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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pannello_parietale_in_opus_sectile_con_console_su_biga_e_quattro_cavalieri%2C_dalla_basilica_di_giunio_basso%2C_prima_met%C3%A0_del_IV_sec%2C_01.JPG/300px-Pannello_parietale_in_opus_sectile_con_console_su_biga_e_quattro_cavalieri%2C_dalla_basilica_di_giunio_basso%2C_prima_met%C3%A0_del_IV_sec%2C_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pannello_parietale_in_opus_sectile_con_console_su_biga_e_quattro_cavalieri%2C_dalla_basilica_di_giunio_basso%2C_prima_met%C3%A0_del_IV_sec%2C_01.JPG/450px-Pannello_parietale_in_opus_sectile_con_console_su_biga_e_quattro_cavalieri%2C_dalla_basilica_di_giunio_basso%2C_prima_met%C3%A0_del_IV_sec%2C_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pannello_parietale_in_opus_sectile_con_console_su_biga_e_quattro_cavalieri%2C_dalla_basilica_di_giunio_basso%2C_prima_met%C3%A0_del_IV_sec%2C_01.JPG/600px-Pannello_parietale_in_opus_sectile_con_console_su_biga_e_quattro_cavalieri%2C_dalla_basilica_di_giunio_basso%2C_prima_met%C3%A0_del_IV_sec%2C_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2430" data-file-height="1662" /></a><figcaption>The presiding magistrate at the <i>pompa circensis</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rode in a two-horse chariot; behind him are the young <i>nobiles</i> who led the parade on horseback <i>(4th-century <a href="/wiki/Opus_sectile" title="Opus sectile">opus sectile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Junius_Bassus" title="Basilica of Junius Bassus">Basilica of Junius Bassus</a>)</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, the <i><b>pompa circensis</b></i> ("circus parade") was the <a href="/wiki/Procession" title="Procession">procession</a> that preceded the official games <i>(<a href="/wiki/Ludi" title="Ludi">ludi</a>)</i> held in the <a href="/wiki/Circus_(building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Circus (building)">circus</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/Roman_festivals" title="Roman festivals">religious festivals</a> and other occasions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pompa_circensis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most detailed description of the <i>pompa circensis</i> during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republican era</a> is given by <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a>, based on eyewitness observation and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_historiography" title="Roman historiography">historian</a> <a href="/wiki/Fabius_Pictor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who says he is describing the original <i><a href="/wiki/Ludi_Romani" title="Ludi Romani">Ludi Romani</a></i>; Fabius may, however, have been more influenced by what he saw in the <i>pompa</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Saecular_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Saecular Games">Saecular Games</a> in 249 BC. The procession was led by boys of the nobility <i>(<a href="/wiki/Nobiles" title="Nobiles">nobiles</a>)</i> riding on horseback, followed by boys on foot who were future infantrymen. Next came the <a href="/wiki/Chariot_racing" title="Chariot racing">charioteers</a> and athletes who would compete in the games.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Troops of dancers followed to <a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">musical accompaniment</a> performed on <i><a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">auloi</a></i>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Woodwind" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodwind">woodwind</a> instrument, and the <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a>. The dancers were divided into age classes, men, youths, and children. Wearing purple <a href="/wiki/Tunic" title="Tunic">tunics</a>, they wielded swords and short spears in <a href="/wiki/Weapon_dance" title="Weapon dance">weapon dances</a> similar to the <a href="/wiki/Korybantes" title="Korybantes">Cretan pyrrhics</a>. The adult dancers also wore bronze helmets<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with "conspicuous crests and wings."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A chorus dressed as <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">satyrs</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Silenus" title="Silenus">sileni</a></i> followed the armed dancers and mocked them. They were costumed in woolly tunics, garlands of different kinds of flowers, and goatskin loincloths, with their hair standing out on their heads in tufts.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appearance of <i>satyristai</i> at the original <i>Ludi Romani</i> is the earliest known reference to satyrs in Roman culture.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Dionysius suggests that both the weapon dances and the Bacchic dancing were in imitation of the Greeks, the weapon dances had a Roman precedent in the <a href="/wiki/Salii" title="Salii">Salian priests</a>, who danced with sword and shield, and the role of the satyrs seems based on <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan custom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The procession concluded with men carrying golden bowls and perfumes, and then the statues of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">gods</a> carried on litters <i>(fercula)</i>, with their attributes <i>(exuviae)</i> transported separately in special chariots or carts (<i>tensae</i> or <i>thensae</i>). The <i>tensae</i> were pulled by boys whose mothers and fathers were still alive.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The images and <i>exuviae</i> were displayed at the circus, probably on the wooden platform called a <i>pulvinar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The procession started from the <a href="/wiki/Capitolium" title="Capitolium">Capitolium</a>, and through the <i><a href="/wiki/Clivus_Capitolinus" title="Clivus Capitolinus">clivus Capitolinus</a></i> came to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a>. It then proceeded along the <a href="/wiki/Via_Sacra" title="Via Sacra">Via Sacra</a> and passed through the <i><a href="/wiki/Vicus_Tuscus" title="Vicus Tuscus">Vicus Tuscus</a></i> to arrive at the <a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus" title="Circus Maximus">Circus Maximus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">magistrate</a> who presided over the games rode in a two-horse chariot <i>(<a href="/wiki/Biga_(chariot)" title="Biga (chariot)">biga</a>)</i> and wore the traditional attire of the triumphing general <i>(triumphator)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had been the view of <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a> that the <i>pompa circensis</i> was simply a repurposing of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumphal procession</a>, to which the presenting of games had originally been attached. After <i>ludi</i> began to be presented apart from a triumph, the presiding magistrate took the place of the <i>triumphator</i> in the parade.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> H.S. Versnel considered the <i>pompa</i> to be a blend of Greek, Roman, and Etruscan elements.