":62911386,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/75522728/download_file?st=MTczMjUzNTU0Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14728206" href="https://columbia.academia.edu/PaulAppelbaum">Paul Appelbaum</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14728206" 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window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_62911386"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_62911386 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="62911386"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 62911386; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=62911386]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_62911386").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_62911386").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="62911386"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="913" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism">Empiricism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="913" type="text/json">{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1681" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_Making">Decision Making</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1681" type="text/json">{"id":1681,"name":"Decision Making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_Making?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3227" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3227" type="text/json">{"id":3227,"name":"Schizophrenia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Schizophrenia?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8562" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Informed_Consent">Informed Consent</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8562" type="text/json">{"id":8562,"name":"Informed Consent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Informed_Consent?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=62911386]'), work: {"id":62911386,"title":"Commentaries: Decisional Capacity of Patients With Schizophrenia to Consent to Research: Taking Stock","created_at":"2021-12-01T18:11:56.398-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/62911386/Commentaries_Decisional_Capacity_of_Patients_With_Schizophrenia_to_Consent_to_Research_Taking_Stock?f_ri=913","dom_id":"work_62911386","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":75522728,"asset_id":62911386,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":14728206,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Appelbaum","domain_name":"columbia","page_name":"PaulAppelbaum","display_name":"Paul Appelbaum","profile_url":"https://columbia.academia.edu/PaulAppelbaum?f_ri=913","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":1681,"name":"Decision Making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_Making?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":3227,"name":"Schizophrenia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Schizophrenia?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":8562,"name":"Informed Consent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Informed_Consent?f_ri=913","nofollow":false},{"id":16288,"name":"Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health?f_ri=913"},{"id":64568,"name":"Humans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humans?f_ri=913"},{"id":66744,"name":"Biomedical Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Research?f_ri=913"},{"id":387716,"name":"Scientific Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scientific_Research?f_ri=913"},{"id":2922956,"name":"Psychology and Cognitive Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology_and_Cognitive_Sciences?f_ri=913"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences?f_ri=913"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1634426" data-work_id="1634426" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1634426/Empiricism_Without_the_Senses_How_the_Instrument_Replaced_the_Eye">Empiricism Without the Senses: How the Instrument Replaced the Eye</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1634426" data-share-source="work_strip" 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itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1049815" href="https://huji.academia.edu/RazChen">Raz Chen-Morris</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1049815" type="text/json">{"id":1049815,"first_name":"Raz","last_name":"Chen-Morris","domain_name":"huji","page_name":"RazChen","display_name":"Raz Chen-Morris","profile_url":"https://huji.academia.edu/RazChen?f_ri=913","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1049815/4829188/12980621/s65_raz.chen-morris.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1634426 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1634426"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1634426, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1634426", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1634426 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data-has-card-for-ri="913" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism">Empiricism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="913" type="text/json">{"id":913,"name":"Empiricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empiricism?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47599" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astronomy">Astronomy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47599" type="text/json">{"id":47599,"name":"Astronomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astronomy?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="147719" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Galileo">Galileo</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="147719" type="text/json">{"id":147719,"name":"Galileo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Galileo?f_ri=913","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1634426]'), work: {"id":1634426,"title":"Empiricism Without the Senses: How the Instrument Replaced the Eye","created_at":"2012-06-08T14:02:40.128-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1634426/Empiricism_Without_the_Senses_How_the_Instrument_Replaced_the_Eye?f_ri=913","dom_id":"work_1634426","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":16909157,"asset_id":1634426,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1049815,"first_name":"Raz","last_name":"Chen-Morris","domain_name":"huji","page_name":"RazChen","display_name":"Raz 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itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27955828/Is_empiricism_empirically_false_Lessons_from_early_nervous_systems">Is empiricism empirically false? Lessons from early nervous systems</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The recent work on skin-brain thesis (de Wiljes et al. 2015; F. A. Keijzer 2015; 2013) suggests the possibility that there is an empirical proof that empiricism is false. It implies that early animals need no traditional sensory receptors... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_27955828" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The recent work on skin-brain thesis (de Wiljes et al. 2015; F. A. Keijzer 2015; 2013) suggests the possibility that there is an empirical proof that empiricism is false. It implies that early animals need no traditional sensory receptors to be engaged in cognitive activity. The neural structure required to coordinate extensive sheets of contractile tissue for motility provides the starting point for a new multicellular organized form of sensing. Moving a body by muscle contraction provides the basis for a multicellular organization that is sensitive to external surface structure at the scale of the animal body. In other words, evolutionary speaking, the nervous system evolved for action, not for receiving the sensory input. So, in other words, sensory input is not required for minimal cognition; only action is. The whole body of an organism, in particular its highly specific animal sensorimotor organization, reflects the bodily and environmental spatiotemporal structure. The skin-brain thesis suggests that in contrast to empiricism that claims that cognition is constituted by sensory systems, cognition is constituted by action-oriented feedback mechanisms. Instead of positing the reflex arc as the elementary building block of nervous systems, it suggests that endogenous motor activity is the crucial part of a cognitive system.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27955828" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c86447481381e18f38a24dff3b571bde" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53705907,"asset_id":27955828,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53705907/download_file?st=MTczMjUzNTU0Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="203429" href="https://pan-pl.academia.edu/MarcinMi%C5%82kowski">Marcin Miłkowski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="203429" type="text/json">{"id":203429,"first_name":"Marcin","last_name":"Miłkowski","domain_name":"pan-pl","page_name":"MarcinMiłkowski","display_name":"Marcin Miłkowski","profile_url":"https://pan-pl.academia.edu/MarcinMi%C5%82kowski?f_ri=913","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/203429/47673/9861009/s65_marcin.mi_kowski.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_27955828 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="27955828"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 27955828, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_27955828", }); 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Lessons from early nervous systems","created_at":"2016-08-23T06:23:27.673-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/27955828/Is_empiricism_empirically_false_Lessons_from_early_nervous_systems?f_ri=913","dom_id":"work_27955828","summary":"The recent work on skin-brain thesis (de Wiljes et al. 2015; F. A. Keijzer 2015; 2013) suggests the possibility that there is an empirical proof that empiricism is false. It implies that early animals need no traditional sensory receptors to be engaged in cognitive activity. The neural structure required to coordinate extensive sheets of contractile tissue for motility provides the starting point for a new multicellular organized form of sensing. Moving a body by muscle contraction provides the basis for a multicellular organization that is sensitive to external surface structure at the scale of the animal body. In other words, evolutionary speaking, the nervous system evolved for action, not for receiving the sensory input. So, in other words, sensory input is not required for minimal cognition; only action is. The whole body of an organism, in particular its highly specific animal sensorimotor organization, reflects the bodily and environmental spatiotemporal structure. The skin-brain thesis suggests that in contrast to empiricism that claims that cognition is constituted by sensory systems, cognition is constituted by action-oriented feedback mechanisms. Instead of positing the reflex arc as the elementary building block of nervous systems, it suggests that endogenous motor activity is the crucial part of a cognitive system.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53705907,"asset_id":27955828,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":203429,"first_name":"Marcin","last_name":"Miłkowski","domain_name":"pan-pl","page_name":"MarcinMiłkowski","display_name":"Marcin 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