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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Specific areas designated to conserve biodiversity</div> <p><b>Other effective area-based conservation measures</b> (OECMs) are sites outside of <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas">protected areas</a> that are governed and managed in ways that deliver the long-term <a href="/wiki/In-situ_conservation" title="In-situ conservation"><i>in situ</i> conservation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>. As of March 2023, 856 such sites have been reported to the World Database on Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures, managed by the <a href="/wiki/UN_Environment_Programme_World_Conservation_Monitoring_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre">UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre</a>. OECMs cover 1,992,729 km<sup>2</sup> (769,397 sq mi) of the Earth's surface, accounting for 1,589,090 km<sup>2</sup> (613,550 sq mi) on land and 403,639 km<sup>2</sup> (155,846 sq mi) in the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_criteria">Definition and criteria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Other_effective_area-based_conservation_measures&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition and criteria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An OECM is defined by the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> as: </p> <blockquote><p>[A] geographically defined area other than a Protected Area, which is governed and managed in ways that achieve positive and sustained long-term outcomes for the in situ conservation of biodiversity, with associated ecosystem functions and services and where applicable, cultural, spiritual, socio–economic, and other locally relevant values.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>There are four criteria for identifying OECMs: </p> <ol><li>The area is not currently recognized as a protected area;</li> <li>The area is governed and managed;</li> <li>The area achieves sustained and effective contribution to in situ conservation of biodiversity; Criterion</li> <li>Associated ecosystem functions and services and cultural, spiritual, socio-economic and other locally relevant values are conserved and respected.</li></ol> <p>Under the four criteria above, there are 26 sub-criteria.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Other_effective_area-based_conservation_measures&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "other effective area-based conservation measures" was first used in Target 11 of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a>’s <i>Strategic Plan for Biodiversity</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> agreed to in <a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a>, Japan, in 2010. Target 11 stated: </p> <blockquote><p>By 2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water areas and 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_service" title="Ecosystem service">ecosystem services</a>, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well connected systems of protected areas and <b>other effective area-based conservation measures</b>, and integrated into the wider landscapes and seascapes. (Emphasis added)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 2014, Harry Jonas, <a href="/wiki/Ashish_Kothari" title="Ashish Kothari">Ashish Kothari</a> and other authors affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Community_Conserved_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous and Community Conserved Area">ICCA Consortium</a> – ICCA stands for "Indigenous and Community Conserved Area" – argued that “defining ‘other effective area-based conservation measures’ offers a unique opportunity to better recognize areas that deliver the conservation of biodiversity outside of protected areas.”<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Commission_on_Protected_Areas" title="World Commission on Protected Areas">World Commission on Protected Areas</a> established a Task Force, co-chaired by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Jonas" title="Harry Jonas">Harry Jonas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kathy_MacKinnon" title="Kathy MacKinnon">Kathy MacKinnon</a> (2016-2020),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to provide technical advice to the Convention on Biological Diversity. It submitted its advice to the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity#CBD_Secretariat" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Secretariat</a> of the Convention on Biological Diversity in January 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That advice, together with a report on marine OECMs,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was considered at two workshops hosted by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity in February 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity#Parties" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity</a> negotiated a draft decision at the 22nd meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and adopted Decision 14/8 on ‘Protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures’ at the 14th meeting of the Conference of the Parties, which contains the definition and criteria for identifying OECMs.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>‘Other effective area-based conservation measures’ are referenced in Target 3 of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity#post-2020_Global_Biodiversity_Framework" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Global Biodiversity Framework</a>. The Framework was agreed upon in December 2022 at the 15th Conference of the Parties to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Integration of OECMs into global biodiversity targets had been a topic of discussion in the lead-up to the conference.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Target 3 calls on Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity to: </p> <blockquote><p>"Ensure and enable that by 2030 at least 30 per cent of terrestrial, inland water, and of coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, are effectively conserved and managed through ecologically representative, well-connected and equitably governed systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, recognizing indigenous and traditional territories, where applicable, and integrated into wider landscapes, seascapes and the ocean, while ensuring that any sustainable use, where appropriate in such areas, is fully consistent with conservation outcomes, recognizing and respecting the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities, including over their traditional territories."