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He is the author of an Arabic collection ([[Diwan (poetry)|{{transliteration|ar|dīwān}}]]) of alchemical poems called the '''{{transliteration|ar|Shudhūr al-dhahab}}''' ('Shards of Gold').{{efn|name=Shudhur|Non-critical edition in {{harvnb|Ghazzali|2018}}. {{harvnb|Forster|Müller|2020|p=375}} and {{harvnb|Müller|2022|p=28}} reported that Svetlana Dolgusheva is working on a critical edition, German translation, and commentary of the {{transliteration|ar|Shudhūr al-dhahab}}. The English translation of the title given here ('Shards of Gold') is the one used by {{harvnb|Todd|2023}}.}} Traditionally he was identified with a certain Ibn al-Naqirāt, a religious scholar living in [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]] (Morocco) who died {{circa|1197}}. However, this identification is probably spurious. If so, virtually nothing is known about Ibn Arfa' Ra's's life. Probably born in [[Al-Andalus]], perhaps in [[Granada]], it is likely that he spent most of his life in [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad]] Morocco. At some point he likely traveled to the [[Mashriq|Islamic East]], where he may also have settled. Ibn Arfa' Ra's wrote a commentary on his own work {{transliteration|ar|Shudhūr al-dhahab}} under the name {{transliteration|ar|Ḥall mushkilāt al-Shudhūr}} ('Solution to the Problems of the {{transliteration|ar|Shudhūr}}').{{efn|name=Hall|Critical edition in {{harvnb|Müller|2024}}.}} He also wrote some alchemical poems in the [[Muwashshah|{{transliteration|ar|muwashshaḥ}}]] genre (strophic verse) and a number of short prose works on alchemy. Two works on magic have also been attributed to him, but these are probably spurious. == Identity == Most traditional authors of Arabic [[Biographical dictionary|biographical dictionaries]] identify Ibn Arfa' Ra's with a religious scholar called Ibn al-Naqirāt,{{efn|name=Naqirat|His name may also have been [[Arabic diacritics|vowelized]] as "Ibn al-Niqirāt", "Ibn al-Niqarāt", "Ibn al-Nuqirāt", etc. (the "a" and "i" in "Naqirāt" are conjectural); see {{harvnb|Forster|Müller|2020|p=382}}.}} whose fuller name was {{transliteration|ar|Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Mūsa ibn ʿAlī ibn Mūsa ibn Muḥammad ibn Khalaf al-Anṣārī al-Sālimī al-Jayyānī|italics=no}}.<ref>{{harvnb|Forster|Müller|2020|pp=387–388}}.</ref> The fullest version of Ibn Arfa' Ra's's name, as may be reconstructed from the earliest manuscripts, is {{transliteration|ar|Burhān al-Dīn Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Mūsa ibn Abī al-Qāsim al-Anṣārī al-Andalusī|italics=no}}.<ref>{{harvnb|Forster|Müller|2020|pp=382–387}}.</ref> Since both names share the major part Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Mūsa al-Anṣārī, they are close enough to raise the possibility that the two figures were indeed identical. However, neither Ibn al-Naqirāt's longer {{transliteration|ar|[[nasab]]}} (the part of his name indicating lineage) "son of Ali son of Musa son of Muhammad son of Khalaf", nor his [[Nisba (onomastics)|{{transliteration|ar|nisba}}]]s (names referring to a place of origin) al-Sālimī ([[Medinaceli]]) or al-Jayyānī ([[Jaén, Spain|Jaén]]) ever occur in the alchemical manuscripts. The biographical dictionaries in their entries on Ibn al-Naqirāt never actually mention the nickname ({{transliteration|ar|[[laqab]]}}) Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs, nor the honorific Burhān al-Dīn, both of which often feature prominently in the alchemical manuscripts.<ref>{{harvnb|Forster|Müller|2020|pp=392–393}}.</ref> [[File:Ibn arfa ras manuscript (cropped).JPG|thumb|center|upright=2.5|The author's name in a manuscript of the {{transliteration|ar|Shudhūr al-dhahab}}, shown here as {{transliteration|ar|ʿAlī ibn Mūsa ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs Abī al-⟨Qāsim?