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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Joseph Booth</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1851<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1932 (aged 80–81)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Missionary</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Joseph Booth</b> (1851 in <a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> – 1932) was an <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> working in <a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="British Central Africa">British Central Africa</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>) and South Africa. In his 30s, Booth abandoned his career as a businessman and, for the rest of his life, he undertook missionary work for several Christian denominations including <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Day_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Day Baptist">Seventh Day Baptist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Adventist">Seventh-day Adventist</a> churches, and he was appointed a missionary by the <a href="/wiki/Watch_Tower_Bible_and_Tract_Society_of_Pennsylvania" title="Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania">Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania</a>. Throughout his successive ministries, his defining beliefs were a radical egalitarianism, including a scheme of "Africa for the Africans"’ and, from 1898, Seventh-Day Sabbath (<a href="/wiki/Sabbath_in_Christianity" title="Sabbath in Christianity">Sabbatarian</a>) observance. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Booth_(missionary)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Britain_and_Australia">Britain and Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Booth_(missionary)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Britain and Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Little is known of Booth's childhood, but his mother died when he was twelve and his three elder sisters brought him up. His father was a <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a>, but by the age of fourteen Booth questioned his father's religious beliefs and, as he could not live with those beliefs, he left home. Over the next few years, Booth educated himself through extensive reading and, before he was twenty, he turned to the <a href="/wiki/Baptist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Church">Baptist Church</a>. He married his first wife, Mary Jane née Sharpe, (who he first met on 1868) in 1872. He also adopted radical ideas about politics, economics and society. In 1880, Booth emigrated first to <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, New Zealand, and then to <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, Australia, where he became a successful businessman. His business success helped to develop his later views on self-reliance and the economic basis of missionary work. From 1886, Booth became more active in his local Baptist Church and more fundamental in his beliefs. In 1891 he was challenged by an atheist to practice what he preached, to sell all his goods and go to preach the word. He sold his business and, in July 1891, he agreed to become a missionary in East Africa. Despite the death of his first wife, Mary Jane, in Melbourne in October 1891, he left Australia with his two young children and started his missionary career, choosing to work in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He aimed to set up the type of self-supporting Baptist mission that <a href="/wiki/William_Carey_(missionary)" title="William Carey (missionary)">William Carey</a> had pioneered in India, combining teaching and commercial activities.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Nyasaland">In Nyasaland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Booth_(missionary)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In Nyasaland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Booth first came to Africa in 1892 with his two children, Edward (who died of malaria aged 19 in 1896) and Emily, and worked to establish the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi_Industrial_Mission" title="Zambezi Industrial Mission">Zambezi Industrial Mission</a> at Mitsidi, close to <a href="/wiki/Blantyre,_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Blantyre, Malawi">Blantyre</a> in the recently proclaimed <a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">British Central Africa Protectorate</a>. As the mission needed to become self-supporting, Booth decided to locate it close to the existing commercial centre and market of Blantyre. Although the foundation of the Zambezi Industrial Mission is often dated from 1892, the land for the mission was purchased in 1893 and its main buildings came into use in 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Booth also founded the Nyasa Industrial Mission in 1893, the Baptist Industrial Mission in 1895 and several others in later years. He organised or supported several other schemes with similar aims including the <a href="/wiki/African_Christian_Union" title="African Christian Union">African Christian Union</a>, the British Christian Union, and the British African Congress. At the Zambezi Industrial Mission, he recruited local farmers to plant <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, and within a year a significant acreage of that crop was being grown. Before 1896, Booth made no dramatic calls for political or social change: he was more concerned with establishing and running the missions and raising financial support in Britain. However, his experiences during this period increased his awareness of colonial issues. This was to influence his later advocacy of Africa for the native Africans instead of for Europeans, a view unpopular with colonial authorities and most European missionaries of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although he began a number of institutions some of which, including the Zambezi Industrial Mission, survive today as the missions or local churches in Malawi, other institutions he founded failed. After setting these institutions up, Booth usually did not remain with them for long, and their survival was due to their own efforts. The failure of the others was often caused by lack of finance, natural disasters or deficient personnel, factors Booth could not control. However, some institutional failures arose from Booth's weaknesses including his restlessness and his inability to compromise with any lack of commitment by his colleagues or the failures of society. By 1896 Booth's disagreements with his colleagues over finance, doctrine and especially African independence led to him ending of his associations with the Zambezi Industrial Mission and the Nyasa Industrial Mission.