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id="toc-2007_release" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2007_release"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>2007 release</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2007_release-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008_release" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_release"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>2008 release</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_release-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012_release" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012_release"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>2012 release</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012_release-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Categories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Categories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Categories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1994_categories_and_2001_framework" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1994_categories_and_2001_framework"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>1994 categories and 2001 framework</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1994_categories_and_2001_framework-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possibly_extinct" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possibly_extinct"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Possibly extinct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possibly_extinct-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Versions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">IUCN Red List</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 94 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">94 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUBN-rooilys" title="IUBN-rooilys – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="IUBN-rooilys" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rote_Liste_gef%C3%A4hrdeter_Arten" title="Rote Liste gefährdeter Arten – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Rote Liste gefährdeter Arten" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6" title="القائمة الحمراء للأنواع المهددة بالانقراض – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القائمة الحمراء للأنواع المهددة بالانقراض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80_%D4%B3%D5%AB%D6%80%D6%84" title="Կարմիր Գիրք – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կարմիր Գիրք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%99%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="আই ইউ চি এন ৰঙা তালিকা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আই ইউ চি এন ৰঙা তালিকা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llista_Bermeya_de_la_UICN" title="Llista Bermeya de la UICN – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llista Bermeya de la UICN" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_kitab" title="Qırmızı kitab – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qırmızı kitab" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="আইইউসিএন লাল তালিকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আইইউসিএন লাল তালিকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_%C3%82ng_Mi%C3%A2-toa%E2%81%BF" title="IUCN Âng Miâ-toaⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="IUCN Âng Miâ-toaⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Чырвоная кніга – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чырвоная кніга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="आइयूसीएन रेड लिस्ट – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आइयूसीएन रेड लिस्ट" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Червен списък на световнозастрашените видове – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Червен списък на световнозастрашените видове" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llista_Vermella_de_la_UICN" title="Llista Vermella de la UICN – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llista Vermella de la UICN" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cerven%C3%BD_seznam_IUCN" title="Červený seznam IUCN – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Červený seznam IUCN" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhestr_Goch_yr_IUCN" title="Rhestr Goch yr IUCN – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhestr Goch yr IUCN" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN%27s_r%C3%B8dliste" title="IUCN's rødliste – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="IUCN's rødliste" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rote_Liste_gef%C3%A4hrdeter_Arten" title="Rote Liste gefährdeter Arten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rote Liste gefährdeter Arten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय प्रकृति संरक्षण सङ्घको रातो सूची – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय प्रकृति संरक्षण सङ्घको रातो सूची" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahvusvahelise_Looduskaitseliidu_punane_nimestik" title="Rahvusvahelise Looduskaitseliidu punane nimestik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rahvusvahelise Looduskaitseliidu punane nimestik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_IUCN" title="Κόκκινος κατάλογος της IUCN – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κόκκινος κατάλογος της IUCN" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_Roja_de_la_UICN" title="Lista Roja de la UICN – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lista Roja de la UICN" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internacia_Ru%C4%9Da_Listo_de_Endan%C4%9Deritaj_Specioj" title="Internacia Ruĝa Listo de Endanĝeritaj Specioj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Internacia Ruĝa Listo de Endanĝeritaj Specioj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCNren_Zerrenda_Gorria" title="IUCNren Zerrenda Gorria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="IUCNren Zerrenda Gorria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE_%D8%A2%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فهرست سرخ آی‌یوسی‌ان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فهرست سرخ آی‌یوسی‌ان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Rey%C3%B0listin" title="IUCN Reyðlistin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="IUCN Reyðlistin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_rouge_de_l%27UICN" title="Liste rouge de l'UICN – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liste rouge de l'UICN" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reade_List_fan_de_IUCN" title="Reade List fan de IUCN – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Reade List fan de IUCN" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_Vermella_da_IUCN" title="Lista Vermella da IUCN – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lista Vermella da IUCN" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3" title="ЦӀе дешарг – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ЦӀе дешарг" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_%EC%A0%81%EC%83%89_%EB%AA%A9%EB%A1%9D" title="IUCN 적색 목록 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="IUCN 적색 목록" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80_%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80%D6%84" title="Կարմիր գիրք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարմիր գիրք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="आईयूसीएन लाल सूची – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आईयूसीएन लाल सूची" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN-ov_crveni_popis" title="IUCN-ov crveni popis – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="IUCN-ov crveni popis" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndep%E1%BB%A5ta_uhie_nke_IUCN" title="Ndepụta uhie nke IUCN – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ndepụta uhie nke IUCN" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalabbasit_a_Listaan_ti_IUCN" title="Nalabbasit a Listaan ti IUCN – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Nalabbasit a Listaan ti IUCN" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_merah_IUCN" title="Daftar merah IUCN – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daftar merah IUCN" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rau%C3%B0i_listi_IUCN" title="Rauði listi IUCN – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rauði listi IUCN" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_rossa_IUCN" title="Lista rossa IUCN – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lista rossa IUCN" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_IUCN" title="הרשימה האדומה של IUCN – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרשימה האדומה של IUCN" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prat%C3%A9lan_Abang_IUCN" title="Pratélan Abang IUCN – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pratélan Abang IUCN" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="წითელი წიგნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წითელი წიგნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Қызыл кітап – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қызыл кітап" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AEsteya_Sor_a_IUCN" title="Lîsteya Sor a IUCN – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lîsteya Sor a IUCN" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF" title="Кызыл китеп – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кызыл китеп" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_Ruber_IUCN" title="Index Ruber IUCN – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Index Ruber IUCN" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkan%C4%81_gr%C4%81mata" title="Sarkanā grāmata – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sarkanā grāmata" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%80%D1%83_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1" title="Яру улуб – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Яру улуб" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarptautin%C4%97_raudonoji_knyga" title="Tarptautinė raudonoji knyga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tarptautinė raudonoji knyga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6r%C3%B6s_lista" title="Vörös lista – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vörös lista" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%A1%D0%97%D0%9F" title="Црвен список на МСЗП – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црвен список на МСЗП" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="റെഡ് ലിസ്റ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റെഡ് ലിസ്റ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF.%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82.%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80.%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8._%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="आय.यू.सी.एन. लाल यादी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आय.यू.सी.एन. लाल यादी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ჭითა წინგი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჭითა წინგი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senarai_Merah_IUCN" title="Senarai Merah IUCN – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Senarai Merah IUCN" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Улаан ном – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Улаан ном" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="IUCN အနီရောင်စာရင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="IUCN အနီရောင်စာရင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rode_Lijst_van_de_IUCN" title="Rode Lijst van de IUCN – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rode Lijst van de IUCN" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय प्रकृति संरक्षण सङ्घको रातो सूची – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय प्रकृति संरक्षण सङ्घको रातो सूची" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88" title="レッドリスト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レッドリスト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCNs_r%C3%B8dliste" title="IUCNs rødliste – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="IUCNs rødliste" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_raudliste" title="Global raudliste – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Global raudliste" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_roja_de_l%27UICN" title="Lista roja de l'UICN – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lista roja de l'UICN" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qizil_kitob" title="Qizil kitob – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qizil kitob" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rode_List" title="Rode List – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Rode List" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czerwona_ksi%C4%99ga_gatunk%C3%B3w_zagro%C5%BConych" title="Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_Vermelha_da_IUCN" title="Lista Vermelha da IUCN – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lista Vermelha da IUCN" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_ro%C8%99ie_a_IUCN" title="Lista roșie a IUCN – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lista roșie a IUCN" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikichasqa_Rikch%27aq_Puka_Sutisuyu" title="Chikichasqa Rikch'aq Puka Sutisuyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chikichasqa Rikch'aq Puka Sutisuyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Красная книга – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Красная книга" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%8D" title="Кыһыл кинигэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кыһыл кинигэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Reid_Leet" title="IUCN Reid Leet – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="IUCN Reid Leet" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_e_Kuqe_e_BNRN-s%C3%AB" title="Lista e Kuqe e BNRN-së – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lista e Kuqe e BNRN-së" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%AD" title="රතු දත්ත පොත – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රතු දත්ත පොත" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="IUCN Red List" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cerven%C3%BD_zoznam_IUCN" title="Červený zoznam IUCN – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Červený zoznam IUCN" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rde%C4%8Di_seznam_IUCN" title="Rdeči seznam IUCN – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rdeči seznam IUCN" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liiska_Cas_ee_MCID" title="Liiska Cas ee MCID – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Liiska Cas ee MCID" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA_IUCN" title="Црвени списак IUCN – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Црвени списак IUCN" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN-ova_crvena_lista" title="IUCN-ova crvena lista – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="IUCN-ova crvena lista" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punainen_kirja" title="Punainen kirja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Punainen kirja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6dlistning" title="Rödlistning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rödlistning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="செம்பட்டியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செம்பட்டியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umu%C9%A3_azegga%C9%A3_n_IUCN" title="Umuɣ azeggaɣ n IUCN – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Umuɣ azeggaɣ n IUCN" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99" title="บัญชีแดงไอยูซีเอ็น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บัญชีแดงไอยูซีเอ็น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D1%85" title="Китоби сурх – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Китоби сурх" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_K%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_Listesi" title="IUCN Kırmızı Listesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="IUCN Kırmızı Listesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyzyl_kitap" title="Gyzyl kitap – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gyzyl kitap" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D1%83_%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Червоний список Міжнародного союзу охорони природи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Червоний список Міжнародного союзу охорони природи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%81%DB%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="لال فہرست – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لال فہرست" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1ch_%C4%91%E1%BB%8F_IUCN" title="Sách đỏ IUCN – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sách đỏ IUCN" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Pula_nga_Listahan" title="IUCN Pula nga Listahan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="IUCN Pula nga Listahan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F%E6%BF%92%E5%8D%B1%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E7%BA%A2%E8%89%B2%E5%90%8D%E5%BD%95" title="国际自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="国际自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN%E7%B4%85%E8%89%B2%E5%90%8D%E9%8C%84" title="IUCN紅色名錄 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="IUCN紅色名錄" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F%E7%80%95%E5%8D%B1%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E7%B4%85%E8%89%B2%E5%90%8D%E9%8C%84" title="國際自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="國際自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q32059#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:IUCN_Red_List.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ec/IUCN_Red_List.svg/220px-IUCN_Red_List.