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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Definition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protected_Areas_and_Climate_Change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protected_Areas_and_Climate_Change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Protected Areas and Climate Change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protected_Areas_and_Climate_Change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protection_of_natural_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection_of_natural_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Protection of natural resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protection_of_natural_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protection_of_biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection_of_biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Protection of biodiversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protection_of_biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protection_of_ecosystem_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection_of_ecosystem_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Protection of ecosystem services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protection_of_ecosystem_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IUCN_Protected_Area_Management_Categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IUCN_Protected_Area_Management_Categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>IUCN Protected Area Management Categories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IUCN_Protected_Area_Management_Categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Convention_on_Biological_Diversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Convention on Biological Diversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Convention_on_Biological_Diversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Challenges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effectiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effectiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Effectiveness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effectiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhutan_as_a_role_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhutan_as_a_role_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bhutan as a role model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhutan_as_a_role_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>By region</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_region-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By region subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lebanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Lebanon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nicaragua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nicaragua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6</span> <span>Nicaragua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nicaragua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.7</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.8</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.9</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Protected area</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beskermde_gebied" title="Beskermde gebied – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Beskermde gebied" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="منطقة محمية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منطقة محمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="সংরক্ষিত এলাকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংরক্ষিত এলাকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Прыродаахоўная тэрыторыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Прыродаахоўная тэрыторыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="प्रोटेक्टेड एरिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="प्रोटेक्टेड एरिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Защитена територия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Защитена територия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Za%C5%A1ti%C4%87eni_pejza%C5%BE" title="Zaštićeni pejzaž – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zaštićeni pejzaž" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80rea_protegida" title="Àrea protegida – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àrea protegida" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A1n%C4%9Bn%C3%A9_%C3%BAzem%C3%AD" title="Chráněné území – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chráněné území" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturfredning" title="Naturfredning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Naturfredning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzgebiete_im_Natur-_und_Landschaftsschutz" title="Schutzgebiete im Natur- und Landschaftsschutz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schutzgebiete im Natur- und Landschaftsschutz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaitseala" title="Kaitseala – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaitseala" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE" title="Προστατευόμενη περιοχή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Προστατευόμενη περιοχή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rea_protegida" title="Área protegida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Área protegida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protektitaj_areoj" title="Protektitaj areoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Protektitaj areoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturagune_babestu" title="Naturagune babestu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Naturagune babestu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D9%87_%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%87" title="منطقه حفاظت‌شده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منطقه حفاظت‌شده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aire_prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9e" title="Aire protégée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aire protégée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espazo_natural_protexido" title="Espazo natural protexido – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Espazo natural protexido" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%ED%98%B8_%EC%A7%80%EC%97%AD" title="보호 지역 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보호 지역" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%B2_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բնության հատուկ պահպանվող տարածքներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բնության հատուկ պահպանվող տարածքներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="संरक्षित क्षेत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संरक्षित क्षेत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Za%C5%A1ti%C4%87eno_podru%C4%8Dje" title="Zaštićeno područje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zaštićeno područje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasan_lindung" title="Kawasan lindung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kawasan lindung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%92%D7%9F" title="אזור מוגן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אזור מוגן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maeneo_ya_hifadhi" title="Maeneo ya hifadhi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Maeneo ya hifadhi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saugoma_teritorija" title="Saugoma teritorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Saugoma 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href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хамгаалагдсан газар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хамгаалагдсан газар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beschermd_natuurgebied" title="Beschermd natuurgebied – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beschermd natuurgebied" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="संरक्षित क्षेत्र – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="संरक्षित क्षेत्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%9F" title="保護地域 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="保護地域" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omr%C3%A5devern" title="Områdevern – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Områdevern" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airal_protegit" title="Airal protegit – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Airal protegit" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%87" title="خوندي سیمه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="خوندي سیمه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obszar_chroniony" title="Obszar chroniony – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Obszar chroniony" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rea_protegida" title="Área 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lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chránené územie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavarovano_obmo%C4%8Dje" title="Zavarovano območje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zavarovano območje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D1%87%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Заштићено подручје – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Заштићено подручје" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Cricket_pitch#Protected_area" title="Cricket pitch">Protected area in the cricket pitch</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protected_areas_by_percentage_per_country.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Protected_areas_by_percentage_per_country.svg/520px-Protected_areas_by_percentage_per_country.svg.png" decoding="async" width="520" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Protected_areas_by_percentage_per_country.svg/780px-Protected_areas_by_percentage_per_country.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Protected_areas_by_percentage_per_country.svg/1040px-Protected_areas_by_percentage_per_country.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption>World map with percentage of each country under protection (2005 data) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;"> </span> 0–3.9% of the country is protected</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#800003; color:white;"> </span> 3.9–11.3% protected</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d40000; color:white;"> </span> 11.3–22.7% protected</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f3b113; color:black;"> </span> 22.7–41.8% protected</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fffd61; color:black;"> </span> 41.8–72.3% protected</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e0e0e0; color:black;"> </span> No data</div></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Share_of_important_terrerstrial_biodiversity_sites_that_are_protected,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Share_of_important_terrerstrial_biodiversity_sites_that_are_protected%2C_OWID.svg/220px-Share_of_important_terrerstrial_biodiversity_sites_that_are_protected%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Share_of_important_terrerstrial_biodiversity_sites_that_are_protected%2C_OWID.svg/330px-Share_of_important_terrerstrial_biodiversity_sites_that_are_protected%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Share_of_important_terrerstrial_biodiversity_sites_that_are_protected%2C_OWID.svg/440px-Share_of_important_terrerstrial_biodiversity_sites_that_are_protected%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Share of important terrestrial biodiversity areas under protection, as of 2018.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Protected areas</b> or <b>conservation areas</b> are locations which receive protection because of their recognized natural or cultural values. Protected areas are those areas in which human presence or the <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">exploitation of natural resources</a> (e.g. firewood, <a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber forest products</a>, water, ...) is limited.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "protected area" also includes <a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">marine protected areas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transboundary_protected_area" title="Transboundary protected area">transboundary protected areas</a> across multiple borders. As of 2016, there are over 161,000 protected areas representing about 17 percent of the world's land surface area (excluding Antarctica).