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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">12th-century Maghrebi alchemist poet</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#cfbcfd">ʿAlī ibn Mūsa ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibn_arfa_ras_manuscript_(cropped_name).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ibn_arfa_ras_manuscript_%28cropped_name%29.JPG/160px-Ibn_arfa_ras_manuscript_%28cropped_name%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Ibn_arfa_ras_manuscript_%28cropped_name%29.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a>, fl. most likely <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1150–1200</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Known for</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_poetry" title="Arabic poetry">Arabic poetry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Major writings</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Shudhūr al-dhahab</i></span></span> ('Shards of Gold')</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ḥall mushkilāt al-Shudhūr</i></span></span> ('Solution to the Problems of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Shudhūr</i></span>')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influence</th><td class="infobox-data">Commentaries on his work were written by al-Irbilī, <a href="/wiki/Al-Simawi" title="Al-Simawi">al-Sīmāwī</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Jildaki" title="Al-Jildaki">al-Jildakī</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ibn Arfa' Ra's</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ابن أرفع رأس</span> – <span style="font-size:85%;">full name:</span> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Mūsa al-Anṣārī al-Andalusī ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs</i></span>), flourished second half of the twelfth century, was a <a href="/wiki/Maghrebis" title="Maghrebis">Maghrebi</a> poet and <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemist</a>. He is the author of an Arabic collection (<a href="/wiki/Diwan_(poetry)" title="Diwan (poetry)"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">dīwān</i></span></a>) of alchemical poems called the <b><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Shudhūr al-dhahab</i></span></b> ('Shards of Gold').<sup id="cite_ref-Shudhur_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shudhur-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally he was identified with a certain Ibn al-Naqirāt, a religious scholar living in <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a> (Morocco) who died <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1197</span>. However, this identification is probably spurious. If so, virtually nothing is known about Ibn Arfa' Ra's's life. Probably born in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>, perhaps in <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, it is likely that he spent most of his life in <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a> Morocco. At some point he likely traveled to the <a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Islamic East</a>, where he may also have settled. </p><p>Ibn Arfa' Ra's wrote a commentary on his own work <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Shudhūr al-dhahab</i></span> under the name <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ḥall mushkilāt al-Shudhūr</i></span> ('Solution to the Problems of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Shudhūr</i></span>').<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also wrote some alchemical poems in the <a href="/wiki/Muwashshah" title="Muwashshah"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">muwashshaḥ</i></span></a> genre (strophic verse) and a number of short prose works on alchemy. Two works on magic have also been attributed to him, but these are probably spurious. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identity">Identity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Arfa%27_Ra%27s&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most traditional authors of Arabic <a href="/wiki/Biographical_dictionary" title="Biographical dictionary">biographical dictionaries</a> identify Ibn Arfa' Ra's with a religious scholar called Ibn al-Naqirāt,<sup id="cite_ref-Naqirat_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naqirat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose fuller name was <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ar-Latn">Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Mūsa ibn ʿAlī ibn Mūsa ibn Muḥammad ibn Khalaf al-Anṣārī al-Sālimī al-Jayyānī</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fullest version of Ibn Arfa' Ra's's name, as may be reconstructed from the earliest manuscripts, is <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ar-Latn">Burhān al-Dīn Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Mūsa ibn Abī al-Qāsim al-Anṣārī al-Andalusī</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since both names share the major part Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Mūsa al-Anṣārī, they are close enough to raise the possibility that the two figures were indeed identical. However, neither Ibn al-Naqirāt's longer <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nasab" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasab">nasab</a></i></span> (the part of his name indicating lineage) "son of Ali son of Musa son of Muhammad son of Khalaf", nor his <a href="/wiki/Nisba_(onomastics)" title="Nisba (onomastics)"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">nisba</i></span>s</a> (names referring to a place of origin) al-Sālimī (<a href="/wiki/Medinaceli" title="Medinaceli">Medinaceli</a>) or al-Jayyānī (<a href="/wiki/Ja%C3%A9n,_Spain" title="Jaén, Spain">Jaén</a>) ever occur in the alchemical manuscripts. The biographical dictionaries in their entries on Ibn al-Naqirāt never actually mention the nickname (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Laqab" class="mw-redirect" title="Laqab">laqab</a></i></span>) Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs, nor the honorific Burhān al-Dīn, both of which often feature prominently in the alchemical manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibn_arfa_ras_manuscript_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Ibn_arfa_ras_manuscript_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="516" height="106" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="106" /></a><figcaption>The author's name in a manuscript of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Shudhūr al-dhahab</i></span>, shown here as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿAlī ibn Mūsa ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs Abī al-⟨Qāsim?