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1896, Booth married his second wife, Annie née Watkins, during a short visit to Britain. She accompanied him to Central Africa, where their daughter, Mary Winifred, was born in 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chilembwe_and_sabbatarianism">Chilembwe and sabbatarianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Booth_(missionary)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chilembwe and sabbatarianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He made a trip to Britain and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in 1897, taking along his former household servant, <a href="/wiki/John_Chilembwe" title="John Chilembwe">John Chilembwe</a>. Chilembwe stayed in Virginia to study as a Baptist pastor and later returned to Nyasaland where he founded the <a href="/wiki/Providence_Industrial_Mission" title="Providence Industrial Mission">Providence Industrial Mission</a>, following the model set by Booth's industrial missions,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and led the <a href="/wiki/Chilembwe_uprising" title="Chilembwe uprising">Chilembwe uprising</a> in 1915. By 1898, Booth had become a convinced <a href="/wiki/Sabbath_in_seventh-day_churches" title="Sabbath in seventh-day churches">Sabbatarian</a>, which became one of the guiding principles for the rest of his life, and he turned to the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Day_Baptists" title="Seventh Day Baptists">Seventh Day Baptists</a> to support his missionary activities.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Booth returned to Central Africa in 1899 and established the Plainfield Industrial Mission in <a href="/wiki/Thyolo_District" title="Thyolo District">Thyolo District</a> for the Seventh Day Baptists. This was named after the Plainfield Seventh Day Baptist Church in New Jersey which had funded it. In 1900 Booth succeeded in establishing a short-lived institute to produce African leaders for the Seventh Day Baptist Church. Two years later, the institute was discontinued, although Booth pointed out that the existing elementary schools could not produce African pastors, and the production of African church leaders was essential to promoting African development.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Booth continued his pro-African efforts, producing a petition in 1899 to the commissioner <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sharpe" title="Alfred Sharpe">Alfred Sharpe</a>, which demanded that the whole protectorate should revert to African control in 21 years and that all of the <a href="/wiki/Hut_tax" title="Hut tax">Hut tax</a> revenue should be spent on African education, including <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> for at least five percent of Africans. These views did not go over well with the colonial administration, and Sharpe tried to arrest and deport Booth for his "seditious remarks". Before this could happen, Booth escaped to <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, remaining there until in 1900 Sharpe allowed Booth to return subject to a promise not to take part in political activities.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This set-back prompted Booth to leave Nyasaland for <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> in 1901. After becoming a <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Adventist">Seventh-day Adventist</a> in Cape Town in 1902, Booth went to the United States and convinced the Seventh-day Adventist church of Plainfield, New Jersey to fund the establishment of a mission near Blantyre. This mission, originally called Plainfield mission and later renamed Malamulo, was on the site of the Seventh Day Baptist mission established by Booth, which the Seventh-day Adventists purchased.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Booth's stay with the Seventh-day Adventists at Malamulo mission ended after six months, as his colleagues did not accept his radical views, and criticised him for their political implications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leaving_Nyasaland">Leaving Nyasaland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Booth_(missionary)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Leaving Nyasaland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Booth left Nyasaland for the last time in 1902, travelling first to <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, which he left in February 1903, to travel to Britain. Booth was officially barred from returning to the Nyasaland in 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_career">Later career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Booth_(missionary)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changing_denominations">Changing denominations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Booth_(missionary)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Changing denominations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Booth remained in Britain until late 1906, as the Adventists were unwilling to send him back to Africa and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ" title="Church of Christ">Church of Christ</a> turned him down as a missionary because his political views were too radical. While in Scotland in 1906, Booth became familiar with the writings of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a>, a prominent <a href="/wiki/Restorationism_(Christian_primitivism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restorationism (Christian primitivism)">Christian restorationist</a> columnist and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Student movement</a>, later known as the Watch Tower Society. In late 1906, journeyed to the United States and met Russell in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russell's <a href="/wiki/Watch_Tower_Bible_and_Tract_Society_of_Pennsylvania" title="Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania">Watch Tower Society</a> appointed Booth as a missionary<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Booth was banned from returning to Nyasaland, he went in 1907 to Cape Town, where he planned to train African evangelists to establish largely independent churches in their home areas that would be only loosely overseen by Booth and financed from America. Booth again met <a href="/wiki/Elliot_Kenan_Kamwana" title="Elliot Kenan Kamwana">Elliot Kamwana</a>, who was living in South Africa, in Cape Town in 1907, and instructed him in a mixture of Booth's sabbatarian beliefs and Watch Tower Society doctrines in preparation for Kamwana's missionary work in Nyasaland.