<sup id="cite_ref-PPR16_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PPR16-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MoraAndSale2011_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoraAndSale2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For waters under national jurisdiction beyond inland waters, there are 14,688 Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), covering approximately 10.2% of coastal and marine areas and 4.12% of global ocean areas.<sup id="cite_ref-PPR16_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PPR16-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, only 0.25% of the world's oceans beyond national jurisdiction are covered by MPAs.<sup id="cite_ref-PPR16_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PPR16-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paddison_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paddison-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, the <a href="/wiki/30_by_30" title="30 by 30">30 by 30</a> initiative has targeted to protect 30% of ocean territory and 30% of land territory worldwide by 2030; this has been adopted by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in its <a href="/wiki/EU_Biodiversity_Strategy_for_2030" class="mw-redirect" title="EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030">Biodiversity Strategy for 2030</a>, Campaign for Nature which promoted the goal during the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biodiversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on Biodiversity">Convention on Biodiversity</a>'s COP15 Summit<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2022, Nations have reached an agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Kunming-Montreal_Global_Biodiversity_Framework" title="Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework">Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework</a> at the COP15,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which includes the <a href="/wiki/30_by_30" title="30 by 30">30 by 30</a> initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-Paddison_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paddison-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Protected areas are implemented for <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">biodiversity conservation</a>, often providing habitat and protection from hunting for threatened and <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a>. Protection helps maintain ecological processes that cannot survive in most intensely managed landscapes and seascapes.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indigenous peoples and local communities frequently criticize this method of <a href="/wiki/Fortress_conservation" title="Fortress conservation">fortress conservation</a> for the generally violent processes by which the regulations of the areas are enforced.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protected_area&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> (IUCN) in its categorisation guidelines for protected areas.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definition is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>A clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">ecosystem services</a> and cultural values.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protected_Areas_and_Climate_Change">Protected Areas and Climate Change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protected_area&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Protected Areas and Climate Change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_Change" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate Change">Climate Change</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg/220px-Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg/330px-Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg/440px-Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>Change in average temperature</figcaption></figure> <p>Protected Areas alleviate <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> effects in a variety of ways: </p> <ul><li>Prohibition of degradative activities including: fishing, hunting, development, agriculture, mining, logging, and sometimes entry.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Reduction in: shifts in species distribution, intensity of storms, and impacts of sea level rise.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Climate_change_threats_to_coral_reefs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Climate_change_threats_to_coral_reefs.png/390px-Climate_change_threats_to_coral_reefs.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Climate_change_threats_to_coral_reefs.png/585px-Climate_change_threats_to_coral_reefs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Climate_change_threats_to_coral_reefs.png/780px-Climate_change_threats_to_coral_reefs.png 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="808" /></a><figcaption>Climate change threats to coral reefs</figcaption></figure>Combats <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean acidification</a> by: maintaining coastal primary producers, increasing teleost biomass (<a href="/wiki/Osmoregulation" title="Osmoregulation">osmosregulation</a> buffers pH change), and increasing natural carbon sequestration via the <a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">biological pump</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Increased: populations, species resilience, genetic diversity, and potential for adaptations, lowering the risk of extinction<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protection_of_natural_resources">Protection of natural resources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protected_area&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Protection of natural resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The objective of protected areas is to conserve <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> and to provide a way for measuring the progress of such conservation. Protected areas will usually encompass several other zones that have been deemed important for particular conservation uses, such as <a href="/wiki/Important_Bird_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Important Bird Areas">Important Bird Areas</a> (IBA) and <a href="/wiki/Endemic_Bird_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic Bird Areas">Endemic Bird Areas</a> (EBA), <a href="/wiki/Centres_of_Plant_Diversity" title="Centres of Plant Diversity">Centres of Plant Diversity</a> (CPD), <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Community_Conserved_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous and Community Conserved Area">Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas</a> (ICCA), <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Zero_Extinction" title="Alliance for Zero Extinction">Alliance for Zero Extinction</a> Sites (AZE) and <a href="/wiki/Key_Biodiversity_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Key Biodiversity Areas">Key Biodiversity Areas</a> (KBA) among others. Likewise, a protected area or an entire network of protected areas may lie within a larger geographic zone that is recognised as a terrestrial or marine <a href="/wiki/Ecoregions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecoregions">ecoregions</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Global_200" title="Global 200">Global 200</a>), or a <a href="/wiki/Crisis_Ecoregions" class="mw-redirect" title="Crisis Ecoregions">Crisis Ecoregions</a> for example.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Protected Areas can encompass a broad range of governance types. A wide variety of rights-holders and stakeholders are involved in the governance and management of protected areas, including forest protected areas, such as government agencies and ministries at various levels, elected and traditional authorities, indigenous peoples and local communities, private individuals and non-profit trusts, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most protected-area and forest management institutions acknowledge the importance of recognizing the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities, sharing the costs and benefits of protected areas and actively involving them in their governance and management.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has led to the recognition of four main types of governance, defined on the basis of who holds authority, responsibility, and who can be held accountable for the key decisions for protected areas.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, governance of protected areas has emerged a critical factor in their success. </p><p>Subsequently, the range of natural resources that any one protected area may guard is vast. Many will be allocated primarily for species conservation whether it be flora or fauna or the relationship between them, but protected areas are similarly important for conserving sites of (indigenous) cultural importance and considerable reserves of natural resources such as; </p> <ul><li><b>Carbon stocks:</b> Carbon emissions from deforestation account for an estimated 20% of global carbon emissions, so in protecting the worlds carbon stocks <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> are reduced and longterm land cover change is prevented, which is an effective strategy in the struggle against global warming. Of all global terrestrial carbon stock, 15.2% is contained within protected areas. Protected areas in South America hold 27% of the world's carbon stock, which is the highest percentage of any continent in both absolute terms and as a proportion of the total stock.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Rainforests:</b> 18.8% of the world's forest is covered by protected areas and sixteen of the twenty forest types have 10% or more protected area coverage. Of the 670 ecoregions with <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a>, 54% have 10% or more of their forest cover protected under IUCN Categories I – VI.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Mountains:</b> Nationally designated protected areas cover 14.3% of the world's mountain areas, and these mountainous protected areas made up 32.5% of the world's total terrestrial protected area coverage in 2009. Mountain protected area coverage has increased globally by 21% since 1990 and out of the 198 countries with mountain areas, 43.9% still have less than 10% of their mountain areas protected.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Annual updates on each of these analyses are made in order to make comparisons to the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a> and several other fields of analysis are expected to be introduced in the monitoring of protected areas management effectiveness, such as freshwater and marine or coastal studies which are currently underway, and islands and drylands which are currently in planning.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protection_of_biodiversity">Protection of biodiversity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protected_area&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Protection of biodiversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The effectiveness of protected areas to protect biodiversity can be estimated by comparing population changes over time. Such an analysis found that the abundance of 2,239 terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> populations changed at slower rate in protected areas. On average, vertebrate populations declined five times more slowly within protected areas (−0.4% per year) than at similar sites lacking protection (−1.8% per year).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protection_of_ecosystem_services">Protection of ecosystem services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protected_area&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Protection of ecosystem services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Along with providing important stocks of natural resources, protected areas are often major sources of vital <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_service" title="Ecosystem service">ecosystem services</a>, unbeknownst to human society.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although biodiversity is usually the main reason for constructing protected areas, the protection of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> also protects the ecosystem services society enjoys.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some ecosystem services include those that provide and regulate resources, support natural processes, or represent culture.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Provisioning services provide resources to humanity, such as fuel and water, while regulating services include <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a>, climate regulation, and protection against disease.