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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bigae_at_the_races"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span><i>Bigae</i> at the races</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bigae_at_the_races-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <i>Bigae</i> at the races subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bigae_at_the_races-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythological_and_ceremonial_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythological_and_ceremonial_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mythological and ceremonial use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythological_and_ceremonial_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bigatus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bigatus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bigatus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bigatus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biga_(carruaje)" title="Biga (carruaje) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biga (carruaje)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biga_(zalgurdi)" title="Biga (zalgurdi) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Biga (zalgurdi)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7_(%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87)" title="بیگا (ارابه) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیگا (ارابه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bige" title="Bige – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bige" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biga" title="Biga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Biga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigae" title="Bigae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bigae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biga_(w%C3%B3z)" title="Biga (wóz) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biga (wóz)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biga" title="Biga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Biga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%C4%83_(atelaj)" title="Bigă (atelaj) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bigă (atelaj)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biga" title="Biga – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Biga" 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bige_Mus%C3%A9e_de_Laon_050208.jpg/220px-Bige_Mus%C3%A9e_de_Laon_050208.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bige_Mus%C3%A9e_de_Laon_050208.jpg/330px-Bige_Mus%C3%A9e_de_Laon_050208.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bige_Mus%C3%A9e_de_Laon_050208.jpg/440px-Bige_Mus%C3%A9e_de_Laon_050208.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption>Bronze figurine of a <i>biga</i> from <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a>; the chariot itself is missing the breastwork</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><b>biga</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>; <abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: <i>bigae</i>) is the two-horse <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariot</a> as used in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a> for sport, transportation, and ceremonies. Other animals may replace horses in art and occasionally for actual ceremonies. The term <i>biga</i> is also used by modern scholars for the similar chariots of other <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-European</a> cultures, particularly the two-horse chariot of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">ancient Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>. The driver of a <i>biga</i> is a <i>bigarius</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other Latin words that distinguish chariots by the number of animals yoked as a team are <i><a href="/wiki/Quadriga" title="Quadriga">quadriga</a></i>, a four-horse chariot used for racing and associated with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">Roman triumph</a>; <i>triga</i>, or three-horse chariot, probably driven for ceremonies more often than racing (see <a href="/wiki/Trigarium" title="Trigarium">Trigarium</a>); and <i>seiugis</i> or <i>seiuga</i>, the six-horse chariot, more rarely raced and requiring a high degree of skill from the driver. The <i>biga</i> and <i>quadriga</i> are the most common types. </p><p>Two-horse chariots are a common <a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">icon on Roman coins</a>; see <i><a href="/wiki/Bigatus" title="Bigatus">bigatus</a></i>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a> so called because it depicted a <i>biga</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> of <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a>, the <i>biga</i> represents the moon, as the <i>quadriga</i> does the sun.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greek_and_Indo-European_background">Greek and Indo-European background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biga_(chariot)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Greek and Indo-European background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chariot_racing" title="Chariot racing">Chariot racing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loutrophoros_Analatos_Louvre_CA2985.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Loutrophoros_Analatos_Louvre_CA2985.jpg/220px-Loutrophoros_Analatos_Louvre_CA2985.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Loutrophoros_Analatos_Louvre_CA2985.jpg/330px-Loutrophoros_Analatos_Louvre_CA2985.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Loutrophoros_Analatos_Louvre_CA2985.jpg/440px-Loutrophoros_Analatos_Louvre_CA2985.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Procession of two-horses chariots on a <i><a href="/wiki/Loutrophoros" title="Loutrophoros">loutrophoros</a></i>, c. 690 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest reference to a chariot race in <a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Western literature</a> is an event in the <a href="/wiki/Funeral_games_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Funeral games (antiquity)">funeral games</a> of <a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patroclus</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Homeric warfare, elite warriors were transported to the battlefield in two-horse chariots, but fought on foot; the chariot was then used for pursuit or flight.