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1906 and 1909, he brought at least seven trainee evangelists from northern Nyasaland. Booth instructed them for periods of four to eight months and taught them a mixture of his own <a href="/wiki/Sabbatarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabbatarian">sabbatarian</a> beliefs and Watch Tower Society doctrines. Upon their return to Nyasaland, Booth's own role was limited to sending them monthly payments and bibles and other literature provided by the Watch Tower Society .<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Booth preached his doctrine of Africa for the Africans in public in Cape Town, which gained him some notoriety. He combined Watch Tower millennialism with an insistence on the seventh day: this ultimately led to his expulsion from the Watch Tower Society in late 1909, after Russell had tried to convince Booth to stop his seventh-day preaching.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disciples_in_Nyasaland">Disciples in Nyasaland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Booth_(missionary)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Disciples in Nyasaland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before his break with the Watch Tower Society, Booth had directed Kamwana to return to <a href="/wiki/Nkhata_Bay" title="Nkhata Bay">Nkhata Bay</a> in Nyasaland where he baptised and converted about ten thousand people to the Watchtower movement, which combined Watch Tower Society teaching, sabbatarian practices and addressing his audiences' concerns about <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a few months in late 1908 and early 1909. These activities led to his deportation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other evangelists generally returned in 1909 and 1910, initially to set up Watchtower congregations but, after an inspection visit by an American Watch Tower Society official in 1910 considered their sabbatarian practices unacceptable, they formed an independent Seventh-day Baptist church, which Booth supported financially and with Adventist books.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sections of the indigenous Watchtower movement after the 1910 split became the <a href="/wiki/Watchtower_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Watchtower movement">Watchtower movement</a> in Central Africa, now known as "Waticitawala" or "Kitawala" (a local term for "Tower") in <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another disciple of Booth based in Nyasaland, Charles Domingo, who was educated at the <a href="/wiki/Livingstonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Livingstonia">Livingstonia</a> mission but left in 1908 when he was refused ordination. He joined Watch Tower in 1908 and received funding for his activities from Booth until Booth was deported in 1909, and he became a Seventh-day Baptist in 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joseph Booth and Charles Domingo edited a periodical, the <i>African Sabbath Recorder</i>, for Seventh Day Baptists in 1911 and 1912, issues of which can now be viewed at the Seventh Day Baptist Historical Library and Archives in Janesville, Wisconsin and at the Library of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Malawi" title="University of Malawi">University of Malawi</a> in Zomba. </p><p>Booth predicted that by 1914 Europeans no longer would rule Africa, but that there would be democracy, African self-rule and unity with American Blacks. These teachings, his criticism of taxation, and the suspicion of Booth because his associate, Elliot Kamwana, had been arrested and deported from Nyasaland, led to his deportation from the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">Transvaal</a> in mid-1909, although he was able to remain in the British-ruled parts of South Africa, living firstly in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> and from 1914 in <a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> where he was a Seventh-day Baptist missionary.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Referring to Booth and his African associate Elliot Kamwana, a 1976 Watch Tower publication noted, "they never became Bible Students or <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Christian witnesses</a>. Their relationship with the Watch Tower Society was short and superficial."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Booth's teachings included advocating for social change, in contradiction to the Watch Tower literature he distributed.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particularly in the case of Booth, who had a three-year association with, was appointed as a missionary by and financed by, Watch Tower, these comments appears disingenuous and misleading.