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporting ecosystem services include <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycle" title="Nutrient cycle">nutrient cycling</a>, while cultural services are a source of aesthetic and cultural value for tourism and heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such services are often overlooked by humanity, due to the ecosystem from which they originate being far from urbanized areas. The contamination of ecosystem services within a designated area ultimately degrades their use for society. For example, the protection of a water body inherently protects that water body's microorganisms and their ability to adequately filter pollutants and pathogens, ultimately protecting water quality itself.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the implementation of protected areas is vital to maintaining the quality and consistency of ecosystem services, ultimately allowing human society to function without the interference of human infrastructure or policies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IUCN_Protected_Area_Management_Categories">IUCN Protected Area Management Categories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protected_area&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: IUCN Protected Area Management Categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belianske_Tatry.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Belianske_Tatry.JPG/220px-Belianske_Tatry.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Belianske_Tatry.JPG/330px-Belianske_Tatry.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Belianske_Tatry.JPG/440px-Belianske_Tatry.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Strict nature reserve <a href="/wiki/Belianske_Tatras" title="Belianske Tatras">Belianske Tatras</a> in Slovakia</figcaption></figure> <p>Through its <a href="/wiki/World_Commission_on_Protected_Areas" title="World Commission on Protected Areas">World Commission on Protected Areas</a> (WCPA), the <a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a> has developed six <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Protected_Area_Management_Categories" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN Protected Area Management Categories">Protected Area Management Categories</a> that define protected areas according to their management objectives, which are internationally recognised by various national governments and the United Nations.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The categories provide international standards for defining protected areas and encourage conservation planning according to their management aims.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>IUCN Protected Area Management Categories</b>: </p> <ul><li>Category Ia – <a href="/wiki/Strict_nature_reserve" title="Strict nature reserve">Strict nature reserve</a></li> <li>Category Ib – <a href="/wiki/Strict_nature_reserve" title="Strict nature reserve">Wilderness Area</a></li> <li>Category II – <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">National park</a></li> <li>Category III – <a href="/wiki/Natural_monument" title="Natural monument">Natural monument</a> or Feature</li> <li>Category IV – Habitat/Species Management Area</li> <li>Category V – <a href="/wiki/Protected_Landscape" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected Landscape">Protected Landscape</a>/Seascape</li> <li>Category VI – Protected Area with sustainable use of natural resources</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protected_area&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Opal_Spring_in_Biscuit_Basin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Black_Opal_Spring_in_Biscuit_Basin.JPG/220px-Black_Opal_Spring_in_Biscuit_Basin.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Black_Opal_Spring_in_Biscuit_Basin.JPG/330px-Black_Opal_Spring_in_Biscuit_Basin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Black_Opal_Spring_in_Biscuit_Basin.JPG/440px-Black_Opal_Spring_in_Biscuit_Basin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2269" /></a><figcaption>Black Opal Spring in <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a> in the United States. Yellowstone, the world's second official protected area (after Mongolia's <a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khan_Mountain" title="Bogd Khan Mountain">Bogd Khan Mountain</a>), was declared a protected area in 1872,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it encompasses areas which are classified as both a National Park (Category II) and a Habitat Management Area (Category IV).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Protected areas are cultural artifacts, and their story is entwined with that of human civilization. Protecting places and natural resources is by no means a modern concept, whether it be <a href="/wiki/ICCAs" class="mw-redirect" title="ICCAs">indigenous communities</a> guarding sacred sites or the convention of European hunting reserves. Over 2000 years ago, royal decrees in India protected certain areas. In Europe, rich and powerful people protected hunting grounds for a thousand years. Moreover, the idea of protection of special places is universal: for example, it occurs among the communities in the Pacific ("tapu" areas) and in parts of Africa (sacred groves). </p><p>The oldest legally protected reserve recorded in history is the Main Ridge Forest Reserve, established by an ordinance dated 13 April 1776.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources mention the 1778 approval of a protected area on then-<a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khan_Mountain" title="Bogd Khan Mountain">Khan Uul</a>, a mountain previous protected by local nomads for centuries in Mongolia, by then-ruling <a href="/wiki/Qing_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing China">Qing China</a> <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Tenger Tetgegch Khaan</a>. However, the mass protected areas movement did not begin until late nineteenth-century in North America, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, when other countries were quick to follow suit. While the idea of protected areas spread around the world in the twentieth century, the driving force was different in different regions. Thus, in North America, protected areas were about safeguarding dramatic and sublime scenery; in Africa, the concern was with game parks; in Europe, landscape protection was more common.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The designation of protected areas often also contained a political statement. In the 17th and 18th centuries, protected areas were mostly hunting grounds of rulers and thus, on the one hand, an expression of the absolute personal authority of a monarch, and on the other hand, they were concentrated in certain places and diminished with increasing spatial distance from the seat of power. In the late 19th century, modern <a href="/wiki/Territorial_state" title="Territorial state">territorial states</a> emerged which, thanks to the transport and communication technologies of industrialisation and the closely meshed and well-connected administrative apparatus that came with it, could actually assert claims to power over large contiguous territories. The establishment of nature reserves in mostly peripheral regions thus became possible and at the same time underpinned the new state claim to power.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, protected areas were recognised on a national scale, differing from country to country until 1933, when an effort to reach an international <a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">consensus</a> on the standards and terminology of protected areas took place at the International Conference for the Protection of Fauna and Flora in London.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the 1962 First World Conference on National Parks in Seattle the effect the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> had had on the world's natural environment was acknowledged, and the need to preserve it for future generations was established.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since then, it has been an international commitment on behalf of both governments and <a href="/wiki/Non-government_organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-government organisations">non-government organisations</a> to maintain the networks that hold regular revisions for the succinct categorisations that have been developed to regulate and record protected areas. In 1972, the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Declaration" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm Declaration">Stockholm Declaration</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment" title="United Nations Conference on the Human Environment">United Nations Conference on the Human Environment</a> endorsed the protection of representative examples of all major ecosystem types as a fundamental requirement of national conservation programmes. This has become a core principle of conservation biology and has remained so in recent resolutions – including the <a href="/wiki/World_Charter_for_Nature" title="World Charter for Nature">World Charter for Nature</a> in 1982, the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Declaration" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Declaration">Rio Declaration</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit</a> in 1992, and the <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_Declaration" title="Johannesburg Declaration">Johannesburg Declaration</a> 2002. </p><p>Recently, the importance of protected areas has been brought to the fore at the threat of human-induced <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global heating</a> and the understanding of the necessity to consume <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources">natural resources</a> in a sustainable manner. The spectrum of benefits and values of protected areas is recognised not only ecologically, but culturally through further development in the arena of <a href="/wiki/ICCAs" class="mw-redirect" title="ICCAs">Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas</a> (ICCAs). ICCAs are "natural and/or modified ecosystems containing significant bio - diversity values and ecological services, voluntarily conserved by (sedentary and mobile) indigenous and local communities, through customary laws or other effective means".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of December 2022, 17% of land territory and 10% of ocean territory were protected. At the <a href="/wiki/2022_United_Nations_Biodiversity_Conference" title="2022 United Nations Biodiversity Conference">2022 United Nations Biodiversity Conference</a> almost 200 countries, signed onto the agreement which includes protecting 30% of land and oceans by 2030 (<a href="/wiki/30_by_30" title="30 by 30">30 by 30</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Paddison_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paddison-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Convention_on_Biological_Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protected_area&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Convention on Biological Diversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1992, a protected area was defined in paragraph 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> (CBD) as "a geographically defined area which is designated or regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives." Under Article 8 of the CBD, parties who entered the treaty agreed to, among other things, "establish a system of protected areas." In 2004, the CBD's <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity#Conference_of_the_Parties_(COP)" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Conference of the Parties</a> (COP) adopted the Program of Work on Protected Areas (PoWPA) to further develop and promote protected areas. PoWPA's objective was the "establishment and maintenance by 2010 for terrestrial and by 2012 for marine areas of comprehensive, effectively managed, and ecologically representative national and regional systems of protected areas that collectively, inter alia through a global network contribute to achieving the three objectives of the Convention and the 2010 target to significantly reduce the current rate of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, protected areas were included in Target 11 of the CBD's <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity#Strategic_Plan_for_Biodiversity_2011-2020" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Strategic Plan for Biodiversity</a>, known as the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Target 11 states: </p> <dl><dd>"By 2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well-connected systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, and integrated into the wider landscapes."