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The solution explored does not question the incommensurability between the descriptive and the normative variants of" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://um-es.academia.edu/TriantafyllosGkouvas" /> <meta name="description" content="This thesis propounds a metatheoretical regimentation of legal claims that can accommodate theoretical disagreement across the board. The solution explored does not question the incommensurability between the descriptive and the normative variants of" /> <title>(DOC) Law’s Humility: The Possibility of Metajurisprudence</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/75122657/Law_s_Humility_The_Possibility_of_Metajurisprudence" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '778101b6f547579b833e1d4b2444cb77c868f058'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740608062000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740608062000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"This thesis propounds a metatheoretical regimentation of legal claims that can accommodate theoretical disagreement across the board. The solution explored does not question the incommensurability between the descriptive and the normative variants of first-order disputes about the grounds of law. What it targets instead is an unpronounced agnosticism about the possibility of a more inclusive type of metajurisprudential disagreement that does not take for granted either the existence of legal facts—construed either as descriptive or as normative facts about what the law requires—as the trivial truthmakers of propositions of law or their potentially reason-giving properties. 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{"work":{"id":75122657,"created_at":"2022-03-31T23:32:46.497-07:00","from_world_paper_id":200193654,"updated_at":"2022-04-21T10:17:13.248-07:00","_data":{"abstract":"This thesis propounds a metatheoretical regimentation of legal claims that can accommodate theoretical disagreement across the board. The solution explored does not question the incommensurability between the descriptive and the normative variants of first-order disputes about the grounds of law. What it targets instead is an unpronounced agnosticism about the possibility of a more inclusive type of metajurisprudential disagreement that does not take for granted either the existence of legal facts—construed either as descriptive or as normative facts about what the law requires—as the trivial truthmakers of propositions of law or their potentially reason-giving properties. On the assumption that the fact that for every legal proposition there is something in the world that makes it true is a premise shared by all legal philosophers but those of an expressivist inclination, an unpronounced, primitive division of opinion occurs as early as one ventures to question that our commitment ...","publisher":"Center for Open Science"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"low","language":"en","title":"Law’s Humility: The Possibility of Metajurisprudence","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [225316]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":83019087,"attachmentType":"doc"}"><img alt="First page of “Law’s Humility: The Possibility of Metajurisprudence”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/83019087/mini_magick20220331-24162-wvv8on.png?1648795100" /><img alt="Academia Logo" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/academia_logo.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free DOC</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Law’s Humility: The Possibility of Metajurisprudence</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="225316" href="https://um-es.academia.edu/TriantafyllosGkouvas"><img alt="Profile image of Triantafyllos Gkouvas" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/225316/50458/64318148/s65_triantafyllos.gkouvas.jpg" />Triantafyllos Gkouvas</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">673 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 75122657; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This thesis propounds a metatheoretical regimentation of legal claims that can accommodate theoretical disagreement across the board. The solution explored does not question the incommensurability between the descriptive and the normative variants of first-order disputes about the grounds of law. What it targets instead is an unpronounced agnosticism about the possibility of a more inclusive type of metajurisprudential disagreement that does not take for granted either the existence of legal facts—construed either as descriptive or as normative facts about what the law requires—as the trivial truthmakers of propositions of law or their potentially reason-giving properties. On the assumption that the fact that for every legal proposition there is something in the world that makes it true is a premise shared by all legal philosophers but those of an expressivist inclination, an unpronounced, primitive division of opinion occurs as early as one ventures to question that our commitment ...