⟩ al-Anṣārī al-Maghribī</i></span>.</figcaption></figure><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>If Ibn Arfa' Ra's is identical with Ibn al-Naqirāt, some basic facts of his life are known. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Abbar" title="Ibn al-Abbar">Ibn al-Abbar</a> (died 1260) in his biographical dictionary <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kitāb al-Takmila li-Kitāb al-Ṣila</i></span> mentions that Ibn al-Naqirāt was born in 1121 or <span class="nowrap">1122 CE (515 <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">AH</a>)</span> and that he died after 1196 or <span class="nowrap">1197 CE (593 AH)</span>, and that he was born in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> but later moved to <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a> (Morocco) where he became a <a href="/wiki/Khatib" title="Khatib"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">khaṭīb</i></span></a> (Islamic preacher).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the broader biographical tradition, Ibn al-Naqirāt was an expert in <a href="/wiki/Qira%27at" title="Qira'at"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">qirāʾāt</i></span></a> (variant readings of the Quran) as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">jurisprudence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki school</a>, preaching in the renowned <a href="/wiki/Qarawiyyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarawiyyin">Qarawiyyin</a> mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the divergence between the names in the biographical dictionaries and those given in the manuscripts of the alchemical works attributed to Ibn Arfa' Ra's, as well as certain details in reports relating to the two figures given by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> (1332–1406) and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus">Leo Africanus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1494</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1554</span>), suggest that Ibn al-Abbar may have conflated the alchemist Ibn Arfa' Ra's with the religious scholar Ibn al-Naqirāt.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this case, very little remains that can be said about the life of Ibn Arfa' Ra's. Like Ibn al-Naqirāt, he originated in Al-Andalus, perhaps in <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, and later settled elsewhere. Although the fact that he was sometimes called al-Maghribī indicates that he may also have settled in Morocco, the alchemical manuscripts make no mention of Fez or any other specific place. Alternatively, the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">nisba</i></span> al-Maghribī may indicate that he left the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> (the Islamic West, the region west of Egypt) and settled in the <a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashreq</a> (the Islamic East). In any case, it is clear that he spent a major part of his life in the West, most likely in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the identification of Ibn Arfa' Ra's with Ibn al-Naqirāt is given up, the period in which he lived becomes very uncertain. Since Ibn al-Abbar knew of his works in the middle of the thirteenth century and some of the earliest commentaries on his work date from that period, Ibn Arfa' Ra's must have lived before <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250</span>, but a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Terminus_post_quem" title="Terminus post quem">terminus post quem</a></i></span> is much harder to establish. The fact that Ibn Arfa' Ra's cites <a href="/wiki/Al-Mas%27udi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mas'udi">al-Mas'udi</a> (died 957) may provide the earliest date for which there is hard evidence, although the lack of any mention of him by the alchemist poet <a href="/wiki/Al-Tughra%27i" title="Al-Tughra'i">al-Tughra'i</a> (died 1121) makes it most likely that Ibn Arfa' Ra's lived in the twelfth century.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Arfa%27_Ra%27s&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibn_arfa_ras_manuscript.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ibn_arfa_ras_manuscript.JPG/180px-Ibn_arfa_ras_manuscript.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ibn_arfa_ras_manuscript.JPG/270px-Ibn_arfa_ras_manuscript.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ibn_arfa_ras_manuscript.JPG/360px-Ibn_arfa_ras_manuscript.JPG 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="901" /></a><figcaption>First page of a manuscript of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Shudhūr al-dhahab</i></span></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shudhūr_al-dhahab"><span id="Shudh.C5.ABr_al-dhahab"></span><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Shudhūr al-dhahab</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Arfa%27_Ra%27s&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Shudhūr al-dhahab"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ibn Arfa' Ra's's most enduring work is a <a href="/wiki/Diwan_(poetry)" title="Diwan (poetry)"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">dīwān</i></span></a> of <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemical</a> poems called the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Shudhūr al-dhahab</i></span> ('Shards of Gold').