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deportation_and_later_years">Deportation and later years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Booth_(missionary)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Deportation and later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1915, Booth produced a British African Congress petition, demanding that educated Africans should have the same political rights as Europeans, and was again deported from South Africa in October 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next few years in England, he was involved in pacifist protest against the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. </p><p>He was allowed to return to South Africa in 1919, to live in the house his younger daughter, Mary Winifred Booth Sales, had built some considerable distance from Cape Town, which discouraged him from any active involvement in African affairs. Booth's second wife died there in 1921, and he married his third wife, Lillian in May 1924 when he was 73 and she was about 49. Booth and his third wife later returned to England because of his ill health and because Booth's contacts with Africans were attracting the attention of the authorities. </p><p>Booth remained in England, suffering periodic illness, until he died on 4 November 1932 at the age of 82 at his home in <a href="/wiki/Weston_super_Mare" class="mw-redirect" title="Weston super Mare">Weston super Mare</a>. His death certificate gives the cause of death as <a href="/wiki/Carcinoma" title="Carcinoma">carcinoma</a> of the stomach. He was buried at Milton Cemetery in Lower Weston super Mare, where his third wife, Lilian, was buried with him twenty years later in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His elder daughters, Emily Booth Langworthy, would write in 1952 of their experiences in Africa in her memoir "This Africa was Mine".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Booth_(missionary)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>H. Donati, (2011). "A Very Antagonistic Spirit': Elliot Kamwana: Christianity and the World in Nyasaland". <i>The Society of Malawi Journal</i>, Vol. 64, No. 1.</li> <li>K. Fiedler, (1994) <i>The Story of Faith Missions</i>, OCMS. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-87034-518-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-87034-518-7">978-1-87034-518-7</a>.</li> <li>K. E. Fields, (1985). <i>Revival and Rebellion in Colonial Central Africa</i>, Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-69109-409-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-69109-409-0">978-0-69109-409-0</a>.</li> <li>O. J. M. Kalinga and C. A. Crosby, (2001). <i>Historical Dictionary of Malawi, 3rd ed</i>. Scarecrow Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-3481-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-3481-2">0-8108-3481-2</a></li> <li>H. W. Langworthy III, (1986). "Joseph Booth, Prophet of Radical Change in Central and South Africa, 1891-1915," <i>Journal of Religion in Africa</i>, Vol. 16, 1.</li> <li>H. Langworthy, (1996), <i>Africa for the African: The Life of Joseph Booth</i>. Blantyre: CLAIM. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99908-16-03-4" title="Special:BookSources/99908-16-03-4">99908-16-03-4</a>.</li> <li>K. P. Lohrentz (1971). "Joseph Booth, Charles Domingo, and the Seventh Day Baptists in Northern Nyasaland, 1910-12," <i>The Journal of African History</i>, Vol. 12, No. 3.</li> <li>R I. Rotberg, (1965). <i>The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa: The Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873-1964</i>. Cambridge (Mass), Harvard University Press.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-3481-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-3481-2">0-8108-3481-2</a>)</li> <li>G. Shepperson and T. Price, (1958). <i>Independent African. John Chilembwe and the Origins, Setting and Significance of the Nyasaland Native Rising of 1915</i>. Edinburgh University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85224-002-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85224-002-1">978-0-85224-002-1</a>.</li> <li>D. Stuart-Mogg, (1998). The Grave of Joseph Booth, The Society of Malawi Journal, Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 33–6.</li></ul> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Booth_(missionary)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harry Langworthy ,(1996), "Africa for the African". The Life of Joseph Booth, pp. 20, 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H W Langworthy III, (1986). Joseph Booth, Prophet of Radical Change in Central and South Africa, 1891-1915, pp. 24-5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R I Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa: The Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873-1964, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K Fiedler, (1994). The Story of Faith Missions, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H W Langworthy III, (1986). Joseph Booth, Prophet of Radical Change in Central and South Africa, 1891-1915, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H W Langworthy III, (1986). Joseph Booth, Prophet of Radical Change in Central and South Africa, 1891-1915, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harry Langworthy ,(1996), "Africa for the African". The Life of Joseph Booth, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Shepperson and T. Price, (1958). <i>Independent African. John Chilembwe and the Origins, Setting and Significance of the Nyasaland Native Rising of 1915</i>. Edinburgh University Press, pp. 171, 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harry Langworthy, (1996), "Africa for the African". The Life of Joseph Booth, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H W Langworthy III, (1986). Joseph Booth, Prophet of Radical Change in Central and South Africa, 1891-1915, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R I Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa: The Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873-1964, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpalding1962" class="citation book cs1">Spalding, Arthur Whitefield (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.adventistarchives.org/docs/OH/OH1962-04__B.pdf?q=docs/OH/OH1962-04__B.pdf"><i>Origin and History of Seventh-Day Adventists</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 4. Review and Herald Publishing Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin+and+History+of+Seventh-Day+Adventists&rft.pub=Review+and+Herald+Publishing+Association&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Spalding&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Whitefield&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.adventistarchives.org%2Fdocs%2FOH%2FOH1962-04__B.pdf%3Fq%3Ddocs%2FOH%2FOH1962-04__B.