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":83019087,"attachmentType":"doc","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/75122657/Law_s_Humility_The_Possibility_of_Metajurisprudence"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":83019087,"attachmentType":"doc","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/75122657/Law_s_Humility_The_Possibility_of_Metajurisprudence"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas" data-impression-entity-id="75122657" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="signup-banner"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Reconfiguring the Site and Scope of Theoretical Disagreement about Law: 44-46 I.2. Replacing the Familiar with the Unfamiliar: Morality as a Dividing Criterion: 47-49 I.3. Relocating the Site of Theoretical Disagreement: 49-57 I.4. Reconsidering the Scope of Theoretical Disagreement: 57-72 I.5. Re-mapping the Division of Opinion: 72-122 • I.5.1. Logical Form and Truth Conditions of Legal Propositions: 75-98 A. Logical Regimentation: 76-78 B. Semantic Complications: 78-81 B.1. Perspectivalism about Law: 81-85 B.2. Is Legality Twin-Earthable?: 85-90 B.3. Is Legality Self-Locational?: 90-93 C. A Semantic Digression: Some Preliminary Remarks: 93-98 • I.5.2. Back to Legal Metaphysics: 98-122 A. Reweaving the Web: 100-114 B. Grounding the Truthmakers: 114-122 CHAPTER II Legal Propositionalism: 123-142 II.1. Outlining the Borders of Legal Propositionalism: 127-132 II.2. Relating Legal Propositions to Legal Facts: 132-142 CHAPTER III A Semantic Digression: 143-205 III.1. The Property Approach: 145-157 A. Legality as an Attributive Term: 147-149 B. Legality as an Objectionable Thick Property: 150-157 III.2. The Sortal Approach: 158-179 III.3. A Minimal Semantic Framework: 179-205 A. Legal Propositions as Recipes for Making Law: 183-188 B. The Semantic Value of the Copula: 188-194 C. The Semantic Value of the Dummy Sortal: 194-200 D. Are Constitutive Disputes Merely Verbal?: 200-205 CHAPTER IV Varieties of Theoretical Disagreement: 206-279 IV.1. Legal Constitution and Its Discontents: 211-241 A. First-order Disagreement over Legal Constitution: 212-222 B. Second-order Disagreement over Legal Constitution: 222-241 IV.2. Objectionable Legal Ontological Commitments: 242-247 IV.3. Disagreement over Legal Grounding: 247-279 CHAPTER V A Dispositional Route for Explaining How Facts Make Law: 280-363 V.1. From Nomic Language to Dispositional Facts: 282-290 V.2. The Case of Enforceability: 290-308 V.3. Law Between Coercion and Trust: 308-363 A. Resisting Some Platitudes about the Relation between Law, Coercion and Trust: 314-322 B. Distinguishing the Legal from the Social Capital: The Role of Coercion and Trust: 322-330 C. Inviting and Validating Trust: Function: 331-334 D. Inviting and Validating Trust: Grounds: 334-363 PART II THE NORMATIVITY OF LEGALITY CHAPTER I Resisting Some Platitudes about Practical Normativity: 364-385 I.1. Dimensions of Normative Relevance: 371-373 I.2. Normatively Relevant Facts: 373-77 I.3. Normative Roles: 377-385 CHAPTER II A Digression into Rationality and Thick Evaluation: 386-404 II.1 Rational Requirements, Asymmetry and Response-Constraint: 389-393 II.2 Thick Evaluation, Global Judgment and Constitutive Impact: 393-404 CHAPTER III The Metric Approach to Legal Normativity: 405-438 III.1. Variants of the Metric Approach: 411-415 III.2. Measuring Up Against the Nexus: Legal Facts as Nexus Reasons: 415-438 A. The Metaphysical Role of Legal Facts: 419-424 B. The Evaluative Role of Legal Facts: 425-431 C. The Explanatory Role of Legal Facts: 431-438 CHAPTER IV Varieties of Disagreement about Legal Normativity: 439-480 IV.1. First-order Disagreement about the Grounds of Nexus Facts: 442-448 IV.2. Second-order Disagreement about the Normative Relevance of Legal Facts: 449-480 CHAPTER V In Search for Another Quadrant: 481-540 V.1. Legal Normativity Without Legal Facts: 483-489 V.2. Genres of Social Normativity: Law, Games, Promises and Civility: 489-540 A. Practice Markers: The Role of Constitution: 497-509 B. Dispositional Markers: A Normativity Diagnostic: 509-540 CHAPTER VI The Nature and Grounds of the Normativity of Enforceable Obligations: 541-582 VI.1. Law and Normative Asymmetry: The Relevance