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ec/IUCN_Red_List.svg/330px-IUCN_Red_List.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ec/IUCN_Red_List.svg/440px-IUCN_Red_List.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="239" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">1964</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">Cambridge, England, United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Region served </div></th><td class="infobox-data">International</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language </div></th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent organization</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data">Species Survival Commission, <a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservation_International" title="Conservation International">Conservation International</a>, <a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botanic_Gardens_Conservation_International" title="Botanic Gardens Conservation International">Botanic Gardens Conservation International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome" title="Sapienza University of Rome">Sapienza University of Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoological_Society_of_London" title="Zoological Society of London">Zoological Society of London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wildscreen" title="Wildscreen">Wildscreen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/">www<wbr />.iucnredlist<wbr />.org</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32059#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> (IUCN) <b>Red List of Threatened Species</b>, also known as the <b>IUCN Red List</b> or <b>Red Data Book</b>, founded in 1964, is an inventory of the global <a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">conservation status</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> risk of <a href="/wiki/Biological_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological species">biological species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A series of <a href="/wiki/Regional_Red_List" title="Regional Red List">Regional Red Lists</a>, which assess the risk of extinction to species within a political management unit, are also produced by countries and organizations. </p><p>The goals of the Red List are to provide scientifically based information on the status of species and subspecies at a global level, to draw attention to the magnitude and importance of threatened biodiversity, to influence national and international policy and decision-making, and to provide information to guide actions to conserve biological diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major species assessors include <a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Zoology" title="Institute of Zoology">Institute of Zoology</a> (the research division of the <a href="/wiki/Zoological_Society_of_London" title="Zoological Society of London">Zoological Society of London</a>), the <a href="/wiki/World_Conservation_Monitoring_Centre" title="World Conservation Monitoring Centre">World Conservation Monitoring Centre</a>, and many Specialist Groups within the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Species_Survival_Commission" title="IUCN Species Survival Commission">IUCN Species Survival Commission</a> (SSC). Collectively, assessments by these organizations and groups account for nearly half the species on the Red List. </p><p>The IUCN aims to have the category of every species re-evaluated at least every ten years, and every five years if possible. This is done in a <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer reviewed</a> manner through IUCN Species Survival Commission Specialist Groups (SSC), which are Red List Authorities (RLA) responsible for a species, group of species or specific geographic area, or in the case of BirdLife International, an entire class (<a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a>). The red list unit works with staff from the IUCN Global Species Programme as well as current program partners to recommend new partners or networks to join as new Red List Authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of species which have been assessed for the Red List has been increasing over time.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2023,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IUCN_Red_List&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> of 150,388 species surveyed, 42,108 are considered at risk of extinction because of human activity, in particular <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">land development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IUCN_Red_List&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IUCN_Red_List_-_December_2023.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/IUCN_Red_List_-_December_2023.svg/500px-IUCN_Red_List_-_December_2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/IUCN_Red_List_-_December_2023.svg/660px-IUCN_Red_List_-_December_2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/IUCN_Red_List_-_December_2023.svg/880px-IUCN_Red_List_-_December_2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption>The percentage of species in several groups which are documented as <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#132E62; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>extinct, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CD3031; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>critically endangered, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CD6531; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>endangered, or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D59D00; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>vulnerable on the 2023 IUCN Red List. The data for some groups are insufficient, so the plotted percentages can be much lower than the actual rates of vulnerability.</figcaption></figure><p>The idea for a Red Data Book was suggested by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Scott" title="Peter Scott">Peter Scott</a> in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1966–1977_Red_Data_Lists"><span id="1966.E2.80.931977_Red_Data_Lists"></span>1966–1977 Red Data Lists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IUCN_Red_List&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1966–1977 Red Data Lists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initially the Red Data Lists were designed for specialists and were issued in a loose-leaf format that could be easily changed. </p><p>The first two volumes of Red Lists were published in 1966 by conservationist Noel Simon, one for mammals and one for birds.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third volume that appeared covered reptiles and amphibians. It was created by René E. Honegger in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1970, the IUCN published volume 5 in this series. This was the first Red Data List which focused on plants (<a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">angiosperms</a> only), compiled by <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Melville_(botanist)" title="Ronald Melville (botanist)">Ronald Melville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final volume created in the loose leaf style was volume 4 on freshwater fishes. This was published in 1979 by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rush_Miller" title="Robert Rush Miller">Robert Rush Miller</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1969_Red_Data_Book">1969 Red Data Book</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IUCN_Red_List&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1969 Red Data Book"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first attempt to create a Red Data Book for a nonspecialist public came in 1969 with <i>The Red Book: Wildlife in Danger</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This book covered varies groups but was predominantly about mammals and birds, with smaller sections on reptiles, amphibians, fishes, and plants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2006_release">2006 release</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IUCN_Red_List&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2006 release"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2006 Red List, released on 4 May 2006 evaluated 40,168 species as a whole, plus an additional 2,160 <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">varieties</a>, aquatic <a href="/wiki/Fish_stocks" title="Fish stocks">stocks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Statistical_population" title="Statistical population">subpopulations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2007_release">2007 release</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IUCN_Red_List&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2007 release"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 12 September 2007, the <a href="/wiki/World_Conservation_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="World