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>In 2018, to complement protected areas across landscapes and seascapes, the term '<a href="/wiki/Other_effective_area-based_conservation_measures" title="Other effective area-based conservation measures">other effective area-based conservation measures</a>' was defined as "a geographically defined area other than a Protected Area, which is governed and managed in ways that achieve positive and sustained long-term outcomes for the in situ conservation of biodiversity, with associated ecosystem functions and services and where applicable, cultural, spiritual, socio-economic, and other locally relevant values."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other effective area-based conservation measures complement protected areas across landscapes, seascapes, and river basins.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures are referenced together in Target 3 of the draft Global Biodiversity Framework, which is due to be agreed at the 15th Conference of the Parties to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity, which will be held 5 to 17 December in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges">Challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protected_area&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swiss_National_Park_188.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Swiss_National_Park_188.JPG/220px-Swiss_National_Park_188.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Swiss_National_Park_188.JPG/330px-Swiss_National_Park_188.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Swiss_National_Park_188.JPG/440px-Swiss_National_Park_188.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Schweizerischer National Park in the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Swiss Alps</a> is a Strict Nature Reserve (Category Ia).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephant_safari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Elephant_safari.jpg/170px-Elephant_safari.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Elephant_safari.jpg/255px-Elephant_safari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Elephant_safari.jpg/340px-Elephant_safari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1118" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Jaldapara_National_Park" title="Jaldapara National Park">Jaldapara National Park</a> in West Bengal, India, is a Habitat Management Area (Category IV).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>How to manage areas protected for conservation brings up a range of challenges<sup id="cite_ref-MoraAndSale2011_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoraAndSale2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – whether it be regarding the local population, specific ecosystems or the design of the reserve itself – and because of the many unpredicatable elements in ecology issues, each protected area requires a case-specific set of guidelines.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Enforcing protected area boundaries is a costly and labour-heavy endeavour, particularly if the allocation of a new protected region places new restrictions on the use of resources by the native people which may lead to their subsequent displacement.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has troubled relationships between conservationists and rural communities in many protected regions and is often why many Wildlife Reserves and National Parks face the human threat of poaching for the illegal <a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">bushmeat</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trophy_hunting" title="Trophy hunting">trophy</a> trades, which are resorted to as an alternative form of substinence.<sup id="cite_ref-MoraAndSale2011_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoraAndSale2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poaching has thus increased in recent years as areas with certain species are no longer easily and legally accessible.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This increasing threat has often led governments to enforce <a href="/wiki/Anti-poaching" title="Anti-poaching">laws</a> and implement new policies to adhere to the initial goal of protected areas, though many illegal activities are often overlooked.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is increasing pressure to take proper account of human needs when setting up protected areas and these sometimes have to be "traded off" against conservation needs. Whereas in the past governments often made decisions about protected areas and informed local people afterwards, today the emphasis is shifting towards greater discussions with stakeholders and joint decisions about how such lands should be set aside and managed. Such negotiations are never easy but usually produce stronger and longer-lasting results for both conservation and people.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pringle2017_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle2017-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some countries, protected areas can be assigned without the infrastructure and networking needed to substitute consumable resources and substantively protect the area from development or misuse. The soliciting of protected areas may require regulation to the level of meeting demands for food, feed, livestock and fuel, and the legal enforcement of not only the protected area itself but also 'buffer zones' surrounding it, which may help to resist destabilisation.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement</b> <b>(PADDD)</b> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Protected_area_downgrading,_downsizing,_and_degazettement" title="Protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement">Protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement</a> (PADDD) events are processes that change the legal status of national parks and other protected areas in both terrestrial and marine environments.<sup id="cite_ref-Mascia_and_Pailler_2011_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mascia_and_Pailler_2011-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_et_al._2018_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts_et_al._2018-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Downgrading is a decrease in legal restrictions on human activities within a protected area, downsizing is a decrease in protected area size through a legal boundary change, and degazettement is the loss of legal protection for an entire protected area.<sup id="cite_ref-Mascia_and_Pailler_2011_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mascia_and_Pailler_2011-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collectively, PADDD represents legal processes that temper regulations, shrink boundaries, or eliminate legal protections originally associated with establishment of a protected area. </p><p>Scientific publications have identified 3,749 enacted PADDD events in 73 countries since 1892 which have collectively impacted an area approximately the size of Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-Golden_Kroner_et_al._2019_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golden_Kroner_et_al._2019-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PADDD is a historical and contemporary phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-Mascia_and_Pailler_2011_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mascia_and_Pailler_2011-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 78% of PADDD events worldwide were enacted since 2000 and governments in at least 14 countries are currently considering at least 46 PADDD proposals.<sup id="cite_ref-Golden_Kroner_et_al._2019_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golden_Kroner_et_al._2019-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proximate causes of PADDD vary widely but most PADDD events globally (62%) are related to industrial scale resource extraction and development – infrastructure, industrial agriculture, mining, oil and gas, forestry, fisheries, and industrialization.<sup id="cite_ref-Golden_Kroner_et_al._2019_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golden_Kroner_et_al._2019-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PADDD challenges the longstanding assumption that protected areas are permanent fixtures and highlights the need for decision-makers to consider protected area characteristics and the socioeconomic context in which they are situated to better ensure their permanence.<sup id="cite_ref-Mascia_and_Pailler_2011_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mascia_and_Pailler_2011-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Symes_et_al._2015_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Symes_et_al._2015-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effectiveness">Effectiveness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protected_area&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Effectiveness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A main goal of protected areas is to prevent <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_biodiversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of biodiversity">loss of biodiversity</a>. However, their effectiveness is limited by their small size and isolation from each other (which influence the maintenance of species), their restricted role in preventing <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>, and pollution, their high costs, and their increasing conflict with human demands for nature's resources.<sup id="cite_ref-MoraAndSale2011_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoraAndSale2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the type of habitat,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> species composition, legal issues and governance,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> play important roles. </p><p>One major problem is that only 18% of the area covered by protected areas have been assessed, hence the effectiveness of most of them remains unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bhutan_as_a_role_model">Bhutan as a role model</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protected_area&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bhutan as a role model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scientists advocate that 50% of global land and seas be converted to inter-connected protected areas to sustain these benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Asian country <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> achieved this high-reaching target by reserving 51.4% of the country's area as protected areas interconnected through <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_corridor" title="Wildlife corridor">biological corridors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although these networks are well regulated (local communities are aware of their importance and actively contribute to their maintenance), Bhutan is currently a developing country that is undergoing infrastructure development and resource collection.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country's economic progression has brought about human-wildlife conflict and increased pressure on the existence of its protected areas. In light of ongoing disputes on the topic of optimal land usage, Dorji (et al.), in a study using camera traps to detect wildlife activity, summarize the results of a nationwide survey that compares the biodiversity of Bhutan's protected areas versus that of intervening non-protected areas. </p><p>The study indicated that Bhutan's protected areas "are effectively conserving medium and large mammal species, as demonstrated through the significant difference in mammal diversity between protected areas, biological corridors, and non-protected areas with the strongest difference between protected areas and non-protected areas".