of Action-Constraint: 543-556 VI.2. Law and Evaluation: The Relevance of Constitutive Impact: 556-559 VI.3. The Grounds of Legal Normativity and the Value of the Rule of Law: 560-582 A. The Relation Between Freedom-Upholding Action and Enforceability Requirements: 562-567 B. Formal Legality: Making Enforceability Manifestable: 568-582 APPENDIX: 583-4 BIBLIOGRAPHY: 585-621</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Law's Humility: The Possibility of Metajurisprudence (doctoral thesis penultimate draft) ","attachmentId":35515624,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9246615/Laws_Humility_The_Possibility_of_Metajurisprudence_doctoral_thesis_penultimate_draft_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9246615/Laws_Humility_The_Possibility_of_Metajurisprudence_doctoral_thesis_penultimate_draft_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="2016144" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2016144/An_Introduction_to_the_Philosophy_of_Law_Revised_edition">An Introduction to the Philosophy of Law: Revised edition</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2632779" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KingaKrajewska">Kinga Krajewska</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1959</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An Introduction to the Philosophy of Law: Revised edition","attachmentId":29303137,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2016144/An_Introduction_to_the_Philosophy_of_Law_Revised_edition","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2016144/An_Introduction_to_the_Philosophy_of_Law_Revised_edition"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="11824027" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11824027/The_Metaphysics_of_Law_From_Supervenience_to_Rational_Justification">The Metaphysics of Law: From Supervenience to Rational Justification</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="133236" href="https://wbiao.academia.edu/GeorgePavlakos">George Pavlakos</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The positivist thesis according to which only social facts need to feature in explanations of legal facts sits comfortably with a leger requirement of metaphysical determination of legal facts. Under such a requirement all that is asked is showing that a modal relation between social facts and legal norms obtains, along the lines of a supervenience relation. Recent challenges to this view have pointed out that metaphysical determination must become more demanding if it is to offer deep explanations of (legal) phenomena. In becoming so demanding, it ends up engaging more substantive moral facts in the explanation of legal phenomena.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Metaphysics of Law: From Supervenience to Rational Justification","attachmentId":37230021,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11824027/The_Metaphysics_of_Law_From_Supervenience_to_Rational_Justification","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11824027/The_Metaphysics_of_Law_From_Supervenience_to_Rational_Justification"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="108177025" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/108177025/The_concept_of_law_and_contemporary_philosophical_reflection">The concept of law and contemporary philosophical reflection</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="309925" href="https://ulaval.academia.edu/BjarneMelkevik">Bjarne Melkevik</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Revista brasileira de estudos políticos, 2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The concept of law and contemporary philosophical reflection","attachmentId":106629389,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108177025/The_concept_of_law_and_contemporary_philosophical_reflection","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/108177025/The_concept_of_law_and_contemporary_philosophical_reflection"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="44448112" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44448112/Towards_a_Metatheoretical_Postmodern_Approach_to_Legal_Reasoning">Towards a Metatheoretical Postmodern Approach to Legal Reasoning</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="27973710" href="https://fmp.academia.edu/RafaelCosta">Rafael Costa</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper focuses on legal reasoning, arguing that although methodological theories are important, they are not enough to explain how to reason in law. In fact, because the different philosophical perspectives vary so significantly in their ability to resolve legal conflicts, when a less "adapted" perspective decides a legal question, the results can be disastrous. Thus, this paper inaugurates a new attitude, stating that a general philosophical perspective is the only way out. Relying on a metatheoretical postmodern approach, it argues that logic, analysis, argumentation and hermeneutics are complementary theories that offer a unique perception of law. It concludes that the approach proposed makes possible not only a comprehensive view of the way legal reasoning behaves, but more than this, a proportionate flexibility to both civil and common law systems.