Conservation Union">World Conservation Union</a> (IUCN) released the <b>2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</b>. In this release, they have raised their classification of both the <a href="/wiki/Western_lowland_gorilla" title="Western lowland gorilla">western lowland gorilla</a> (<i>Gorilla gorilla gorilla</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Cross_River_gorilla" title="Cross River gorilla">Cross River gorilla</a> (<i>Gorilla gorilla diehli</i>) from <a href="/wiki/Endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered">endangered</a> to <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a>, which is the last category before <a href="/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild" title="Extinct in the wild">extinct in the wild</a>, due to <a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebola virus">Ebola virus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a>, along with other factors. <a href="/wiki/Russ_Mittermeier" class="mw-redirect" title="Russ Mittermeier">Russ Mittermeier</a>, chief of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a>-based IUCN's Primate Specialist Group, stated that 16,306 species are endangered with extinction, 188 more than in 2006 (total of 41,415 species on the Red List). The Red List includes the <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_orangutan" title="Sumatran orangutan">Sumatran orangutan</a> (<i>Pongo abelii</i>) in the Critically Endangered category and the <a href="/wiki/Bornean_orangutan" title="Bornean orangutan">Bornean orangutan</a> (<i>Pongo pygmaeus</i>) in the Endangered category.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008_release">2008 release</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IUCN_Red_List&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2008 release"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2008 Red List was released on 6 October 2008 at the IUCN World Conservation Congress in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> and "confirmed an extinction crisis, with almost one in four [mammals] at risk of disappearing forever". The study shows at least 1,141 of the 5,487 mammals on Earth are known to be threatened with extinction, and 836 are listed as <a href="/wiki/Data_Deficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Deficient">Data Deficient</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2012_release">2012 release</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IUCN_Red_List&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2012 release"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Red List of 2012 was released 19 July 2012 at <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development" title="United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development">Rio+20 Earth Summit</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-CNNrio_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNrio-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nearly 2,000 species were added,<sup id="cite_ref-RedList2000_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RedList2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 4 species to the extinct list, 2 to the rediscovered list.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN2012_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IUCN assessed a total of 63,837 species which revealed 19,817 are threatened with extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-RedListReport_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RedListReport-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3,947 were described as "critically endangered" and 5,766 as "endangered", while more than 10,000 species are listed as "vulnerable".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At threat are 41% of amphibian species, 33% of reef-building corals, 30% of conifers, 25% of mammals, and 13% of birds.<sup id="cite_ref-RedListReport_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RedListReport-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IUCN Red List has listed 132 species of plants and animals from India as "Critically Endangered".<sup id="cite_ref-IndiaRedList_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IndiaRedList-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Categories">Categories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IUCN_Red_List&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a> <div style="font-size:75%;font-weight:normal;">by <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Categories">IUCN Red List category</a></div></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#006600;color:white;"> <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction"><span style="color: white">Extinct</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinct (EX)</a> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List_of_extinct_species" title="IUCN Red List of extinct species">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild" title="Extinct in the wild">Extinct in the Wild (EW)</a> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List_extinct_in_the_wild_species" title="IUCN Red List extinct in the wild species">list</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#006600;color:white;"> <a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species"><span style="color: white">Threatened</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" title="Critically endangered">Critically Endangered (CR)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_critically_endangered_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List critically endangered species">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species_(IUCN_status)" title="Endangered species (IUCN status)">Endangered (EN)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_endangered_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List endangered species">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">Vulnerable (VU)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_vulnerable_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List vulnerable species">list</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#006600;color:white;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Lower_risk" title="Lower risk"><span style="color: white">Lower Risk</span></a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-threatened_species" title="Near-threatened species">Near Threatened (NT)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_near_threatened_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List near threatened species">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-dependent_species" title="Conservation-dependent species">Conservation Dependent (CD)</a> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List_conservation_dependent_species" title="IUCN Red List conservation dependent species">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least-concern_species" title="Least-concern species">Least Concern (LC)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#006600;color:white;"> Other categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_deficient" title="Data deficient">Data Deficient (DD)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_data_deficient_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List data deficient species">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_evaluated" title="Not evaluated">Not Evaluated (NE)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#006600;color:white;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for<br />Conservation of Nature (IUCN)</a></div></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IUCN Red List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NatureServe_conservation_status" title="NatureServe conservation status">NatureServe status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_organisms_by_population" title="Lists of organisms by population">Lists of organisms by population</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: 202122;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Status_iucn3.1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="IUCN Red List category abbreviations (version 3.1, 2001)"><img alt="IUCN Red List category abbreviations (version 3.1, 2001)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Status_iucn3.1.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Status_iucn3.1.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Status_iucn3.1.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></a></span><br />Comparison of <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Categories">Red List classes</a> above<br />and <a href="/wiki/NatureServe_conservation_status" title="NatureServe conservation status">NatureServe status</a> below<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Status_TNC.