<sup id="cite_ref-Shudhur_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shudhur-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These poems, which all together comprise about 1400 lines, are arranged by the letter they use to rhyme, thus covering the entire Arabic alphabet. A large number of commentaries on the work were written by other <a href="/wiki/Alchemy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world">Islamo-Arabic alchemists</a>, among them commentaries by al-Irbilī (died 1257) and <a href="/wiki/Al-Simawi" title="Al-Simawi">al-Sīmāwī</a> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250</span>), as well as five commentaries by <a href="/wiki/Al-Jildaki" title="Al-Jildaki">al-Jildakī</a> (written <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1337</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1342</span>) alone.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Shudhūr al-dhahab</i></span> ranks among the first works to feature exegesis of the Quran (<a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">tafsīr</i></span></a>) in an alchemical context.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_works">Other works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Arfa%27_Ra%27s&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ibn Arfa' Ra's wrote a commentary on his own alchemical <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">dīwān</i></span>, called the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ḥall mushkilāt al-Shudhūr</i></span> ('Solution to the Problems of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Shudhūr</i></span>').<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hall_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also some alchemical poems by Ibn Arfa' Ra's which are written in <a href="/wiki/Muwashshah" title="Muwashshah"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">muwashshaḥ</i></span></a>, a genre of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_poetry" title="Arabic poetry">Arabic poetry</a> that uses strophic verse. These were not included in the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Shudhūr al-dhahab</i></span> because poems of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">muwashshaḥ</i></span> genre are usually excluded from <a href="/wiki/Diwan_(poetry)" title="Diwan (poetry)"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">dīwān</i></span></a> collections.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of short prose works have been attributed to Ibn Arfa' Ra's, but these have not yet been investigated:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Fī tarkīb al-iksīr al-ḥayawānī al-insānī</i></span></li> <li><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Risāla fī al-kīmiyā</i></span></li> <li><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Tartīb al-iksīr</i></span></li></ul> <p>A work on magic called <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Ṭibb al-ruḥānī bi-al-Qurʾān al-raḥmānī</i></span> ('Spiritual Medicine through the Merciful Quran') has been attributed to Ibn Arfa' Ra's, but this attribution is clearly spurious since the work heavily borrows from thirteenth–fourteenth century works on magic like those written by pseudo-<a href="/wiki/Al-Buni" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Buni">al-Būnī</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sab%27in" title="Ibn Sab'in">Ibn Sabʿīn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case of <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Jihāt fī ʿilm at-tawajjuhāt</i></span>, another work on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Letter_magic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Letter magic (page does not exist)">letter magic</a> attributed to Ibn Arfa' Ra's, is less certain, but the fact that its author holds magic in higher regard than alchemy suggests that it was not written by a devoted alchemist like Ibn Arfa' Ra's.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also a commentary on <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Farid" title="Ibn al-Farid">Ibn al-Fāriḍ</a>'s (1181–1235) wine poem which may have been authored by Ibn Arfa' Ra's, although this would necessitate placing Ibn Arfa' Ra's's lifetime in the thirteenth century rather than the twelfth, which is not very likely.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Arfa%27_Ra%27s&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Shudhur-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shudhur_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shudhur_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Non-critical edition in <a href="#CITEREFGhazzali2018">Ghazzali 2018</a>. <a href="#CITEREFForsterMüller2020">Forster & Müller 2020</a>, p. 375 and <a href="#CITEREFMüller2022">Müller 2022</a>, p. 28 reported that Svetlana Dolgusheva is working on a critical edition, German translation, and commentary of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Shudhūr al-dhahab</i></span>. The English translation of the title given here ('Shards of Gold') is the one used by <a href="#CITEREFTodd2023">Todd 2023</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Critical edition in <a href="#CITEREFMüller2024">Müller 2024</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naqirat-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Naqirat_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His name may also have been <a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">vowelized</a> as "Ibn al-Niqirāt", "Ibn al-Niqarāt", "Ibn al-Nuqirāt", etc. (the "a" and "i" in "Naqirāt" are conjectural); see <a href="#CITEREFForsterMüller2020">Forster & Müller 2020</a>, p. 382.