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Towards a Metatheoretical Postmodern Approach to Legal Reasoning","attachmentId":64869839,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44448112/Towards_a_Metatheoretical_Postmodern_Approach_to_Legal_Reasoning","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44448112/Towards_a_Metatheoretical_Postmodern_Approach_to_Legal_Reasoning"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="81557644" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/81557644/The_Concept_of_Law_Sixty_Years_On">The Concept of Law, Sixty Years On</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="128739391" href="https://up-diliman.academia.edu/EnriqueBenjaminIIIFernando">Enrique Benjamin III Fernando</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Kritike: An Online Journal of Philosophy, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In 1961, H.L.A. Hart published his seminal work The Concept of Law, introducing what eventually became the most dominant, influential, but controversial, theory of law in the twentieth century. Not only did it revolutionize the way philosophy of law was done at the time, but it continues to raise fresh problems that puzzle even linguistic, moral, and political philosophers to this very day. The objective of this paper is twofold. The first is to survey four philosophical topics that were explored in The Concept of Law and the contemporary debates that have followed in its wake, and the second is to argue that while some of Hart's ideas have successfully withstood the tests of time and later critics, other ideas have not been as successful, but not without illuminating the path that legal philosophers must traverse in the twenty-first century. The paper has been divided into four parts. Part I ("Law and Method") shall explain the importance of the "internal point-of-view" to ongoing debates between descriptive and normative jurisprudence. Part II ("Law and Morality") shall explain how the rule of recognition revived the natural law/legal positivism debate, the result of which gave rise to the inclusive/exclusive legal positivism debate in turn. Part III ("Law and Language") shall discuss how Hart's insight into the "open texture" of language has created new problems about legal interpretation. Part IV ("Law and Obligation") shall discuss Hart's "practice theory of obligation" and how it has led modern writers to justify the duty to obey the law.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Concept of Law, Sixty Years On","attachmentId":87560101,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/81557644/The_Concept_of_Law_Sixty_Years_On","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/81557644/The_Concept_of_Law_Sixty_Years_On"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="70979786" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70979786/Philosophy_of_Law_Reply_to_Critics">Philosophy of Law: Reply to Critics</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42103844" href="https://cornell.academia.edu/AndreiMarmor">Andrei Marmor</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Jerusalem Review of Legal Studies, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A reply to critics tends to ensnare the author in a postscript version of the famous preface paradox: you feel under some rational pressure to defend everything you have written in the book, 1 and equally under rational pressure to acknowledge that some of what your critics say is true. Paradoxes are not easy to solve and I will not pretend that I can manage it here. I want to defend the arguments I have made in the book, but I also want to admit some mistakes and acknowledge the need for further clarifications and revisions. I am very grateful to the commentators for spending their time and effort on giving me this opportunity. Their comments raise serious concerns, and I hope to address most of them. The book forms part of the new Princeton Foundations of Contemporary Philosophy Series, edited by Scott Soames. The books in this series are meant to address a wide audience of philosophers and philosophy