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="NatureServe category abbreviations"><img alt="NatureServe category abbreviations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Status_TNC.svg/220px-Status_TNC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Status_TNC.svg/330px-Status_TNC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Status_TNC.svg/440px-Status_TNC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservation_status" title="Template:Conservation status"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservation_status" title="Template talk:Conservation status"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservation_status" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservation status"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Species are classified by the IUCN Red List into nine groups,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specified through criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation.<sup id="cite_ref-Mace_1424–1442_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mace_1424–1442-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is an emphasis on the acceptability of applying any criteria in the absence of high quality data including suspicion and potential future threats, "so long as these can reasonably be supported".<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">Extinct</a> (EX) – beyond reasonable doubt that the species is no longer extant.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild" title="Extinct in the wild">Extinct in the wild</a> (EW) – survives only in captivity, cultivation and/or outside native range, as presumed after exhaustive surveys.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" title="Critically endangered">Critically endangered</a> (CR) – in a particularly and extremely critical state.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered">Endangered</a> (EN) – very high risk of extinction in the wild, meets any of criteria A to E for Endangered.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">Vulnerable</a> (VU) – meets one of the 5 Red List criteria and thus considered to be at high risk of unnatural (human-caused) extinction without further human intervention.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Threatened" class="mw-redirect" title="Near Threatened">Near Threatened</a> (NT) – close to being endangered in the near future.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Risk">Lower Risk</a> (LR) – unlikely to become endangered or extinct in the near future.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Deficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Deficient">Data Deficient</a> (DD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_Evaluated" class="mw-redirect" title="Not Evaluated">Not Evaluated</a> (NE)</li></ul> <p>In the IUCN Red List, "<a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">threatened</a>" embraces the categories of Critically Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable.<sup id="cite_ref-Mace_1424–1442_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mace_1424–1442-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1994_categories_and_2001_framework">1994 categories and 2001 framework</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IUCN_Red_List&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1994 categories and 2001 framework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The older 1994 list has only a single "Lower Risk" category which contained three subcategories: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_Dependent" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation Dependent">Conservation Dependent</a> (LR/cd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Threatened" class="mw-redirect" title="Near Threatened">Near Threatened</a> (LR/nt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> (LR/lc)</li></ul> <p>In the 2001 framework, <i>Near Threatened</i> and <i>Least Concern</i> became their own categories, while <i>Conservation Dependent</i> was removed and its contents merged into <i>Near Threatened</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possibly_extinct">Possibly extinct</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IUCN_Red_List&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Possibly extinct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tag of "possibly extinct" (PE)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is used by <a href="/wiki/Birdlife_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Birdlife International">Birdlife International</a>, the Red List Authority for birds for the IUCN Red List.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BirdLife International has recommended PE become an official tag for Critically Endangered species, and this has now been adopted, along with a "Possibly Extinct in the Wild" tag for species with populations surviving in captivity but likely to be extinct in the wild.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Versions">Versions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IUCN_Red_List&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sizes_of_Red_List_Categories.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sizes_of_Red_List_Categories.png/550px-Sizes_of_Red_List_Categories.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sizes_of_Red_List_Categories.png/825px-Sizes_of_Red_List_Categories.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Sizes_of_Red_List_Categories.png 2x" data-file-width="1039" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption> Comparing the number of species in each category of IUCN Red List</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Status_iucn2.3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Icons for Red List categories" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Status_iucn2.3.svg/300px-Status_iucn2.3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Status_iucn2.3.svg/450px-Status_iucn2.3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Status_iucn2.3.svg/600px-Status_iucn2.3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="64" /></a><figcaption>1994 IUCN Red List categories (version 2.3), used for species which have not been reassessed since 2001.</figcaption></figure> <p>There have been a number of versions, dating from 1991, including:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Version 1.0 (1991)</li> <li>Version 2.0 (1992)</li> <li>Version 2.1 (1993)</li> <li>Version 2.2 (1994)</li> <li>Version 2.3 (1994)</li> <li>Version 3.0 (1999)</li> <li>Version 3.1 (2001)</li></ul> <p>All new IUCN assessments since 2001 have used version 3.1 of the categories and criteria. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IUCN_Red_List&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1997, the IUCN Red List received criticism on the grounds of secrecy (or at least poor documentation) surrounding the sources of its data.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These allegations have led to efforts by the IUCN to improve its documentation and data quality, and to include peer reviews of taxa on the Red List.<sup id="cite_ref-Mace_1424–1442_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mace_1424–1442-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The list is also open to petitions against its classifications, on the basis of documentation or criteria.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the November 2002 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Trends_in_Ecology_%26_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Trends in Ecology & Evolution">Trends in Ecology & Evolution</a></i>, an article suggested that the IUCN Red List and similar works are prone to misuse by governments and other groups that draw possibly inappropriate conclusions on the state of the environment or to affect <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">exploitation of natural resources</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the November 2016 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Science_Advances" title="Science Advances">Science Advances</a></i>, a research article claims there are serious inconsistencies in the way species are classified by the IUCN. The researchers contend that the IUCN's process of categorization is "out-dated, and leaves room for improvement", and further emphasize the importance of readily available and easy-to-include geospatial data, such as satellite and aerial imaging. Their conclusion questioned not only the IUCN's method but also the validity of where certain species fall on the List. They believe that combining geographical data can significantly increase the number of species that need to be reclassified to a higher risk category.