<sup id="cite_ref-:62_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protected areas had the highest levels of mammal biodiversity. This is made possible by the restriction of commercial activity and regulation of consumptive uses (firewood, timber, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-:62_64-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regulation of such practices has allowed Bhutan's protected areas to thrive with high carnivore diversity and other rare mammals such as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_pangolin" title="Chinese pangolin">Chinese pangolin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_pangolin" title="Indian pangolin">Indian pangolin</a>, mountain weasel (<i><a href="/wiki/Mustela_altaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustela altaica">Mustela altaica</a>)</i>, small-toothed <a href="/wiki/Ferret-badger" title="Ferret-badger">ferret badger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_small-clawed_otter" title="Asian small-clawed otter">Asian small clawed otter</a>, the tiger, dhole <i>(<a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">Cuon alpinus</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Binturong" title="Binturong">Binturong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clouded_leopard" title="Clouded leopard">clouded leopard</a> and Tibetan fox (<i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_fox" title="Tibetan fox">Vulpes ferrilata</a>)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_64-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also found to be prevalent were the large herbivore species: Asiatic water buffalo <a href="/wiki/Wild_water_buffalo" title="Wild water buffalo">Bubalus arnee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gee%27s_golden_langur" title="Gee's golden langur">golden langur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musk_deer" title="Musk deer">musk deer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_64-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The maintenance of these charismatic megafauna and other threatened species can be attributed to the intensity of Bhutan's management of its protected areas and its local communities' commitment to preserving them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_region">By region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protected_area&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: By region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venesillanlahtea_Kuivaj%C3%A4rvell%C3%A4_Tammelassa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Venesillanlahtea_Kuivaj%C3%A4rvell%C3%A4_Tammelassa.jpg/220px-Venesillanlahtea_Kuivaj%C3%A4rvell%C3%A4_Tammelassa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Venesillanlahtea_Kuivaj%C3%A4rvell%C3%A4_Tammelassa.jpg/330px-Venesillanlahtea_Kuivaj%C3%A4rvell%C3%A4_Tammelassa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Venesillanlahtea_Kuivaj%C3%A4rvell%C3%A4_Tammelassa.jpg/440px-Venesillanlahtea_Kuivaj%C3%A4rvell%C3%A4_Tammelassa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Kuivajärvi, the <a href="/wiki/Natura_2000" title="Natura 2000">Natura 2000</a> area in <a href="/wiki/Tammela,_Finland" title="Tammela, Finland">Tammela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tavastia_Proper" class="mw-redirect" title="Tavastia Proper">Tavastia Proper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jabal_Moussa_Biosphere_Reserve_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Jabal_Moussa_Biosphere_Reserve_03.jpg/220px-Jabal_Moussa_Biosphere_Reserve_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Jabal_Moussa_Biosphere_Reserve_03.jpg/330px-Jabal_Moussa_Biosphere_Reserve_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Jabal_Moussa_Biosphere_Reserve_03.jpg/440px-Jabal_Moussa_Biosphere_Reserve_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2767" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Moussa_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Jabal Moussa Biosphere Reserve">Jabal Moussa Biosphere Reserve</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Safety_instructions_on_Lone_Ranch_Beach.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Safety_instructions_on_Lone_Ranch_Beach.JPG/170px-Safety_instructions_on_Lone_Ranch_Beach.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Safety_instructions_on_Lone_Ranch_Beach.JPG/255px-Safety_instructions_on_Lone_Ranch_Beach.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Safety_instructions_on_Lone_Ranch_Beach.JPG/340px-Safety_instructions_on_Lone_Ranch_Beach.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Prohibited activities and safety instructions at a state park in <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protected_area&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Australia" title="Protected areas of Australia">Protected areas of Australia</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="National Heritage List">National Heritage List</a> is a heritage register, a list of national heritage places deemed to be of outstanding heritage significance to Australia, established in 2003. The list includes natural and historic places, including those of cultural significance to <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Protected_Area" title="Indigenous Protected Area">Indigenous Protected Areas</a> (IPAs) are formed by agreement with Indigenous Australians, and declared by Indigenous Australians, and form a specific class of protected area.<sup id="cite_ref-DEWHA_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEWHA-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-davidson2018_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davidson2018-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protected_area&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China, a <a href="/wiki/Megadiverse_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Megadiverse country">megadiverse country</a>, has begun implementing various protected areas in recent years. As of the year 2017, China has nearly <a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_China" title="List of protected areas of China">10,000 to 12,000 protected areas</a>, 80% of which are nature reserves aiming to foster <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> conservation.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These newly implemented reserves safeguard a range of ecosystems, from tropical forests to marine habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These protected areas encompass nearly 20% of China's land area.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protected_area&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Natura_2000" title="Natura 2000">Natura 2000</a> is a network of protected areas established by the EU across all member states. It is made up of <a href="/wiki/Special_Areas_of_Conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Areas of Conservation">Special Areas of Conservation</a> (SACs) and <a href="/wiki/Special_Protection_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Protection Areas">Special Protection Areas</a> (SPAs) designated respectively under the <a href="/wiki/Habitats_Directive" title="Habitats Directive">Habitats Directive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birds_Directive" title="Birds Directive">Birds Directive</a>. 787,767 km<sup>2</sup> (304,159 sq mi) are designated as terrestrial sites and 251,564 km<sup>2</sup> (97,129 sq mi) as marine sites. Overall, 18 percent of the EU land mass is designated.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protected_area&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected areas of India</a> include <a href="/wiki/National_parks" class="mw-redirect" title="National parks">National parks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_sanctuaries_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife sanctuaries of India">Wildlife sanctuaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Biosphere reserves of India">biosphere reserves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reserved_forests_and_protected_forests_of_India" title="Reserved forests and protected forests of India">reserved and protected forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservation_reserves_and_community_reserves_of_India" title="Conservation reserves and community reserves of India">conservation and community reserves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communal_forests_of_India" title="Communal forests of India">communal forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Private_protected_areas_of_India" title="Private protected areas of India">private protected areas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservation_areas_of_India" title="Conservation areas of India">conservation areas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lebanon">Lebanon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protected_area&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Lebanon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lebanon, home to one of the highest densities of floral diversity in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean basin</a>, hosts tree species with critical biogeographical locations (southernmost limit) on the western slopes of Mount Lebanon’s mountain range and has passed laws to protect environmental sites at the national level, including nature reserves, forests, and Hima (local community-based conservation), with some of these sites having acquired one or more international designations:<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Four Ramsar sites</li> <li>Five UNESCO World Heritage Sites</li> <li>15 Important Bird Areas (IBAs) (under Birdlife International)</li> <li>One Specially Protected Area (SPA)</li> <li>Two Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance (SPAMI) (under the Protocol of Specially Protected Areas and Biodiversity of the Barcelona Convention)</li></ul> <p>There are three biosphere reserves in Lebanon that have been designated by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Shouf_Cedar_Nature_Reserve" title="Al Shouf Cedar Nature Reserve">Al Shouf Cedar Nature Reserve</a>, designated in 2005</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Al_Rihane_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Jabal Al Rihane Biosphere Reserve">Jabal Al Rihane Biosphere Reserve</a>, designated in 2007</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Moussa_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Jabal Moussa Biosphere Reserve">Jabal Moussa Biosphere Reserve</a>, designated in 2009</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protected_area&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Nicaragua"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=O_Parks,_Wildlife,_and_Recreation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O Parks, Wildlife, and Recreation (page does not exist)">O Parks, Wildlife, and Recreation</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Private_protected_area" title="Private protected area">private protected area</a>, also known as a 'Private Reserve' predominantly managed for biodiversity conservation, protected without formal government recognition and is owned and stewarded by the O corporation International.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O parks plays a particularly important role in conserving critical biodiversity in a section of the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Biological_Corridor" title="Mesoamerican Biological Corridor">Mesoamerican Biological Corridor</a> known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paso_del_Istmo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paso del Istmo (page does not exist)">Paso del Istmo</a>, located along the 12-mile-wide isthmus between <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nicaragua" title="Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a> and the Pacific Ocean. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protected_area&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 21 May 2019, The <i><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Times">Moscow Times</a></i> cited a <a href="/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wildlife Fund">World Wildlife Fund</a> report indicating that Russia now ranks first in the world for its amount of protected natural areas<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 63.3 million hectares of specially protected natural areas. However, the article did not contain a link to WWF's report and it may be based on previously gathered data. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protected_area&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 31 January 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protected_area&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, according to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a>, the United States had a total of 6770 terrestrial nationally designated (federal) protected areas. These protected areas cover 2,607,131 km<sup>2</sup> (1,006,619 sq mi), or 27.08 percent of the land area of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-wdpa_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wdpa-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is also one-tenth of the protected land area of the world. </p><p>According to a report from the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_American_Progress" title="Center for American Progress">Center for American Progress</a>, the administration of Joe Biden reached a record in conservation. In 3 years of ruling it conserved or in the process of conserving more than 24 millions acres of public land and in 2023 alone more than 12.5 million acres of public land became protected area. It is doing it together with the indigenous people as 200 agreements of co-stewardship with them were signed in 2023 alone. The goal of Biden is to protect 30% of the terrestrial and marine territory of the United States by the year 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protected_area&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Conservation_area_(United_Kingdom)" title="Conservation area (United Kingdom)">Conservation area (United Kingdom)</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conservation_area_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>In the United Kingdom, the term <a href="/wiki/Conservation_area_(United_Kingdom)" title="Conservation area (United Kingdom)">conservation area</a> almost always applies to an area (usually <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban</a> or the core of a village) of special architectural or historic interest, the character of which is considered worthy of preservation or enhancement. It creates a precautionary approach to the loss or alteration of buildings and/or trees, thus it has some of the legislative and policy characteristics of <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed buildings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tree_preservation_order" title="Tree preservation order">tree preservation orders</a>. The concept was introduced in 1967, and by 2017 almost 9,800 had been designated in England.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> As of 2019,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protected_area&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> 2.2% of England making up 2,938 km<sup>2</sup> (1,134 sq mi) is a conservation area, 59% of which are rural, and 41% are in urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protected_area&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspots" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity hotspots">Biodiversity hotspots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffer_zone#Conservation" title="Buffer zone">Buffer zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Reserve_(Ukraine)" title="Coastal Reserve (Ukraine)">Coastal Reserve (Ukraine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_area_(United_Kingdom)" title="Conservation area (United Kingdom)">Conservation area (United Kingdom)</a> (urban heritage area in the UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_designation" title="Conservation designation">Conservation designation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_refugee" title="Conservation refugee">Conservation refugee</a>: a person who has been forced to relocate from a conservation area</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centres_of_Plant_Diversity" title="Centres of Plant Diversity">Centres of Plant Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation#Preserving_and_enhancing_carbon_sinks" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation#Preserving and enhancing carbon sinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusion_zone" title="Exclusion zone">Exclusion zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism#Benefits" title="Ecotourism">Ecotourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Preserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Preserve">Forest Preserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_conservation" title="Fortress conservation">Fortress conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil park">Fossil park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_district" title="Historic district">Historic district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Community_Conserved_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous and Community Conserved Area">Indigenous and Community Conserved Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUCN_protected_area_categories" title="IUCN protected area categories">IUCN protected area categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_of_the_Wild" title="Last of the Wild">Last of the Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_protected_areas_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest protected areas in the world">List of largest protected areas in the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">Listed building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Protected_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Protected Area">Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_heritage_site" title="National heritage site">National heritage site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">National park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_park" title="Nature park">Nature park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">Nature reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_park" title="Paper park">Paper park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_ranger" title="Park ranger">Park ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_protected_area" title="Private protected area">Private protected area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Area_of_Conservation" title="Special Area of Conservation">Special Area of Conservation</a> (European Union)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transboundary_protected_area" title="Transboundary protected area">Transboundary protected area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heritage_park" title="Urban heritage park">Urban heritage park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Commission_on_Protected_Areas" title="World Commission on Protected Areas">World Commission on Protected Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Database_on_Protected_Areas" title="World Database on Protected Areas">World Database on Protected Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> – registered by UNESCO</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakaznik" title="Zakaznik">Zakaznik</a> (type of protected area in former Soviet republics)</li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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.citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLeleWilshusenBrockingtonSeidler2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sharachchandra_Lele&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sharachchandra Lele (page does not exist)">Lele, Sharachchandra</a>; Wilshusen, Peter; Brockington, Dan; Seidler, Reinmar; <a href="/wiki/Kamaljit_S._Bawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamaljit S. Bawa">Bawa, Kamaljit</a> (1 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187734351000014X">"Beyond exclusion: alternative approaches to biodiversity conservation in the developing tropics"</a>. <i>Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 94–100. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010COES....2...94L">2010COES....2...94L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cosust.2010.03.006">10.1016/j.cosust.2010.03.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1877-3435">1877-3435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Environmental+Sustainability&rft.atitle=Beyond+exclusion%3A+alternative+approaches+to+biodiversity+conservation+in+the+developing+tropics&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=94-100&rft.date=2010-05-01&rft.issn=1877-3435&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cosust.2010.03.006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010COES....2...94L&rft.aulast=Lele&rft.aufirst=Sharachchandra&rft.au=Wilshusen%2C+Peter&rft.au=Brockington%2C+Dan&rft.au=Seidler%2C+Reinmar&rft.au=Bawa%2C+Kamaljit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS187734351000014X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtected+area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PPR16-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PPR16_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PPR16_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PPR16_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wdpa.s3.amazonaws.com/Protected_Planet_Reports/2445%20Global%20Protected%20Planet%202016_WEB.pdf">"Protected Planet Report 2016"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160902060339/https://wdpa.s3.amazonaws.com/Protected_Planet_Reports/2445%20Global%20Protected%20Planet%202016_WEB.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protected+Planet+Report+2016&rft.pub=UNEP-WCMC+and+IUCN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwdpa.s3.amazonaws.com%2FProtected_Planet_Reports%2F2445%2520Global%2520Protected%2520Planet%25202016_WEB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtected+area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoutullo2010" class="citation journal cs1">Soutullo, Alvaro (2010). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historicengland.org.uk&rft.atitle=What+Is+a+Conservation+Area%3F+%7C+Historic+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistoricengland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fwhat-is-designation%2Flocal%2Fconservation-areas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtected+area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protected_area&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangWestThakholiSuryawanshi2023" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Yin; West, Paige; Thakholi, Lerato; Suryawanshi, Kulbhushansingh; et al. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-environ-112321-081348">"Governance and Conservation Effectiveness in Protected Areas and Indigenous and Locally Managed Areas"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Environment and Resources</i>. <b>48</b>: 559–588. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-environ-112321-081348">10.1146/annurev-environ-112321-081348</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10023%2F28716">10023/28716</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Environment+and+Resources&rft.atitle=Governance+and+Conservation+Effectiveness+in+Protected+Areas+and+Indigenous+and+Locally+Managed+Areas&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=559-588&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10023%2F28716&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-environ-112321-081348&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Yin&rft.au=West%2C+Paige&rft.au=Thakholi%2C+Lerato&rft.au=Suryawanshi%2C+Kulbhushansingh&rft.au=Supuma%2C+Miriam&rft.au=Straub%2C+Dakota&rft.au=Sithole%2C+Samantha+S.&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Roshan&rft.au=Schleicher%2C+Judith&rft.au=Ruli%2C+Ben&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez-Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+David&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+Mattias+Borg&rft.au=Ramenzoni%2C+Victoria+C.&rft.au=Qin%2C+Siyu&rft.au=Pugley%2C+Deborah+Delgado&rft.au=Palfrey%2C+Rachel&rft.au=Oldekop%2C+Johan&rft.au=Nuesiri%2C+Emmanuel+O.&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+Van+Hai+Thi&rft.au=Ndam%2C+Nouhou&rft.au=Mungai%2C+Catherine&rft.au=Milne%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Mabele%2C+Mathew+Bukhi&rft.au=Lucitante%2C+Sadie&rft.au=Lucitante%2C+Hugo&rft.au=Liljeblad%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Kiwango%2C+Wilhelm+Andrew&rft.au=Kik%2C+Alfred&rft.au=Jones%2C+Nikoleta&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Melissa&rft.au=Jarrett%2C+Christopher&rft.au=James%2C+Rachel+Sapery&rft.au=Holmes%2C+George&rft.au=Gibson%2C+Lydia+N.&rft.au=Ghoddousi%2C+Arash&rft.au=Geldmann%2C+Jonas&rft.au=Gebara%2C+Maria+Fernanda&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Thera&rft.au=Dressler%2C+Wolfram+H.&rft.au=Douglas%2C+Leo+R.&rft.au=Dimitrakopoulos%2C+Panayiotis+G.&rft.au=Davidov%2C+Veronica&rft.au=Compaor%C3%A9-Sawadogo%2C+Eveline+M.F.W.&rft.au=Collins%2C+Yolanda+Ariadne&rft.au=Cepek%2C+Michael&rft.au=Burow%2C+Paul+Berne&rft.au=Brockington%2C+Dan&rft.au=Balinga%2C+Michael+Philippe+Bessike&rft.au=Austin%2C+Beau+J.