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Booth+%28missionary%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H W Langworthy III, (1986). Joseph Booth, Prophet of Radical Change in Central and South Africa, 1891-1915, pp. 33-4. During his time in Durban, he met <a href="/wiki/Elliot_Kenan_Kamwana" title="Elliot Kenan Kamwana">Elliot Kenan Kamwana</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tonga_people_of_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonga people of Malawi">Tonga</a> who had attended a mission school at <a href="/wiki/Bandawe" title="Bandawe">Bandawe</a> between 1898 and 1901 until he left, frustrated in his repeated failed attempts to attain ordination.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R I Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa: The Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873-1964, pp. 65-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Part 1—South Africa and Neighboring Territories", <i>1976 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>, ©Watch Tower, page 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Malawi", <i>1999 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>, ©Watch Tower, page 150-151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Missionaries Push Worldwide Expansion", <i>Jehovah's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God's Kingdom</i>, ©1993 Watch Tower, page 521</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Part 1—South Africa and Neighboring Territories", <i>1976 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>, ©Watch Tower, page 70-71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donati, (2011). 'A Very Antagonistic Spirit': Elliot Kamwana: Christianity and the World in Nyasaland, the Society of Malawi Journal, Vol. 64, No. 1. p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K P Lohrentz (1971). Joseph Booth, Charles Domingo, and the Seventh Day Baptists in Northern Nyasaland,1910-12, The Journal of African History, Vol. 12, No. 3, p. 465.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harry Langworthy ,(1996), "Africa for the African". The Life of Joseph Booth, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H W Langworthy III, (1986). Joseph Booth, Prophet of Radical Change in Central and South Africa, 1891-1915, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. Fields, (1985), Revival and Rebellion in Colonial Central Africa, Princeton .University Press, pp. 120-1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R I Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa: The Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873-1964, p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K P Lohrentz (1971). Joseph Booth, Charles Domingo, and the Seventh Day Baptists in Northern Nyasaland,1910-12, The Journal of African History, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 466-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Part 1—South Africa and Neighboring Territories", <i>1976 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>, ©Watch Tower, page 1761</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K P Lohrentz (1971). Joseph Booth, Charles Domingo, and the Seventh Day Baptists in Northern Nyasaland,1910-12, The Journal of African History, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 467-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R I Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa: The Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873-1964, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H W Langworthy III, (1986). Joseph Booth, Prophet of Radical Change in Central and South Africa, 1891-1915, pp. 33-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Part 1—South Africa and Neighboring Territories", <i>1976 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>, ©Watch Tower, page 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Part 1—Witnesses to the Most Distant Part of the Earth", <i>Jehovah's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God's Kingdom</i>, ©1993 Watch Tower, page 418</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H W Langworthy III, (1986). Joseph Booth, Prophet of Radical Change in Central and South Africa, 1891-1915, pp. 33-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R I Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa: The Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873-1964, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D Stuart-Mogg, (1998). The Grave of Joseph Booth, pp. 33-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harry Langworthy ,(1996), "Africa for the African". The Life of Joseph Booth, p. 487.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H W Langworthy III, (1986). Joseph Booth, Prophet of Radical Change in Central and South Africa, 1891-1915, p. 41.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Protestant missions to Africa</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Allen" title="Roland Allen">Roland Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Anderson_(missionary)" title="William Anderson (missionary)">William Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Stanley_Arnot" title="Frederick Stanley Arnot">Frederick Stanley Arnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Arthur_(missionary)" title="John Arthur (missionary)">John Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_K._Becker" title="Carl K. Becker">Carl K. Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bill" title="Samuel Bill">Samuel Bill</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joseph Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Coker" title="Daniel Coker">Daniel Coker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kumler_Flickinger" title="Daniel Kumler Flickinger">Daniel Kumler Flickinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jackson_Fuller" title="Joseph Jackson Fuller">Joseph Jackson Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenfell" title="George Grenfell">George Grenfell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Hugo_Hahn" title="Carl Hugo Hahn">Carl Hugo Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hardcastle_(1752%E2%80%931818)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Hardcastle (1752–1818)">Joseph Hardcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Crane_Hartzell" title="Joseph Crane Hartzell">Joseph Crane Hartzell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ittmann" title="Johannes