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frank Bernstein has argued that the tradition of Etruscan origin is essentially sound, and that the circus games and their opening procession were established during Rome's <a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Regal period</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Rome">rule of Etruscan kings</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Optimus_Maximus" title="Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus">cult of the Capitoline Jupiter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="During_the_Empire">During the Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pompa_circensis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: During the Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>pompa circensis</i> underwent a significant change during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">dictatorship</a> of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, when his image and chariot were added to the procession. During the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, other members of the imperial family were represented by images and <i>sellae</i> (special "seats" or thrones; see <a href="/wiki/Curule_chair" class="mw-redirect" title="Curule chair">curule chair</a>). It then became customary in the 1st century to have the images of the emperor's family join those of the deities.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of Tiberius, the parade route had incorporated the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Mars_Ultor" title="Temple of Mars Ultor">Temple of Mars Ultor</a>, built by Augustus, which had absorbed several ceremonies formerly held at the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Capitoline_Jupiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Capitoline Jupiter">Temple of Capitoline Jupiter</a>. The new extended route would have passed along the <a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Augustus" title="Forum of Augustus">Forum of Augustus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The priesthood of the <a href="/wiki/Arval_Brethren" title="Arval Brethren">Arval Brothers</a> carried out a sacrifice when these <i>ludi circenses</i> were held in conjunction with various celebrations of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">Imperial cult</a>. Until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>, the Arval sacrifices were made on the Capitolium, where the procession traditionally began. In the early <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a>, however, the Arvals made their sacrifices at the new <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Divus_Augustus" title="Temple of Divus Augustus">Temple of the Divine Augustus</a> on the occasion of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludi_Martiales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludi Martiales (page does not exist)">ludi Martiales</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Augustalia" title="Augustalia">ludi Augustales</a></i>, and Augustus's birthday. At these times, the procession began there. The <a href="/wiki/Topography_of_ancient_Rome" title="Topography of ancient Rome">topography</a> covered by the parade route might vary according to the desired symbolism for the occasion.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A more traditional parade route was restored under the <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a>. The Capitolium was again the focus, and the temples most explicitly connected to the <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudians</a> were less central, though the images of the imperial family continued to be displayed. The route was expanded to pass along the <a href="/wiki/Campus_Martius" title="Campus Martius">Campus Martius</a> in the time of <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>, who had built a grand temple to the <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#divus" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">divinized</a> <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> there. During the 2nd century, the route of the <i>pompa circensis</i> had probably become more similar to that of the triumph.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>pompa circensis</i> thus developed as a highly visible medium for expressing the new political and religious order of the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pompa_circensis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As identified by <a href="/wiki/Katherine_M._D._Dunbabin" class="mw-redirect" title="Katherine M. D. Dunbabin">Katherine M. D. Dunbabin</a>, "The Victorious Charioteer on Mosaics and Related Monuments," <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i> 86.1 (1982), p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a>, 7.72.1–13 = <a href="/wiki/Fabius_Pictor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabius Pictor">Q. Fabius Pictor</a>, <i>FRH</i><sup>2</sup> 1 frg. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.S. Versnel, <i>Triumphus: An Inquiry into the Origin, Development and Meaning of the Roman Triumph</i> (Brill, 1970), pp. 96–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Versnel, <i>Triumphus</i>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W.J. Slater, "Three Problems in the History of Drama," <i>Phoenix</i> 47.3 (1993), p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slater, "Three Problems," p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/T.P._Wiseman" class="mw-redirect" title="T.P. Wiseman">T.P. Wiseman</a>, "Satyrs in Rome? The Background to Horace's <i>Ars Poetica</i>," <i>Journal of Roman Studies</i> 78 (1988), pp. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wiseman, "Satyrs in Rome?" p. 11, note 86; Slater, "Three Problems," p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Versnel, <i>Triumphus</i>, pp. 98, 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duncan Fishwick, "Prudentius and the Cult of Divus Augustus," <i>Historia</i> 39.4 (1990), p. 481, citing <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Festus</a> (500 in the edition of Lindsay).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrizia Arena, "The <i>pompa circensis</i> and the <i>domus Augusta</i> (1st–2nd c. A.D.)," in <i>Ritual Dynamics and Religious Change in the Roman Empire. Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Heidelberg, July 5–7, 2007)</i> (Brill, 2009), p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Versnel, <i>Triumphus</i>, pp. 102, 104, 129–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As summarized by Versnel, <i>Triumphus</i>, p. 101f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Versnel, <i>Triumphus</i>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank Bernstein, "Complex Rituals: Games and Processions in Republican Rome in <i>A Companion to Roman Religion</i> (Blackwell, 2007), p. 223ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrizia Arena, "The <i>pompa circensis</i> and the <i>domus Augusta</i> (1st–2nd c. A.D.)," in <i>Ritual Dynamics and Religious Change in the Roman Empire. Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Heidelberg, July 5–7, 2007)</i> (Brill, 2009), p. 78ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arena, "The <i>pompa circensis</i>," p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arena, "The <i>pompa circensis</i>," p. 87ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arena, "The <i>pompa circensis</i>," pp. 91–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arena, "The <i>pompa circensis</i>," pp. 92–93.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pompa_circensis&oldid=1113789887">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pompa_circensis&oldid=1113789887</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_ancient_Rome" title="Category:Society of ancient Rome">Society of ancient Rome</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Parades_in_Italy" title="Category:Parades in Italy">Parades in Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Processions_in_ancient_Rome" title="Category:Processions in ancient Rome">Processions in ancient Rome</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 October 2022, at 07:44<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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