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> chariots uncovered by archaeologists in <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesian Greece</a> are <i>bigae</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The date at which chariot races were introduced at the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympian Games</a> is recorded by later sources as 680 BC, when <i>quadrigae</i> competed. Races on horseback were added in 648. At Athens, two-horse chariot races were a part of athletic competitions from the 560s onward, but were still not a part of the Olympian Games.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Bigae</i> drawn by mules competed in the 70th Olympiad (500 BC), but they were no longer part of the games after the 84th Olympiad (444 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not until 408 BC did <i>bigae</i> races begin to be featured at Olympia.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In myth, the <i>biga</i> often functions <a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">structurally</a> to create a complementary pair or to link opposites. The chariot of <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> (16.152) was drawn by two immortal horses and a third who was mortal; at 23.295, a mare is yoked with a stallion. The team of <a href="/wiki/Adrastos" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrastos">Adrastos</a> included the immortal "superhorse" <a href="/wiki/Arion_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arion (mythology)">Areion</a> and the mortal Kairos.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A yoke of two horses is associated with the Indo-European concept of the Heavenly Twins, one of whom is mortal, represented among the Greeks by <a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Castor and Pollux</a>, the Dioscuri, who were known for horsemanship. <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bigae_at_the_races"><i>Bigae</i> at the races</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biga_(chariot)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bigae at the races"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pannelli_di_giunio_basso_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Pannelli_di_giunio_basso_02.jpg/220px-Pannelli_di_giunio_basso_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Pannelli_di_giunio_basso_02.jpg/330px-Pannelli_di_giunio_basso_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Pannelli_di_giunio_basso_02.jpg/440px-Pannelli_di_giunio_basso_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a> advances in his <i>biga</i> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Pompa_circensis" title="Pompa circensis">pompa circensis</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>(4th century, <a href="/wiki/Opus_sectile" title="Opus sectile">opus sectile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Junius_Bassus" title="Basilica of Junius Bassus">Basilica of Junius Bassus</a>)</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Horse- and <a href="/wiki/Chariot_racing" title="Chariot racing">chariot-races</a> were part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ludi" title="Ludi">ludi</a></i>, sacred games held during <a href="/wiki/Roman_festivals" title="Roman festivals">Roman religious festivals</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Rome">Archaic times</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">magistrate</a> who presented games was entitled to ride in a <i>biga</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sacral meaning of the races, though diminished over time,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was preserved by iconography in the <a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus" title="Circus Maximus">Circus Maximus</a>, Rome's main racetrack. </p><p>Inscriptions referring to the <i>bigarius</i> as young<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggest that a racing driver had to gain experience with a two-horse team before graduating to a <i>quadriga</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biga_(chariot)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A main source for the construction of racing <i>bigae</i> is a number of bronze figurines found throughout the Roman Empire, a particularly detailed example of which is held by the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. Other sources are <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">reliefs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a>. These show a lightweight frame, to which a minimal shell of fabric or leather was lashed. The <a href="/wiki/Center_of_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Center of gravity">center of gravity</a> was low, and the wheels were relatively small, around 65 cm in diameter in proportion to a body 60 cm wide and 55 cm deep, with a breastwork of about 70 cm in height. The wheels may have been rimmed with iron, but otherwise metal fittings are kept to a minimum. The design facilitated speed, maneuverability and stability.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Picswiss_JU-17-31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Picswiss_JU-17-31.jpg/220px-Picswiss_JU-17-31.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Picswiss_JU-17-31.jpg/330px-Picswiss_JU-17-31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Picswiss_JU-17-31.jpg/440px-Picswiss_JU-17-31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>Modern reenactment of a <i>biga</i> race</figcaption></figure> <p>The weight of the vehicle has been estimated at 25–30 kg, with a maximum manned weight of 100 kg.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>biga</i> is typically built with a single draught pole for a double yoke, while two poles are used for a <i>quadriga</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chariot for a two-horse racing team is not thought to differ otherwise from that drawn by a four-horse team, and so the horses of a <i>biga</i> pulled 50 kg each, while those of the <i>quadriga</i> pulled 25 kg each.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The models or statuettes of <i>bigae</i> were <a href="/wiki/Art_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Art object">art objects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toy" title="Toy">toys</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Collectable" title="Collectable">collector's items</a>. They are perhaps comparable to the modern <a href="/wiki/Hobby" title="Hobby">hobby</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_modelling" title="Rail transport modelling">model trains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythological_and_ceremonial_use">Mythological and ceremonial use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biga_(chariot)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mythological and ceremonial use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_-_Hydria_with_the_Fight_of_Achilles_and_Memnon_-_Walters_482230.