students who are assumed not to have any particular familiarity with the field the book covers, giving readers a sense of where the some of the main contemporary issues in that discipline lie, and what are the main arguments debated, while also making some original contribution to the field. The books in this series are certainly not meant to be state of the art accounts of the disciplines they cover; the editor urged us to make our own arguments and develop our own thoughts on the subjects we discuss, an encouragement I certainly welcomed. But it was not my intention to offer a new theory of law; I do not have one. Most commentators say that the book is a defense of exclusive legal positivism. I would not really call it that, but given the content of the book, I cannot complain that they mislabel the view. I certainly try to defend a view broadly within the legal positivist tradition. And, as I argue in chapter 4, I do tend to think of inclusive legal positivism as a bit of red herring. But my point in defending a certain version of legal positivism, combining insights and arguments from Kelsen, Hart, and Raz, with some of my previous work on social conventions, is not guided by the objective to defend "exclusive legal positivism"; as if there is a coherent, self-contained, view on the shelf rightly labeled thus, and the book just brings to the debate a collection of arguments in support of it. At least I really hope that this is not how the book is read.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Philosophy of Law: Reply to Critics","attachmentId":80508677,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/70979786/Philosophy_of_Law_Reply_to_Critics","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/70979786/Philosophy_of_Law_Reply_to_Critics"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="86687699" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/86687699/The_Metaphysics_of_Law">The Metaphysics of Law</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26959713" href="https://alabama.academia.edu/WilliamBrewbaker">William Brewbaker</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2007</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Despite modernity’s longstanding aversion to metaphysics, legal scholars are increasingly questioning whether law can be understood in isolation from wider questions about the nature of reality. This Article examines perhaps the most famous of metaphysical legal texts—Thomas Aquinas’s still widely read Treatise on Law—with a view toward tracing the influence of Thomas’s metaphysical presuppositions. This Article shows that Thomas’s account of human law cannot be fully understood apart from his metaphysics. Attention to Thomas’s hierarchical view of reality exposes tensions between Thomas’s “top-down” account of law and his sophisticated “bottom-up” observations. For example, Thomas grounds human law’s authority in its foundation in the “higher” natural and eternal laws. At the same time, he is well aware that many if not most legal questions involve “determination of particulars”—the resolution of questions that might reasonably be answered in more than one way. Thomas’s metaphysics...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Metaphysics of Law","attachmentId":91082584,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86687699/The_Metaphysics_of_Law","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/86687699/The_Metaphysics_of_Law"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="77250909" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77250909/GROUNDS_OF_LAW_AND_LEGAL_THEORY_A_Response">GROUNDS OF LAW AND LEGAL THEORY: A Response</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="21531863" href="https://nd.academia.edu/JohnFinnis">John Finnis</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Legal Theory, 2007</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Linking theses of Plato, Wittgenstein, and Weber, section I argues that identification of central cases and settling of focal meanings depend upon the theorist&#39;s purpose(s) and, in the case of theory about human affairs—theory adequately attentive to the four irreducible orders in which human persons live and act—upon the purposes for which we intelligibly and intelligently act. Among these purposes, primacy (centrality) is to be accorded (by acknowledgement, not fiat) to purposes which are, as best the theorist can judge, reasonable and fit to be adopted by anyone, the theorist included. Section II defends the reasonableness (and hence entitlement to universal assent) of practical and moral judgments, against Michael Perry&#39;s ultimately nihilist claims that egoism&#39;s