<sup id="cite_ref-Stocks_2016_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stocks_2016-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IUCN_Red_List&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_List_Index" title="Red List Index">Red List Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Red_List" title="Regional Red List">Regional Red List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Species_by_IUCN_Red_List_category" title="Category:Species by IUCN Red List category">Species by IUCN Red List category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation">Wildlife conservation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IUCN_Red_List&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/about/background-history">"Background & History"</a>. <i>The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Background+%26+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fabout%2Fbackground-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIUCN+Red+List" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora), Joint Meeting of the Animals and Plants Committees, Shepherdstown (United States of America), 7–9 December 2000, Retrieved 14 November 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140630010436/http://www.iucnredlist.org/about/overview#redlist_authorities">"Overview of The IUCN Red List"</a>. <i>IUCN Red List</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org//about/overview#redlist_authorities">the original</a> on 30 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List&rft.atitle=Overview+of+The+IUCN+Red+List&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2F%2Fabout%2Foverview%23redlist_authorities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIUCN+Red+List" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLovejoy2017" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lovejoy" title="Thomas Lovejoy">Lovejoy, Thomas E.</a> (8 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5559057">"Extinction tsunami can be avoided"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PNAS" class="mw-redirect" title="PNAS">PNAS</a></i>. <b>114</b> (32): <span class="nowrap">8840–</span>8841. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PNAS..114.8440L">2017PNAS..114.8440L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1711074114">10.1073/pnas.1711074114</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5559057">5559057</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28747527">28747527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Extinction+tsunami+can+be+avoided&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=32&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8840-%3C%2Fspan%3E8841&rft.date=2017-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5559057%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28747527&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1711074114&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PNAS..114.8440L&rft.aulast=Lovejoy&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5559057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIUCN+Red+List" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/summary-statistics#Summary%20Tables">"Threatened species on the IUCN Red List"</a>. <i>IUCN Red List</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List&rft.atitle=Threatened+species+on+the+IUCN+Red+List&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fresources%2Fsummary-statistics%23Summary%2520Tables&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIUCN+Red+List" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAguilera2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Aguilera, Jasmine (18 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5629548/almost-30000-species-face-extinction-new-report">"Almost 30,000 Species Face Extinction Because of Human Activity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190719063058/https://time.com/5629548/almost-30000-species-face-extinction-new-report/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Almost+30%2C000+Species+Face+Extinction+Because+of+Human+Activity&rft.date=2019-07-18&rft.aulast=Aguilera&rft.aufirst=Jasmine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5629548%2Falmost-30000-species-face-extinction-new-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIUCN+Red+List" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFitterFitter1987" class="citation book cs1">Fitter, Richard; Fitter, Maisie, eds. (1987). <i>The Road to Extinction: Problems of Categorizing the Status of Taxa Threatened with Extinction</i>. Gland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2880329299" title="Special:BookSources/2880329299"><bdi>2880329299</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Extinction%3A+Problems+of+Categorizing+the+Status+of+Taxa+Threatened+with+Extinction&rft.place=Gland&rft.pub=International+Union+for+Conservation+of+Nature+and+Natural+Resources&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=2880329299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIUCN+Red+List" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimon1966" class="citation book cs1">Simon, Noel (1966). <i>Red Data Book. Volume 1. Mammalia, a compilation</i>. International Union for the Conservation of Nature.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Data+Book.+Volume+1.+Mammalia%2C+a+compilation&rft.pub=International+Union+for+the+Conservation+of+Nature&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIUCN+Red+List" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimon1966" class="citation book cs1">Simon, Noel (1966). <i>Red Data Book. Volume 2. Aves</i>. International Union for the Conservation of Nature.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Data+Book.+Volume+2.+Aves&rft.pub=International+Union+for+the+Conservation+of+Nature&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIUCN+Red+List" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHonegger1968" class="citation book cs1">Honegger, René (1968). <i>Red Data Book. Volume 3. Amphibia & Reptilia</i>. 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IUCN. 12 September 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110124083212/http://www.iucn.org/media/materials/releases/?81%2FExtinction-crisis-escalates-Red-List-shows-apes-corals-vultures-dolphins-all-in-danger">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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IUCN. 6 October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081009175431/http://iucn.org/about/work/programmes/species/red_list/index.cfm?uNewsID=1695">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IUCN+Red+List+reveals+world%27s+mammals+in+crisis&rft.pub=IUCN&rft.date=2008-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucn.org%2Fcontent%2Fiucn-red-list-reveals-worlds-mammals-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIUCN+Red+List" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNNrio-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CNNrio_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Knight2012" class="citation news cs1">Matthew Knight (19 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/19/world/rio-red-list-extinction-species/index.html">"Extinction threat 'a call to world leaders' at Rio Earth Summit"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120622011512/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/19/world/rio-red-list-extinction-species/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Extinction+threat+%27a+call+to+world+leaders%27+at+Rio+Earth+Summit&rft.date=2012-06-19&rft.au=Matthew+Knight&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2012%2F06%2F19%2Fworld%2Frio-red-list-extinction-species%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIUCN+Red+List" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RedList2000-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RedList2000_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJessica_Phelan2012" class="citation web cs1">Jessica Phelan (19 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pri.org/stories/2012-06-19/iucn-red-list-update-nearly-2000-species-added">"IUCN Red List update: Nearly 2,000 species added"</a>. <i>www.pri.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116221334/https://www.pri.org/stories/2012-06-19/iucn-red-list-update-nearly-2000-species-added">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pri.org&rft.atitle=IUCN+Red+List+update%3A+Nearly+2%2C000+species+added&rft.date=2012-06-19&rft.au=Jessica+Phelan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pri.org%2Fstories%2F2012-06-19%2Fiucn-red-list-update-nearly-2000-species-added&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIUCN+Red+List" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCN2012-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUCN2012_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042748/http://www.wildlifeextra.com/go/news/iucn-2012.html">"IUCN 2012 update – 4 species extinct – 2 rediscovered – Food security waning"</a>. <i>wildlifeextra.com</i>. 19 June 2012. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=planetsave.com&rft.atitle=The+Red+List+Of+Threatened+Species%2C+Annual+Report+Released&rft.date=2012-06-20&rft.au=James+Ayre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanetsave.com%2F2012%2F06%2F20%2Fthe-red-list-of-threatened-species-annual-report-released-video%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIUCN+Red+List" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The list is queryable at: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/en">"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"</a>. <i>IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved 2009-12-19.