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Greek_-_Hydria_with_the_Fight_of_Achilles_and_Memnon_-_Walters_482230.jpg/330px-Greek_-_Hydria_with_the_Fight_of_Achilles_and_Memnon_-_Walters_482230.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Greek_-_Hydria_with_the_Fight_of_Achilles_and_Memnon_-_Walters_482230.jpg/495px-Greek_-_Hydria_with_the_Fight_of_Achilles_and_Memnon_-_Walters_482230.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Greek_-_Hydria_with_the_Fight_of_Achilles_and_Memnon_-_Walters_482230.jpg/660px-Greek_-_Hydria_with_the_Fight_of_Achilles_and_Memnon_-_Walters_482230.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1495" /></a><figcaption>The <i>bigae</i> of <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memnon_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Memnon (mythology)">Memnon</a>, each drawn by one white horse and one black horse (<i><a href="/wiki/Hydria" title="Hydria">hydria</a></i>, 575–550 BC)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PiazzaArmerina_VillaRomanaCasale_009_5108.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/PiazzaArmerina_VillaRomanaCasale_009_5108.jpg/330px-PiazzaArmerina_VillaRomanaCasale_009_5108.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/PiazzaArmerina_VillaRomanaCasale_009_5108.jpg/495px-PiazzaArmerina_VillaRomanaCasale_009_5108.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/PiazzaArmerina_VillaRomanaCasale_009_5108.jpg/660px-PiazzaArmerina_VillaRomanaCasale_009_5108.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4421" data-file-height="3364" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic from the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Casale" title="Villa Romana del Casale">Villa Romana del Casale</a> showing boys racing <i>bigae</i> drawn by birds around a <a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">circus</a> track</figcaption></figure> <p>In his <i><a href="/wiki/Etymologiae" title="Etymologiae">Etymologiae</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a> explains the cosmic symbolism of chariot racing, and notes that while the <i><a href="/wiki/Quadriga" title="Quadriga">quadriga</a></i>, or four-horse chariot, represents the sun and its course through the four seasons, the <i>biga</i> represents the moon, "because it travels on a twin course with the sun, or because it is visible both by day and by night – for they yoke together one black horse and one white."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chariots frequently appear in Roman art as allegories of the Sun and Moon, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">reliefs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a>, in contexts that are readily distinguishable from depictions of real-world charioteers in the circus.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Luna_(Roman_goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luna (Roman goddess)">Luna</a> in her <i>biga</i> drawn by horses or oxen was an element of <a href="/wiki/Mithraic_mysteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithraic mysteries">Mithraic</a> iconography, usually in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Tauroctony" title="Tauroctony">tauroctony</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Mithraeum" title="Mithraeum">Mithraeum</a> of S. Maria Capua Vetere, a wall painting that uniquely focuses on Luna alone shows one of the horses of the team as light in color, with the other a dark brown. It has been suggested that the duality of the horses drawing a <i>biga</i> can also represent <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> of the charioteer who must control a soul divided by <i>genesis</i> and <i>apogenesis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman art</a> depicts deities driving two-yoke chariots drawn by a number of animals. A <i>biga</i> of oxen was driven by <a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chthonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chthonic">chthonic</a> aspect of the Triple Goddess in complement with the "horned" or crescent-crowned <a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a> and Luna, to whom the <i>biga</i> was sacred.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Triptolemus" title="Triptolemus">Triptolemus</a> is depicted on Roman coins as driving a serpent-drawn biga as he sows grain in response to <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a>'s appeal to him to teach mankind the skill of agriculture, such as on an Alexandrine <a href="/wiki/Ancient_drachma" title="Ancient drachma">drachma</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Artemis_hinds_Louvre_CA1795.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Biga of Artemis drawn by hinds (Boeotian red-figure kylix, 450–425 BC)"><img alt="Biga of Artemis drawn by hinds (Boeotian red-figure kylix, 450–425 BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Artemis_hinds_Louvre_CA1795.jpg/120px-Artemis_hinds_Louvre_CA1795.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Artemis_hinds_Louvre_CA1795.jpg/180px-Artemis_hinds_Louvre_CA1795.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Artemis_hinds_Louvre_CA1795.jpg/240px-Artemis_hinds_Louvre_CA1795.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="2014" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Biga</i> of <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> drawn by <a href="/wiki/Red_Deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Deer">hinds</a> (Boeotian red-figure <a href="/wiki/Kylix_(drinking_cup)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kylix (drinking cup)">kylix</a>, 450–425 BC)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Persephone_krater_Antikensammlung_Berlin_1984.40.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leopard-drawn biga in a scene from the Mysteries (Apulian red-figure volute-krater, c. 340 BC)"><img alt="Leopard-drawn biga in a scene from the Mysteries (Apulian red-figure volute-krater, c. 340 BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Persephone_krater_Antikensammlung_Berlin_1984.40.jpg/120px-Persephone_krater_Antikensammlung_Berlin_1984.40.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Persephone_krater_Antikensammlung_Berlin_1984.40.jpg/180px-Persephone_krater_Antikensammlung_Berlin_1984.40.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Persephone_krater_Antikensammlung_Berlin_1984.40.jpg/240px-Persephone_krater_Antikensammlung_Berlin_1984.40.