challenge to moral normativity has gone unanswered and that “reason for A” does not entail “reason for” anyone else. Section III takes up Steven Smith&#39;s suggestion that such subjectivism is encouraged by ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"GROUNDS OF LAW AND LEGAL THEORY: A Response","attachmentId":84683525,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/77250909/GROUNDS_OF_LAW_AND_LEGAL_THEORY_A_Response","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/77250909/GROUNDS_OF_LAW_AND_LEGAL_THEORY_A_Response"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="6117775" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6117775/LAW_AND_PHILOSOPHY_Selected_Papers_in_Legal_Theory">LAW AND PHILOSOPHY: Selected Papers in Legal Theory</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9259947" href="https://ppke.academia.edu/CVARGA">Csaba VARGA</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Foreword [1994] 1–4 LAW AS PRACTICE QUELQUES QUESTIONS MÉTHODOLOGIQUES DE LA FORMATION DES CONCEPTS EN SCIENCES JURIDIQUES [1970] 7–33: 1. Introduction 7 / 2. La particularité de l’objet des sciences juridiques 8 / 3. La particularité de la méthodologie des sciences juridiques 10 / 4. La particularité de la formation des concepts en sciences juridiques: Quelques problèmes 15 [4.1. Le concept du droit 16 / 4.2. Le concept dogmatique du contenu du droit 21 / 4.3. Le concept de la normativité juridique 23 / 4.4. Le concept des lacunes en droit 24] / 5. La particularité de la formation des concepts en sciencesjuridiques: Quelques conclusions 26 / 6. La formation des concepts en sciences juridiques et la réalité: Conclusion finale 29 / 7. Annexe: Des bases d’une classification possible des définitions en sciences juridiques 31 // GELTUNG DES RECHTS – WIRKSAMKEIT DES RECHTS [1978] 35–42 // MACROSOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF LAW: A SURVEY AND APPRAISAL [1983] 43–76: I. Issues of the Macrosociological Theories of Law 46 / II. The Role of the Macrosociological Theories in the Social Science Foundation of Legal Thinking 63 // REFLECTIONS ON LAW AND ITS INNER MORALITY [1984] 77–89: 1. Law and Morals As Two Systems of Norms, and the Inner Morality of Law 77 / 2. Law As A Value Bearer and As A Mere External Indicator 78 / 3. The Inner and External Moral Credit of Legislator 83 / 4. The Inner Morality of Law 86 // THE LAW AND ITS LIMITS [1985] 91–96 LAW AS TECHNIQUE DOMAINE »EXTERNE« ET DOMAINE »INTERNE« EN DROIT [1983] 99–117: 1. Le »juridique« et le »non-juridique« 99 / 2. Domaine »externe« et domaine »interne« en tant que groupes de phénomènes 104 / 3. Domaine »externe« et domaine »interne« en tant que points de références 112 / 4. Conclusion 116 // DIE MINISTERIELLE BEGRÜNDUNG IN RECHTSPHILOSOPHISCHER SICHT [1977] 119–139: I. Die prinzipiellen und geschichtlichen Grundlagen der Herausforderung der ministeriellen Begründungen 120 / II. Die möglichen und erwünschten Funktionen der ministeriellen Begründung im sozialistischen Rechts 128 / III. Die ministerielle Begründung und ihr Wert in der Auslegung derRechtsnormen 132 // THE PREAMBLE: A QUESTION OF JURISPRUDENCE [1970] 141–167: I. The Notion of the Preamble 142 / II. Content and Functions of the Preambles 146 / III. Normativity of the Preamble Content 150 / IV. The Problem of the Justifiability of Preamble-drafting in the Light of Socialist Legal Policy 161 // PRESUMPTION AND FICTION: MEANS OF LEGAL TECHNIQUE [1988] 169–185: I. Presumption 169 [1. In the Judicial Process of Establishing the Facts: praesumptio homini vel facti 170 / 2. In the Normative Definition of the Facts: praesumptio juris tantum 170 / 3. In the Normative Definition of the Facts: praesumptio juris et de jure 171 / 4. In a Possible Theoretical Reconstruction 171] On »Presumption« 172 [1. Function 172 / 2. Presumption and Fiction 173 / 3. Irrelevancy of Epistemological Foundation 173 / 4. The Technique of Presumption 174] II. Fiction 175 [1. In the Linguistic Formation of Legal Norms 175 / 2. In the Judicial Application of Legal Norms 175 / 3. In the Doctrinal Processing of Legal Norms 176 / 4. In the Theoretical Reconstruction of Legal Norms 176 / 5. Approaches to and Understandings of Fiction 177] On »Fiction« 178 [1. History and Understandings 178 / 2. Classification 180 / 3. Law as Fiction 181 / 4. Presumption and Fiction 182] // LEGAL TECHNIQUE [1988] 187–198: I. Legal Technique 187 [1. In the Large Sense 1987/ 2. In Legal Practice 189 / 3. In Legal Science 189 / 4. As a Special Technique 190] II. On Legal Technique [1. Definition and Function 190 / 2. Legal Technique and Legal Cultures 192 / 3. Postulates of Legal Technique in the Cultures of Modem Formal Law 195 {a) The Principle of