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Arfa%27_Ra%27s&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsterMüller2020">Forster & Müller 2020</a>, pp. 387–388.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsterMüller2020">Forster & Müller 2020</a>, pp. 382–387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsterMüller2020">Forster & Müller 2020</a>, pp. 392–393.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsterMüller2020">Forster & Müller 2020</a>, pp. 389, 394.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsterMüller2020">Forster & Müller 2020</a>, p. 374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsterMüller2020">Forster & Müller 2020</a>, p. 403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsterMüller2020">Forster & Müller 2020</a>, pp. 397–400.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsterMüller2020">Forster & Müller 2020</a>, pp. 394–396.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsterMüller2020">Forster & Müller 2020</a>, p. 375. On these commentaries, see <a href="#CITEREFMüller2022">Müller 2022</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTodd2023">Todd 2023</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsterMüller2020">Forster & Müller 2020</a>, pp. 376–379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsterMüller2020">Forster & Müller 2020</a>, p. 379; <a href="#CITEREFForster2021">Forster 2021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsterMüller2020">Forster & Müller 2020</a>, p. 380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsterMüller2020">Forster & Müller 2020</a>, p. 380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsterMüller2020">Forster & Müller 2020</a>, p. 380, referring to <a href="#CITEREFBraunForster2020">Braun & Forster 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsterMüller2020">Forster & Müller 2020</a>, pp. 381, 396.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Arfa%27_Ra%27s&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Arfa%27_Ra%27s&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGhazzali2018" class="citation book cs1">Ghazzali, Lahouari, ed. (2018). <i>Shudhūr al-dhahab. Dīwān Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs al-Jayyānī al-Andalusī</i>. Beirut: Dār al-kutub al-ʿilmiyya.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shudh%C5%ABr+al-dhahab.+D%C4%ABw%C4%81n+Ibn+Arfa%CA%BF+Ra%CA%BEs+al-Jayy%C4%81n%C4%AB+al-Andalus%C4%AB&rft.place=Beirut&rft.pub=D%C4%81r+al-kutub+al-%CA%BFilmiyya&rft.date=2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Arfa%27+Ra%27s" class="Z3988"></span> (non-critical edition of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Shudhūr al-dhahab</i></span>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller2024" class="citation book cs1">Müller, Juliane, ed. (2024). <i>Kitāb Ḥall mushkilāt al-Shudhūr. In the transmission of Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Anṣārī. By Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Mūsā al-Anṣārī al-Andalusī, known as Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs</i>. Bibliotheca Islamica. Vol. 62. De Gruyter/Dār al-Fārābī. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110779356">10.1515/9783110779356</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-614-485-165-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-614-485-165-4"><bdi>978-614-485-165-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kit%C4%81b+%E1%B8%A4all+mushkil%C4%81t+al-Shudh%C5%ABr.+In+the+transmission+of+Ab%C5%AB+al-Q%C4%81sim+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+b.+%CA%BFAbd+All%C4%81h+al-An%E1%B9%A3%C4%81r%C4%AB.+By+Ab%C5%AB+al-%E1%B8%A4asan+%CA%BFAl%C4%AB+b.+M%C5%ABs%C4%81+al-An%E1%B9%A3%C4%81r%C4%AB+al-Andalus%C4%AB%2C+known+as+Ibn+Arfa%CA%BF+Ra%CA%BEs&rft.series=Bibliotheca+Islamica&rft.pub=De+Gruyter%2FD%C4%81r+al-F%C4%81r%C4%81b%C4%AB&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110779356&rft.isbn=978-614-485-165-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Arfa%27+Ra%27s" class="Z3988"></span> (critical edition of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ḥall mushkilāt al-Shudhūr</i></span>)</li></ul> <p><a href="#CITEREFForsterMüller2020">Forster & Müller 2020</a>, p. 375 and <a href="#CITEREFMüller2022">Müller 2022</a>, p. 28 reported that Svetlana Dolgusheva is working on a critical edition, German translation, and commentary of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Shudhūr al-dhahab</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Arfa%27_Ra%27s&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraunForster2020" class="citation book cs1">Braun, Christopher; Forster, Regula (2020). "Alchemist und Magier? Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs im Kontext der arabisch-islamischen Gelehrsamkeit". In Eming, Jutta; Wels, Volkhard (eds.). <i>Der Begriff der Magie in Mittelalter und Früher Neuzeit</i>. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 15–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13173%2F9783447115094">10.13173/9783447115094</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-11509-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-11509-4"><bdi>978-3-447-11509-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alchemist+und+Magier%3F+Ibn+Arfa%CA%BF+Ra%CA%BEs+im+Kontext+der+arabisch-islamischen+Gelehrsamkeit&rft.btitle=Der+Begriff+der+Magie+in+Mittelalter+und+Fr%C3%BCher+Neuzeit&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=15-33&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13173%2F9783447115094&rft.isbn=978-3-447-11509-4&rft.aulast=Braun&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Forster%2C+Regula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Arfa%27+Ra%27s" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraunForster2021" class="citation journal cs1">Braun, Christopher; Forster, Regula (2021). "The Alchemist's work: Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs and the reception of his collection of alchemical poems Shudhūr al-dhahab". <i>Asiatische Studien – Études Asiatiques</i>. <b>75</b> (2): 611–636. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fasia-2020-0033">10.1515/asia-2020-0033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asiatische+Studien+%E2%80%93+%C3%89tudes+Asiatiques&rft.atitle=The+Alchemist%E2%80%99s+work%3A+Ibn+Arfa%CA%BF+Ra%CA%BEs+and+the+reception+of+his+collection+of+alchemical+poems+Shudh%C5%ABr+al-dhahab&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=611-636&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fasia-2020-0033&rft.aulast=Braun&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Forster%2C+Regula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Arfa%27+Ra%27s" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForster2021" class="citation journal cs1">Forster, Regula (2021). 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"Alchemical Poetry in Almohad Morocco: The Shudhūr al-dhahab of Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs". <i>Oriens</i>. <b>44</b> (1–2): 116–144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18778372-04401006">10.1163/18778372-04401006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oriens&rft.atitle=Alchemical+Poetry+in+Almohad+Morocco%3A+The+Shudh%C5%ABr+al-dhahab+of+Ibn+Arfa%CA%BF+Ra%CA%BEs&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=116-144&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18778372-04401006&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Arfa%27+Ra%27s" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd2021" class="citation journal cs1">Todd, Richard (2021). 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class="citation journal cs1">Todd, Richard (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09596410.2023.2283677">"Alchemical tafsīr: Qur'anic Hermeneutics in the Works of the Twelfth-Century Moroccan Alchemist Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs"</a>. <i>Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations</i>. <b>34</b> (3): 285–302. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09596410.2023.2283677">10.1080/09596410.2023.2283677</a></span>.</cite><span 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href="https://uni-tuebingen.de/fakultaeten/philosophische-fakultaet/fachbereiche/asien-orient-wissenschaften/orient-islamwissenschaft/abteilung/personen/regula-forster/alchemie-projekt">Zwischen Religion und Alchemie: Der Gelehrte Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs (gest. 593/1197) als Modell für eine integrative arabische Literatur- und Kulturgeschichte</a> (research project at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen" title="University of Tübingen">University of Tübingen</a> on Ibn Arfa' Ra's)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Yazid" title="Khalid ibn Yazid">pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa">pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Umayl" title="Ibn Umayl">Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Wahshiyya" title="Ibn Wahshiyya">Ibn Waḥshiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picatrix" title="Picatrix">Maslama al-Qurṭubī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_Muwaffaq" title="Abu Mansur Muwaffaq">Abū Manṣūr al-Muwaffaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahrawi" title="Al-Zahrawi">al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">pseudo-Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi_al-Khati" title="Al-Khwarizmi al-Khati">al-Khawārizmī al-Kāthī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_ibn_Badis" title="Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis">al-Muʿizz ibn Bādīs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_%27Imad_al-Din" title="Ahmad ibn 'Imad al-Din">Aḥmad ibn ʿImād al-Dīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Wafid" title="Ibn al-Wafid">Ibn al-Wāfid (pharmacist)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tughra%27i" title="Al-Tughra'i">al-Ṭughrāʾī</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artephius" title="Artephius">Artephius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Simawi" title="Al-Simawi">al-Simāwī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Baytar" title="Ibn al-Baytar">Ibn al-Bayṭār (pharmacist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_al-Nabati" title="Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati">Abū l-ʿAbbās al-Nabātī (pharmacist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Rammah" title="Hasan al-Rammah">Ḥasan al-Rammāḥ (engineer)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jildaki" title="Al-Jildaki">al-Jildakī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Rassam" title="Ibn Rassam">Ibn al-Rassām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Ashba_ibn_Tammam" title="Abul Ashba ibn Tammam">Abū l-Ashbā ibn Tammām</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takwin" title="Takwin">Takwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone">Philosopher's stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elixir_of_life" title="Elixir of life">al-iksīr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alembic" title="Alembic">Alembic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanor" title="Athanor">Athanor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemical_works_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Alchemical works of the medieval Islamic world">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mercy_(alchemical_treatise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Mercy (alchemical treatise)">Book of Mercy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Balances" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Balances">Books of the Balances</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jildaki" title="Al-Jildaki"><i>al-Burhān fī asrār ʿilm al-mīzān</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_de_compositione_alchemiae" title="Liber de compositione alchemiae">Masāʾil Khālid li-Maryānus