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2124" data-file-height="1935" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leopard-drawn <i>biga</i> in a scene from the <a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Mysteries</a> (Apulian red-figure volute-krater, c. 340 BC)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triunfo_de_Baco,_Siglo_II.Zaragoza.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pair of tigers drawing the chariot of Dionysus (mosaic, Roman Spain)"><img alt="Pair of tigers drawing the chariot of Dionysus (mosaic, Roman Spain)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Triunfo_de_Baco%2C_Siglo_II.Zaragoza.jpg/120px-Triunfo_de_Baco%2C_Siglo_II.Zaragoza.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Triunfo_de_Baco%2C_Siglo_II.Zaragoza.jpg/180px-Triunfo_de_Baco%2C_Siglo_II.Zaragoza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Triunfo_de_Baco%2C_Siglo_II.Zaragoza.jpg/240px-Triunfo_de_Baco%2C_Siglo_II.Zaragoza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1583" data-file-height="966" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pair of tigers drawing the chariot of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> (mosaic, <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Roman Spain</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Patera_di_Parabiago_-_MI_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Diana_-_Luna_-_25-7-2003_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_25-7-2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ox-drawn biga of Luna or Diana (Parabiago patera, 4th century)"><img alt="Ox-drawn biga of Luna or Diana (Parabiago patera, 4th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Patera_di_Parabiago_-_MI_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Diana_-_Luna_-_25-7-2003_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_25-7-2003.jpg/120px-Patera_di_Parabiago_-_MI_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Diana_-_Luna_-_25-7-2003_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_25-7-2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Patera_di_Parabiago_-_MI_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Diana_-_Luna_-_25-7-2003_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_25-7-2003.jpg/180px-Patera_di_Parabiago_-_MI_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Diana_-_Luna_-_25-7-2003_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_25-7-2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Patera_di_Parabiago_-_MI_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Diana_-_Luna_-_25-7-2003_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_25-7-2003.jpg/240px-Patera_di_Parabiago_-_MI_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Diana_-_Luna_-_25-7-2003_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_25-7-2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="299" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ox-drawn <i>biga</i> of Luna or Diana (<a href="/wiki/Parabiago_patera" class="mw-redirect" title="Parabiago patera">Parabiago patera</a>, 4th century)</div> </li> </ul> <p>In his chapter on gemstones, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> records a ritualized use of the biga, saying those who seek the <i>draconitis</i> or <i>draconitias</i>, "snake stone", ride in a biga.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bigatus">Bigatus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biga_(chariot)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bigatus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bigatus" title="Bigatus">Bigatus</a></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Bigatus" title="Bigatus">bigatus</a></i> was a silver coin so called because it depicted a <i>biga</i>. Luna in her two-horse chariot was depicted on the first issue of the <i><a href="/wiki/Bigatus" title="Bigatus">bigatus</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (goddess)">Victory</a> in her <i>biga</i> was later featured.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biga_(chariot)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bigas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bigas">Bigas</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roman roads</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biga_(chariot)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a></i> 6.10078 and 6.37836. The general term for chariot driver is <i>auriga</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is disputed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Doro_Levi" title="Doro Levi">Doro Levi</a>, "Aion," <i>Hesperia</i> 13.4 (1944), p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John H. Humphrey, <i>Roman Circuses: Arenas for Chariot Racing</i> (University of California Press, 1986), p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald G. Kyle, <i>Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World</i> (Blackwell, 2007), pp. 161–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Aiken Littauer, "The Military Use of the Chariot in the Aegean in the Late Bronze Age," in <i>Selected Writings on Chariots, Other Early Vehicles, Riding and Harness</i> (Brill, 2002), p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kyle, <i>Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World</i>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward M. Plummer, <i>Athletics and Games of the Ancient Greeks</i> (Cambridge, Mass., 1898), p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Humphrey, <i>Roman Circuses</i>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antimachus apud Pausanias 8.25.9. A psychoanalytic discussion of this yoking is given by <a href="/wiki/George_Devereux" title="George Devereux">George Devereux</a>, <i>Dreams in Greek Tragedy: An Ethno-Psycho-Analytical Study</i> (University of California Press, 1976), p. 12 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SD8AaffTDlUC&dq=%22October+equus%22&pg=PA12">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Drews" title="Robert Drews">Robert Drews</a>, <i>The Coming of the Greeks: Indo-European Conquests in the Aegean and the Near East</i> (Princeton University Press, 1988), p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As identified by Katherine M.D. Dunbabin, "The Victorious Charioteer on Mosaics and Related Monuments," <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i> 86.1 (1982), p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank Bernstein, "Complex Rituals: Games and Processions in Republican Rome," in <i>A Companion to Roman Religion</i> (Blackwell, 2007), p. 224. For an example as recorded in an inscription, see <i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a></i> 10.7295 = <i><a href="/wiki/Inscriptiones_Latinae_Selectae" title="Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae">ILS</a></i> 5055.