Ittmann">Johannes Ittmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Heinrich_Kleinschmidt" title="Franz Heinrich Kleinschmidt">Franz Heinrich Kleinschmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Krapf" title="Johann Ludwig Krapf">Johann Ludwig Krapf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Nicholl_Laird" title="Margaret Nicholl Laird">Margaret Nicholl Laird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Ignatius_Latrobe" title="Christian Ignatius Latrobe">Christian Ignatius Latrobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">David Livingstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Livingstone_(n%C3%A9e_Moffat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Livingstone (née Moffat)">Mary Livingstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Murdoch_Mackay" title="Alexander Murdoch Mackay">Alexander Murdoch Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Merrick_(missionary)" title="Joseph Merrick (missionary)">Joseph Merrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Moffat" title="Mary Moffat">Mary Moffat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Moffat_(missionary)" title="Robert Moffat (missionary)">Robert Moffat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Murray_(minister)" title="Andrew Murray (minister)">Andrew Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Roseveare" title="Helen Roseveare">Helen Roseveare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Paludan_Smith_Schreuder" title="Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder">Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_(missionary)" title="John Philip (missionary)">John Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martti_Rautanen" title="Martti Rautanen">Martti Rautanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orishatukeh_Faduma" title="Orishatukeh Faduma">Orishatukeh Faduma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Saker" title="Alfred Saker">Alfred Saker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schmelen" title="Heinrich Schmelen">Heinrich Schmelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Sheppard" title="William Henry Sheppard">William Henry Sheppard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Slessor" title="Mary Slessor">Mary Slessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McKendree_Springer" title="John McKendree Springer">John McKendree Springer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Stevenson" title="Marion Stevenson">Marion Scott Stevenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Studd" title="Charles Studd">Charles Studd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulda_Stumpf" title="Hulda Stumpf">Hulda Stumpf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Denys_Taylor" title="John Denys Taylor">John Denys Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Taylor_(bishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Taylor (bishop)">William Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Viehe" title="Gottlieb Viehe">Gottlieb Viehe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missionary<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions" title="American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions">American Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Inland_Mission" title="Africa Inland Mission">Africa Inland Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Baptist_Missionary_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Baptist Missionary Society">Australian Baptist Missionary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Missionary_Society" title="Berlin Missionary Society">Berlin Missionary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Mission,_German_East_Africa" title="Bethel Mission, German East Africa">Bethel Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMS_World_Mission" title="BMS World Mission">BMS World Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo-Balolo_Mission" title="Congo-Balolo Mission">Congo-Balolo Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_and_Missionary_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian and Missionary Alliance">Christian and Missionary Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">Church Mission Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echoes_of_Service" title="Echoes of Service">Echoes of Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Missionary_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Missionary Society">Finnish Missionary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingstone_Inland_Mission" title="Livingstone Inland Mission">Livingstone Inland Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Africa" title="Mission Africa">Mission Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_to_the_World" title="Mission to the World">Mission to the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Evangelical_Missionary_Society" title="Paris Evangelical Missionary Society">Paris Evangelical Missionary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Missionary_Society" title="Rhenish Missionary Society">Rhenish Missionary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIM_(Christian_organization)" title="SIM (Christian organization)">SIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Society_Partners_in_the_Gospel" title="United Society Partners in the Gospel">USPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WEC_International" title="WEC International">WEC International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wycliffe_Global_Alliance" title="Wycliffe Global Alliance">Wycliffe Global Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pivotal events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act_1807" title="Slave Trade Act 1807">Slave Trade Act 1807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">Slavery Abolition Act 1833</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Africa" title="Christianity in Africa">Christianity in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Timeline of Christian missions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6281607#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6281607#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6281607#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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