al-rāhib</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Tablet" title="Emerald Tablet">Emerald Tablet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Hundred_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Hundred Books">Five Hundred Books</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Simawi" title="Al-Simawi"><i>al-ʿIlm al-muktasab fī zirāʿat al-dhahab</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifthah_al-hikma" class="mw-redirect" title="Mifthah al-hikma"><i>Mifthāḥ al-ḥikma</i> (<i>Clavis sapientiae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jildaki" title="Al-Jildaki"><i>al-Miṣbāḥ fī ʿilm al-miftāḥ</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nabataean_Agriculture" title="The Nabataean Agriculture"><i>Nabataean Agriculture</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_and_Twelve_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="One Hundred and Twelve Books">One Hundred and Twelve Books</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seventy_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy Books">Seventy Books</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretum_Secretorum" title="Secretum Secretorum"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (pseudo-Aristotle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-asrar_(al-Razi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-asrar (al-Razi)"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (al-Rāzī)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa"><i>Sirr al-khalīqa</i> (<i>Secret of Creation</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turba_Philosophorum" title="Turba Philosophorum">Turba Philosophorum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Nasr_ibn_Abdallah_al-Shayzari" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Nasr ibn Abdallah al-Shayzari"><i>Nihāyat al-rutba fī ṭalab al-ḥisba</i> (al-Nabarawi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alchemy_(general)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alchemy" title="Template:Alchemy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alchemy" title="Template talk:Alchemy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alchemy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alchemy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alchemy_(general)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy (general)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_alchemists" title="List of alchemists">Alchemists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greco-Egyptian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agathodaemon_(alchemist)" title="Agathodaemon (alchemist)">Agathodaemon (legendary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chymes" title="Chymes">Chymes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_the_Alchemist" title="Cleopatra the Alchemist">pseudo-Cleopatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Democritus" title="Pseudo-Democritus">pseudo-Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetica" title="Hermetica">Hermes Trismegistus (legendary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_the_Jewess" title="Mary the Jewess">Mary the Jewess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_of_Alexandria" title="Moses of Alexandria">pseudo-Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostanes" title="Ostanes">Ostanes (legendary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutia_the_Virgin" title="Paphnutia the Virgin">Paphnutia the Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimos_of_Panopolis" title="Zosimos of Panopolis">Zosimos of Panopolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_alchemy" title="Chinese alchemy">Ancient Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fang_(alchemist)" title="Fang (alchemist)">Fang (alchemist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_Hong" title="Ge Hong">Ge Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Geng" title="Master Geng">Master Geng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Boyang" title="Wei Boyang">Wei Boyang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Byzantine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympiodorus_the_Younger" title="Olympiodorus the Younger">pseudo-Olympiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Alexandria" title="Stephanus of Alexandria">Stephanus of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synesius" title="Synesius">Synesius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Arabic-Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphidius" title="Alphidius">Alphidius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa">pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana (Balīnūs/Balīnās)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artephius" title="Artephius">Artephius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">pseudo-Avicenna</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Umayl" title="Ibn Umayl">Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Wahshiyya" title="Ibn Wahshiyya">Ibn Waḥshiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Simawi" title="Al-Simawi">al-ʿIrāqī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Yazid" title="Khalid ibn Yazid">pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jildaki" title="Al-Jildaki">al-Jildakī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picatrix" title="Picatrix">Maslama al-Qurṭubī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tughrai" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tughrai">al-Ṭughrāʾī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahrawi" title="Al-Zahrawi">al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Albertus" title="Pseudo-Albertus">pseudo-Albertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaldus_de_Villa_Nova" title="Arnaldus de Villa Nova">(pseudo-)Arnaldus de Villa Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Geber" title="Pseudo-Geber">pseudo-Geber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ripley_(alchemist)" title="George