⟩ al-Anṣārī al-Maghribī}}.]]{{clear}} If Ibn Arfa' Ra's is identical with Ibn al-Naqirāt, some basic facts of his life are known. [[Ibn al-Abbar]] (died 1260) in his biographical dictionary {{transliteration|ar|Kitāb al-Takmila li-Kitāb al-Ṣila}} mentions that Ibn al-Naqirāt was born in 1121 or {{nowrap|1122 CE (515 [[Islamic calendar|AH]])}} and that he died after 1196 or {{nowrap|1197 CE (593 AH)}}, and that he was born in [[Al-Andalus]] but later moved to [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]] (Morocco) where he became a [[Khatib|{{transliteration|ar|khaṭīb}}]] (Islamic preacher).<ref>{{harvnb|Forster|Müller|2020|pp=389, 394}}.</ref> According to the broader biographical tradition, Ibn al-Naqirāt was an expert in [[Qira'at|{{transliteration|ar|qirāʾāt}}]] (variant readings of the Quran) as well as in the [[Fiqh|jurisprudence]] and [[hadith]] of the [[Maliki school]], preaching in the renowned [[Qarawiyyin]] mosque.<ref>{{harvnb|Forster|Müller|2020|p=374}}.</ref> However, the divergence between the names in the biographical dictionaries and those given in the manuscripts of the alchemical works attributed to Ibn Arfa' Ra's, as well as certain details in reports relating to the two figures given by [[Ibn Khaldun]] (1332–1406) and [[Leo Africanus]] ({{circa|1494|1554}}), suggest that Ibn al-Abbar may have conflated the alchemist Ibn Arfa' Ra's with the religious scholar Ibn al-Naqirāt.<ref>{{harvnb|Forster|Müller|2020|p=403}}.</ref> In this case, very little remains that can be said about the life of Ibn Arfa' Ra's. Like Ibn al-Naqirāt, he originated in Al-Andalus, perhaps in [[Granada]], and later settled elsewhere. Although the fact that he was sometimes called al-Maghribī indicates that he may also have settled in Morocco, the alchemical manuscripts make no mention of Fez or any other specific place. Alternatively, the {{transliteration|ar|nisba}} al-Maghribī may indicate that he left the [[Maghreb]] (the Islamic West, the region west of Egypt) and settled in the [[Mashriq|Mashreq]] (the Islamic East). In any case, it is clear that he spent a major part of his life in the West, most likely in [[Morocco]].<ref>{{harvnb|Forster|Müller|2020|pp=397–400}}.</ref> If the identification of Ibn Arfa' Ra's with Ibn al-Naqirāt is given up, the period in which he lived becomes very uncertain. Since Ibn al-Abbar knew of his works in the middle of the thirteenth century and some of the earliest commentaries on his work date from that period, Ibn Arfa' Ra's must have lived before {{circa|1250}}, but a {{lang|la|[[terminus post quem]]}} is much harder to establish. The fact that Ibn Arfa' Ra's cites [[al-Mas'udi]] (died 957) may provide the earliest date for which there is hard evidence, although the lack of any mention of him by the alchemist poet [[al-Tughra'i]] (died 1121) makes it most likely that Ibn Arfa' Ra's lived in the twelfth century.<ref>{{harvnb|Forster|Müller|2020|pp=394–396}}.</ref> == Works == [[File:Ibn arfa ras manuscript.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|First page of a manuscript of the {{transliteration|ar|Shudhūr al-dhahab}}]] === {{transliteration|ar|Shudhūr al-dhahab}} === Ibn Arfa' Ra's's most enduring work is a [[Diwan (poetry)|{{transliteration|ar|dīwān}}]] of [[Alchemy|alchemical]] poems called the {{transliteration|ar|Shudhūr al-dhahab}} ('Shards of Gold').{{efn|name=Shudhur}} These poems, which all together comprise about 1400 lines, are arranged by the letter they use to rhyme, thus covering the entire Arabic alphabet. A large number of commentaries on the work were written by other [[Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world|Islamo-Arabic alchemists]], among them commentaries by al-Irbilī (died 1257) and [[al-Simawi|al-Sīmāwī]] ({{fl.