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_extent">Global extent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Other_effective_area-based_conservation_measures&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Global extent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The World Database on Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is managed by the <a href="/wiki/UN_Environment_Programme_World_Conservation_Monitoring_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre">UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre</a>. As of April 2024, 856 sites have been identified and reported to the World Database. OECMs cover 1,992,729 km<sup>2</sup> (769,397 sq mi) of the Earth's surface, accounting for 1,589,090 km<sup>2</sup> (613,550 sq mi) on land and 403,639 km<sup>2</sup> (155,846 sq mi) in the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Locally managed marine areas (LMMAs) are one form of OECM; examples of these exist in <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_between_OECMs_and_protected_areas">Relationship between OECMs and protected areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Other_effective_area-based_conservation_measures&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relationship between OECMs and protected areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Protected_area" title="Protected area">Protected areas</a> and OECMs are distinct but complementary within landscapes, seascapes and river basins. Protected areas have a primary <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">conservation</a> objective, i.e., they are areas dedicated to the conservation of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> and managed accordingly. In contrast, OECMs do not need to be dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">conservation of nature</a> but must deliver the effective and long-term in situ conservation of biodiversity. OECMs can deliver long-term in situ conservation through ancillary conservation, secondary conservation, and sometimes primary conservation in places that cannot, or will not, be recognized as protected areas.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>OECMs are intended to take a more inclusive approach to biodiversity conservation that traditional protected areas, by permitting some small-scale area management. This is achieved by accounting for the needs of other rights holders such as <a href="/wiki/Small_scale_fishery" class="mw-redirect" title="Small scale fishery">small scale fisheries</a> and low-impact <a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">agroforestry</a>. Traditional protected areas have attracted controversy over <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservation_refugee" title="Conservation refugee">displacement</a>; OECMs are intended to be more <a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">equitable</a> to human needs.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Other_effective_area-based_conservation_measures&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governance_of_protected_areas" title="Governance of protected areas">Governance of protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO Biosphere Reserve">UNESCO Biosphere Reserve</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Other_effective_area-based_conservation_measures&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UNEP-WCMC and IUCN (2024) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.protectedplanet.net">"Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas and OECMs"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-14/cop-14-dec-08-en.pdf">"Protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures (Decision 14/8)"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbd.int/">doc/decisions/cop-14/cop-14-dec-08-en.pdf "Protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures (Decision 14/8), Annex III"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJonasMacKinnonMarnewickWood2023" class="citation book cs1">Jonas, Harry; MacKinnon, Kathy; Marnewick, Daniel; Wood, Pete (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/51296"><i>Site-level tool for identifying other effective area-based conservation measures</i></a> (1st ed.). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN WCPA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-2246-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-2246-7"><bdi>978-2-8317-2246-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Site-level+tool+for+identifying+other+effective+area-based+conservation+measures&rft.place=Gland%2C+Switzerland&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=IUCN+WCPA&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-2-8317-2246-7&rft.aulast=Jonas&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft.au=MacKinnon%2C+Kathy&rft.au=Marnewick%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Wood%2C+Pete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportals.iucn.org%2Flibrary%2Fnode%2F51296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOther+effective+area-based+conservation+measures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbd.int/sp/">"Strategic Plan for Biodiversity (2011-2020)"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> (2010) "Decision Adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity at Its Tenth Meeting at Nagoya" pp. 1-13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonas H.D., Barbuto, V., Jonas, H.C., Kothari, A., and Nelson, F. (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parksjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/PARKS-20.2-Jonas-et-al-10.2305IUCN.CH_.2014.PARKS-20-2.HDJ_.en_.pdf">“New Steps of Change: Looking Beyond Protected Areas to Consider Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures”</a> <i>Parks</i> 20.2. The authors further proposed “the establishment of an IUCN Task Force to further explore the issues with a view to developing clear guidance on ‘other effective area-based conservation measures’ as a means to effectively and equitably achieve Aichi Biodiversity Target 11”.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Task Force completed its work in 2020. The work is being advanced by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucn.org/commissions/world-commission-protected-areas/our-work/oecms">IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas Specialist Group</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonas H.D., MacKinnon K., Dudley N., Hockings M., Jessen S., Laffoley D., MacKinnon D., Matallana-Tobon C., Sandwith T., Waithaka J., and Woodley, S. (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parksjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/PARKS-24-SI-Jonas-et-al-10.2305-IUCN.CH_.2018.PARKS%E2%80%9024%E2%80%90SIHDJ.en_.pdf">"Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures: From Aichi Target 11 to the Post-2020 Biodiversity Framework"</a> <i>Parks</i> 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rice, J., Garcia, S.M., and Kaiser, M. (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/0689/522e/7f94ced371fa41aeee6747e5/mcb-em-2018-01-inf-04-en.pdf">"Other effective area-based conservation measures (OEABCMs) used in marine fisheries: a working paper"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> (9 February 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/036c/566c/d66dc6031779378b150378d5/pa-em-2018-01-02-en.pdf">"Report