Ripley (alchemist)">George Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_di_Montanor" title="Guido di Montanor">Guido di Montanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Evesham" title="Hugh of Evesham">Hugh of Evesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_of_Laz" title="Johann of Laz">Johann of Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dastin" title="John Dastin">John Dastin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Roquetaillade" title="Jean de Roquetaillade">John of Rupescissa (Jean de Roquetaillade)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_Salernus" title="Magister Salernus">Magister Salernus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scot" title="Michael Scot">pseudo-Michael Scot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortolanus" title="Ortolanus">Ortolanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Taranto" title="Paul of Taranto">Paul of Taranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Bonus" title="Petrus Bonus">Petrus Bonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">pseudo-Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">(pseudo-)Roger Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taddeo_Alderotti" title="Taddeo Alderotti">Taddeo Alderotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Norton_(alchemist)" title="Thomas Norton (alchemist)">Thomas Norton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Libavius" title="Andreas Libavius">Andreas Libavius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Valentine" title="Basil Valentine">Basil Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Trevisan" title="Bernard Trevisan">pseudo-Bernard of Treviso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Starkey" title="George Starkey">George Starkey (Eirenaeus Philalethes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Dorn" title="Gerhard Dorn">Gerhard Dorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Mercurio_da_Correggio" title="Giovanni Mercurio da Correggio">Giovanni da Correggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Khunrath" title="Heinrich Khunrath">Heinrich Khunrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennig_Brand" title="Hennig Brand">Hennig Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Jakob Böhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont" title="Jan Baptist van Helmont">Jan Baptist van Helmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Rudolf_Glauber" title="Johann Rudolf Glauber">Johann Rudolf Glauber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">John Dee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Maier" title="Michael Maier">Michael Maier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sendivogius" title="Michael Sendivogius">Michael Sendivogius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Jean_Fabre" title="Pierre-Jean Fabre">Pierre-Jean Fabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Norton_(alchemist)" title="Samuel Norton (alchemist)">Samuel Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Vaughan_(philosopher)" title="Thomas Vaughan (philosopher)">Thomas Vaughan (Eugenius Philalethes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Homberg" title="Wilhelm Homberg">Wilhelm Homberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung#Alchemy" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Canseliet" title="Eugène Canseliet">Eugène Canseliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frater_Albertus" title="Frater Albertus">Frater Albertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulcanelli" title="Fulcanelli">Fulcanelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Atwood" title="Mary Anne Atwood">Mary Anne Atwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemical_documents" title="Category:Alchemical documents">Writings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atalanta_Fugiens" title="Atalanta Fugiens">Atalanta fugiens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aurora_consurgens" title="Aurora consurgens">Aurora consurgens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_de_compositione_alchemiae" title="Liber de compositione alchemiae"><i>Liber de compositione alchemiae</i> (<i>Morienus</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Silvery_Water_and_the_Starry_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth">Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mercy_(alchemical_treatise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Mercy (alchemical treatise)">Book of Mercy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Balances" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Balances">Books of the Balances</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buch_der_heiligen_Dreifaltigkeit" title="Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit">Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cantong_qi" title="Cantong qi">Cantong Qi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chymical_Wedding_of_Christian_Rosenkreutz" title="Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz">Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavis_sapientiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Clavis sapientiae"><i>Clavis sapientiae</i> (<i>Miftāḥ al-ḥikma</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_consideratione_quintae_essentiae" class="mw-redirect" title="De consideratione quintae essentiae">De consideratione quintae essentiae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Tablet" title="Emerald Tablet"><i>Emerald Tablet</i> (<i>Tabula Smaragdina</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leyden_papyrus_X" title="Leyden papyrus X">Leyden papyrus X</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_Hermetis_de_alchemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Hermetis de alchemia"><i>Liber Hermetis de alchemia</i> (<i>Liber dabessi</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Ignium" title="Liber Ignium">Liber