|1250}}), as well as five commentaries by [[al-Jildaki|al-Jildakī]] (written {{circa|1337|1342}}) alone.<ref>{{harvnb|Forster|Müller|2020|p=375}}. On these commentaries, see {{harvnb|Müller|2022}}.</ref> The {{transliteration|ar|Shudhūr al-dhahab}} ranks among the first works to feature exegesis of the Quran ([[Tafsir|{{transliteration|ar|tafsīr}}]]) in an alchemical context.<ref>{{harvnb|Todd|2023}}.</ref> === Other works === Ibn Arfa' Ra's wrote a commentary on his own alchemical {{transliteration|ar|dīwān}}, called the {{transliteration|ar|Ḥall mushkilāt al-Shudhūr}} ('Solution to the Problems of the {{transliteration|ar|Shudhūr}}').<ref>{{harvnb|Forster|Müller|2020|pp=376–379}}.</ref>{{efn|name=Hall}} There are also some alchemical poems by Ibn Arfa' Ra's which are written in [[Muwashshah|{{transliteration|ar|muwashshaḥ}}]], a genre of [[Arabic poetry]] that uses strophic verse. These were not included in the {{transliteration|ar|Shudhūr al-dhahab}} because poems of the {{transliteration|ar|muwashshaḥ}} genre are usually excluded from [[Diwan (poetry)|{{transliteration|ar|dīwān}}]] collections.<ref>{{harvnb|Forster|Müller|2020|p=379}}; {{harvnb|Forster|2021}}.</ref> A number of short prose works have been attributed to Ibn Arfa' Ra's, but these have not yet been investigated:<ref>{{harvnb|Forster|Müller|2020|p=380}}.</ref> *{{transliteration|ar|Fī tarkīb al-iksīr al-ḥayawānī al-insānī}} *{{transliteration|ar|Risāla fī al-kīmiyā}} *{{transliteration|ar|Tartīb al-iksīr}} A work on magic called {{transliteration|ar|al-Ṭibb al-ruḥānī bi-al-Qurʾān al-raḥmānī}} ('Spiritual Medicine through the Merciful Quran') has been attributed to Ibn Arfa' Ra's, but this attribution is clearly spurious since the work heavily borrows from thirteenth–fourteenth century works on magic like those written by pseudo-[[al-Buni|al-Būnī]] and [[Ibn Sab'in|Ibn Sabʿīn]].<ref>{{harvnb|Forster|Müller|2020|p=380}}.</ref> The case of {{transliteration|ar|al-Jihāt fī ʿilm at-tawajjuhāt}}, another work on [[letter magic]] attributed to Ibn Arfa' Ra's, is less certain, but the fact that its author holds magic in higher regard than alchemy suggests that it was not written by a devoted alchemist like Ibn Arfa' Ra's.<ref>{{harvnb|Forster|Müller|2020|p=380}}, referring to {{harvnb|Braun|Forster|2020}}.</ref> There is also a commentary on [[Ibn al-Farid|Ibn al-Fāriḍ]]'s (1181–1235) wine poem which may have been authored by Ibn Arfa' Ra's, although this would necessitate placing Ibn Arfa' Ra's's lifetime in the thirteenth century rather than the twelfth, which is not very likely.<ref>{{harvnb|Forster|Müller|2020|pp=381, 396}}.</ref> == Notes == {{Notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Bibliography == === Primary sources === *{{cite book|editor1-last=Ghazzali|editor1-first=Lahouari|date=2018|title=Shudhūr al-dhahab. Dīwān Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs al-Jayyānī al-Andalusī|location=Beirut|publisher=Dār al-kutub al-ʿilmiyya}} (non-critical edition of the {{transliteration|ar|Shudhūr al-dhahab}}) *{{cite book|editor1-last=Müller|editor1-first=Juliane|date=2024|title=Kitāb Ḥall mushkilāt al-Shudhūr. In the transmission of Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Anṣārī. By Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Mūsā al-Anṣārī al-Andalusī, known as Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs|series=Bibliotheca Islamica|volume=62|publisher=De Gruyter/Dār al-Fārābī|doi=10.1515/9783110779356|isbn=978-614-485-165-4}} (critical edition of the {{transliteration|ar|Ḥall mushkilāt al-Shudhūr}}) {{harvnb|Forster|Müller|2020|p=375}} and {{harvnb|Müller|2022|p=28}} reported that Svetlana Dolgusheva is working on a critical edition, German translation, and commentary of the {{transliteration|ar|Shudhūr al-dhahab}}. === Secondary sources === *{{cite book|last1=Braun|first1=Christopher|last2=Forster|first2=Regula|date=2020|chapter=Alchemist und Magier? Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs im Kontext der arabisch-islamischen Gelehrsamkeit|editor1-last=Eming|editor1-first=Jutta|editor2-last=Wels|editor2-first=Volkhard|title=Der Begriff der Magie in Mittelalter und Früher Neuzeit|location=Wiesbaden|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|pages=15–33|isbn=978-3-447-11509-4|doi=10.13173/9783447115094|doi-access=free}} *{{cite journal|last1=Braun|first1=Christopher|last2=Forster|first2=Regula|date=2021|title=The Alchemist’s work: Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs and the reception of his collection of alchemical poems Shudhūr al-dhahab|journal=Asiatische Studien – Études Asiatiques|volume=75|issue=2|pages=611–636|doi=10.1515/asia-2020-0033}} *{{cite journal|last1=Forster|first1=Regula|date=2021|title=Alchemical stanzaic poetry (muwashshaḥ) by Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs (fl. twelfth century)|journal=Asiatische Studien – Études Asiatiques|volume=75|issue=2|pages=637–664|doi=10.1515/asia-2020-0009}} *{{cite journal|last1=Forster|first1=Regula|last2=Müller|first2=Juliane|date=2020|title=The Identity, Life and Works of the Alchemist Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs|journal=Al-Qanṭara|volume=41|issue=2|pages=373–408|doi=10.3989/alqantara.2020.010|doi-access=free}} *{{cite journal|last1=Müller|first1=Juliane|date=2022|title=Planets in Alchemy: Commentaries and Glosses on the Opening Verses of Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs’s Shudhūr al-dhahab|journal=Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies|volume=22|issue=1|pages=1–30|doi=10.5617/jais.9570|doi-access=free}} *{{cite journal|last1=Todd|first1=Richard|date=2016|title=Alchemical Poetry in Almohad Morocco: The Shudhūr al-dhahab of Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs|journal=Oriens|volume=44|issue=1–2|pages=116–144|doi=10.1163/18778372-04401006}} *{{cite journal|last1=Todd|first1=Richard|date=2021|title=Classical poetic motifs as alchemical metaphors in the Shudhūr al-dhahab and its commentaries|journal=Asiatische Studien – Études Asiatiques|volume=75|issue=2|pages=665–683|doi=10.1515/asia-2020-0043}} *{{cite journal|last1=Todd|first1=Richard|date=2023|title=Alchemical tafsīr: Qur’anic Hermeneutics in the Works of the Twelfth-Century Moroccan Alchemist Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs|journal=Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations|volume=34|issue=3|pages=285–302|doi=10.1080/09596410.2023.2283677|doi-access=free}} == External links == *[https://uni-tuebingen.de/fakultaeten/philosophische-fakultaet/fachbereiche/asien-orient-wissenschaften/orient-islamwissenschaft/abteilung/personen/regula-forster/alchemie-projekt Zwischen Religion und Alchemie: Der Gelehrte Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs (gest. 593/1197) als Modell für eine integrative arabische Literatur- und Kulturgeschichte] (research project at the [[University of Tübingen]] on Ibn Arfa' Ra's) {{Islamic alchemy and chemistry|state=expanded}} {{Alchemy|state=expanded}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:12th-century deaths]] [[Category:Year of birth unknown]] [[Category:Year of death unknown]] [[Category:Alchemists of the medieval Islamic world]] [[Category:12th-century Arabic-language writers]] [[Category:Scientists from al-Andalus]] [[Category:Scholars from the 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