of the Technical Expert Workshop on Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures for Achieving AICHI Biodiversity Target 11"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Staff (July 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbd.int/meetings/SBSTTA-22">"Outcomes of the Convention on Biological Diversity’s Subsidiary Body on Technical and Technological Advice"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> (October 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-14/cop-14-dec-08-en.pdf">"Decision 14/8 on Protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Sustainable_Development" title="International Institute for Sustainable Development">International Institute for Sustainable Development</a> (14 March 2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sdg.iisd.org/events/un-biodiversity-conference-cbd-cop-15-part-2/">"UN Biodiversity Conference (CBD COP 15) (Part 2)</a>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019073406/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/14/climate/un-biodiversity-conference-climate-change.html?utm_source=pocket-newtab-global-en-GB/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarracloughReedMårenPrice2021" class="citation journal cs1">Barraclough, Alicia D.; Reed, Maureen G.; Måren, Inger Elisabeth; Price, Martin F.; Moreira-Muñoz, Andrés; Coetzer, Kaera (2021-10-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02750-w">"Recognize 727 UNESCO Biosphere Reserves for biodiversity COP15"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>598</b> (7880): 257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-021-02750-w">10.1038/d41586-021-02750-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34642476">34642476</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238744954">238744954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Recognize+727+UNESCO+Biosphere+Reserves+for+biodiversity+COP15&rft.volume=598&rft.issue=7880&rft.pages=257&rft.date=2021-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A238744954%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34642476&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-021-02750-w&rft.aulast=Barraclough&rft.aufirst=Alicia+D.&rft.au=Reed%2C+Maureen+G.&rft.au=M%C3%A5ren%2C+Inger+Elisabeth&rft.au=Price%2C+Martin+F.&rft.au=Moreira-Mu%C3%B1oz%2C+Andr%C3%A9s&rft.au=Coetzer%2C+Kaera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fd41586-021-02750-w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOther+effective+area-based+conservation+measures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudleyJonasNelsonParrish2018" class="citation journal cs1">Dudley, Nigel; Jonas, Holly; Nelson, Fred; Parrish, Jeffrey; Pyhälä, Aili; Stolton, Sue; Watson, James E. 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Geldmann, Jonas; Jonas, Harry; Maioli, Veronica; Balmford, Andrew; Ewa Latawiec, Agnieszka; Crouzeilles, Renato; Strassburg, Bernardo (2021-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pecon.2021.01.004">"Opportunities and challenges of other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) for biodiversity conservation"</a>. <i>Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 115–120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pecon.2021.01.004">10.1016/j.pecon.2021.01.004</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2530-0644">2530-0644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+in+Ecology+and+Conservation&rft.atitle=Opportunities+and+challenges+of+other+effective+area-based+conservation+measures+%28OECMs%29+for+biodiversity+conservation&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=115-120&rft.date=2021-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pecon.2021.01.004&rft.issn=2530-0644&rft.aulast=Alves-Pinto&rft.aufirst=Helena&rft.au=Geldmann%2C+Jonas&rft.au=Jonas%2C+Harry&rft.au=Maioli%2C+Veronica&rft.au=Balmford%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Ewa+Latawiec%2C+Agnieszka&rft.au=Crouzeilles%2C+Renato&rft.au=Strassburg%2C+Bernardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.pecon.2021.01.004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOther+effective+area-based+conservation+measures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> (2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/e6d3/cd1d/daf663719a03902a9b116c34/cop-15-l-25-en.pdf">"Kunming-Montreal Global biodiversity framework Draft decision submitted by the President"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.protectedplanet.net/en/thematic-areas/oecms?tab=OECMs">"World Database on OECMs"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UNEP-WCMC and IUCN (2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.protectedplanet.net">"Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas and OECMs"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDizJohnsonRiddellRees2018" class="citation journal cs1">Diz, Daniela; Johnson, David; Riddell, Michael; Rees, Sian; Battle, Jessica; Gjerde, Kristina; Hennige, Sebastian; Roberts, J. Murray (2018-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpol.2017.08.019">"Mainstreaming marine biodiversity into the SDGs: The role of other effective area-based conservation measures (SDG 14.5)"</a>. <i>Marine Policy</i>. <b>93</b>: 251–261. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpol.2017.08.019">10.1016/j.marpol.2017.08.019</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10026.1%2F12537">10026.1/12537</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0308-597X">0308-597X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Policy&rft.atitle=Mainstreaming+marine+biodiversity+into+the+SDGs%3A+The+role+of+other+effective+area-based+conservation+measures+%28SDG+14.5%29&rft.volume=93&rft.pages=251-261&rft.date=2018-07-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10026.1%2F12537&rft.issn=0308-597X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marpol.2017.08.019&rft.aulast=Diz&rft.aufirst=Daniela&rft.au=Johnson%2C+David&rft.au=Riddell%2C+Michael&rft.au=Rees%2C+Sian&rft.au=Battle%2C+Jessica&rft.au=Gjerde%2C+Kristina&rft.au=Hennige%2C+Sebastian&rft.au=Roberts%2C+J.+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.marpol.2017.08.019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOther+effective+area-based+conservation+measures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/48773">"IUCN Guidelines for Recognising and reporting OECMs"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mongabay.com/2021/09/oecm-concept-may-bring-more-inclusive-approach-to-protecting-biodiversity/">"OECM concept may bring more inclusive approach to conserving biodiversity"</a>. <i>Mongabay Environmental News</i>. 