ignium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_lucis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber lucis">Liber lucis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mappae_clavicula" title="Mappae clavicula">Mappae clavicula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mirror_of_Alchimy" title="The Mirror of Alchimy">Mirror of Alchimy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mutus_Liber" title="Mutus Liber">Mutus liber</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nabataean_Agriculture" title="The Nabataean Agriculture">Nabataean Agriculture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Norton_(alchemist)" title="Thomas Norton (alchemist)">Ordinal of Alchemy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Graecus_Holmiensis" title="Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis">Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Physika_kai_mystika" class="mw-redirect" title="Physika kai mystika">Physika kai mystika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosary_of_the_Philosophers" title="Rosary of the Philosophers">Rosary of the Philosophers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutbat_al-hakim" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutbat al-hakim"><i>Rutbat al-ḥakīm</i> (<i>Step of the Sage</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seventy_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy Books">Seventy Books</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa"><i>Sirr al-khalīqa</i> (<i>Secret of Creation</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretum_Secretorum" title="Secretum Secretorum"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (pseudo-Aristotle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-asrar_(al-Razi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-asrar (al-Razi)"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (al-Rāzī)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Splendor_Solis" title="Splendor Solis">Splendor solis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summa_perfectionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa perfectionis">Summa perfectionis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suspicions_about_the_Hidden_Realities_of_the_Air" title="Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air">Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turba_Philosophorum" title="Turba Philosophorum">Turba philosophorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Keys_of_Basil_Valentine" title="The Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine">Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compilations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Trismosin#Aureum_Vellus" title="Salomon Trismosin">Aureum vellus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Chemica_Curiosa" title="Bibliotheca Chemica Curiosa">Bibliotheca chemica curiosa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Alchemia" title="De Alchemia">De alchemia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Theatrum_Chemicum" title="Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum">Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus_Chemicus" title="Fasciculus Chemicus">Fasciculus chemicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musaeum_Hermeticum" title="Musaeum Hermeticum">Musaeum Hermeticum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theatrum_Chemicum" title="Theatrum Chemicum">Theatrum chemicum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theatrum_Chemicum_Britannicum" title="Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum">Theatrum chemicum Britannicum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tripus_Aureus" title="Tripus Aureus">Tripus aureus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Various</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alembic" title="Alembic">Alembic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanor" title="Athanor">Athanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azoth" title="Azoth">Azoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysopoeia" title="Chrysopoeia">Chrysopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">Element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elixir_of_life" title="Elixir of life">Elixir of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homunculus" title="Homunculus">Homunculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iatrochemistry" title="Iatrochemistry">Iatrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_in_art_and_entertainment" title="Alchemy in art and entertainment">In art/entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnum_opus_(alchemy)" title="Magnum opus (alchemy)">Magnum opus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pill_of_Immortality" title="Pill of Immortality">Pill of Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone">Philosophers' stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prima_materia" title="Prima materia">Prima materia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebis" title="Rebis">Rebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takwin" title="Takwin">Takwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yliaster" title="Yliaster">Yliaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemical_processes" title="Category:Alchemical processes">Processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alchemical_substances" title="List of alchemical substances">Substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemical_symbol" title="Alchemical symbol">Symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alchemical_Symbols_(Unicode_block)" title="Alchemical Symbols (Unicode block)">Unicode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suns_in_alchemy" title="Suns in alchemy">Suns in alchemy</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemy" title="Category:Alchemy">All articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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