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Beard_(classicist)" title="Mary Beard (classicist)">Mary Beard</a>, J.A. North, and S.R.F. Price, <i>Religions of Rome: A History</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 262. The <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> recognized the religious significance of <i>ludi</i>, including both sporting events and theater, and therefore instructed Christians not to participate; see, for instance, <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, <i>De spectaculis</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Puerilis</i> in <i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a></i> 6.100078 = <i><a href="/wiki/Inscriptiones_Latinae_Selectae" title="Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae">ILS</a></i> 9348; <i>infans</i> in <i>ILS</i> 5300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Paul Thuillier, "Le cirrus et la barbe. Questions d'iconographie athlétique romaine," <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9langes_de_l%27%C3%89cole_fran%C3%A7aise_de_Rome" title="Mélanges de l'École française de Rome">Mélanges de l'École française de Rome</a>, Antiquité</i> 110.1 (1998), p. 377, noting that the "major and minor" races held for the <a href="/wiki/Robigalia" title="Robigalia">Robigalia</a> may be junior and senior divisions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcus Junkelmann, "On the Starting Line with Ben Hur: Chariot-Racing in the Circus Maximus," in <i>Gladiators and Caesars</i> (University of California Press, 2000), pp. 91–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Junkelmann, "On the Starting Line with Ben Hur," pp. 91–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.H. Crouwell, "Chariots in Iron Age Cyprus," in <i>Selected Writings on Chariots, Other Early Vehicles, Riding and Harness</i> (Brill, 2002), p. 153ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Junkelmann, "On the Starting Line with Ben Hur,", pp. 91–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Roman_historiography" title="Roman historiography">Roman historian</a> <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> records that "At the beginning of his reign [Nero] used to play every day with ivory chariots on a board" <i>(Sed cum inter initia imperii eburneis quadrigis cotidie in abaco luderet)</i>. Play <i>in abaco</i> ("on a gameboard") may imply a strategic game with rules; for other Roman board games see <i><a href="/wiki/Ludus_duodecim_scriptorum" title="Ludus duodecim scriptorum">ludus duodecim scriptorum</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ludus_latrunculorum" title="Ludus latrunculorum">ludus latrunculorum</a></i>. The ivory <i>quadrigae</i> may have been actual miniatures, or game pieces that represented the chariots. See Junkelmann, "On the Starting Line," p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isidore, <i>Etymologies</i> 18.26, as translated by Stephen A. Barney <i>et al.</i>, <i>The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 368 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ep502syZv8C&dq=biga+chariot+isidore+OR+isidorus&pg=PA368">online.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunbabin, "The Victorious Charioteer on Mosaics and Related Monuments," p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M.J. Vermaseren, <i>Mithraica I: The Mithraeum at S. Maria Capua Vetere</i> (Brill, 1971), pp–15. 14; Plato, <i>Phaedrus</i> 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Prudentius" title="Prudentius">Prudentius</a>, <i>Contra Symmachum</i> 733 (Migne); <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Solmsen" title="Friedrich Solmsen">Friedrich Solmsen</a>, "The Powers of Darkness in Prudentius' <i>Contra Symmachum</i>: A Study of His Poetic Imagination," <i>Vigiliae Christianae</i> 19.4 (1965), p. 248. See <a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a>, note to <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i> 6.118 on the identification of Hecate <i>trimorphos</i> with Luna, Diana, and <a href="/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina">Proserpina</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <i>Theogony</i> 413f., Hecate originally had power over the heavens, land, and sea, not heaven, earth, and underworld.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i> 37.158 (<a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb</a> numbering 57).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Crawford_(historian)" title="Michael Crawford (historian)">Michael H. Crawford</a>, <i>Roman Republican Coinage</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1974), pp. 720–721.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Horse-drawn_vehicles_and_carriages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 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href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_vehicle" title="Horse-drawn vehicle">Horse-drawn vehicles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carriage" title="Carriage">carriages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Four-wheeled<br />carriages and coaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araba_(carriage)" title="Araba (carriage)">Araba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barouche" title="Barouche">Barouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_(carriage)" title="Berlin (carriage)">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brake_(carriage)" title="Brake (carriage)">Brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britzka" title="Britzka">Britzka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brougham_(carriage)" title="Brougham (carriage)">Brougham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckboard" title="Buckboard">Buckboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buggy_(carriage)" title="Buggy (carriage)">Buggy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calash" class="mw-redirect" title="Calash">Calash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariole" title="Cariole">Cariole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carryall" title="Carryall">Carryall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaise" title="Chaise">Chaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charabanc" title="Charabanc">Charabanc</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_(carriage)" title="Clarence (carriage)">Clarence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coach_(carriage)" title="Coach (carriage)">Coach</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concord_coach" title="Concord