2021-09-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mongabay+Environmental+News&rft.atitle=OECM+concept+may+bring+more+inclusive+approach+to+conserving+biodiversity&rft.date=2021-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mongabay.com%2F2021%2F09%2Foecm-concept-may-bring-more-inclusive-approach-to-protecting-biodiversity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOther+effective+area-based+conservation+measures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Other_effective_area-based_conservation_measures&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbd.int/">Convention on Biological Diversity homepage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iccaconsortium.org/">ICCA Consortium homepage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucn.org/">International Union for Conservation of Nature homepage</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Conservation_of_species" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservation of species"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservation_of_species" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation of species</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_conservation_articles" title="Index of conservation articles">Index of conservation articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation<br />biology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity#Conservation" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captive_breeding" title="Captive breeding">Captive breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservation" title="Compassionate conservation">Compassionate conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_behavior" title="Conservation behavior">Conservation behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-dependent_species" title="Conservation-dependent species">Conservation-dependent species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_genetics" title="Conservation genetics">Conservation genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-induced_extinction" title="Conservation-induced extinction">Conservation-induced extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">Endemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-situ_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex-situ conservation">Ex-situ conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_threshold" title="Extinction threshold">Extinction threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-situ_conservation" title="In-situ conservation">In-situ conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_extinction_risk" title="Latent extinction risk">Latent extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualisms_and_conservation" title="Mutualisms and conservation">Mutualisms and conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">Nature conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology_of_parasites" title="Conservation biology of parasites">Conservation biology of parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_translocation" title="Species translocation">Species translocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_welfare" title="Conservation welfare">Conservation welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">Threatened species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_and_susceptibility_in_conservation_biology" title="Vulnerability and susceptibility in conservation biology">Vulnerability and susceptibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_agriculture" title="Conservation agriculture">Conservation agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_development" title="Conservation development">Conservation development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_finance" title="Conservation finance">Conservation finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_grazing" title="Conservation grazing">Conservation grazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_management_system" title="Conservation management system">Conservation management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">Conservation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_psychology" title="Conservation psychology">Conservation psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_conservation" title="Conspicuous conservation">Conspicuous conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community-based_conservation" title="Community-based conservation">Community-based conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregion_conservation_status" title="Ecoregion conservation status">Ecoregion conservation status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_conservation" title="Evidence-based conservation">Evidence-based conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagship_species" title="Flagship species">Flagship species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Forest management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_protection" title="Forest protection">Forest protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_conservation" title="Tropical rainforest conservation">Tropical rainforest conservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Conservation_and_Development_Project" title="Integrated Conservation and Development Project">Integrated Conservation and Development Project</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Other effective area-based conservation measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_buffer" title="Riparian buffer">Riparian buffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadless_area_conservation" title="Roadless area conservation">Roadless area conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadside_conservation" title="Roadside conservation">Roadside conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site-based_conservation" title="Site-based conservation">Site-based conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland_conservation" title="Wetland conservation">Wetland conservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protected_area" title="Protected area">Protected<br />areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_designation" title="Conservation designation">Conservation designation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation district">Conservation district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_easement" title="Conservation easement">Conservation easement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_reserve" title="Conservation reserve">Conservation reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gap_analysis_(conservation)" title="Gap analysis (conservation)">Gap analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">Habitat conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_conservation_value_area" class="mw-redirect" title="High conservation value area">High conservation value area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape-scale_conservation" title="Landscape-scale conservation">Landscape-scale conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">Marine protected area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxan" title="Marxan">Marxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_space_reserve" title="Open space reserve">Open space reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_corridor" title="Wildlife corridor">Wildlife corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_by_30" title="30 by 30">30 by 30 