&rft.au=Astuti%2C+Rini&rft.au=Ampumuza%2C+Christine&rft.au=Agyei%2C+Frank+Kwaku&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.annualreviews.org%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-environ-112321-081348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtected+area" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protected_area&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Protected_areas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Protected areas">Protected areas</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.unep-wcmc.org/datasets/12">WDPA dataset on Ocean Data Viewer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.protectedplanet.net/">ProtectedPlanet.net</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.campaignfornature.org/">Campaign For Nature</a> – campaigns for protecting at least 30% of the planet by 2030</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dopa.jrc.ec.europa.eu/">DOPA, a Digital Observatory for Protected Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Conservation_Monitoring_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="World Conservation Monitoring Center">World Conservation Monitoring Center</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110423090002/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected-areas_24.html">Protected Areas Programme</a></li> <li>IUCN <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucn.org/commissions/world-commission-protected-areas">World Commission on Protected Areas</a></li> <li>IUCN <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110423122853/http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/pa/">Global Protected Area Programme</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Indicators_Partnership" title="Biodiversity Indicators Partnership">Biodiversity Indicators Partnership</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183211/http://www.bipindicators.net/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=%2FhhIAj1beBo%3D&tabid=98">Indicator Factsheet: Management Effectiveness of Protected Areas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversitya-z.org/">A-Z of Areas of Biodiversity Importance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uc.socioambiental.org/">Brazilian Amazon Protected areas – Instituto Socioambiental</a></li></ul> <div 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protected_areas_by_country_or_territory" title="Template:Protected areas by country or territory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protected_areas_by_country_or_territory" title="Template talk:Protected areas by country or territory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protected_areas_by_country_or_territory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protected areas by country or territory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protected_areas_by_country_or_territory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Protected areas</a> by country or territory</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Albania" title="Protected areas of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Afghanistan" title="List of protected areas of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Argentina" title="List of national parks of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Armenia" title="List of protected areas of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Australia" title="Protected areas of Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Capital_Territory_protected_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Australian Capital Territory protected areas">Australian Capital Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_New_South_Wales" title="Protected areas of New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_Northern_Territory" title="Protected areas of the Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Queensland" title="Protected areas of Queensland">Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_South_Australia" title="Protected areas of South Australia">South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Tasmania" title="Protected areas of Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Victoria" title="Protected areas of Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Azerbaijan" title="List of protected areas of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Bangladesh" title="List of protected areas of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Belgium" title="List of protected areas of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Belize" title="List of protected areas of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Bhutan" title="List of protected areas of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="List of protected areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Botswana" title="List of protected areas of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Brazil" title="Protected areas of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Bulgaria" title="List of protected areas of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Burkina_Faso" title="List of protected areas of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Burundi" title="List of protected areas of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Cambodia" title="List of protected areas of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Canada" title="Protected areas of Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Alberta" title="List of protected areas of Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_British_Columbia" title="List of protected areas of British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Manitoba" title="List of protected areas of Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_New_Brunswick" title="List of protected areas of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of protected areas of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="List of protected areas of the Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Nova_Scotia" title="List of protected areas of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Nunavut" title="List of protected areas of Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Ontario" title="List of protected areas of Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="List of protected areas of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Quebec" title="List of protected areas of Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Saskatchewan" title="List of protected areas of Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Yukon" title="List of protected areas of Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_Caribbean" title="Protected areas of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="List of protected areas of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Chile" title="Protected areas of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Croatia" title="List of protected areas of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Protected areas of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Estonia" title="Protected areas of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Estonia" title="List of protected areas of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Eswatini" title="Protected areas of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_European_Union" title="Protected areas of the European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Finland" title="Protected areas of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of protected areas of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Greece" title="National parks of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of protected areas of India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Bihar" title="Protected areas of Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_and_wildlife_sanctuaries_of_Gujarat,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries of Gujarat, India">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Himachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Indonesia" title="Protected areas of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Kazakhstan" title="List of protected areas of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Kiribati" title="Protected areas of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Kosovo" title="Protected areas of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Protected areas of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of protected areas of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Conservation_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="National Biodiversity Conservation Areas">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Libya" title="Protected areas of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national parks of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_Malaysia" title="Category:Protected areas of Malaysia">Malaysia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Johor" title="Protected areas of Johor">Johor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Protected_Natural_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Protected Natural Areas">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Myanmar" title="List of protected areas of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_New_Zealand" title="Protected areas of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Nicaragua" title="Protected areas of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Norway" title="Protected areas of Norway">Norway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Svalbard" title="List of protected areas of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Oman" title="List of protected areas of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Pakistan" title="Protected areas of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="List of protected areas of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Peru" title="List of protected areas of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_the_Philippines" title="List of protected areas of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Poland" title="Protected areas of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Portugal" title="Protected areas of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="List of protected areas of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Romania" title="Protected areas of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Russia" title="Protected areas of Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Ulyanovsk_Oblast" title="Protected areas of Ulyanovsk Oblast">Ulyanovsk Oblast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Samoa" title="List of protected areas of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of protected areas of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_natural_resources_in_Serbia" title="List of protected natural resources in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Sierra_Leone" title="List of protected areas of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Slovakia" title="Protected areas of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Protected areas of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Protected areas of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Tanzania" title="List of protected areas of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Thailand" title="List of protected areas of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Turkmenistan" title="Protected areas of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Tuvalu" title="Protected areas of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Ukraine" title="Protected areas of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of protected areas of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Protected areas of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Wales" title="Protected areas of Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Scotland" title="Protected areas of Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_United_States" title="Protected areas of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_protected_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="California protected areas">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Protected areas of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Illinois" title="List of protected areas of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kentucky_state_parks" title="List of Kentucky state parks">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Michigan" title="Protected areas of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Ohio">Ohio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Yemen" title="List of protected areas of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservation_of_species" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservation_of_species" title="Template:Conservation of species"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservation_of_species" title="Template talk:Conservation of species"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservation_of_species" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservation of species"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservation_of_species" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation of species</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_conservation_articles" title="Index of conservation articles">Index of conservation articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation<br />biology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity#Conservation" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captive_breeding" title="Captive breeding">Captive breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservation" title="Compassionate conservation">Compassionate conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_behavior" title="Conservation