coach">Concord coach</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9_(carriage)" title="Coupé (carriage)">Coupé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diligence_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diligence (vehicle)">Diligence</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dos-%C3%A0-dos_(carriage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dos-à-dos (carriage)">Dos-à-dos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_(carriage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drag (carriage)">Drag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droshky" title="Droshky">Droshky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiacre_(carriage)" title="Fiacre (carriage)">Fiacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_(carriage)" title="Fly (carriage)">Fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-in-hand_(carriage)" title="Four-in-hand (carriage)">Four-in-hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackney_carriage" title="Hackney carriage">Hackney carriage</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearse#History" title="Hearse">Hearse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herdic" title="Herdic">Herdic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsebus" title="Horsebus">Horsebus/Omnibus</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsecar" title="Horsecar">Horsecar</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingle_(carriage)" title="Jingle (carriage)">Jingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karozzin" title="Karozzin">Karozzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibitka" title="Kibitka">Kibitka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landau_(carriage)" title="Landau (carriage)">Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_coach" title="Mail coach">Mail coach</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_carriage" title="Marathon carriage">Marathon carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Drag" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Drag">Park Drag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_(carriage)" title="Phaeton (carriage)">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_chaise" title="Post chaise">Post chaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_Coach" class="mw-redirect" title="Road Coach">Road Coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockaway_(carriage)" title="Rockaway (carriage)">Rockaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runabout_(carriage)" title="Runabout (carriage)">Runabout (carriage)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociable_(carriage)" title="Sociable (carriage)">Sociable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_phaeton" class="mw-redirect" title="Spider phaeton">Spider phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagecoach" title="Stagecoach">Stagecoach</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_wagon" title="Stage wagon">Stage wagon</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_coach" title="State coach">State coach</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_coach" title="Gold coach">Gilded</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey_(carriage)" title="Surrey (carriage)">Surrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantass" title="Tarantass">Tarantass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triga_(chariot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Triga (chariot)">Triga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(carriage)" title="Victoria (carriage)">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vis-%C3%A0-vis_(carriage)" title="Vis-à-vis (carriage)">Vis-à-vis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vozok" title="Vozok">Vozok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagonette" title="Wagonette">Wagonette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Two-wheeled<br />carriages and carts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandy_(carriage)" title="Bandy (carriage)">Bandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabriolet_(carriage)" title="Cabriolet (carriage)">Cabriolet</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_cart" title="Cape cart">Cape cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cart" title="Cart">Cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariot_(carriage)" title="Chariot (carriage)">Chariot</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triga_(chariot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Triga (chariot)">Triga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadriga" title="Quadriga">Quadriga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasse-mar%C3%A9e_(cart)" title="Chasse-marée (cart)">Chasse-marée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cidomo" title="Cidomo">Cidomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croydon_(carriage)" title="Croydon (carriage)">Croydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curricle" title="Curricle">Curricle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogcart" title="Dogcart">Dogcart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dokar">Dokar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekka_(carriage)" title="Ekka (carriage)">Ekka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_(horse-drawn)" title="Float (horse-drawn)">Float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gari_(vehicle)" title="Gari (vehicle)">Gari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gharry" title="Gharry">Gharry</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gig_(carriage)" title="Gig (carriage)">Gig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governess_cart" title="Governess cart">Governess cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansom_cab" title="Hansom cab">Hansom cab</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunting_car" title="Jaunting car">Jaunting car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalesa" title="Kalesa">Kalesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbers_and_caissons" title="Limbers and caissons">Limbers and caissons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralli_car" title="Ralli car">Ralli car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_cart" title="Red River cart">Red River cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-horse_shay" class="mw-redirect" title="One-horse shay">Shay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cart" title="Sicilian cart">Sicilian cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sjees" title="Sjees">Sjees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprung_cart" title="Sprung