target</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_refugee" title="Conservation refugee">Conservation refugee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_conservation" title="Fortress conservation">Fortress conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">Habitat fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93wildlife_conflict" title="Human–wildlife conflict">Human–wildlife conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restoration_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration ecology">Restoration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_natural_regeneration" title="Assisted natural regeneration">Assisted natural regeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem restoration">Ecosystem restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_restoration" title="Island restoration">Island restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">Reforestation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding" title="Rewilding">Rewilding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_rewilding" title="Sea rewilding">marine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_reintroduction" title="Species reintroduction">Species reintroduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By taxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insect_hotel" title="Insect hotel">Arthropod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_conservation" title="Bird conservation">Bird</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_honeycreeper_conservation" title="Hawaiian honeycreeper conservation">Hawaiian honeycreeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raptor_conservation" title="Raptor conservation">Raptor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Status_and_conservation_of_the_golden_eagle" title="Status and conservation of the golden eagle">Golden eagle</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_fungi" title="Conservation of fungi">Fungi</a></li> <li>Land mammal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_American_bison" title="Conservation of American bison">American bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_oryx_reintroduction" title="Arabian oryx reintroduction">Arabian oryx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_conservation" title="Bear conservation">Bear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear_conservation" title="Polar bear conservation">Polar bear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheetah_reintroduction_in_India" title="Cheetah reintroduction in India">Cheetah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_elephants" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation of elephants">Elephant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Elephant" title="Project Elephant">Indian elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_slow_lorises" title="Conservation of slow lorises">Slow loris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_conservation" title="Tiger conservation">Tiger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Tiger" title="Project Tiger">Bengal Tiger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_reintroduction" title="Wolf reintroduction">Wolf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Dolphin_(India)" title="Project Dolphin (India)">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_nurse_shark_conservation" title="Grey nurse shark conservation">Gray nurse shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manatee_conservation" title="Manatee conservation">Manatee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_painted_turtles" title="Conservation of painted turtles">Painted turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_conservation" title="Salmon conservation">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_otter_conservation" title="Sea otter conservation">Sea otter</a></li></ul></li> <li>Plant <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_bank" title="Seed bank">Seed bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cryopreservation" title="Plant cryopreservation">Cryopreservation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Angola" title="Conservation in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Australia" title="Conservation in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Belize" title="Conservation in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Brazil" title="Conservation in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Costa_Rica" title="Conservation in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservation in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Iceland" title="Conservation in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_India" title="Conservation in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Indonesia" title="Conservation in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Conservation in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Italy" title="Conservation in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Malaysia" title="Conservation in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Mauritius" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_Wildlife_Conservancies_in_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communal Wildlife Conservancies in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_New_Zealand" title="Conservation in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Pakistan" title="Conservation in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Conservation in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Uganda" title="Conservation in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservation in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Scotland" title="Conservation in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_the_United_States" title="Conservation in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_conservation_in_the_United_States" title="Forest conservation in the United States">forests</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_officer" title="Conservation officer">Conservation officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-extinction" title="De-extinction">De-extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NatureServe_conservation_status" title="NatureServe conservation status">NatureServe conservation status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Area_of_Conservation" title="Special Area of Conservation">Special Area of Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">Soil conservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservation_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservation issues">List of conservation issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nature_conservation_organizations" title="List of nature conservation organizations">List of organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservationists" title="List of conservationists">List of people</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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