behavior">Conservation behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-dependent_species" title="Conservation-dependent species">Conservation-dependent species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_genetics" title="Conservation genetics">Conservation genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-induced_extinction" title="Conservation-induced extinction">Conservation-induced extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">Endemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-situ_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex-situ conservation">Ex-situ conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_threshold" title="Extinction threshold">Extinction threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-situ_conservation" title="In-situ conservation">In-situ conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_extinction_risk" title="Latent extinction risk">Latent extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualisms_and_conservation" title="Mutualisms and conservation">Mutualisms and conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">Nature conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology_of_parasites" title="Conservation biology of parasites">Conservation biology of parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_translocation" title="Species translocation">Species translocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_welfare" title="Conservation welfare">Conservation welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">Threatened species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_and_susceptibility_in_conservation_biology" title="Vulnerability and susceptibility in conservation biology">Vulnerability and susceptibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_agriculture" title="Conservation agriculture">Conservation agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_development" title="Conservation development">Conservation development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_finance" title="Conservation finance">Conservation finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_grazing" title="Conservation grazing">Conservation grazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_management_system" title="Conservation management system">Conservation management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">Conservation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_psychology" title="Conservation psychology">Conservation psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_conservation" title="Conspicuous conservation">Conspicuous conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community-based_conservation" title="Community-based conservation">Community-based conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregion_conservation_status" title="Ecoregion conservation status">Ecoregion conservation status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_conservation" title="Evidence-based conservation">Evidence-based conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagship_species" title="Flagship species">Flagship species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Forest management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_protection" title="Forest protection">Forest protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_conservation" title="Tropical rainforest conservation">Tropical rainforest conservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Conservation_and_Development_Project" title="Integrated Conservation and Development Project">Integrated Conservation and Development Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_effective_area-based_conservation_measures" title="Other effective area-based conservation measures">Other effective area-based conservation measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_buffer" title="Riparian buffer">Riparian buffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadless_area_conservation" title="Roadless area conservation">Roadless area conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadside_conservation" title="Roadside conservation">Roadside conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site-based_conservation" title="Site-based conservation">Site-based conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland_conservation" title="Wetland conservation">Wetland conservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Protected<br />areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_designation" title="Conservation designation">Conservation designation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation district">Conservation district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_easement" title="Conservation easement">Conservation easement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_reserve" title="Conservation reserve">Conservation reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gap_analysis_(conservation)" title="Gap analysis (conservation)">Gap analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">Habitat conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_conservation_value_area" class="mw-redirect" title="High conservation value area">High conservation value area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape-scale_conservation" title="Landscape-scale conservation">Landscape-scale conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">Marine protected area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxan" title="Marxan">Marxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_space_reserve" title="Open space reserve">Open space reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_corridor" title="Wildlife corridor">Wildlife corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_by_30" title="30 by 30">30 by 30 target</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_refugee" title="Conservation refugee">Conservation refugee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_conservation" title="Fortress conservation">Fortress conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">Habitat fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93wildlife_conflict" title="Human–wildlife conflict">Human–wildlife conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restoration_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration ecology">Restoration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_natural_regeneration" title="Assisted natural regeneration">Assisted natural regeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem restoration">Ecosystem restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_restoration" title="Island restoration">Island restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">Reforestation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding" title="Rewilding">Rewilding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_rewilding" title="Sea rewilding">marine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_reintroduction" title="Species reintroduction">Species reintroduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By taxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insect_hotel" title="Insect hotel">Arthropod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_conservation" title="Bird conservation">Bird</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_honeycreeper_conservation" title="Hawaiian honeycreeper conservation">Hawaiian honeycreeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raptor_conservation" title="Raptor conservation">Raptor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Status_and_conservation_of_the_golden_eagle" title="Status and conservation of the golden eagle">Golden eagle</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_fungi" title="Conservation of fungi">Fungi</a></li> <li>Land mammal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_American_bison" title="Conservation of American bison">American bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_oryx_reintroduction" title="Arabian oryx reintroduction">Arabian oryx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_conservation" title="Bear conservation">Bear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear_conservation" title="Polar bear conservation">Polar bear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheetah_reintroduction_in_India" title="Cheetah reintroduction in India">Cheetah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_elephants" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation of elephants">Elephant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Elephant" title="Project Elephant">Indian elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_slow_lorises" title="Conservation of slow lorises">Slow loris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_conservation" title="Tiger conservation">Tiger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Tiger" title="Project Tiger">Bengal Tiger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_reintroduction" title="Wolf reintroduction">Wolf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Dolphin_(India)" title="Project Dolphin (India)">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_nurse_shark_conservation" title="Grey nurse shark conservation">Gray nurse shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manatee_conservation" title="Manatee conservation">Manatee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_painted_turtles" title="Conservation of painted turtles">Painted turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_conservation" title="Salmon conservation">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_otter_conservation" title="Sea otter conservation">Sea otter</a></li></ul></li> <li>Plant <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_bank" title="Seed bank">Seed bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cryopreservation" title="Plant cryopreservation">Cryopreservation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Angola" title="Conservation in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Australia" title="Conservation in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Belize" title="Conservation in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Brazil" title="Conservation in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Costa_Rica" title="Conservation in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservation in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Iceland" title="Conservation in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_India" title="Conservation in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Indonesia" title="Conservation in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Conservation in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Italy" title="Conservation in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Malaysia" title="Conservation in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Mauritius" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_Wildlife_Conservancies_in_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communal Wildlife Conservancies in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_New_Zealand" title="Conservation in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Pakistan" title="Conservation in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Conservation in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Uganda" title="Conservation in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservation in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Scotland" title="Conservation in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_the_United_States" title="Conservation in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_conservation_in_the_United_States" title="Forest conservation in the United States">forests</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_officer" title="Conservation officer">Conservation officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-extinction" title="De-extinction">De-extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NatureServe_conservation_status" title="NatureServe conservation status">NatureServe conservation status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Area_of_Conservation" title="Special Area of Conservation">Special Area of Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">Soil conservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservation_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservation issues">List of conservation issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nature_conservation_organizations" title="List of nature conservation organizations">List of organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservationists" title="List of conservationists">List of people</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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