cart">Sprung cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanhope_(carriage)" title="Stanhope (carriage)">Stanhope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulky" title="Sulky">Sulky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanga_(carriage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanga (carriage)">Tanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilbury_(carriage)" title="Tilbury (carriage)">Tilbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trap_(carriage)" title="Trap (carriage)">Trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbrel" title="Tumbrel">Tumbrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-wheeled_calash" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-wheeled calash">Two-wheeled calash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Un-sprung_cart" class="mw-redirect" title="Un-sprung cart">Un-sprung cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volante_(carriage)" title="Volante (carriage)">Volante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_(carriage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiskey (carriage)">Whiskey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-wheeled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sled" title="Sled">Sled/sleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travois" title="Travois">Travois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troika_(driving)" title="Troika (driving)">Troika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wagons & freight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuckwagon" title="Chuckwagon">Chuckwagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conestoga_wagon" title="Conestoga wagon">Conestoga wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covered_wagon" title="Covered wagon">Covered wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_(horse-drawn)" title="Float (horse-drawn)">Float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorry_(horse-drawn)" title="Lorry (horse-drawn)">Lorry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telega" title="Telega">Telega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolley_(horse-drawn)" title="Trolley (horse-drawn)">Trolley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolley_and_lift_van" title="Trolley and lift van">Trolley and lift van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardo_(Romani_wagon)" title="Vardo (Romani wagon)">Vardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagon" title="Wagon">Wagon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carriage_builder" class="mw-redirect" title="Carriage builder">Vehicle construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coachbuilder#Horse-drawn_origins" title="Coachbuilder">Coachbuilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_axle_assembly" title="Front axle assembly">Front axle assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammercloth" title="Hammercloth">Hammercloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaft_bow" title="Shaft bow">Shaft bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swingletree" title="Swingletree">Swingletree/singletree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carriage#Undercarriage" title="Carriage">Undercarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wainwright_(occupation)" title="Wainwright (occupation)">Wainwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelwright" title="Wheelwright">Wheelwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whippletree_(mechanism)" title="Whippletree (mechanism)">Whippletree/double tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horse_harness" title="Horse harness">Harness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearing_rein" class="mw-redirect" title="Bearing rein">Bearing rein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blinkers_(horse_tack)" title="Blinkers (horse tack)">Blinders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastplate_(tack)#Harness" title="Breastplate (tack)">Breast collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeching_(tack)" title="Breeching (tack)">Breeching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridle#Harness_bridles" title="Bridle">Bridle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_collar" title="Horse collar">Collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crupper" title="Crupper">Crupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_brass" title="Horse brass">Horse brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rein#Harness_reins" title="Rein">Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harness_saddle" title="Harness saddle">Saddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terret" title="Terret">Terret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_(tack)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trace (tack)">Trace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coachman" title="Coachman">Coachman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footman" title="Footman">Footman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postilion" title="Postilion">Postilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livery" title="Livery">Livery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_(horse)" title="Driving (horse)">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">Draft horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_club" title="Driving club">Driving club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandem#Horse_driving" title="Tandem">Tandem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_carriage_museums" class="mw-redirect" title="List of carriage museums">Museums and collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_use_of_roadways" title="Equestrian use of roadways">Equestrian use of roadways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carriages" title="Category:Carriages">Carriages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carts" title="Category:Carts">Carts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coachbuilders" title="Category:Coachbuilders">Coachbuilders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carriage_museums" title="Category:Carriage museums">Carriage museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horse_driving" title="Category:Horse driving">Horse driving</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carriages" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Carriages">Images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>‡ indicates vehicles that were used historically in public transport services</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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