Consequentiality 195 / b) The Principle of Coherency 195 / c) The Principle of Conceptual Economy 196 / d) The Principle of Non-redundancy 196}] LAW AS LOGIC MODERNE STAATLICHKEIT UND MODERNES FORMALES RECHT [1982] 201–207: 1. Die Klassifizierung als logisches und als gesellschaftswissenschaftliches Verfahren 202 / 2. Typologie der staatlichen und rechtlichen Erscheinungen 202 / 3. Der moderne Staat und das moderne formale Recht: Frage der Zusammenhänge und Entwicklungsalternativen 204 // HETEROGENEITY AND VALIDITY OF LAW: OUTLINES OF AN ONTOLOGICAL RECONSTRUCTION [1986] 209–218 // LEIBNIZ UND DIE FRAGE DER RECHTLICHEN SYSTEMBILDUNG [1973] 219–232: 1. Aktualität von Leibniz 219 / 2. Der Gedanke der universalen mathematischen Methode 221 / 3. Die logischen Konzeption der Rechtswissenschaft 224 / 4. Die geometrische Vision der rechtlichen Systembildung 227 / 5. Das Scheitern der Leibnizschen Idee und seine Lehre 230 // LAW AND ITS APPROACH AS A SYSTEM [1975] 233–255: 1. The Logical Structure of Law as a Historical Product 233 / 2. Tendencies of Formal Rationalization in Legal Development 234 / 3. Historical Development of the Approach to Law as a System 239 / 4. Present State of the Attempts at a Logical Reconstruction of Law and Legal Reasoning 243 / 5. Question of the Axiomatic Conception of Law 248 / 6. Heuristic Value of the Approach to Law as a System 250 // LOGIC OF LAW AND JUDICIAL ACTIVITY: A GAP BETWEEN IDEALS, REALITY AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES [1982] 258–288: 1. Historical Background 259 / 2. Ideals 264 / 3. Reality 270 / 4. Future Perspectives 277 // KELSEN’S PURE THEORY OF LAW – YESTERDAY, TODAY AND TOMORROW [ms] 289–293, THE NATURE OF THE JUDICIAL APPLICATION OF NORMS: SCIENCE- AND LANGUAGE-PHILOSOPHICAL CONSIDERATIONS [ms] 295–314: 1. Presuppositions 295 / 2. The Context of the Application of Norms 300 [2.1 Actualisation in Concrete Meaning 300 / 2.2 Linguistic Undefinedness 304 / 2.3 Lack of Logical Consequence in the Normative Sphere 308] LAW AS EXPERIENCE ON THE SOCIALLY DETERMINED NATURE OF LEGAL REASONING [1971] 317–374: 1. Interrelation of the Creation and Application of Law 317 / 2. The Socially Determined Nature of the Application of Law 332 / 3. The Socially Determined Nature of Legal Reasoning 337 / 4. The Question of Perspectives 363 // TOWARDS THE ONTOLOGICAL FOUNDATION OF LAW: SOME THESES ON THE BASIS OF LUKÁCS’ ONTOLOGY [1983] 375–390, IS LAW A SYSTEM OF ENACTMENTS? [1984] 391–398: 1. Working Models of Law 391 / 2. Senses of ContExtuality in Law 393 / 3. Jurisprudential Approach and Socio-ontological Approach 394 / 4. Conclusions 396 [4.1. Law as Historical Continuum 396 / 4.2.Law as Open System 396 / 4.3. / Law as Complex Phenomenon with Alternative Strategy 396 / 4.4. Law as an Irreversible Process 397 / 4.5. The Genuinely Societal Character of Law 397] // EUROPEAN INTEGRATION AND THE UNIQUENESS OF NATIONAL LEGAL CULTURES [1992] 399–411: 1. The Philosophical Framework 399 / 2. Law as Tradition 403 / 3. European Integration and the Preservation of the Uniqueness of National Legal Orders 407 // INSTITUTIONS AS SYSTEMS: NOTES ON THE CLOSED SETS, OPEN VISTAS OF DEVELOPMENT, AND TRANSCENDENCY OF INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR CONCEPTUAL REPRESENTATIONS [1991] 413–424: I. A Logic of Systems 413 / II. Ideal Types and Historically Concrete Manifestations 416 / III. Ideal Type As A Normative Ideology 418 / IV.Objectivity and Contingency of Systems 420 / V. Limits and Bonds, ConsEquEntiality and Practicability of a System 423 LAW AS HISTORY FROM LEGAL CUSTOMS TO LEGAL FOLKWAYS [1981] 427–436, ANTHROPOLOGICAL JURISPRUDENCE? LEOPOLD POSPÍŠIL AND THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LEGAL CULTURES [1985] 437–457: 1. Rule, Fact and Principle in the Concept of Law 438 [a) Abstract rules 439 / b) Abstracts from actual behaviour 439 / c) Principles Upheld by Legal Decisions 440] 2. Attributes of Law 445 [a) Authority 446 / b) Intention of Universal Application 446 / c) Obligatio 447 / d) Sanction 447] 3. Law and its Social Functional Definition 450 [(1) Law is a Global Phenomenon 451 / (2) Law is a Phenomenon Able to Settle Conflicts of Interests 451 / 3) Law is a Phenomenon Prevailing as the Supreme Controlling Factor 452] 4. Conclusion 454 // LAW AS A SOCIAL ISSUE [1985] 459–475: I. The Social Prestige of Law 459 / II. The Social Nature of Law 463 / III. Law and Language in the Service of Social Mediation 466 (1. Passive Mediation and Active Intervention 468 / 2. The Dilemma of the Mediation of Values 472) // LAW AS HISTORY? [1986] 477–484: 1. Understandings of the Term »Law« 477 / 2. Law and History 478 / 3. 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