</li> <li>IUCN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140722073142/http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/categories-and-criteria/1994-categories-criteria">1994 IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria version 2.3</a>. Retrieved 2009-12-19.</li> <li>IUCN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627094911/http://www.iucnredlist.org//technical-documents/categories-and-criteria/2001-categories-criteria">2001 IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria version 3.1</a>. Retrieved 2009-12-19.</li> <li>Rodrigues, A. S. L., Pilgrim, J.D., Lamoreux, J.F., Hoffmann, M. & Brooks, T.M. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060529010825/http://conserveonline.org/workspaces/commons/PDF%20Background%20Documents/Value%20of%20the%20IUCN%20Red%20List%20for%20Conservation.pdf">The value of the IUCN Red List for conservation</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> Trends in Ecology & Evolution 21(2): 71–76.</li> <li>Sharrock, S. and Jones, M. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bgci.org/files/Worldwide/Publications/euro_report.pdf">Conserving Europe's threatened plants</a> – Report on the lack of a European Red List and the creation of a consolidated list of the threatened plants of Europe. Retrieved 2011-03-23.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IUCN_Red_List&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Threatened_species" title="Template:Threatened species"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Threatened_species" title="Template talk:Threatened species"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Threatened_species" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Threatened species"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Threatened_species277" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">Threatened species</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:Threatened_species_by_region" title="Template:Threatened species by region">Template: Threatened species by region</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">IUCN</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Red List</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories<span class="nobold"><sup>1</sup></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinct (EX)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild" title="Extinct in the wild">Extinct in the Wild (EW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">Threatened</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critically_Endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically Endangered">Critically Endangered (CR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered (EN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">Vulnerable (VU)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Lower risk</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-threatened_species" title="Near-threatened species">Near Threatened (NT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least-concern_species" title="Least-concern species">Least Concern (LC)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lower_risk" title="Lower risk">Lower Risk (LR)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conservation-dependent_species" title="Conservation-dependent species">Conservation Dependent (LR/cd)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Not fully assessed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_deficient" title="Data deficient">Data Deficient (DD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_evaluated" title="Not evaluated">Not Evaluated (NE)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List_of_extinct_species" title="IUCN Red List of extinct species">Extinct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List_extinct_in_the_wild_species" title="IUCN Red List extinct in the wild species">Extinct in the Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_critically_endangered_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List critically endangered species">Critically Endangered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_endangered_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List endangered species">Endangered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_vulnerable_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List vulnerable species">Vulnerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_near_threatened_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List near threatened species">Near Threatened</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_least_concern_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List least concern species">Least Concern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_data_deficient_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List data deficient species">Data Deficient</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Categories" title="Help:Categories">WP categories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_extinct_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List extinct species">Extinct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_extinct_in_the_wild_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List extinct in the wild species">Extinct in the Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_critically_endangered_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List critically endangered species">Critically Endangered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_endangered_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List endangered species">Endangered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_vulnerable_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List vulnerable species">Vulnerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_near_threatened_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List near threatened species">Near Threatened</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_least_concern_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List least concern species">Least Concern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_data_deficient_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List data deficient species">Data Deficient</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">CITES</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_species_protected_by_CITES_Appendix_I" title="List of species protected by CITES Appendix I">Appendix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_species_protected_by_CITES_Appendix_II" title="List of species protected by CITES Appendix II">Appendix II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_species_protected_by_CITES_Appendix_III" title="List of species protected by CITES Appendix III">Appendix III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Threatened_arthropods" title="Threatened arthropods">Threatened arthropods</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_arthropods" title="List of endangered arthropods">Endangered arthropods</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_spiders" title="List of endangered spiders">spiders</a> /  <a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">Decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_Banksia#Threatened_species" title="Ecology of Banksia">Threatened <i>Banksia</i></a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_rays" title="List of threatened rays">rays</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_sharks" title="List of threatened sharks">sharks</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_fungi_by_conservation_status" title="List of fungi by conservation status">Fungi</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chromista_by_conservation_status" title="List of Chromista by conservation status">Chromista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_25_Most_Endangered_Primates" title="The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates">The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_world%27s_100_most_threatened_species" title="The world's 100 most threatened species">The world's 100 most threatened species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_action_plan" title="Biodiversity action plan">Biodiversity action plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity#Threats" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity threats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_conservation" title="Bird conservation">Bird conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-reliant_species" title="Conservation-reliant species">Conservation-reliant species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregion_conservation_status" title="Ecoregion conservation status">Ecoregion conservation status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_extinction_risk" title="Latent extinction risk">Latent extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_species" title="Rare species">Rare species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_and_susceptibility_in_conservation_biology" title="Vulnerability and susceptibility in conservation biology">Vulnerability and susceptibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup> Pre-2001 categories and subcategories shown in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Threatened_species_by_region102" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Threatened_species_by_region" title="Template:Threatened species by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Threatened_species_by_region" title="Template talk:Threatened species by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Threatened_species_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Threatened species by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Threatened_species_by_region102" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">Threatened species</a> by <a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">region</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-listed" title="Blue-listed">Blue-listed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Vulnerability_Index" title="Environmental Vulnerability Index">Environmental Vulnerability Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Red_List" title="Regional Red List">Regional Red List</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sawfish_genova.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sawfish"><img alt="Sawfish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sawfish_genova.jpg/140px-Sawfish_genova.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sawfish_genova.jpg/210px-Sawfish_genova.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sawfish_genova.jpg/280px-Sawfish_genova.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><br /><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Persoonia_pauciflora_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="North Rothbury Persoonia"><img alt="North Rothbury Persoonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Persoonia_pauciflora_1.jpg/140px-Persoonia_pauciflora_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Persoonia_pauciflora_1.jpg/210px-Persoonia_pauciflora_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Persoonia_pauciflora_1.jpg/280px-Persoonia_pauciflora_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_Protection_and_Biodiversity_Conservation_Act_1999" title="Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999">Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROTAP" title="ROTAP">ROTAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threatened_Species_Protection_Act_1995" title="Threatened Species Protection Act 1995">Threatened Species Protection Act 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threatened_ecological_community" title="Threatened ecological community">Threatened ecological community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_in_Endangered_Species_Act_1989" title="Trade in Endangered Species Act 1989">Trade in Endangered Species Act 1989</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Species_at_Risk_Act" title="Species at Risk Act">Species at Risk Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_the_Status_of_Endangered_Wildlife_in_Canada" title="Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada">Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EAZA_Ex-situ_Programme" title="EAZA Ex-situ Programme">EAZA Ex-situ Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funds_for_Endangered_Parrots" title="Funds for Endangered Parrots">Funds for Endangered Parrots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Wildlife_Trust" title="Endangered Wildlife Trust">Endangered Wildlife Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United<br />States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distinct_population_segment" title="Distinct population segment">Distinct population segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973" title="Endangered Species Act of 1973">Endangered Species Act of 1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_Amendments_of_1978" title="Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1978">Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species_recovery_plan" title="Endangered species recovery plan">Endangered species recovery plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Wolf_Center" title="Endangered Wolf Center">Endangered Wolf Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge">National Wildlife Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NatureServe_conservation_status" title="NatureServe conservation status">NatureServe conservation status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_Conservancy" title="The Nature Conservancy">The Nature Conservancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_and_protected_species_of_China" title="List of endangered and protected species of China">List of endangered and protected species of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_mammals_of_India" title="Endangered mammals of India">Endangered mammals of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_animals_in_India" title="List of endangered animals in India">List of endangered animals in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endemic_and_threatened_plants_of_India" title="List of endemic and threatened plants of India">List of endemic and threatened plants of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_species_in_Pakistan" title="List of endangered species in Pakistan">List of endangered species in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_species_of_the_Philippines" title="List of threatened species of the Philippines">List of threatened species of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_species_in_Vietnam" title="List of endangered species in Vietnam">List of endangered species in Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Threatened_mammals_of_Europe" title="Threatened mammals of Europe">Threatened mammals of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_plants_of_Europe" title="Endangered plants of Europe">Endangered plants of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Data_Book_of_the_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="Red Data Book of the Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_and_endangered_species_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of extinct and endangered species of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_and_endangered_species_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of extinct and endangered species of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Data_Book_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Red Data Book of the Russian Federation">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Data_Book_of_Ukraine" title="Red Data Book of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Biodiversity_Action_Plan_species" title="List of United Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plan species">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North <br /> America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_plants_of_North_America" title="List of endangered plants of North America">List of endangered plants of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_animals_of_North_America" title="List of endangered animals of North America">List of endangered animals of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service_list_of_endangered_mammals_and_birds" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service list of endangered mammals and birds">Endangered mammals and birds of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_mammals_of_the_United_States" title="List of threatened mammals of the United States">List of threatened mammals of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_birds_of_the_United_States" title="List of threatened birds of the United States">List of threatened birds of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_reptiles_and_amphibians_of_the_United_States" title="List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States">List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Threatened_fauna_of_Australia" title="Threatened fauna of Australia">Threatened fauna of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_flora_of_Australia" title="List of threatened flora of Australia">List of threatened flora of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_flora_of_Brazil" title="List of endangered flora of Brazil">List of endangered flora of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_mammals_of_Brazil" title="List of threatened mammals of Brazil">List of threatened mammals of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_birds_of_Brazil" title="List of threatened birds of Brazil">List of threatened birds of Brazil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link 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